EOS Crop Productio and Marketing Management LIV

Occupational Standard: Advanced Crops Production and marketing Management
Occupational Code: AGR CPM

NTQF Level IV
AGR CPM4 01 0311 AGR CPM4 02 0311 AGR CPM4 03 0311

Develop a soil use map for a Plan crop propagation Develop a soil health and
property program plant nutrition program

Plan and implement Supervise crop establishment Supervise crop maintenance
chemical use program

Plan and schedule compost Implement pest management Control weeds, pests and/or
production action plans diseases in crops

Determine seasonal irrigation Schedule irrigations Manage organic soil
scheduling tasks improvement

Implement horticultural crop Supervise agricultural crop Maintain grain quality in
harvesting program harvesting storage

Market crops products Develop waste management Coordinate customer service
strategies & networking activities

Analyze and interpret Implement and monitor Build Relationships with
production data environmental policies Customers

Establish Quality Standards Utilize Specialized Develop and lead teams
Communication skills
AGR CPM4 25 0311

Monitor and manage
business operations
Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Copyright Information: Version: 2
Page 1 of 116 Crop Production and Marketing
Ministry of Education Year: 03/ 2011
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Occupational Standard: Crop Production and Marketing Management
Unit of competence Develop a soil use map for a property
Unit Code AGR CPM4 01 0311
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the process of determining
soil characteristics and developing soil maps to illustrate the
characteristics of a property in order to identify any areas of
concern, and to assist in making decisions about
plants/crops, irrigation and drainage. This is usually without
supervision but with general guidance on progress. It
requires knowledge of soil testing, the environmental impact
of irrigating and the ability to use soil and water testing
techniques. The outcomes of this process will inform
decisions relating to whole farm planning.
Element of competence Performance Criteria

1. Collect information for 1.1 Confirm soil samples were collected for off-site
soil assessment by soil testing agencies using
recommended procedures.
mapping
1.2 The information on the physical characteristics of the
soil is collected.
1.3 The information on the chemical characteristics of the
soil is collected.
1.4 The information about biological characteristics of the
soil is collected.
1.5 The acceptable soil parameters for specified plants are
determined from published data and historical records.
1.6 Information about areas of cultural significance and
habitats of biodiversity on the property is collected.
1.7 Research outcomes are collated in accordance with
enterprise record keeping procedures.
2.1 The soil types of the sample area are classified according
2. Analyse soil
to standards for soil classification.
information
2.2 Collected results are compared with established
parameters for actual or proposed land use and
production.
2.3 Soil characteristics are evaluated to determine whether
they can be altered to meet land use needs.
2.4 The Readily Available Water (RAW) values for irrigation
sites are determined in line with industry standards.
3. Plot topography and 3.1 Interpreted results are mapped in an established format
soil survey data on according to enterprise guidelines.
property map 3.2 Potential uses of the soil for purposes of land classing,
land capability, areas of cultural significance and habitats
of biodiversity are identified.
3.3 Property boundaries and property features are defined.

Management
3.4 Paddocks or irrigation areas are identified.
3.5 Contour or spot level information is plotted.
3.6 Soil sampling sites are plotted on map.
3.7 Soil profile and irrigation characteristics for each sampling
site and/or irrigation area are described and indexed to
the map.
3.8 The Readily Available Water (RAW) values for irrigation
sites are indexed to the map.
3.9 Areas of specific concern are plotted on the map and
descriptions are indexed to the map.
Variable Range statement

Soils may include field sites and specialist growing media.
soil sampling Equipment hand auger, back hoe, equipment for pH testing such as soil
may include test kits or electronic pH testing device, hand held salinity/EC
meter, tape measure, sample bags, plastic overlays, aerial
photographs, and charts and tables of soil characteristics.
Soil testing agencies may government, commercial or private consultants.
be
Physical characteristics colour, texture, structure, depth of root zone, and depth of
of the soil may include water table.
Chemical characteristics pH, salinity and carbonate content and nutrient (both macro
of the soil may include and micro) availability.
biological Characteristics such as decaying plant material, humus
characteristics of a soil content, microbiotic content (fungi, bacteria and protozoa),
and macrobiotic content (worms, insects and nematodes).
Classification of Soils classified according to Unified Soil Classification System.
may be
soil survey data on the These may include topsoil types, soil profiles and Readily
property map Available Water (RAW).
Type of maps developed These may include contour maps and aerial photomaps, and
may include the use of overlays to indicate various
categories
of data.
Areas of concern These may include saline patches, leaking channels, acid
be plotted on the soils, weed infestation, lack of shelter from prevailing winds,
map awkward paddock size or design, high water table, access
problems, herbicide resistance, animal/plant disease
problems, and water and wind erosion.
Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Assessment must confirm one's ability to:
Competence • perform a soil survey, analyse survey results,
• determine soil characteristics, and
• plot topography and soil survey data on a property map.

Management
Underpinning knowledge and understanding of:
Knowledge and Attitudes • methods and techniques of soil sampling
• relevant enterprise OHS and environmental requirements
including the use of personal protective equipment
• environmental impacts of irrigation, using water from any
• ground or underground source
• soil types and profiles
• physical and chemical properties of soils
• nutrient availability in soils
• soil analyses results
• biodiversity habitats
• cultural sites
• soil quality factors
• soil water retention testing techniques
• water table and salinity
• • Readily Available Water (RAW).
Underpinning Skills Skills include the ability to:
• collect and analyse data
• read and apply testing agency procedures
• label information for off-site testing
• interpret soil analyses results
• identify adverse environmental impacts of irrigation
activities and appropriate remedial action
• interpret published data and historical records to
identify
• acceptable soil parameters
• plot information on a map
• use soil and water testing techniques
• follow relevant enterprise OHS and environmental
• procedures.
• Communicating ideas and information
• Collect, analyse and organise information
• Plan and organize activities
• Use mathematical ideas and techniques., calculat
RAW values, topographical data, and analyse
comparative statistical data.
• Solve problems Identifying and analysing areas of
concern on a property.
• Use technology Using electronic testing equipment. 2
Resources Implication The following resources MUST be provided.
 Access is required to real or appropriately simulated
situations, including work areas, materials and
equipment,
 Documentation and information on workplace
practices and OHS practices.
 specifications and work instructions
 Approved assessment tools
 Certified assessor /Assessor’s panel

Management
Methods of Assessment Competence may be assessed through:
 Practical assessment by direct observation of tasks
through simulation/Role-plays
 Written exam/test on underpinning knowledge
 questioning or interview on underpinning knowledge
 project-related conditions (real or simulated) and
require evidence of process
 Portfolio Assessment (e.g. Certificate from training
providers or employers)
Assessment methods must confirm the ability to access and
correctly interpret and apply the essential underpinning
knowledge
Context of Assessment Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a
simulated work place setting. This competency standard could
be assessed on its own or in combination with other
competencies relevant to the job function.

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Occupational Standard: Crop production and Marketing Management
Unit of competence Plan crop propagation program
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the process of planning a
propagation program. Planning requires consideration of
management and marketing requirements, selection of
appropriate propagation techniques and environmental
controls, OHS hazards and hygiene standards. Planning is
usually undertaken without supervision, and with only general
guidance on progress sought by managers. Responsibility
for and limited organization of the work of others may be
necessary.
Competency is demonstrated by the application of a broad
range of skills and detailed underpinning knowledge to
planning and propagation processes, such as propagation
techniques, plant varieties and cultivars, weed, pest and
disease recognition and control, and plant health
requirements.

1. Carry out preliminary 1.1 Management and marketing requirements are confirmed
planning activities for a and understood.
plant propagation 1.2 Space requirements for propagation program are
program evaluated.
1.3 Propagation techniques are determined according to
species and sound horticultural practice.
1.4 Environmental parameters that impact on propagation
are determined.
1.5 Budget for the propagation program is negotiated with
management.
1.6 OHS hazards associated with the propagation program
are identified, risks assessed and controls implemented.
2. Develop the 2.1 Labour, materials, equipment and machinery needs
propagation plan are identified.
2.2 Propagation media requirements are determined
according to the propagation method and needs of the
plant.
2.3 Strategies to modify environmental conditions are
determined according to the type of plant and propagation
method used.
2.4 Selection criteria for the propagation material is
determined according to the type of plant and
propagation method.
2.5 Hygiene requirements for propagation activities are
determined.
2.6 Propagation plan and schedule of activities are
Management
communicated clearly to staff.
3. Monitor success of 3.1 Variances from plan and scheduled activities are
propagation activities identified and recorded.
3.2 Propagated plants are assessed for health, quality and
viability according to enterprise quality standards.
3.3 Remedial procedures are planned to meet marketing
objectives and business imperatives.
Variable Range
Requirements may budget limitations, propagation technique, controlling the
include growing environment; plant species, growth habits and
cultural requirements; the purpose or intended use of the
propagated plants, maintenance services for propagation
after-care, quality specifications and timelines for the program.
Propagation techniques seed, cuttings, layering, growing on tissue cultured plants,
may include division or splitting, budding, grafting, spores and cloning
Environmental that may apply to a field nursery or environmentally controlled
parameters structure, and may include Temperature, wind, light, humidity
and frost.
Hazards may include air- and soil-borne micro-organisms, chemicals and
hazardous substances, sharp hand tools and equipment,
manual handling, solar radiation, dust, noise, machinery and
machinery parts, slippery and uneven surfaces.
Materials, equipment shade cloth, plastic fencing, tape, support structures, labels,
and machinery may irrigation equipment, heaters, coolers, fans, vents,
include fogging/misting systems, screens; secateurs, propagation
knives, razor blades and other cutting instruments; sharpening
stone, strop, linear measure, grafting machine, plastic
containers and trays, vermiculite boxes, wheelbarrow, trolley,
mechanical trolley, shovel, water spray container, dibblers and
rubbish bins.
Propagation media will be specific to the species and method of propagation, and
requirements may need to be determined using recognized testing
procedures for pH, drainage, aeration, salinity, nitrate levels
and water repellence to ensure that it meets the needs of the
propagation plan
Types of propagation sand, potting mix, gravel, scoria, rock wool, gro-wool,
media may include sawdust, pine bark, perlite, vermiculite, water (hydroponics)
and conditioners/additives.
Strategies that may be cooling by manual or automatic processes such as the use of
employed to modify the vents, exhaust fans, evaporative coolers, wetting walls;
growing environment heating by manual or automatic processes such as the use of
include wall heaters, ducts, heating lines or under-bed heating
systems; controlling air circulation to maintain uniform
temperatures and relative humidity, such as ventilation or
wind breaks; use of artificial light; carbon dioxide enrichment,

