SPE-201480-MS

High Resolution Reservoir Characterization While Drilling: First Case

Study from the Middle East Carbonates with Innovative Multi-Measurement
Borehole Imager for Non-Conductive Mud

Janine Maalouf, Sammy Molua Lyonga, and Sudipan Shasmal, Schlumberger; Humair Ali, Independent;
Chandramani Shrivastava, Schlumberger; Yassar Goraya, Muhammad Ashraf, Hocine Khemissa, Bader
Mohamed Al Dhafari, Omar Al-mutwali, and Ali Saeed Alfelasi, ADNOC Offshore

Copyright 2020, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Annual Technical Conference & Exhibition originally scheduled to be held in Denver, Colorado, USA, 5 – 7
October 2020. Due to COVID-19 the physical event was postponed until 26 – 29 October 2020 and was changed to a virtual event. The official proceedings were
published online on 21 October 2020.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect
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consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may
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Abstract
The Middle East Carbonates have been prolific hydrocarbon reservoir, producing through different units
of Cretaceous, Jurassic and Permian over decades. However; inherent heterogeneity, karstification and
fracturation in various facies often spring surprises in development wells; and many wells drilled with
Oil-base mud (OBM) could not image these features with logging while drilling (LWD) technology for
characterization and model updating since e-line logging is usually discouraged in such wells. This work
presents the first ever case study from the Middle East Carbonates where an innovative new technology
LWD borehole imager for OBM was deployed to understand the subtle geological variations that control
the fluid flow.
The multi-measurement borehole imaging technology was deployed while drilling with OBM to acquire
apparent resistivity and ultrasonic images simultaneously to image the subtle geological features that often
control the reservoir properties but didn’t get characterized earlier due to technology limitations. Around
13,000ft of lateral was logged while drilling through Cretaceous carbonates, traversing through different
layers going up and down in stratigraphy; showcasing subtle variations with complementing images that
helped understand the vug distribution, bioturbation, faults and dissolution seams in addition to the bedding
boundaries.Vugs tend to control the fluid flow rates in many facies, and vug density curves derived from the
images helped in characterizing the key-intervals. Qualitative trends are validated with mobility estimated
from independent LWD measurement, providing much-needed confidence in the new technology imaging.
Also, the correspondence of image facies to the fluid facies derived with surface logging while drilling
confirmed the subtlety observed in the geological variations through the lateral.
This first-ever case study provides plethora of new information for model updating that was hitherto
unavailable for some reservoirs where development wells were drilled with OBM, and existing imaging
technology of gamma ray, photoelectric factor and density were not able to decipher any of such features
that are imaged now while drilling with multi-measurement technology.
2 SPE-201480-MS

Introduction
The Late Cretaceous Thamama group (Figure-1) represents prolific reservoir facies in various carbonate
layers (Hassan, 1981). These reservoirs were separated by dense and mostly argillaceous limestone layers.
Production from this reservoir started in 1967, and water injectors were drilled starting year 1972 after the
reservoir pressure dropped and a secondary gas cap developed. Few years later, gas injectors were also
drilled in order to maintain the reservoir pressure.

Figure 1—Late Cretaceous stratigraphy in the study area (after Hassan, 1981)

This paper presents a case study of a Maximized Reservoir Contact (MRC) well drilled in one of the sub-
units the reservoir. At the planning stage of the study-well, water from nearby injector wells was inferred to
have migrated in the sublayers, contaminating virgin zones and difficult to map. Similarly, the gas injectors
had increased the Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) in different parts of the field. The objective was to recover the
maximum oil possible and to do so, the wellbore needed to target the sublayer with the highest permeability
previously identified from core data, but still needed to be verified while drilling. Simultaneously, zones
with higher water saturation from the nearby injector wells were to be identified and avoided if possible
while drilling. The same applied to the zones of high gas oil ratio expected in that region, however no distinct
information was available regarding the extent of such zones or how high the GOR could be. In addition to
avoiding the unwanted fluid migration, sub-seismic faults were expected to be crossed. Given the fact that
the targeted sub layer is of 3 feet thick, chances of being thrown out of it were high. The plan was to drill
around 13000ft of horizontal using a nonconductive mud. Acquiring proper geological information was
key in understanding the sedimentary and diagenesis features that could control the fluid flow along with
mapping the fractures and the respective associated throws. The new LWD Dual imager for Oil Based Mud,
a technology that provides high resolution resistivity and ultrasonic images simultaneously while drilling
SPE-201480-MS 3

