What is Computer.?

Is an electronic device, operating under the control of its instructions

stored in the memory. That can accept data, process the data, produce the results, and store
the result for future use.

Input Device- Is any hardware components that allows you to enter data into a computer.

Output Device- Is any hardware components that conveys information to one/more people.

System Unit- Is a case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used
to process data.

Storage Device- Records or retrieve items to your computer.

Communication Device- Is a hardware components that enables a computer to send or receive

data, information and instruction from one or more computer.

Advantages:

Consistency, Reliability, Storage, Communication, Speed.

Disadvantages:

Health risk, Impact on labor force, impact on environment, violation of privacy.

Mother board: One of the important components of computer that everything plugs on it
parts.

1. CPU Socket- Central part of the motherboard.

2. Memory Slots- Provides the electrical connection between RAM and the Motherboard.

3. P1 connector- A current from outlet in your wall to the components of your system.

4. EIDE port (Enhance Integrated Drive Electronic)- Provide a standardized interface of hard
disk and CD-ROM.

CMOS Battery- To retain accurate date and time settings

6. Chipsets- Facilitate communication between a CPU to other devices built into the
motherboard.

2 Types of Chipsets:

North bridge Chip- helps CPU work with RAM

South bridge Chip- handle expansion and drivers

 7. Expansion Slots- Allows the user to increase the capabilities of computer w/o buying an
entire new system every time an innovation appears.

Lands:

AGP ( Accelerated Graphic Port)- For graphics card.

PCI ( Peripheral Component Inter connect)-

ISA ( Industry Standard Architecture)- Land Card.

8. Jumper- Is a pair of wire that enable or disable by pacing a plastic metal over both wire.

9. Flash ROM- Every mother board comes w/ a small codes that enables a CPU to communicate
w/ other device on the mother board.

10. Front Panel Connections- Every mother board has several various items in the front of the
motherboard such as: Power and Reset Button, HDD and Power led light activities, Speaker.

External Port- Allow you to attach external Devices.

Such us: PS/2 port, Parallel and Serial port, USB port.

HARD DISK DRIVE :A non-volatile kinds of memory and store data permanently parts of hard
disk.

1. Spindle- To rotate the platter

2. Platters- Permanently store all your computer data.

3. Actuator- To hold the actuator arm.

4. Actuator Arm- Elector arm across the hard dick’s platter.

5. Read/ write head- End of actuator arm.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT: Convert AC line from your home to the DC needed by your Computer.

PARTS:

1. Power Connector 2. Internal fan 3. P1 Connector 4. Molex Connector 5. P4 connector

CPU (Central Processing Unit)- Is an electronic device that accept input and perform hundreds of
deferent types of functions.
2 kinds of CPU

1. LGA(Land Grid Array)- Pin less.

2. PGA(Pin Grid Array)- With pin.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

-A volatile kind of memory and stores data temporary.

2 Types of Chips:

1.SRAM(Static Random Access Memory)- made of transistors.

2.DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory)- made of transistors and capacitors.

RAM Technologies

1. SIMM (single In-line Memory Module)- has 30 or 72 pins.

2. DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module)- has 168 or 184 pins

3. SoDIMM( Small outline DIMM)- for laptop

4. RIMM( Rambus In-line Memory Module)-184 or 168 pins.

Components of CPU

1. ALU 2. Control Unit 3. Register- storage in CPU

Manufacturer of CPU

1. Intel 2. AMD- Advance micro Device

Volatile– If the power is off the file are loss

Non-volatile– Even the power turn-of the file is not loss

PC case- It is the enclosure that contains the electric of the computer.

PARTS:

1. Stands off and Screws

2. Bays –ex: hard disk

3. Back plate

4. Front panel connectors

FUNCTIONS:

1. Keeps all the components together.

2. To protect from dust dirt and ESD (Electro Static Discharge)

3. Provide a PC cooling ssystem.

TYPES:

1. Full tower case- Big system unit.

2. Mid tower case- Common system unit.

3. Mini tower case- Smaller than mid tower case but not advisable to repair.

4. Desktop case

5. Sever case- Square case

BIOS– Is the instruction program that every PC uses every time when you switch it on.

-- manage data flow between the OS installed on your hard drive and the devices attached to your
system.