Management
and irrigation.
Selection criteria for company specifications and quality standards; the use of
propagation material certified parent stock; ensuring parent stock is well nourished
may include and healthy, free from disease, pest, frost or mechanical
damage; results from recognized testing procedures, such as
leaf tissue analysis; and the season.
Hygiene requirements hand washing, removing all media and organic matter from
may involve production surfaces, tools and equipment; disinfecting
production surfaces, tools and equipment;
disinfecting/sterilizing propagation media; disinfestations and
removal of plant and media waste, footbaths; access
restrictions and handling practices which minimize cross
contamination, including enterprise quarantine policies
and legislation.
Assessment will involve Inspection, recognized analytical procedures, recording and
interpreting production statistics.
Remedial procedures in response to damage or loss, pest and disease problems,
may be required and marketing requirements, and may include
quarantine/isolation procedures, schedule amended,
integrated pest management, cultural intervention such as
fertilising, misting, tip/root pruning, spraying growth hormones,
light manipulation, temperature changes,
increased/decreased humidity, tying, staking, taping;
removing and disposing of damaged plant material, and
irrigation.
Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Demonstrates skills and knowledge in:
Competence  implementing a propagation plan
 scheduling propagation activities
 implementing propagation works
 performance and success of propagation
Underpinning Demonstrates knowledge of:
Knowledge and Attitudes  OHS hazards associated with undertaking propagation
activities, and the controls necessary to remove or
minimise risks associated with them
 practical understanding of the OHS and environmental
issues associated with use and disposal of propagation
media
 enterprise and industry hygiene standards required for
propagation activities, including relevant quarantine
regulations
 industry and enterprise quality specifications for parent
plants and propagation materials
 common problems that may occur while performing
propagation activities in a controlled environment, and
preventative/corrective action that may apply
 processes and techniques for preparing, costing and
Management
documenting plans for and scheduling propagation
activities
 identification, propagation and establishment
techniques required for a range of plant varieties and
cultivars
 monitoring staff performance Plant Breeders Rights
(PBR) and related legislation
 aftercare requirements for a range of propagated plant
varieties and cultivars
 testing methods applied to propagation media
 preferred types of propagation media for different
species
 chemical, cultural and biological pest, weed and
disease control techniques
 Application techniques for chemical and non-chemical
intervention or treatments.
Underpinning Skills Demonstrates skills to:
• conduct literature and consultative research to obtain
information about propagation requirements, growth
conditions, and marketing implications
• negotiate and document plans
• write reports for the understanding of staff, supervisors,
clients and contractors
• calculate the cost, spatial and logistical requirements of
all aspects of the propagation works
• analyse basic statistical data to monitor performance and
success of propagation activities
Resource Implications The following resources MUST be provided.
equipment,
knowledge
Management
simulated work place setting

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Occupational Standard: Crop Production and Marketing Management
Unit of competence Develop a soil health and plant nutrition program
Unit Descriptor This unit of competency specifies the outcomes required to
assess soil and develop a soil health and plant nutrition
program in the agricultural industry. Planning requires
consideration of site factors, plant species requirements, soil
and plant tissue analysis, soil ameliorants and nutrient
application procedures, and monitoring occupational health
and safety (OHS) hazards and environmental impacts.
The unit involves the application of a broad knowledge base
to identify and apply solutions to a range of problems. It
involves the application of knowledge including plant biology;
plant nutrition requirements; and soil, water and other
growing media properties.

1. Determine relevant 1.1 Goals and target site for assessment and development of
site characteristics. program are defined following a review of enterprise
production plan and in consultation with landholder.
1.2 Relevant climat data, environnemental contexte
information
and site data are accessed and reviewed.
1.3 Appropriate soil, plant and water tests are determined
according to plant species, climatic conditions, prevailing
growth media, industry best practice and enterprise
guidelines.
1.4 Soil, plant and water testing program is developed that
defines sampling, field testing, off-site analysis activities,
task responsibilities, involvement of contractors,
scheduling and desired information outcomes.
1.5 Testing tasks are implemented and monitored, liaison
procedures with outside testing agencies are supervised,
and remedial action is undertaken where necessary.
1.6 Data and readings are compiled and presented in a form
that can be easily understood.
1.7 Seasonal variations and requirements are determined
from published data on species, historical records, own
experience, industry best practice and enterprise
guidelines.
1.8 Characteristics, condition and nutritional status of soils
and plant species under production are determined by
analyzing collected data and comparing to accepted
standards.
2. Define the 2.1 Different nutritional requirements of the plant during
requirements growing cycle and a range of conditions are identified
Management
for plant production. according to published data on species, historical records,
own experience and enterprise guidelines.
2.2 Program is developed to achieve appropriate soil
conditions and nutrient availability for plant production
according to enterprise production plan.
2.3 Soil amendments, management practices and fertilizer
requirements needed for production are determined.
2.4 Resources, tools, equipment and machinery required
for program are identified and coasted, and availability is
confirmed with suppliers, contractors and appropriate
personnel.
2.5 Cost-effective approach to soil management, soil
amendment, and provision of plant nutrients is determined.
2.6 OHS hazards associated with program are identified,
risks are assessed and controls are developed and
documented.
2.7 Environmental implications of program are identified
and documented in plant nutrition program.
3. Document the soil 3.1 Detailed plan, objectives, specifications and associated
health and plant nutrition costs are established based on program requirements and
program and are presented to land manager.
specifications 3.2 Detailed on-site procedures and schedules required for
program are developed and documented.
4. Monitor production and 4.1 Program implementation and results are monitored by
evaluate the program. testing soil, plants and/or produce according to industry
practice to ensure requirements of enterprise production
plan are achieved.
4.2 Program is reviewed and refined to ensure it is
responsive
to changing conditions.
4.3 Non-compliance with documented objectives and
specifications is identified and remedial actions are
implemented to alleviate or overcome identified
shortcomings in program.
4.4 Remedial action to improve plant nutrition is taken,
documented and reported to land manager according to
enterprise plan.
4.5 Agreed changes are incorporated into a detailed plan.

Soil, plant and water analysis of chemical characteristics such as:
tests conducted as part of • acidity or alkalinity (pH)
a plant nutrition program • cation exchange capacity
may include • nutrient and carbonate content
• salinity
• on-site testing and off-site analysis of growth media to
determine physical characteristics such as:
• colour

Management
• depth of root zone
• depth of water table
• plant available water
• soil organic matter
• structure
• texture
• testing nutrient status of plants through:
• establishing likely effects on soil chemical and physical
characteristics
• plant tissue testing
• testing water for suitability for plant growth.
Growth media may • new areas to be planted
include: • soil sites of existing planted areas
• other growing media.
Plant species may • bulbs
include: • containerized, field planted and stock specimens
• flowers and foliage
• fruit and vegetables
• herbs
• indigenous and exotic species and varieties
• mushrooms
• nuts
• oil crops
• pasture, broad acre cropping plants and turf species
• tree, shrub and ornamental plant species
• tubers
• vines and canes
• wild harvest.
Range of conditions that • crop load
affect crop nutrition may • crop quality requirements
include: • cropping and fertilizer history
• grazing intensity
• growth media characteristics
• irrigation methods and scheduling
• seasonal influences
• soil management practices
• spraying program
• weather.
Soil amendments or • animal manures
ameliorants may include: • composts
• cover crops
• gypsum
• lime
• materials to modify soil pH
• mulches
• soil amendments to improve chemical, physical and/or
biological properties of soil to meet requirements of plant
production.
Resources, tools, • aerial photographs, charts and tables of soil
Management
equipment and characteristics and plant soil parameters
machinery • application equipment and machinery such as:
may include: • air blowers
• backpack spray equipment
• irrigation systems set up for fertigation
• pumps and pump fittings
• rippers and spray equipment
• seeders
• tractors and trailed or three-point linkage spreaders
• backhoe
• charts and illustrations of symptoms of plant nutrient
deficiencies and toxicities
• hand-held salinity or electrical conductivity meter
• hand or powered auger
• nutrient application methods, including placement
methods such as:
• banding
• broadcasting
• ripping
• spraying and fertigation on or below soil surface
• pH test kit or electronic pH testing device
• plastic overlays
• sample bags
• tape measure.
OHS hazards may • air
include: • chemicals and hazardous substances
• disturbance or interruption of services
• dust
• incorrect manual handling
• machinery and machinery parts
• moving vehicles
• noise
• sharp hand tools and equipment
• slippery and uneven surfaces
• soil and water-borne micro-organisms
• solar radiation.
Controls introduced to • appropriate use of personal protective equipment,
minimise the risk of OHS including sun protection
hazards should include • appropriate use of safety equipment, including signage
enterprise OHS policies and protective barriers
and procedures for: • assessing and reporting risks
• basic first aid available on site
• cleaning, maintaining and storing tools, equipment and
machinery
• correct manual handling
• identifying hazards
• maintaining personal hygiene
• reporting problems to supervisors
• safe handling, use and storage of chemicals and
Management
hazardous substances
• safe operation of tools, equipment and machinery.
Environmental • beneficial impacts, including minimization of nutrient
implications may include: run-off and toxic side effects in soil and surrounding
environment achieved by:
• improved application techniques and rates
• improved assessment and targeting of nutrient
requirements
• reduction of toxic side effects of applied nutrients in
crop plants
• negative impacts, including over-spraying or run-off into
external environment resulting in nutrient overload or
excess water affecting things such as:
• loading atmosphere with greenhouse gas
• mining native soil fertility
• native plants
• natural waterways
• salinisation
• water erosion
• water logging
• water tables and ecosystems
• methods which may aid in reversal of environmental
degradation include:
• allowing natural recovery and regeneration of native
ecosystems
• responsible fertilization and watering practices.
Remedial action • adjustments to soil amendments
undertaken to improve • changes to fertilizer application and soil management
plant nutrition may practices
include: • irrigation scheduling
• nutrient application rates and methods
• use of foliar sprays.
Evidence Guide
Competence • access and analyze information on regional and site
factors
• select suitable management practices, soil amendments
and fertilizers
• determine analytical and appropriate application
techniques
• prepare resources and equipment for application of
nutritional materials
• prepare implementation plans, specifications and
associated documents.
Underpinning Knowledge Demonstrates knowledge of:
and Attitudes • characteristics of soil and other growth media types, uses
and additives to enhance available nutrition for specific
Management
crops
• main simple and compound fertiliser products available
to enterprise, including analysis, solubility, salt index,
application rates and costs
• methods of nutrient uptake by plants and favourable
conditions for effective uptake to occur
• nutrients and water required by plants grown within
enterprise and affects of nutrient deficiency and toxicity
on individual plant species and varieties, including visual
symptoms
• OHS hazards associated with implementing a plant
nutrition program and controls necessary to remove or
minimise associated risks
• organic matter, pest and disease, and nutrient
interactions in soil and nutrient cycling
• practical relevance of the concepts to specific plants and
soils used in the enterprise
• practical understanding of environmental issues
associated with selecting nutritional materials,
implementing a plant nutrition program needing to
comply with legislation and ensuring minimal impact on
environment
• processes and techniques for preparing, costing and
documenting a plant nutrition program
• relationship between soil and growth media
characteristics and availability of nutrients, including
macro and micro elements, to plants
• site evaluation techniques, including methods of
sampling and analysing soils and other growth media
• soil amendments commonly required to treat soil
problems experienced by enterprise.
• documenting plans, specifications and work procedures
• calculating cost and spatial and logistical requirements of
components of plant nutrition program
• communicating and negotiating orally and in writing with
staff,
managers, contractors, consultants and customers
• complying with legislative requirements and codes of
practice
• conducting literature and consultative research, and
collating
and analysing findings on plant nutritional requirements,
nutrients available from soils and other growth media, and
environmental implications of program
• recording all relevant information according to enterprise
and industry standards
• writing reports for staff, managers, contractors and
customers.
Management
equipment,
knowledge
Context of Assessment Assessment for this unit of competency is to be largely
practical in nature and will most appropriately be assessed in
the workplace or in normal work conditions.
This unit of competency could be assessed on its own or in
combination with other units of competency relevant to the
job function.