was used for that purpose. It was complemented with pressure while drilling technology to verify mobilities
and potential lateral permeability variations. Fluid typing through surface logging was also used to identify
the higher GOR zones.

LWD Dual Physics Imaging

Electrical imaging in nonconductive mud has been available on wireline logging for years; however, it’s
relatively new in the drilling world. The recently deployed LWD dual imager is a 15ft long tool with
6.75in diameter (Figure 2. Dual Imager tool schematics showing the two types of sensors for EM and US
images.2) and provides high resolution Electro-Magnetic (EM) resistivity images and Ultra-Sonic (US)
images simultaneously while drilling. The EM images are acquired using two electromagnetic buttons
located 180 degrees apart. The US images are acquired using four sensors located 90 degrees apart.

Figure 2—Dual Imager tool schematics showing the two types of sensors for EM and US images.

The details of the physics behind the engineering designs of the two measurements’ sensors are elaborated
by Maeso (2018).
The EM and US sensors are 1.7ft apart with no interference between both measurements. The EM
electrode send high resolution electromagnetic pulses through the nonconductive mud with frequencies
ranging from sub MHz to hundreds of MHz. An automatic processing is done by combining multiple
frequencies to make the image acquisition possible in the wide range of resistivity environments. Guard
electrodes are put in place to prevent the contribution of stray currents in the impedance computation
(Maeso, 2018).
The Ultrasonic transducers emit short pulses and detect the returning echo from the borehole wall (2).
Each transducer is focused for better resolution and to reduce sensitivity to borehole rugosity and tool
eccentricity. Numerous bursts are made in one rotation to provide an image. Two measurements are made,
travel time (which is converted to borehole radius using calculated acoustic velocity of the drilling fluid),
and echo amplitude which responds to the acoustic impedance of the borehole wall. The ultrasonic images
can be acquired in any mud type and are very sensitive to variations in the surface of the borehole such as
fractures, vugs, rugosity and ledges. Detailed rock fabric can also be imaged where the acoustic contrast
is present, and the borehole surface is smooth. Shrivastava (2019) documents the advantages of multiple
measurements with LWD technology to image the borehole wall and formation features despite hostile
downhole conditions.

Dual Imaging Results and Observations

At the time of appraisal and development phases of a well, geological evaluation and field development
planning require accurate modeling of the subsurface with high-resolution reservoir facies character and
detailed geological features. A less expensive and widely used alternative to conventional coring is borehole
imaging to achieve high resolution facies characterization; and if such data can be obtained while drilling,
4 SPE-201480-MS

it also aids in real-time decisions. Nonconductive drilling fluid systems such as synthetic or oil-base
mud (OBM) have always posed a barrier to acquiring photorealistic formation micro-resistivity images
equivalent to those routinely obtained in water-base mud (WBM) drilling fluids. The new LWD dual imager
service redefines geological imaging in OBM environments, providing highly detailed, core-like apparent
micro-resistivity images along with ultrasonic image that truly visually represent formation geology. Below
are the examples from study well of various geological features encountered in the reservoir.

Bed-boundaries:
Morphology of bed-boundaries and their geometrical attributes is one of the key information to characterize
the subsurface for structural and stratigraphic interpretation. Examples from the study well show nature of
bed-boundaries and their character captured by high-resolution dual physics imaging technology (Figure-3).

Figure 3—Bed boundaries were clearly seen along with their resistivity contrast variations. In the zoomed section
the morphology of bed-boundaries such as smoothed, serrated (could be stylolitic) etc. could be observed. Apart
from resistivity image, the ultrasonic image could identify the bed-boundaries based on the acoustic contrast.