Functions:

1. Establish whether all the devices attached to your system are still in place and operational.

2. Loads the key parts of OS from your hard drive in your computer’s RAM.

AMI Bios beeps Codes Description

1 short beep System is OK

Repeating beeps Memory error

1 long, 3 short beeps Video card not present

High- frequency beeps Over heated CPU

3 Common vendors of BIOS

1. AMI

2. Phoenix

3. Award
How to use BIOS

F2, Del or F10-> click it all.

PC trouble shooting-> It is the process of identifying computer problem so that it can be fixed.

5 common techniques & Strategies

1. Trial and error

2. “it’s the cable”

3. Don’t be frustrated

4. Take a note

5. Take a look

5 Phases of Expertise

1. Define the problem

2. Conduct the repair

3. make a plan*
*follow the plan from beginning to end*
*repair/replace*

4. Confirm the result

5. Documentation

“70% of the computer problem is the cable”

 Exercises

Causes Symptoms
Dead Computer
Electrical Power Device not found
Connectivity Intermitted error on device
error message
Mass storage Abort, retry, fail
No fixed disk present
Input / Output device Storage behavior from the
device

Operating System Error message “Ntldr is missing”

Virus/ Spyware System symptoms on a

device computer runs slow

Operator Interface Multiple Users ”I didn’t touch that”

Operating System

Function of OS:

1. Starting a Computer

2. Provides a user interface

Types:

 Command line interface

 Menu driven
 GUI

3. Manages files and folder

4. Managing programs.

4 Ways to execute the program.

 Using a shortcut
 Using the start menu
 Using command prompt
  Using the windows explorer/My computer

5. Managing memory management: to optimize the use of RAM virtual memory the OS allocated the
portion of storage medium to function or additional memory.

6. Scheduling Job: Is operation the CPU manages.

7. Manages hardware device driver: are small programs that tell the OS how to communicate w/
specific device.

8. Establishing an internet connection

9. Controlling a network

10. Providing file management and other utilities.

Hard drive interface : Is the communication channel over w/c all the data is written from or read to
the hard disk flow.

2 types of Cable

 Pata cable: Uses an IDE ribbon cable and send signals along parallel.
 Sata cable: Much narrow and has only seven wires.
Types of Pata or IDE cable
 40 pins: conductor wire.
 80 pins: Conductor wire Faster than 40 pins.
Cable select data cable
 Master: the one does the controlling.
 Slave

Jumper: If the hard disk not have a mark-up the master is I the lower.

CD-Rom: Slave is in the center so put the jumper in the center.

ESD (Electro Static Discharge): Is a flash, silent and invisible PC killer steeps in minimizing ESD.

1. Computer and devices should be properly packaged in antistatic material or bags and shielded
during transportation.
2. Grounding is one of important factor in minimizing ESD.
3. Alternate choices.
4. Standing at all times when working on a computer
5. Make sure everything removed from the backs of the computer.
6. Remove all jewelries.
 7. Try not to work on computer during electrical
8. Handle components air in cleaning components symptoms of ESD
9. Used canned compressed air in cleaning components
Symptoms of ESD
1. A new Component/replace doesn’t work
2. You’ve just carried components is larger.
3. A component fails w/ in one two years of installation.

Booting Process

Reset- warm boot

1. On Power-cold boot
2. Initialize the CPU power management
3. Bios to Southbridge
4. CPU to Northbridge
5. Northbridge to Ram
6. Ram to HDD (Hard Disk Drive).(OS) Boot- lunch the operating system.
7. Ram locate the MBR (Master Boot Record).

To test the Power Supply without the

SYSTEM UNIT- Short the green & black by putting PIN.

CMOS BIOS –To maintain the date & time in your computer.

CMOS – Complimentary metal octit sime conductor

CMOS -- BIOS

ROM APM

RAM BIOS SET-UP

CMOS BATTERY
J.VSB- standby voltage of your power supply to charge the CMOS Battery if the power supply is plug-
in.

DEFRAG – software

DEFRAGING- to compraise the files in the hard disk to create more space.

DUOCORE- CPU 1 CPU 2

Process fetch the data

ALU ALU

Monitor

DUOCORE- the CPU 1 is to process the program & the CPU 2 is to fetch the data.

SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment)

SATA – deliver DATA by frame (Serial)

PATA – deliver DATA by byte ( Parallel)

32 bits= to 1 pocket.

OPERATING SYSTEM

OS- is software that contains instructions that coordinates all the activity among computer hardware
resources an operating system provides an interface for users; stores, retriever & manipulates files;
runs applications, and manages hardwares.

EXAMPLE : Operating System recognized input from the keyboard, keep track of files on the hard disk,
and control disk drives in general an operating system acts as the middlemen between application
and hardware.

OPERATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

2 main internal components

1. Kernel
2. Shell
SHELL – is the portion of the OS that relates to the user and to applications. The shell provides a
command, menu or icon interface to the user using various interface tools such as Windows Explores,
the Control Panel, or My Computer.

KERNEL- which is the core of an operating system is the part that loads when you first turn on your
computer. The kernel stays in memory while the computer is running to help manage. Memory
maintain the computer clock start applications, and assign resources such as devices programs, data,
and information.

USER OPERATING SYSTEM Application Software

HARDAWARE

CPU PRINTER

RAM

HARDWARE ROM BIOS

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

*DOS( Disk Operating System)- was the first OS used for IBM.

IBM- compatible computers DOS was used widely after it was developed in the early 1980s by
Microsoft.

* WINDOWS- have been developed by Microsoft over the past few decades.

*UNIX- is a popular OS used to manage networks to support multiple users to handle a high volume of
transactions and to support applications used in internet it is open source which means the source
code for the program is made available for use or modification by users or developer.

*LINUX- is sealed down version of UNIX that was designed to provide a low cost but efficient and
operating system for personal computer users Linux also available for commercial versions such as
Red hat, Windows OS, slack ware and others.

*OS/2- developed by IBM & Microsoft, is less common for home desktop PC but is used in certain
types of networks.

*Mac OS – is available only for Apple Macintosh computers the Mac OS long has been the model for
ease and good user interface design. Never versions also provide features such as built in network
support & strong multimedia capabilities.
What an OPERATING SYSTEM does?

-Regardless of the specific type of operating system, the OS performs key functions such as
providing a user interface managing file and folders running applications and manage hardware.

An OS Provides a User Interface

*COMMAND LINE-INTRFACE- you type commands or press specific keys to enter data and commands
to instruct the OS to perform operations. When working with a Command Line- Interface, such as
DOS, the set of commands entered to provide instructions called the command language.

*MENU DRIVEN-INTERFACE- provides menus as a way to enter data and command Menu Drive-
Interface are easier to learn than Command Line Interface because users do not have to learn the
command languages used to enter commands instead, just have to select functions from a menu.

*GRAPHICAL USER- INTERFACE –GUI – (Pronounced GOO-EE), buttons, Windows or other graphical
objects on screen. It also incorporate menus.

COMMAND- LINE INTERFACE

C: \ Command Prompt

Microsoft Windows XP Versions 5.1.2007

C:\ Documents & Settings\ Recquelle Dano>cdc:\

C:\ > Pingwww.course.com cd/ change directory

Pinging a 1799.na.akaminet[

Reply from 63.241.195.15 bytes- 32 time ping command executed

Ping command entered

NETWORKING

-- Is the practice of linking two/more computing device together for the purpose of sharing.

Purpose:

1. Sharing file

2. sharing peripherals

3. Communication

4. Security

Basic Concepts of networking

 1. Media->simply transmission carrier for data signals.

2. Topology->Is a usually schematic description of the arrangement of network.

3. Protocol-> Is a language used to communicate between two networked hosts.

2 Types of media

1. Bounded media-> It is the transmission media in which signal are confined to a specific path
using wire or cable.

2. Unbounded media-> Is a wireless media sends the data through air.

Types of Bounded Media

1. Twisted pair 3.Fiber Optics

2. Coaxial cable

2 basic configuration of twisted pair

1. Shielded 2. Unshielded

Why it is Twisted and Shielded-> To reduce the crosstalk.

Types of topology:

1. Bus topology-> All computer are connected in a main cable.

2.Ring topology-> The computer are connected in a closed loop configuration.

3. Star topology-> It has a central device that all the computers connected on it.

4 . Mesh topology-> All devices are directly interconnect w/ all other device.
Kinds of protocol:

1. IP(Internet Port)-> Method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on
the internet.

2. TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)-> Is a core protocol of the internet protocol suite.

3. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)-> Is an internet standard for electronic mail transmission.

4. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)-> Is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative,

hypermedia information system.

5. FTP(File Transfer Protocol)-> Used to transfer computer files from one host.

6. ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)-> Create and sends messages to the source IP
address.

7. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)-> Is a professional association that

develops, defines and review electronics and computer science standards.

8. TIA(Telecommunication Industry Association) ->To develop voluntary, consensus based industry

standards for wide variety of information.
 9. ANSI (American National Standard Institution)->Has served in this capacity as administrator and
coordinator of the united states private sector voluntary standardization system for more than 90
years.

10. ISO (Industry Standard Organization)-> Sets standard in many business and technologies,
including computing and communication.

Network Types:

1. LAN(Local Area Network)-> A small network, limited to a single collection.

2. MAN( Metropolitan Area Network)-> Connect LANs together sometimes a geographical area.

3. WAN (Wide/Wireless Area Network)-> Connect a geographical area sometimes a city or even a
country.

Network Architecture

1. Client server-> one computer acts as a server the other computer on the networks request
services from the server.

2. Peer to Peer-> has equal responsibility and capabilities.

Types of Cable

1. Straight-through cable

2. Cross-over cable

Cross-over cabling CROSS OVER TEST

568B 568A

White/orange White/green 1-3

Orange Green 2-6

White/green White/orange 3-1

Blue Blue 4-4

White/blue White/blue 5–5

Green Orange 6-2

White/brown White/brown 7-7

Brown Brown 8–8

NETWORK CONNECTING DIVICES

1. NIC( NETWORK INTERFACE CARD)- is a device that serves as intermediary between computers
data bus and network.
2. REPEATER- is a device that regenerates a signal to improves transmission distance.

3. SWITCH- examine the content of the packets.

-forward packets to correct port base on Mac Addresses.

4 .ROUTER- is a networking device that used to connect multiple network that used the same
protocol.

MEDIA CONNECTOR

1. RJ 11- a connector used in telephone connection interface, has four conductors red and green,
black and yellow.
2. RJ 45- common used connector used a UTP cable.

SWITCH- Check the IP Address and source.

ROUTER- get the pockets with its destination.

RJ (REGISTERED JACK)
RJ 11 have 4 conductor
RJ 45 have 8 conductor

In networking begin with change the home group in the computer right ( click ) properties
change the PC name and workgroup name.

FILE SYSTEM- structure and organize the data.

-stored in the hard disk
- the file system is in the OS
OS- consist of many folder.
FILE SYSTEM- it is a program of instruction found in your operating system.
32 file system
64 file system

DEFAULT IN MICROSOFT- NTFS

What is the default of your computer – NTFS
NTFS – NEW TECHNOLOGY FILE SYSTEM
Scrambling method in hard disk.
ADVATAGES NTFS
 FORMAT- 1ST time you reload the data.

REFORMATING- 2ND time you reload data.

TYPES OF FORMATING:

LOW LEVEL 1.TRACKS 2.SECTOR 3.CLUSTER

Manufacturer Guard bits

High level

User

CLUSTER 3

TRACKS

CLUSTER 2

SECTORS

CLUSTER 1

NETWORKING EQUIPMENT

HUB / SWITCH

HUB- passive distribute the signal without amplifying.

SWITCH – active distribute the signal wit amplifying.

- Distribute and regenerate the signal.

MODEM – modulator + demodulator/ trans met and receive signal

ROUTER – provide the rout and segment of the network.

 - Provide the signal of the switch

REPEATER – regenerate the signal

REPEATER USE- if you want to spread your signal in the further distance

DNS – DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM

GATEWAY- provide the signal in any area

LAN MAXIMUM 10 COMPUTERS

PROBLEM IN LAN

1. Same IP Address
2. Workgroup
3. Cabling
4. Switch (Reset)

STANDARD WIRING

1.TEA 568 B- STANDARD

2.TEA 568 A- JUMPERING

CAT 5 e – ENHANCE (e) or EXTENDED

Upgrade and signal

For broadband

BROUTER- BRIDGE + ROUTER

LAN CARD- NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

TCP- Physical address from your computer

FIREWALL –Filter the harmful data