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Occupational Standard: Crop production and marketing management
Unit of competence Plan and implement chemical use program
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the process of planning
and implementing a program for the use of chemicals in a
workplace. It involves using chemicals as well as supervising
others in the use of chemicals concerned, and the ability to
modify application requirements as needed. It involves
decision making in regards to the risk control measures to be
applied when using chemicals in different situations,
monitoring safety procedures, and ensuring that others are
trained sufficiently in the use of the chemical concerned. It
involves the selection and management of chemical
application systems.

1 Identify the 1.1 Chemical use requirements relevant to the workplace are
requirements of chemical accessed and interpreted.
use 1.2 Legalisation and safety procedures surrounding the
use of chemicals are accessed and interpreted.
1.3 Personal protective equipment is used and provided to
others for transport, storage and application of chemicals.
1.4 Industry standards for chemical use are identified.
1.5 Appropriate insurance policy cover is confirmed or
arranged.
2 Monitor the 2.1 Implementation of safety practices and rules by others is
implementation monitored.
of safety requirements 2.2 Safety incidents are investigated and reported in
accordance with directions, standards and legislative
requirements.
2.3 Safety hazards in the transport, storage and application
of the chemicals are identified.
2.4 Risk control measures to minimize risk involved in
chemical use.
2.5 Measures for controlling residue in the environment and
produce are implemented.
3 Plan and implement a 3.1 Plan for maintenance of application and personal
maintenance program for protective equipment is established according to
chemical use equipment manufacturer’s instructions.
3.2 Implementation of maintenance plan is supervised.
3.3 Faulty or damaged equipment is identified and repaired
or replaced.
4 Determine the 4.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) or Animal Health
suitability of a chemical Strategy (AHS) is planned.
for use in a control 4.2 Chemicals included in the IPM or AHS are selected
program according to situation.

Management
4.3 Alternatives to chemical treatments are considered and
applied according to IPM or AHS.
5 Ensure the correct 5.1 Chemicals suitable for situation are identified, and
selection and application procedures for preparation, application and risk control
of the chemical are read and interpreted.
5.2 Application equipment is selected in accordance with
procedures.
5.3 Ensure calibration of equipment is implemented
according to directions and standards.
5.4 Pre-operative checks and maintenance procedures are
implemented.
5.5 Meteorological conditions are assessed as appropriate
to application prior to and during chemical application.
5.6 Chemical application is conducted safely in accordance
with hazards associated with the chemicals concerned.
5.7 Chemical spills or accidents are dealt with according to
procedures.
6 Ensure personnel are 6.1 Training is provided to personnel who are handling or
adequately trained in using chemicals.
chemical use 6.2 External training and assessment opportunities are
organised for staff involved in using chemicals.
7 Implement recording 7.1 Records comply with legislation and regulations
systems for chemical surrounding chemical use.
storage and use 7.2 Risk assessment and control strategies are recorded in
accordance with requirements.
7.3 Clean up procedures are implemented following chemical
applications.

Chemicals may include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, bactericides, algaecides,
biological, nematacides, rodenticides, fumigants,
antimicrobial agents, anthelmintics, hormone growth
promotants or veterinary chemicals.
legislation and safety May approved Pesticide Acts, OHS Acts regarding
rules may include hazardous substances and application equipment,
Dangerous Goods Act, Poisons Act or Protection of the
Environment Acts for chemical use.
Personal protective boots, overalls, chemical resistant gloves, aprons, face
equipment may include shields, respirators and hats.
Directions and the instructions on the chemical label, in an operator’s
standards may include manual, on a Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), in an
industry standard, from an OHS manual or other regulation,
or a hazardous substances regulation.
hazards Hazards will be listed on labels and the MSDS for the
chemical concerned and may include flammability, toxicity,
health hazards, damage to non-target organisms,
environmental damage, off target spray drift or residues in
Management
foods.
Risk control measures Risk control measures that may be implemented include
may be those relating to spillage, fire, contact of chemical with skin or
eyes, accidental ingestion, incorrect concentrations in
mixtures, faulty or inappropriate storage containers, current
insurance policies, likelihood of run-off post application,
incorrectly calibrated equipment, spray drift, incorrect
disposal of waste chemicals or faulty equipment.
Situation may include weeds, insects, pathogens, and vertebrate animals.
Application equipment hand held knapsacks or pneumatics, drench guns, spot on or
may include power operated equipment like boomsprays, pressure wand
or air blast sprayer, jetting race, hand jetting and
shower/plunge dips.
Meteorological Rain, wind, temperature, relative humidity, inversion or
conditions stable air conditions.
Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Candidate must able to:
Competence  select, apply and clean up the application of a specific
chemical,
 supervise others working with the chemical,
 ensure that all prescribed safety directions are
followed,
 monitor the implementation of the systems and
procedures developed for chemical concerned.
Knowledge and Attitudes • Hazards involved in the use of the specific chemical
concerned and related risk control measures.
• Signs of pest damage and signs of beneficial organisms.
• Life cycle of pests and target stages.
• Pest resistance to chemicals.
• Types of chemical and modes of action.
• Maximum residue limits.
• OHS legislative requirements and Codes of Practice
relevant to chemical use and hazardous substances.
• Application equipment features.
• Calibration.
• Knowledge of record keeping systems.
• Knowledge and understanding of relevant control of use
Acts.
• Use, maintenance and storage of personal protective
equipment.
• Correct wearing/fit of personal protective equipment.
• First aid and emergency procedures.
• Insurances required for chemical use, transportation and
storage.
 Calibration and calculation of equipment and chemicals

Management
Underpinning Skills skills include the ability to:
 access, accurately read and interpret conditions and labels
information for chemicals.
 direct others to perform tasks.
 identifying hazardous situations.
 communicate procedures, policies and safety information
to others in the workplace.
 collect, analyze and organize Information on labels, MSDS
and legislation need to be interpreted and analyzed.
 plan and organize activities to be planned in conjunction
with chemical use.
 use mathematical ideas and techniques in calibration and
calculation of equipment and chemicals.
 identify hazards and potential problems that may arise
during chemical use and developing suitable solutions and
risk control measures.
equipment,
knowledge
competences relevant to the job function.

Management
TOP
Occupational Standard: Crop Production and marketing management
Unit of competence Supervise crop establishment
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the work involved in
supervising the establishment of agricultural crops. It
includes sourcing information for input to the plan, as well as
preparing the plan itself, communicating it to the people who
will sow the crop, and monitoring the planting operations as
they happen. It requires the need to monitor and adjust the
plan in response to changing situations, and to subsequently
evaluate, and report on, the outcomes of the planting
operation.
The supervision of agricultural crop establishment is likely to
be undertaken with only general guidance sought from
others. This unit involves the application of extensive
knowledge with depth in some areas including the actions
that might be taken to minimise or eliminate detrimental
environmental impacts.