Vugular carbonate:
One of the big challenges in building static and dynamic models for simulation in naturally fractured
and vuggy carbonates is the porosity partitioning (matrix and secondary porosity). The LWD borehole
images with a vertical resolution of about 0.2 inch and azimuthal borehole coverage of 100%, provided the
information necessary to qualitatively solve the different components of a heterogeneous porous system.
Figure 4 illustrates vugular carbonate interval, many vugs concentrating along bed-boundary (Figure 5).
The vug distribution and mobility responses are further discussed in later section.
SPE-201480-MS 5

Figure 4—Resistivity and ultrasonic image show dark spots which is low resistive (in case of
resistivity image) and low amplitude (in case of ultrasonic image) vugular carbonate interval.

Figure 5—Vertical alignment dark spots in horizontal well indicates vug density concentration along bed-boundaries.

Structure: Faults
Multiple faults were identified along the logged interval, some examples are shown below (Figure 6 and
Figure 7). Many times, they appear to be controllong the disposition of facies across them.
6 SPE-201480-MS

Figure 6—Image example shows change in image texture(a) along with partially
visible fault-plane (b) and Snapshots show fault with clear termination in 3-D view (c).

Figure 7—Image example shows fault. Major textural and petrophysical property variation across the fault plane.

Data Integration and Advanced Interpretation

The main objective of geosteering was to place the well within a thin heterogenous reservoir layer while
staying away from high GOR zones resulting from gas expansion and areas prone to water encroachment
from nearby injectors. To meet this challenge, a multi-disciplinary team of experts agreed on the following:
1. The new dual physics ultra-high definition real time imaging service as a pinpoint steering solution
to help the geosteering team know when the drill string was navigating within/outside sub layers and
make minute but necessary corrections to the trajectory.
2. A real time Multi Bed Boundary mapping service engineered for a deep investigation radius to
proactively map water surfaces using resistivity contrasts, to enable the lateral to be placed within
the required structure
SPE-201480-MS 7

3. A petrophysical evaluation tool for saturation modelling (including capture sigma), PEF for lithology
discrimination, thin bed analysis etc.
4. A formation pressure while drilling service for dynamic information such as pressure and associated
mobilities to ensure the well is placed in the areas with the best permeability and for completions
design.
5. Advanced mud gas logging service to complete the downhole picture by providing a near real-time
continuous fluid profile to help distinguish the encountered reservoir fluids
These different services were monitored in real time by a team of specialist geoscientists and domain
experts collaborating in an iterative approach in the planning, design, data acquisition and interpretation in
which the results of the previous step determine the next step (Figure 8).

Figure 8—Workflow involving data gathering and pre-job analysis, KPI’s definition, sharing
models, real-time interactive communication with the wellsite and relevant stakeholders.

Formation Tester Mobility

Mobility is a permeability-viscosity quotient, (k/u), derived from a pretest pressure signal. Mobility can
be deduced using a simple specific flow capacity presumption like the Darcy equation (known as steady
state mobility). A more advanced method of evaluating mobility (Dussan, 2011), and useful in most pretest
signal responses especially in low mobility formations where steady flowing conditions are rarely seen is by
integrating the area under the pressure-time curve for all pressures less than the last read buildup pressure
and later dividing into the total pretest volume. This yields a term popularly known as drawdown mobility,
represented in this work. Mobility is the parameter with a direct relationship to fluid flow rate given high
permeability alone does not equate to high flow rates. In terms of economics, mobility is a more realistic
indicator of reservoir performance (e.g. producibility) of different zones than just the permeability but also
generally serve as a permeability indicator when the dominant flowing phase is known. Since mobilities are
acquired at discrete depths within a well, they are limited by their spatial separations. As such, there is hardly
enough data points to fully characterize the mobility distribution along the zones of interest. A continuous
permeability log from a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance log, a Formation Evaluation model or Core Analysis
could be used to compliment the discrete mobility data. In some instances, the discrete mobilities are used
to validate/calibrate inferred permeability models from other borehole derived data (Anurag et al, 2017).
For the study well, the formation pressure and specifically the associated mobility data was needed
to place the well in the sub-layer with the highest permeability (or "sweetest spot"), and later aid in the
designing of screen sizes for Inflow Control Devices (ICD) as well as for input to reservoir modelling.
8 SPE-201480-MS