1. Source information for 1.1 Documents within the organization that detail the
input to planting plan requirements of the production plan are identified and
obtained
1.2 Information regarding activities that will be occurring at a
similar time to planting is gathered through discussion
with colleagues and management, and by reading the
production / management plan
1.3 The specific target area, or paddock, for planting is
identified from the production / management plan
1.4 Information regarding the trash levels and seedbed
conditions is gathered by viewing the site and through
discussion with colleagues
2.1 The agricultural crop and method(s) of planting to be
2. Prepare planting plan
used are determined from the organizations production /
management plan and availability
2.2 The resources required for the planting operations are
assessed and calculated from the area to be sown, the
method of planting to be used, and the available
timelines
2.3 The target dates are set for planting, including the
sequencing for planting each paddock, in line with the
overall production/management planning for the
organization
2.4 The chemical applications that are required prior to and
post planting are selected and organized to occur at an
appropriate time
Management
2.5 The plan is prepared to ensure that any potential
detrimental environmental impacts are minimized or
eliminated, including the proper disposal of containers,
drums and other waste
2.6 Occupational health & safety hazards are identified,
assessed, and the planting plan provides for responsible
actions by the operators and management
2.7 Any approvals that are required for the planting
operations are identified, sought and obtained
2.8 Measurable indicators, specifications and targets are
determined, based on the production / management plan
and the method, resources, and seed to be used
3.1 Scheduling for planting is determined taking the range of
3. Determine scheduling
geographic and resourcing factors into consideration, as
and key responsibilities
well as operations that will be occurring at the same time
as the planting
3.2 Key responsibilities for specific preparatory processes
that are required before planting are determined
3.3 Key responsibilities for specific implementation processes
are determined
3.4 Recordkeeping requirements are determined and
procedures are put in place to ensure compliance with
the range of applicable regulations
3.5 The plan, including scheduling and key responsibilities, is
clearly documented
3.6 The plan includes the type, format, frequency and detail
of any reporting required by both managers and operators
4. Monitor and adjust the 4.1 Monitoring points outlined in the implementation plan are
planting plan adhered to
4.2 Checks are made to ensure that the occupational health
& safety requirements are being observed and followed
4.3 Checks are made to ensure that the site environmental
requirements are being observed and followed
4.4 Operational staff and any contractors are communicated
with regularly to ensure smooth operation and progress
4.5 Checks are made to ensure that the documentation
required by the organization, or other regulating bodies,
is completed clearly and accurately during the progress
of the planting process
4.6 Where any corrective action or amendment to the planting
plan is required, the action is initiated and taken

documents would be The documents that outline the organisations production
planning for the specified period the policies and procedures
in relation to chemical handling and occupational health &
safety, as well as the way in which potential environmental

Management
impacts should be approached.
agricultural crops Agricultural crops covered by this unit include wheat and
coarse grains, cotton, grain legumes, oilseeds, sugar, kenaf,
castor beans, beans and peas and pastures
Particular planting The reasons for selecting particular planting methods might
methods be to minimize any erosion risks, to suit planting and
production conditions, to control weeds and pests, or to suit
the specific machinery that is available to be used.
availability This would depend on the existing seed that might be stored
of the seed be on-site, the particular supplier that would be used, and the
determined seasonal requirements for particular seed types.
resources required for the The resources required will be stated in terms of personnel
planting (these might be temporary, permanent, or contracted
workers), machinery and equipment, consumables, and
leasing arrangements.
reasons for applying Chemicals might be applied to enhance germination, to
chemicals prior to fertilize the soil, or to either prevent or kill weeds and pests.
planting
Detrimental Suitable planning and appropriate decisions will avoid, or
environmental impacts minimize, impacts such as wind erosion, removal of topsoil,
would be avoided by the development of acid sulfate soils, and increased water
run-off speeds.
Occupational health & the operation of other machinery and vehicles, excessive
safety hazards might be noise, organic and other dusts, hazards associated with
storing and handling bulk grain and other seeds, pulses,
pasture seed and billets and the hazards associated with
storing handling, and transporting hazardous substances.
approvals might be The approvals may be those that are required by the
Environment Protection Act, environmental agencies
regulations, duty of care, isolation procedures, occupational
health & safety legislation, site regulations and procedures,
Ethiopian Standards, manufacturers specifications and
recommendations, statutory requirements, or traditional land
owners requirements. Such approvals may be obtained from
the various authorities that implement the associated
regulations, or agencies that operate on their behalf.
other methods might be Apart from chemical applications, physical, biological, or
environmental methods could be used.
scheduling for planting Timing for planting is planned to suit seasonal influences,
weather and weather forecasts, as well as the local
geography and the organizations resourcing situation.
Processes undertaken Before beginning to sow, equipment must be serviced to a
before planting reliable and operational standard, the seed must be prepared
and made available, and any pre-planting chemicals that are
required must be applied.
occupational health Actions that will reduce the occupational health & safety risk
& safety requirements are the selection, use and maintenance of personal
protective equipment, the appropriate and responsible
servicing of equipment and vehicles, the use of safe manual
Management
handling systems, and protection from both noise and dusts.
Environmental Work practices such as the incorporation of organic matter
requirements relate to into the soil, the appropriate and responsible disposal of
planting operations waste materials and trash, and the methods selected for
planting.
Evidence Guide
Competence • how tillage and trash might be dealt with,
• apply relevant legislation and regulations relating to
occupational health & safety
• Identify the seasonal conditions which affect crop
establishment
• Plan and organize planting activities
• Calculate resource requirements from the long-term plan
• Prepare written plans and procedures for implementation
by others
• Recognize poor growth and lack of vigour caused by
nutrient deficiency and incorrect planting depth
• Observe, identify and react appropriately to environmental
implications and occupational health & safety hazards.
• Communicate ideas and information by clearly explaining
to staff, and / or contractors, the purpose, requirements,
and processes
and Attitudes  The equipment that is required for a range of tillage
methods, and pest and weed control prior to planting
 Equipment servicing requirements
 Integrated pest and weed management techniques
 Environmental controls and codes of practice applicable
to the enterprise
 Relevant legislation and regulations relating to
occupational health & safety, contractor engagement,
chemical use and application, and vehicle and plant use
 Environmental controls and codes of practice applicable
to the business and to the planting operations
 Sound management practices and processes to minimize
noise, odours, and debris from planting operations.
 Identify the seasonal conditions which affect crop
establishment
 Plan and organize planting activities by scheduling for
the people, materials, and equipment to be in the right
place at the right time.
 Calculate resource requirements from the long-term plan
 Prepare written plans and procedures for implementation
by others

Management
 Explain, and deliver instructions about, the plans and
scheduling of the planting operations to both staff and
contractors
 Recognize poor growth and lack of vigor caused by
nutrient deficiency and incorrect planting depth
 Observe, identify and react appropriately to
environmental implications and occupational health &
safety hazards.
 Communicate ideas and information by clearly explaining
to staff, and / or contractors, the purpose, requirements,
and processes to be used during the operation.
 Collect, analyze and organize information for planting as
input to the implementation plan.
 Work with others and in teams
 Use mathematical ideas and techniques in calculating
the resource requirements for the control operations from
the plan.
 Solve problems in recognizing where and when
amendment is required to the plans.
 Use technology in operating any necessary equipment
prior to, and during, the control operations -
communication technology, calculating equipment,
measuring equipment, word processing
equipment,
knowledge
simulated work place setting. This competency standard
could be assessed on its own or in combination with other
competencies relevant to the job function..
Management
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Unit of competence Supervise crop maintenance
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the functions required to
promote and maintain the health of agricultural crops.
It requires the application of skills and knowledge to manage
the production of a grains crop in an environment with
optimal nutrient availability, and with minimum damage from
pests, weeds and disease. The work is likely to be carried out
under broad supervision within enterprise guidelines.

1. Determine condition of 1.1 Measurement and assessment of soil moisture is
agricultural crops undertaken to calculate soil water percentage.
1.2 Water requirements are calculated according to soil
analysis data, standing crop, and forecast weather
conditions.
1.3 Nutrient requirements for crops are assessed and
deficiencies identified.
1.4 Factors affecting crop capacity are identified.
1.5 Sustainable land management is implemented according
to enterprise requirements and environmental
standards.
2.1 Evidence of pests and disease is assessed and effective
2. Determine pest control
control measures appropriate to type and species of
infestation are determined.
2.2 Areas of weed infestation, which may be reduced or
eradicated, are located and species identified.
2.3 Control methods are selected to control pests and weeds
without building up a resistance to chemicals.
2.4 Control methods are scheduled at the optimum time with
minimal damage to the crop.
2.5 Severity of infestations and records of treatments are
maintained to provide essential data for future
management programs.
3.1 Crop is planned and monitored to maintain water and
3. Manage crop health
nutritional requirements for optimal production.
3.2 Weed and pest levels are monitored and the control
program modified as required.
3.3 Benefits from fertilization methods are assessed and
documented for analysis in future management
programs.
3.4 Cropping programs are monitored for efficiency and
effectiveness, and documented for future best practice.
3.5 Relevant data is documented for continual analysis and
effective crop management.
Management
Variable Range Statement
coarse grains, cotton, grain legumes, oilseeds, sugar, and
temperate and tropical pastures
Consideration in Considerations may include stage of crop, rainfall records,
determining water water availability, soil types, soil physical structure, and
requirements fertilizer applications.
Nutrient requirements nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium,
may include magnesium, boron, molybdenum, copper and chlorine.
Nutrient requirements may be assessed by tissue or soil
testing.
factors affecting total Factors may include climate, irrigation availability, soil types,
crop capacity pasture pests, topography, soil and plant nutrient status,
paddock history, and drainage.
Enterprise requirements SOP, industry standards, Total Quality Management
may apply to standards, product labels, manufacturers specifications,
MSDS, operators manuals, enterprise policies and procedures
(including waste disposal, recycling and re-use), and reporting
requirements. It may also include consideration of the
following factors:
the introduction of transgenic varieties to minimize
chemical use
the industry commitment to minimize pesticide use
containing herbicides to the herbicide site
selecting herbicides with minimal environmental
impact.
Pests may include insects, weeds, pathogens, vertebrates, nematodes and
molluscs. Vertebrate pests include rabbits, rats and mice,
macropods and birds. Invertebrate pests include thrips, mites,
nematodes, locusts and caterpillars.
All pest and weed control is carried out according to principles
of integrated pest management.
crop diseases may forliar pathogens such as rusts, chocolate spot, Ascochyta,
include mildew, septaria, seferotina, soil borne pathogens, Take-all,
cereal cyst nematodes, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium, and
Phytophthora.
control measures may  herbicides and insecticides.
include  Vertebrate pest control methods may include physical
barriers, baiting methods, shooting, and fumigation of
burrows. Invertebrate pest control methods may
include insecticides, biological agents, crop rotation
and fallowing.
Weeds may include annual, perennial, broad leaf, narrow leaf and grasses.
crop planning may rotations which include wheat, other grains, pulses, pasture
involve and fallow.

Management
Evidence Guide
Competence • accurately assess crop needs,
• implement pest and weed control measures,
• apply growth control compounds,
• monitor and assess crop maturity.
• ascertain water requirements from survey advice and
weather forecasts,
• accurately measure soil moisture and interpret data,
• apply specialist sprays, and ascertain time of harvest with
consultant advice.
Knowledge and  crop growth stages and keys
Attitudes  fertilizer types and application times, methods and rates
 chemical use
 factors leading to development of chemical resistance
 integrated pest management
 life-cycles of pest, diseases and weeds
 OHS legislative requirements
 relevant codes of practice with regard to the use and
control of hazardous substances
 relevant codes of practice with regard to environmental
protection.
 refer to records of paddock nutrient requirements
 dispatch samples to laboratories
 operate and interpret on-the-spot tests
 recognize damage caused by weeds, pests or diseases
 recognize poor growth and lack of vigour caused by
nutrient deficiency
 record monitoring results manually or on the computer
 plan and implement control programs to rectify nutrient
deficiencies, disease outbreaks, pest and weed
infestations
 accurately measure soil moisture and estimate irrigation
needs
 communicate with industry, suppliers and other personnel
 read and interpret MSDS, production plans and analysis
results
 estimate and measure pest control treatments.
Resources The following resources MUST be provided.
Implication  Access is required to real or appropriately simulated
equipment,
 Documentation and information on workplace practices
and OHS practices.
Management
Methods of Competence may be assessed through:
Assessment  Practical assessment by direct observation of tasks
 project-related conditions (real or simulated) and require
evidence of process
knowledge
Context of Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a simulated
Assessment work place setting
.

Management
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Unit of competence Plan and schedule compost production
plan and schedule composting operations to meet production
requirements. The unit involves applying a broad knowledge
base to identify and apply solutions to a range of
unpredictable problems, and taking responsibility for
production outputs in relation to specified quality standards.
Composting is used as a general expression for the
processing of organic materials; with this unit being relevant
for both aerobic composting and vermiculture technologies.
This unit of competency applies to people working at a
Commercial-scale composting facility. It will require taking
responsibility for own work output with checking related to
overall progress, and taking responsibility for the work output
of others

1. Establish production 1.1 Raw material supply contracts and receival data, sales
requirements. and market trend information, and corporate marketing
plan and strategy are reviewed to quantify production
requirements.
1.2 Conditions that may affect production requirements are
identified in consultation with executive management and
designated sales and marketing personnel.
1.3 Production requirements across product portfolio to meet
customer requirements and site and equipment capacity
are estimated in consultation with executive management
and designated sales and marketing personnel.
1.4 Environmental and occupational health and safety
(OHS) impacts are monitored for compliance with
enterprise plan and licence conditions.
1.5 Production plan is documented and submitted for
executive management approval.
1.6 Facilities, personnel, machinery and equipment required
for compost production are confirmed as being available.
1.7 Contingency plan to address potential oversupply or
undersupply of raw material or product is developed and
documented.
2. Schedule production to 2.1 Batch types and volumes of compost-based products to
meet requirements. be produced are calculated.
2.2 Laboratory and field test data of compost materials during
and post-production is obtained.
2.3 Production schedule is monitored and adjusted according
to field and laboratory test results.

Management
2.4 Product is made available to customer in required
quantities, to required quality and at required time.

Raw materials or • animal mortalities
compostable organic • bio-solids such as sewage sludge
materials may include: • crop residuals
• dairy waste
• fats and oils
• food organics such as:
• food waste
• kitchen waste
• food processing waste
• forestry residuals
• manures
• organic sludges
• other organic waste or by-product of processing
• paper mill wastes
• paper-based materials
• plant materials such as:
• garden organics
• green organics
• green waste
• yard waste
• sawdust and wood shavings
• sewage facility grit and screenings
• wood and timber (non-treated).
Compost production • additional water required
plan may include: • compost recipe
• final product or market specifications to be met
• handling and pre-processing requirements for raw
materials
• maximum size of compost pile for effective management
with available machinery
• monitoring schedule
• processing duration
• value adding required.
Environmental aspects • attraction of pests
and impacts of production • emissions from vehicle and machinery operations
may include: • erosion
• fire
• leaks
• litter
• noise
• odours
• organic dusts
• spills
• water pollution from run-off or leachate.
Management
OHS hazards may • biological hazards associated with raw materials or
include product
• ergonomic hazards associated with manual handling
• physical hazards such as:
• compressed air and water
• dust
• hammer mills and grinders
• hot or cold weather conditions
• noise
• shredders
• underfoot conditions
• vehicles and mobile machinery
• sharps or other physical contaminants in materials.
Evidence Guide
Competence • identify and interpret relevant information and conditions
that could influence production
• produce and document a production schedule
• document compost production plan consistent with
enterprise capabilities and constraints
• develop and document contingency plans.
 apply control of hazards in handling raw materials and
product
• determine processing duration required for various raw
materials
• describe raw materials and their characteristics
 apply systems, technologies and methods in compost
production.
and Attitudes • control of hazards in handling raw materials and product
• processing duration required for various raw materials
• raw materials and their characteristics
• relationship between key compost recipe variables and
compost production
• systems, technologies and methods in compost production.
• analyze and interpreting supply contract documents,
production data, weighbridge/receival data, field and
laboratory results
• document procedures in writing
• identify and diagnosing problems with production
• interpret and applying written procedures and formulas
using a computer
• visually recognizing problematic mixtures of raw
materials for composting.
Resources Implication The candidate should also have access to the following
resources:
Management
• supply contracts
• materials receival and sales data
• enterprise marketing plan
• enterprise marketing strategy
• batch recording forms and compost recipe forms
• sample production schedules
 compost recipe calculators.
Methods of Assessment Competency may be assessed through:
• a range of exercises,
• case studies
• real and simulated practical and knowledge
assessments that demonstrate the skills and
knowledge specified in this unit.
simulated work place setting. This unit of competency could
be assessed on its own or in combination with other units of
competency relevant to the job function.

Management
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Unit of competence Implement pest management action plans
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the process of
implementing of pest management action plans at the local
level. It requires an ability to schedule activities, estimate
resources required to complete the work, brief and supervise
employees or contractors (where necessary), consult
stakeholders, coordinate contingency management activities,
and report progress in relation to the pest management
action plan. Implementing pest management action plans at
a local level requires knowledge of pest biology, vectors,
plant survey, ecological systems and production systems.
1. Schedule pest 1.1 Activities identified in the action plan are scheduled within
management activities the monthly, weekly or daily work plans.
1.2 Work time is allocated to complete the activities in
accordance with the requirements of the action plan, and
within realistic expectations.
1.3 Employees or contracted personnel with relevant skills
and competency are allocated for the completion of
required activities.
1.4 Plant, machinery, equipment and materials required to
complete required activities are procured for the time the
activities are to be carried out.
1.5 Relevant stakeholders are consulted regarding the
scheduling of activities.
1.6 Relevant OHS standards and other Federal, State and
local legislation & regulations are applied in the
allocation and procurement of human and physical
resources.
1.7 Milestones are aligned to critical control points in the
target pests' life cycle, behaviour patterns and the local
land management and production activity cycles.
1.8 Measurable performance criteria for objectives at each
milestone are determined.
1.9 Activities required to achieve objectives by proposed
deadlines are listed in consultation with local land users.
1.10 Activities are selected and scheduled to comply with the
pest management strategy, in consideration of
community
attitudes, and in accordance with relevant statutory and
regulatory requirements.
1.11 Monitoring and measurement activities are selected and
scheduled to comply with the vertebrate pest
Management
management
strategy and in accordance with relevant statutory and
2. Estimate resources 2.1 Personnel required to carry out activities are estimated.
required to complete the 2.2 Plant and machinery required to carry out activities are
required activities estimated.
2.3 Materials required to carry out activities are estimated.
2.4 Personnel, plant, machinery and materials are sourced
and coasted in consultation with other stakeholders.
3. Brief employees or 3.1 Employees or contracted personnel are informed of the
contracted personnel requirements of the pest management plan and action
regarding the pest plan.
management activities 3.2 Employees or contracted personnel are informed of land
owner/manager expectations and reporting and recording
requirements.
3.3 Employees or contracted personnel are advised of OHS
standards and other statutory and regulatory
requirements
to be applied in carrying out the required activities.
4. Supervise employees 4.1 Plant, machinery and equipment are checked for
or contracted personnel serviceability in accordance with manufacturer's
in carrying out the pest specifications and statutory and regulatory requirements.
management activities 4.2 Materials are checked for compliance with OHS
standards
and other statutory and regulatory requirements.
4.3 Personal protective equipment and clothing used or worn
by employees or contracted personnel are checked for
compliance with OHS standards and other statutory and
4.4 Procedures and skills applied by employees and
contracted personnel are monitored for compliance with
OHS standards and other statutory and regulatory
requirements.
4.5 Feedback, advice and coaching are provided to
employees and contracted personnel as required to
improve or correct procedures and skills.
5. Coordinate 5.1 First aid procedures are initiated and coordinated in
contingency response to accident or injury to employees or contracted
management activities personnel.
5.2 Relevant authorities are notified and arrangements made
in the event of the need for rescue of injured employees
or
contracted personnel.
5.3 Activities that are not carried out due to accidents, injury,
other incidents or unfavourable conditions are
rescheduled within the monthly, weekly or daily work
plans.
6. Report progress in 6.1 Reports and records supplied by employees and/or
relation to pest contracted personnel are received and assessed.
Management
management action plan 6.2 Reports and records are compiled and documented in
accordance with employer or organizational requirements
and statutory and regulatory requirements.