At the landing point of the well, 3 pressure stations were acquired for confirming a 3ft sub layer within
which geosteering had to be done up to 13000ft. 25 more pretests at selected depths were acquired while
pulling out of hole after the well was drilled to Total Depth. A total of 28 (Figure 9) pumps-off (minimize
the effect of dynamic filtration, Molua et al., 2019) pretests were acquired including 20 pretests that read
good quality formation pressures and 8 pretests that failed to read any formation response (No Seals) due
to packer damage. The mobility within the 3ft sub layer showed significant scatter as expected from the
rock heterogeneity.

Figure 9—Comprehensive view of the formation pressure measurements. From left to right, track 1, the orange
curve is a depth versus time plot with the probe orientations at the depth/time the pretests were acquired. The green
circles represent the formation pressures. Track 3 shows the mobilities (green diamonds) at different stations.

Vug Density Analysis

Vug Density Analysis provides a method for determining the intensity of vugs distribution of a formation
from acoustic borehole images. LWD amplitude acoustic borehole images show high values representing
the average acoustic amplitudes of the matrix of the volume investigated, while low amplitudes correspond
to low acoustic material such as clays or fluid filled vugs. An acoustic amplitude image is pre-processed
with most of the background (i.e. matrix) removed, as well as any irrelevant features (such as breakouts).
An optimal threshold is then used to extract high-resolution vug density and compute the density of fluid
filled vugs per depth interval.
Vug density (Figure 10) data can be used to improve petrophysical formation evaluation by providing
detailed information on the distribution and proportion of secondary porosity. Results can be used as inputs
for: facies definition and rock typing; carbonate petrophysics for porosity and permeability; & carbonate
sequence correlation.
SPE-201480-MS 9

Figure 10—Vug density analysis from LWD dual physics ultrasonic image.

In the study well, vug density analysis was performed for the full interval. The results were validated with
LWD Formation Tester mobility data. The composite plot (Figure 11) shows resistivity image, ultrasonic
image along with LWD Formation Tester mobility to compare the vug density analysis result with mobility.
In track-8, vug-density and mobility were plotted together, and it shows good correlation.

Figure 11—Composite plot shows LWD resistivity and ultrasonic images

with vug density analysis along with LWD Formation Tester mobility.

As stated earlier the resolution of the mobility data is limited by the spatial separation of the pretest
stations. A continuous vug density or secondary porosity profile qualitatively help to understand the "general
trend" of the permeability distribution along the well. Permeability modelling in heterogeneous carbonate
10 SPE-201480-MS

formations is always challenging when attempting to apply transforms that ignore the time domain, because
such transforms are essentially empirical and use inert data. Mobilities derived from oriented formation
pressure testing measurements, especially in heterogeneous carbonate formations and/or high-angle wells
in combination with ultra-high-resolution azimuthal images reflects and retains the information about
formation heterogeneity (Figure 12).

Figure 12—Formation tester probe azimuth overlaid on the oriented ultra-high definition image log to indicate
the internal rock fabric where mobilities were deduced. Although secondary porosity (vug density- last track,
purple curve) trend showed to be minimum at the station enclosed with red lines, a high mobility was measured
(A). Zooming on the images, notice the probe orientation is exactly on a bedding (B and indicated by red arrow)
parallel to probably highly conductive/porous streaks developed due to the diagenetic selective matrix leaching
along the primary bedding contacts. The compressed scale shows 12,000 ft of data, the zoomed one 400-ft.