land uses may include Agricultural production, forestry, nature and wildlife reserves,
community lands, heritage areas and recreation.
Relevant legislation and Environmental protection, vertebrate pests, noxious weeds,
regulations may include use of firearms (including licensing requirements and
exemptions), humane treatment of animals, activities in
nature reserves and heritage areas, poisons and veterinary
substances, identification and reporting of suspected
outbreaks of exotic disease, OHS regulations and common
law principles relating to property, stock, duty of care and due
diligence.
Forms of land value Economic and environmental value.
may be
Stakeholders may Land managers in the region, recreational land users,
include regional
land management bodies, local regulatory authorities and
land care committees.
Measures of potential or Biological values, agricultural values, environmental values,
actual impact may recreational and social values and public health values.
include
Management options Commercial management, crisis management, no
may be include management, local eradication and strategic management
(sustained, targeted and one-off)
Methods and Changing land management or production processes and
techniques for controlling practices (e.g., changing lambing times, changing sowing
pest problems may be times
and changing crops), modifying habitat, pasture management
and pest population control (shooting, poisoning, trapping,
mustering, relocation, fumigation, sedation, exclusion
fencing,
biological controls, harvesting and tagging), and weed control
(poisoning, biological controls).
Factors affecting Food supply, habitat conditions, existing control by hunting
vertebrate pest and
population may include harvesting activities, climate and weather, water supply,
natural
predators, disease and parasites and land topography.
Supporting and By direct observation, GIS, air-flown MSS and satellite
validating data may be information.
obtained
Vertebrate pests pigeon and other birds, goat, horse, deer, pig, camel, cat,
may include cattle, dog, water, donkey, rabbit, red fox, carp, house
mouse, rat.
Methods for determining Animal counts (including spotlight and aerial counts, faecal
Management
vertebrate pest counts, warren, burrow, den and nest counts), and tracking
population distribution pads and feeding stations.
may include
Sorts of damage or Loss of pasture, loss of livestock, loss of crops, loss of native
loss caused by pests may fauna, loss of recreational and social amenity, increased
be incidence of disease vectors, reduced tourism, loss of crops,
damage to fences, loss of native flora, soil disturbance and
erosion, reduction in water quality, pollution, increased
incidence of disease vectors and reduced tourism.
Comparative data Reduction in damage and loss observed and regeneration
may include observed.
Forms of Poisons register, MSDS and other relevant documents.
documentation may be
types of weeds may Economic weeds, aquatic weeds and environmental weeds.
be include
Evidence Guide
Competence • schedule, cost, communicate a pest management
action plan to staff and stakeholders, and effectively
implement and report.
• Plan and manage resources and time.
• Communicate, negotiate and liaise with other statutory
authorities, agencies and stakeholders.
• Organize the work of others.
• Record and report actions and work progress.
Underpinning Knowledge Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of:
and Attitudes • Relevant legislative and regulatory requirements.
• Pest control methods and techniques.
• Integrated pest management.
• Pest biology.
• Social and environmental issues.
• Contingency management principles.
• First aid and rescue procedures.
• Ecological systems.
• Sustainable production systems.
• Plan and manage resources and time.
• Communicate, negotiate and liaise with other statutory
authorities, agencies and stakeholders.
• Organize the work of others.
• Record and report actions and work progress.
equipment,
Management
knowledge

Management
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Unit of competence Control weeds, pests and/or diseases in crops
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the process of planning for
the control of weed, pests and/or disease, including first
assessing the extent of the infestations impact on the crop. It
includes implementing the control operations according to
pre-determined strategies, and using contract or staff
personnel. It requires the need to monitor and adjust the plan
in response to changing situations, and to subsequently
evaluate, and report on the outcomes of the weed, pest
and/or disease control measures taken.
Controlling weeds, pests and/or diseases is likely to be
undertaken without supervision, with only general guidance
sought from others.
This unit involves the application of extensive knowledge,
including measurement techniques for assessing the impact
of weeds, pests and/or diseases on crops, and alternative
methods for treating infestations.

1. Prepare for 1.1 Documents within the organization that detail the
requirements of the integrated pest management
implementation
program are identified and obtained.
1.2 The frequency of assessment, the size of any sample
area, the available budgets for operations, and the target
species for assessment are identified from the
organizations weed, pest and/or disease control plans.
1.3 The method(s) of assessment/measurement and of
control for each target species is identified from the
organizations weed, pest and/or disease control plans.
1.4 The resources required for the assessment and control
operations are assessed and calculated from the area to
be assessed, the available timelines, the available
resources, and the methods of control required.
1.5 Measurable indicators, specifications and targets are
determined, based on the target species and the
potential impacts on production.
1.6 A plan to implement the integrated pest management
program is developed, and clearly describes its
scheduling, resources, responsibilities, target species,
specific location(s) and performance targets for both the
assessment and the control phases.
1.7 Discussions are held with operational personnel and
immediate management to discuss the implementation
plan.

Management
1.8 Any approvals that are required for the control operations
are identified, sought and obtained.
1.9 The implementation plan is clearly articulated and
documented, as required, by the organizations policies
and procedures.
2. Assess weed, pest 2.1 People, materials and equipment required for the
and/or disease assessment are coordinated and scheduled according to
infestations the prepared plan.
2.2 The procedures and tools to be used, the kind of records
that are to be taken, and any potential hazards that might
be faced are clearly communicated to operational
personnel.
2.3 Observations are made and data collected according to
the requirements of the implementation plan.
2.4 The size and scope of any infestations, and the potential
impact on crop production are assessed and calculated.
2.5 Treatments for the infestation are selected from the
options detailed in the integrated pest management plan.
3. Implement weed, pest 3.1 People, materials and equipment required for the
and/or disease control implementation of the selected control strategies are
strategies coordinated and scheduled according to the prepared
plan.
3.2 All control operations are undertaken in a manner which
ensures that potential negative environmental impacts
are minimized or eliminated, including the proper
disposal of containers and drums.
3.3 OHS hazards are identified, assessed, and responsible
action taken throughout the control operations.
3.4 The procedures and tools to be used, the kind of records
that are to be taken, and any potential hazards that might
be faced are clearly communicated to operational
personnel, and confirmation of the clear communication
is sought.
3.5 Any documentation that is required to be kept by either
the organization or OHS guidelines is completed clearly
and accurately.
with regularly to ensure smooth operation and progress.
3.7 Advice is given to operational staff and any contractors
during the control operations when requested, or when
the need is identified.
4. Monitor weed, pest 4.1 Monitoring points outlined in the implementation plan are
and/or disease control adhered to.
operations 4.2 Checks are made to ensure that the OHS requirements
are being observed and followed.
4.3 Checks are made to ensure that the site environmental
requirements are being observed and followed.
with regularly to ensure smooth operation and progress.
Management
4.5 Checks are made to ensure that the documentation
required by the organisation, or other regulating bodies,
is completed clearly and accurately during the progress
of the control operations.
4.6 Where any corrective action or amendment to the
implementation plan is required, the action is initiated
and taken.
5. Complete weed, pest 5.1 All waste materials and substances are removed from site
and/or disease control and stored or disposed of responsibly.
operations 5.2 Documentation is collated and stored according to the
requirements of the organization.
5.3 Recommendations for future control operations are
prepared based on the conduct of the operation, the data
collected, and the discussions had during the operation.
5.4 Where it is required, a report on the conduct of the
assessment and control operations is made including the

documents The documents that outline the organisations policy in regard
to weed, pest and/or disease infestations and their control,
those that outline the policies and procedures in relation to
chemical handling and OHS, as well as the way in which
potential environmental impacts should be approached.
The approvals may be those that are required by the Environment Protection Act,
environmental agencies regulations, duty of care, isolation
procedures, OHS legislation, site regulations and
procedures, Australian Standards, manufacturers
specifications and recommendations, statutory requirements,
or traditional land owners requirements. Such approvals may
be obtained from the various authorities that implement the
associated regulations, or agencies that operate on their
behalf.
weed and pest might be Such pests as insects, weeds, pathogens, vertebrates,
targeted in the long-term nematodes and molluscs; weeds may be those which are
control annual, perennial, broad leaf, narrow leaf, or grasses.
strategy Invertebrate pests may be thrips, mites, nematodes, locusts
or caterpillars, whereas vertebrate pests might include
rabbits, rats, mice, macropods and birds.
the diseases that They may be foliar pathogens, e.g. rusts, chocolate spot,
may be at issue Ascochyta, mildew, septaria, seferotina, soil borne pathogens
(for example, take-all, cereal cyst nematodes), rhizoctonia,
pythium, fusarium, or phytophthora.
observations would Such things as visible symptoms, colour of the crop, and the
be made during the extent of the infestation.
assessment
the potential negative Any inappropriate disposal of containers or chemicals can
environmental impacts contaminate soils, crops and water bodies.
control strategies may Control strategies include the use of herbicides. Herbicides
Management
include used may be pre- or post-emergence and may be root/foliar
absorbed. They may be used selectively or non-selectively,
or combinations of these. Physical or alternative control
measures such as rotations (for example, wheat, other
grains, lupins, pulses, pasture and fallow), hay making and
grazing may be used. They may also include changing the
rotations.
impacts considered when The impacts may be those that cause financial,
determining long-term environmental, labour, OHS, and opportunity costs to the
strategies organization.
methods used in Amongst the invertebrate pest control methods that may be
controlling weeds and used are insecticides, biological agents, crop rotation and
vertebrate and fallowing. Vertebrate pest control methods may include
invertebrate pests physical barriers, baiting methods, shooting, fumigation of
burrows, trapping, netting, and biological control. In the
instance of weed infestations, the selection of herbicides
might involve the collection of information, evaluation of
alternatives, purchasing arrangements, safe storage, degree
of risk to user and environment, proper application and
disposal of residues, manufacturers recommendations,
legislative, and end user requirements.
Factors affecting Timing of treatments is planned to suit seasonal influences,
scheduling of treatments irrigation timing, weather and weather forecasts, as well as
the local geography and the organizations resourcing
situation.
records stored be Records may be created and stored either manually or
electronically. They may also be in the form of samples of
weeds or pests, photographs or sketches.
OHS issues impact on They include safe systems and procedures for storage,
managing weed, pest handling and transportation of hazardous substances,
and/or disease chemicals selected taking into account toxicity levels and
control environmental effects; systems and procedures for the safe
operation and maintenance of machinery and equipment,
including hydraulics and guarding of exposed moving parts;
safe manual handling systems and procedures; safe systems
and procedures for outdoor work, including protection from
solar radiation; selection, use and maintenance of relevant
personal protective clothing and equipment; and fire risks.
key aspects of the In compiling a report on the implementation of the weed, pest
assessment and control and/or disease control plan, maps or plans produced or
operation would be amended through the process would be included, along with
the data recorded, any difficulties or issues faced, any
recommendations for future operations, the results, and the
costs of the operation.

Management
Evidence Guide
Competence apply weed, pest and/or disease treatments are effectively,
safely, and with clear precautions taken to ensure that
negative environmental impacts are minimised .
and Attitudes  pest and weed species, including their life cycles and
reproduction/multiplication capability
• integrated pest and weed management techniques
• the effects on crops of weeds, pests and/or diseases,
including competitive effects on crop yield; threshold
levels; and the effects of alternative methods of control
• environmental controls and codes of practice applicable to
the enterprise
• relevant legislation and regulations relating to OHS,
contractor engagement, chemical use and application,
and vehicle and plant use
the business and to the weed, pest and/or disease control
operations
• sound management practices and processes to minimize
noise, odours, and debris from weed, pest and/or disease
control operations.
 interpret monitored information on pest and
weed numbers, density and control
 plan and schedule weed, pest and/or disease
control including amending plans during the operations
 calculate resource requirements from the long-
term plan
 prepare written plans and procedures for
implementation by others
 explain, and deliver instructions about, the
plans and scheduling of the weed, pest and/or disease
control operations to both staff and contractors
 recognize poor growth and lack of vigour
caused by nutrient deficiency
 observe, identify and react appropriately to
environmental implications and OHS hazards
 prepare a written report on the conduct and
results of the operation.
equipment,
Management
knowledge

Management
TOP
Unit of competence Determine seasonal irrigation scheduling tasks
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the process of
implementing watering shifts, monitoring factors that
influence water requirements and adjusting the irrigation
schedule to accommodate changes in those factors, without
supervision but with general guidance on progress.
It requires the ability to use enterprise monitoring equipment,
access irrigation data, plot and read graphic data, measure
and interpret environmental data, estimate water availability
for plants/crops, and read and apply map data to property
features. Implementing monitoring and adjusting irrigation
schedules requires a knowledge of crop and plant health,
weather patterns, irrigation monitoring procedures, soil water
retention testing techniques, monitoring irrigation surface
runoff and infiltration due to soil type and terrain, water
quality monitoring methods and techniques, and water
authority standards and procedures.

1.1 The irrigated area is subdivided into the smallest units
1. Determine irrigation
capable of individual irrigation and area, and irrigation
shifts
equipment characteristics are noted for each.
1.2 Each unit is defined for its soil irrigation capability.
1.3 The crop/plant water requirement is defined for each unit.
1.4 Units requiring similar irrigation are combined to form a
shift that does not exceed the water delivery capacity of
the property irrigation infrastructure.
2.1 Water volume required to meet irrigation needs over
2. Check water supply
specified period is determined.
and availability
2.2 Water is ordered, if necessary, according to water
management authority standards and procedures.
2.3 Sufficient notice of water order is given, if necessary, to
ensure water is available when required.
3.1 Resources are co-ordinate and personnel briefed to
3. Implement irrigation
deliver requirements.
shifts
3.2 Agreed irrigation schedule is implemented.
4.1 Plant or crop environment is monitored according to
4. Evaluate effectiveness
enterprise policy and procedures.
of irrigation activities
4.2 Plants and crops are inspected for signs of stress.
5. Monitor irrigation 5.1 Frequency of irrigation is recorded.
system process as 5.2 Water usage is measured and recorded, and does not
specified by enterprise exceed water allocation for a given period.
policy and procedures 5.3 Differences between estimated water use and actual
water used are calculated.
Management
5.4 Water quality is measured according to enterprise OHS
policy and procedures.
5.5 Plant or crop growth and water use efficiency is
assessed.
5.6 Soil chemical characteristics are measured and soil
moisture is assessed.
5.7 Labour performance is measured.
5.8 Climate and weather conditions are recorded.
6. Record irrigation 6.1 Plant or crop environment data is recorded.
information and activities 6.2 Water orders and water usage is recorded.
as specified by enterprise 6.3 Irrigation shifts are recorded.
policy 6.4 System process data are recorded.

external factors These may be pests and vermin (tortoises, yabbies, ants,
affecting irrigation spiders, snails, rabbits, hares, foxes, wasps, rose weevil,
requirements earwigs, snakes, carp, pigs, wallabies, eels, rats, mice,
kangaroos, dogs, cats, parrots), organic (leaves, slime,
weeds, algae, sticks, crop residue), weather, channel
regulators (if applicable), fire, mechanical damage (if
applicable), power spikes, power failures, storm run off, or
system breakage.
environmental These may include drainage, soil moisture, water table
factors to be monitored levels, soil salinity, rainfall, air temperature, frost risk, water
quality, plant/crop and soil nutrient deficiencies, and irrigation
system maintenance requirements.
Measurements salinity (ground water and surface water), pH level, and
to determine water quality nutrient concentration.
may include
OHS requirements may systems and procedures for outdoor work including
include protection from solar radiation, dust and noise, the operation
of machinery and equipment, selection and use of relevant
personal protective clothing and equipment, and protection
against chemical residues including that in/on foliage, water,
soil and other items.
Chemical characteristics Chemical characteristics may include pH, salinity and
of the soil carbonate content.
data collection This may include direct methods such as physical
appearance/texture and rain gauge, or indirect methods such
as tensiometers, neutron probes, laboratory tests, weather
reports and forecasts.
data be recorded Data may be recorded on graphs and charts, on paper and/or
electronically.

Management
Evidence Guide
Competence  implement watering shifts,
 monitor factors that influence water requirements,
 adjust the irrigation schedule to accommodate changes in
those factors.
Knowledge and • crop and plant health
Attitudes • weather patterns
• irrigation monitoring procedures
• environmental impacts of irrigation, using water from any
ground or underground source
• soil water retention testing techniques
• monitoring irrigation surface runoff and infiltration due to
soil type and terrain.
• water quality monitoring methods and techniques of
potable and recyclable water
• water allocation
• water authority standards and procedures
• purchasing procedures, budget restrictions and limits
 enterprise policies and procedures.
• use enterprise monitoring equipment
• identify adverse environmental impacts of irrigation activities
and appropriate remedial action
• access irrigation data
• plot and read graphic data
• measure and interpret environmental data
• estimate water availability for plants/crops
• read and apply map data to property features
• implement and follow relevant enterprise OHS and
environmental policies and procedures.
 Access to real or appropriately simulated situations,
including work areas, materials and equipment, and to
information on workplace practices and OHS practices.
 documentation and resources normally used in the
workplace
Methods of Assessment Competency may be assessed through:
 Interview/Written Test
 Observation/Demonstration (Simulation)
Context of Assessment Competency may be assessed in the work place or in a simulated
work place setting. This competency standard could be assessed on
its own or in combination with other competencies relevant to the job
function
Management
TOP
Unit of competence Schedule irrigations
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the process of determining
the timing and amount of each irrigation to meet crop or plant
needs and environmental requirements. It requires the ability
to use and maintain in-field equipment that monitors the plant
environment, incorporate data from monitoring sources into
scheduling systems, monitor crop/plant water use, assess
efficacy of irrigation, record irrigation and scheduling
parameters, and plan for extremes of weather.
Scheduling irrigation requires knowledge of inter-relationship
between plant, soil and the aerial environments in the
determination of water budgets, plant responses to moisture
stress, possible adverse impacts on the crop and
environment from inefficient scheduling or unpredictable
weather effects, recognition of moisture stress effects,
physical soil characteristics, and weather forecasting.

1. Monitor crop/plant 1.1 Water use is measured or estimated from one or more
water use systems.
1.2 Water is accumulated as a soil water deficit in the root
zone.
2. Apply a measured 2.1 A pre-determined deficit is predicted using a scheduling
amount of water system(s).
2.2 Irrigation is applied to partly or fully replace the deficit.
2.3 Where appropriate, water quantities are increased to
ensure dilution and transport of toxic solutes below the
root zone.
3. Assess efficacy of 3.1 Effectiveness of irrigation application with in-field
irrigation and repeat equipment is measured.
cycles of irrigation 3.2 The estimated soil moisture level in scheduling system is
adjusted to match that measured.
3.3 Where necessary, the scheduling system(s) is
recalibrated.
3.4 Cycles of irrigation are repeated until schedule is
correctly established.
4.1 Each irrigation and significant rainfall event, plus other
4. Record irrigation and
appropriate parameters used in scheduling system, are
scheduling parameters
recorded.
4.2 Drainage amount below root zone at each irrigation is
estimated and recorded.
4.3 System performance data is recorded.
5. Plan for extremes of 5.1 Estimated deficits are modified to cater for any prolonged
weather saturation following heavy rainfall.
Management
5.2 Shift areas, and where applicable, application rates, are
altered to suit appropriate irrigation schedules that
minimize frost damage.
5.3 Strategies involving prioritizing of plants/crops and
intermittent irrigation are implemented at times of extreme
heat.

crop/plant water These may include growth phase, evapo-transpiration, variety,
monitored may be rootstock, plant vigour, plant size, crop load and stress.
Irrigation systems may Micro-irrigation systems may include those with emitters of
include any type that are external to the tubing, low pressure
sprinklers that are fitted to stakes and/or tubing, droplines with
integrated emitters whether thin, medium or thick wall
products, droplines for sub-surface applications, together with
foggers and misting spays
Spray irrigation systems may include permanent overhead,
semi-permanent, as well as travelling irrigators (soft hose,
hard hose boom type), centre pivot, linear move, powered
side roll hand shift permanent (installed), and bike shift/easy
shift.
Surface irrigation systems may include border check, contour
irrigation, furrow irrigation, hillside flooding, and basin
irrigation.
Border check systems may be either permanent or temporary
earth, plastic or concrete devices for insertion in a drain for
reticulating water, contour banks used to collect and distribute
water along the perimeter of an irrigation plot, contour banks
within a plot to collect/distribute water, or larger scale systems
to stop water exiting one area to another.
Systems may range from manual operation and monitoring to
fully automated with computer control and monitoring.
Performance data may Data may include pressures, flow rates, distribution uniformity,
include depth of irrigation, and soil moisture at root zone. Data may
be recorded on graphs and charts on paper and/or
electronically.
Evidence Guide
Competence – determine water budgets and irrigation units or areas,
– schedule irrigation shifts to meet crop or plant needs
and environmental requirements.
and Attitudes • inter-relationship between plant, soil and the aerial
environments in the determination of water budgets
• plant/crop response to moisture stress at different stages

Management
of growth
• possible adverse impacts on the crop and environment
from inefficient scheduling or unpredictable weather
effects
• recognition of moisture stress effects (sometimes desired)
on plants
• physical soil characteristics such as infiltration rate, water
holding capacity and wetted volume in the root zone
• weather forecasting of extreme weather events such as
heat waves, frosts and storms, and appropriate
contingency tactics to minimize impacts
• in-field irrigation reticulation performance and its capacity
limits
• water quality monitoring methods and acceptable quality
limits
• water authority standards and procedures
• enterprise and environmental policies and procedures.
• use and maintain in-field equipment that monitors the
plant environment
• incorporate data from monitoring sources (such as in-field
equipment and remote sources) into scheduling systems
that compute irrigation requirement
• monitor crop/plant water use
• apply a measured amount of water
• assess efficacy of irrigation and repeat cycles of irrigation
• record irrigation and scheduling parameters
• plan for extremes of weather
• follow relevant enterprise and environmental procedures.

equipment,
Management
knowledge

Management
TOP
Unit of competence Manage organic soil improvement
improve and manage soils for organic production. The unit
involves taking samples of soil and plant tissue and
analyzing results. It also requires improving soil fertility in
response to sample testing by modifying cultivation
practices. Competency in this unit requires knowledge of the
processes of soil formation and interactions between the
soil, plants and animals. This unit of competency applies to
people working on a farm that is managed according to the
principles of organic agriculture.