Advanced Mud Gas Logging (AMGL)

Mud logging is an integral part of well operations and supports formation evaluation through mud gas
logging and cuttings examination. Recent advances in mud gas logging have enabled the quantitative
assessment of gas chromatographic data (C1-C5) and qualitative analysis of longer chain hydrocarbons
(C6-C8) (Breviere, 2002, Blanc, et al.,2003, Stankiewicz et al., 2007). Some operators have used gas logs
in combination with traditional logs to improve reservoir field models, (McKinney, et al. 2007), optimize
fluid sampling and/or pressure sampling program (Mishra et al, 2018), and to identify fluid contacts. Some
authors have shown a good correlation of PVT samples with advanced surface mud gas data (Liew et al.,
2010).
For the study case, a well was drilled in an area with very limited petrophysical data. The intention was
to geosteer within a 3ft heterogenous reservoir layer, with low resistivity contrast between formation fluids
making them quite tricky to distinguish with traditional open hole logs. It was critical to stay away from high
GOR zones resulting from gas expansion. Added to this complexity, the well could encounter possible faults
and added risk of water encroachment from nearby injectors. Hence understanding the fluids while drilling
was paramount to serve as early guide to, and, compliment geosteering within the designated structure to
avoid zones with expansion gas and water. As such, the intended use of the AMGL services was to optimize
the downhole logging program by providing a continuous near real-time fluid typing and characterization.
Combining AMGL to near-far static resistivity measurements can guide and /or inform critical decision
points in the geosteering process. The well was drilled to TD with continuous AMGL (Figure-13), some
changes in the mud gas composition were recorded. Based on the mud gas ratios (Figure 14), the full well
SPE-201480-MS 11

could be sub-divided into 4 fluid signatures. Fluid-1 is the dominant Oil signature; Fluid-2 is slightly lighter
Oil -; Fluid 3 and 4 show more of condensate to wet gas signatures

Figure 13—Fluid signatures map from AMGL from study well. 4 distinct fluid signatures can be seen. Fluid-1 is the
dominant Oil signature; Fluid-2 is slightly lighter Oil; Fluids 3 and 4 show more of condensate to wet gas signatures.
12 SPE-201480-MS

Figure 14—Gas peaks from the zone penetrated by study well. Sections of gas peaks
were selected based on stable gas composition ratios. These were then used to plot
the star diagrams and based on their shape, four main fluid signatures were defined.

When compared to offset PVT data (Figures 15 & 16), fluid signatures 1 & 2 are in good agreement
with downhole oil samples acquired in two different wells in the same field. The condensate to wet gas
signatures shown by fluids 3 & 4 were acquired in a single layer (Figure 18). Quality checks on the mud
gas data showed the variations observed in the interval with fluids 3 and 4 were real and not due to logging
conditions.

Figure 15—Spider plots with the same scale showing AMGL data to the left; to the right, comparison fluids 1 & 2 from
AMGL to offset oil PVT data. Fluid 1(the dominant fluid) & fluid 2 show a good match to the oil PVT data from two offset
wells (Wells YY-deep red and well ZZ-orange). Fluids 1 and 2 covered all the ranges of the available PVT samples data
SPE-201480-MS 13

Figure 16—Fluid composition of AMGL data obtained from study well and oil PVT sample from
offset well. Red boundary shows fluid 1(dominant fluid) and fluid 2 compare well with the oil PVT
data. Fluids 3 & 4 show condensate to wet gas signatures and were acquired in a single layer.

Figure 17—Fluid ratios from AMGL fluid signatures from 1 to 4 compared to oil PVT data (red diamond) from offset wells.
Fluid signatures 1 to 2 show a good match to the oil PVT data. Fluid signatures 3 & 4 show condensate to wet gas signature.

Figure 18—The highlighted interval shows the mentioned geological layer which holds fluid types 3 and 4. From the EM static
image (second column) this layer is distinguished by a lighter color which in this case means a higher apparent resistivity.
This layer corresponds to the exact depth where the change in fluid identification is mapped (the column before last).

Discussions
Integration of surface logging and downhole logging services including the new dual physics wellbore
imaging technology proved to be a viable approach to address the reservoir characterization and geosteering
14 SPE-201480-MS

challenges. The dual imager helped understand the geological aspects to adjust the wellbore position,
revealing reservoir diagenetic and post-diagenetic details never seen with LWD images in OBM.
Vug density distribution showed a good correlation to pretest mobility used in designing screen sizes for
ICD. Mobility distribution is limited by the spatial separation between pretest stations. The continuous vug
density curve indicating heterogeneity matched well with the mobility trend, and served as a useful tool
to understand and predict how the mobility varies between pretest stations taking into consideration other
factors such as leaching within bed boundaries (seen on the ultra-high definition images) that enhance the
mobility. The ultra-high definition images plus vug density distribution may serve in real time to optimize
probe depths and probe orientations. Especially in heterogeneous carbonate formations and/or high-angle
wells, combining ultra-high-resolution azimuthal images to oriented probe mobilities reflects and retains
the information about formation heterogeneity.
Production logs of the study well were not available at the time of writing this manuscript. It would be
interesting to compare later the production logs profile to the mobility profile, since the mobility reflects
a realistic indicator of reservoir performance.
Another player in completions design was the multi bed boundary detection service that showed zones
of higher water saturation and mapped the flushed layers. The service used was a 1D inversion in real time
with a depth of detection range of over 20ft radius around the borehole. Further 2D and 3D inversions from
the deep formation reservoir mapping service could also enhance the visualization of fluid migration within
the reservoir.
AMGL showed the well was successfully geosteered within the defined objective containing dominantly
oil fluid signatures, and, minor variations of the fluid were seen across the entire lateral. From the star plots
and Figure-17, it’s observed that two fluid types (fluids 3 & 4) show the most significant differences with
the offset oil PVT data. These fluid types were confined to a single layer, (Figure 18), which may likely be
due to rich gas, light oil and/or the thinly bedded streaks causing compartments. The pressure response in
the zones with fluids 3 & 4 compare well with the other zones, so depletion could not be the likely cause
of their difference from fluids 1 & 2. The changes in fluid typing were also correlated with the presence
of faults and possible textural changes. Together, the services integration boosted the confidence of the log
interpretations with direct impact on completions design and future well planning.
Figure 19 shows the complete set of acquired data integrated into one view panel, which reflects the
correlation between all different types of measurements.
SPE-201480-MS 15

Figure 19—Combined plot showing the traditional logs (GR, Res, Density and Neutron), alongside the images (Density,
GR and PEF), and the images from the new dual imager (Apparent resistivity, Ultrasonic amplitude and Ultrasonic travel
time). The dots on the US image are the pressure pretest points depth and orientation. Next to it are the mobilities from
a formation tester, the wetness balance and at the top the normalized hydrocarbon composition cut off (Quality check
flag for fluid typing) from advanced mud logging data. The cross section at the bottom, shows the True Vertical Depth
(TVD) on the vertical axis and the True Horizontal length (THL) on the horizontal axis. The drilled well along with the layer
boundaries are shown. The Multi Bed Boundary (MBB) inversion is seen, with blue representing high conductivity zones
and red representing low conductivity zones. It is mapping different layers around the wellbore along with their resistivities.

Conclusions
Development wells in these carbonate reservoirs, often extended reach ones pose their own set of
challenges from well-positioning to reservoir and fluid characterization. With the help of LWD and surface
logging, including the deployment of a new borehole imager a unique integrated approach was undertaken
successfully in the study-well.

• The new LWD OBM imager played a pivotal role in understanding the subtle variations in the
reservoir facies that control the fluid flow.
• Image analysis illustrated vugular carbonates with varying textures and minor faulting. Analysis of
vug density showed a correlation with LWD formation tester mobility, revealing inherent reservoir
heterogeneity.
• AMGL provided a solution to optimize the downhole logging program that was limited in terms
of detecting higher GOR zones. Fluid typing allowed continuous near real-time recording of the
mud gas composition to identify four different fluid types.
The novel integrated approach of addressing drilling (geosteering) and completions challenges in brown
fields development met its objectives in the study well.

Acknowledgements
Authors are grateful to the management of ADNOC to allow this work to be presented and published. They
also acknowledge the technical discussions with their colleagues and peer at ADNOC and Schlumberger.
16 SPE-201480-MS

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