1.1 Work is undertaken in an environmentally appropriate
1. Monitor indicators of
manner and according to workplace information,
soil fertility.
principles of organic agriculture, occupational health
and safety requirements and enterprise guidelines.
1.2 Soil testing is conducted at reference sites according to
enterprise procedures and organic industry standards.
1.3 Soil acidity or alkalinity (pH), mineral balances and
organic matter levels are assessed and recorded.
1.4 Soil texture, structure, salinity and sodicity are assessed
and recorded.
1.5 Results are analyzed to identify trends and areas for
improvement.
2. Assess soil-related 2.1 Nutritional requirements of selected plant species are
factors for selected plants. identified.
2.2 Soil analyses to be conducted and suitable testing
facilities are selected.
2.3 Soil and plant tissue sample collection is conducted
according to enterprise procedures and requirements of
testing facility.
2.4 Results of soil and tissue testing are analysed in relation
to requirements of the farming system.
2.5 Soil condition is assessed for drainage, compaction,
aeration and water infiltration in relation to requirements
for desired plant growth for selected species.
2.6 Soil biological activity is assessed by identifying and
evaluating presence of organisms.
2.7 Soil health is assessed by identifying and evaluating
plant species present.
3. Select and implement 3.1 Range of allowable inputs is identified according to
allowable techniques and requirements of the National Standard for Organic and
inputs to optimize soil Biodynamic Produce.
Management
fertility. 3.2 Suitable nutrient cycling techniques are identified and
evaluated.
3.3 Appropriate inputs are calculated, based on soil/plant
analyses, crop removal and plant/animal observations.
3.4 Cover crop and pasture systems are selected and
managed.
3.5 Mulching and composting systems are developed,
applied and monitored.
3.6 Rotations to optimize soil fertility are designed and
implemented.
3.7 Cultural practices to enhance soil fertility are selected
and implemented.

Principles of organic • demonstrating integrity in organics
agriculture include: • integrating the farm
• learning from nature and human culture
• managing soil to increase health of whole system
• reading the landscape
• understanding farm ecology.
Mineral balance criteria • should be applied according to ratios identified by the
Albrecht testing method.
Allowable inputs listed in • farm diary or logbook records
the National Standard for • plant and animal pest and disease control
Organic and Biodynamic • soil conditioning
Produce apply to: • soil fertilising.
Suitable nutrient cycling • biodynamic preparations
techniques include: • compost teas
• composting
• inoculants
• livestock grazing
• mulching
• slashing.
Reasons for mulching • cooling soil or preventing frost damage
using a range of allowable • moisture retention
inputs to cover soil • treating sunburn or transplant shock
include: • weed suppression.
Requirements for aerobic • heat
and anaerobic • inputs
composting systems • maturity
may include: • time
Rotations include: • use of different plants or animals cropped or grazed in a
cyclical sequence.
Cultural practices • physical practices such as:
include: • cultivation and harrowing
• deep ripping
• grazing
Management
• hand pulling
• pruning
• slashing
• other non-chemical techniques.
Evidence Guide
Competence • apply principles of organic agriculture
• analyze soil test results for a range of indicators of
soil fertility
• apply organic soil improvements, such as compost
• assessing biodiversity and plant health through
observation of plant community
• observe animal health and relating it to plant and soil
nutrient status
• operate equipment safely
• record and interpret results of soil tests
 sampling soil and plant tissues.

and Attitudes • apply principles of organic agriculture
• apply knowledge of interrelationships between soil
fertility, animals, plants, pests and diseases
• devise and implement a soil improvement plan to
correct imbalances and maintain soil fertility
• analyze soil test results for a range of indicators of
soil fertility
• work with natural processes and allowable inputs to
• improve and maintain soil fertility.
• applying organic soil improvements, such as compost
• assessing biodiversity and plant health through
observation of plant community
• observing animal health and relating it to plant and
soil nutrient status
• operating equipment safely
• recording and interpreting results of soil tests
• sampling soil and plant tissues.
equipment,
Management
knowledge
simulated work place setting. This unit of competency could
be assessed on its own or in combination with other units of
competency relevant to the job function.

Management
TOP
Unit of competence Implement horticultural crop harvesting program
implement and monitor a horticultural crop harvesting
program. It requires the application of skills and knowledge to
estimate crop yield, assess risk, negotiate appropriate
insurance, and schedule labour and equipment resources. It
also requires knowledge of workplace safety, environmental
protection and licensing requirements associated with
harvesting operations.

1.1 Crop maturity and quality are assessed in readiness for
1. Plan for harvesting.
harvesting.
1.2 Optimum time to harvest crop is estimated according to
crop maturity assessment and customer requirements.
1.3 Pre-harvest treatments for control and eradication of
pests are determined and carried out according to
occupational health and safety (OHS) requirements.
1.4 Where applicable to enterprise's operations,
requirements for licenses or permits are identified and
met.
1.5 Resource requirements are assessed, giving
consideration to size of crop and estimated timing of
harvest.
1.6 Labour and equipment required to carry out harvesting
operations are confirmed and arranged within budgetary
constraints.
1.7 Enterprise requirements for harvesting are identified
and communicated to all harvest personnel.
1.8 Insurance requirements are assessed and risk
management strategies planned and implemented as
required.
1.9 Requirements for fire prevention and control are
identified and arranged according to OHS requirements.
2. Coordinate the harvest 2.1 Effective communication strategies are implemented to
strategy. ensure personnel safety and smooth flow of operations.
2.2 Harvesting operations are implemented and adjusted as
required, according to factors such as market or customer
requirements, weather, equipment and staff or contractor
availability.
2.3 Equipment operation is coordinated for maximum
efficiency and monitored for performance effectiveness.
2.4 Existing and potential hazards are identified and
controlled according to OHS and enterprise requirements
Management
3. Complete harvest 3.1 Storage resources are located for efficient operations.
operations. 3.2 Strategies for drying crops are identified if necessary.
3.3 Crop is graded, packed and stored.
3.4 Work is monitored to ensure that crop is graded, packed
and stored according to enterprise requirements.
3.5 Harvesting operations and outcomes, including resource
allocation, are evaluated against harvest strategy.
3.6 Feedback on performance is provided to personnel under
supervision.
3.7 Own performance is assessed, feedback on performance
is sought and any required improvements are noted for
future action.
3.8 Relevant information is documented for continual analysis
and effective planning management.

Horticultural crops • fruit crops, root crops,
include: • flowers, vegetable crops
• other crops such as mushrooms and specialty fungi
• palm trees,
• Vine crops, including grapes.
assessing field • past records
measurements for crop • sampling for size, maturity, colour, sugar or oil content
yield may include: • visual assessment.
• Safe OHS systems • adopting protection against solar radiation, noise, and
and organic and other dusts when working outdoors
• procedures may • applying correct techniques when lifting and carrying
include: • controlling hazards and risks
• correct manual handling
• correctly mounting and dismounting machinery
• ensuring loads are secure and within working
specifications
• guarding exposed moving parts
• handling, applying and storing hazardous substances
• identifying and avoiding obstacles during harvesting
operations
• operating and maintaining machinery and equipment,
• including hydraulics
• protecting people in the workplace
• using and maintaining personal protective equipment
(PPE) appropriately
• working from elevated platforms
• working within confined spaces.
Equipment required to • contracted resources
carry out harvesting • field bins and boxes
operations may include: • grading gauge
• knives
• platforms

Management
• scales
• trolleys
• trucks, trailers and tractors
• waste containers.
Enterprise requirements • enterprise policies and procedures, including waste
may include: disposal, recycling and re-use guidelines
• food safety and HACCP procedures and requirements
• harvesting methods or techniques to be used
• industry standards
• manager's oral or written instructions
• manufacturer specifications
• material safety data sheets (MSDS)
• operator manuals
• processes or actions undertaken to meet customer
requirements
• product labels
• production schedules
• productivity rates
• quality standards to be achieved
• requirements for export markets such as:
• standard operating procedures
• work notes and plans.
Crop insurance is likely to • fire
cover: • hail
• transport damage.
Fire prevention measures • communication devices
may include: • constructions such as firebreaks
• fire vehicles
• fixtures such as dams, tanks, pumps and water mains.
Hazards to health and • applying pre-harvest chemical treatments
safety may include: • cuts from knives or other harvesting tools
• dust
• occupational overuse syndrome (OOS)
• working in confined and enclosed spaces
• working in vicinity of pesticide residues
• working with and close to vehicles and plant.
Storage resources may • cool rooms and cold storage
include: • field bins
• other controlled atmosphere storage facilities
• pallets
• racks
• temporary storage. Whare house diffused light storage
Evidence Guide
Competence • organize resources
• negotiate resource and labour contracts
• estimate crop yield
Management
 arrange storage and delivery requirements.
Knowledge and Attitudes • crop measurement techniques and parameters
• customer requirements
harvesting operations
• functions and limitations of harvesting equipment
• market information and sources
• location and relative skills and abilities of available staff,
contractors or casual staff
contractor engagement, chemical use and application,
• required productivity rates
• weather or other conditions that may affect harvest
• where relevant to enterprise's production: food safety and
hazard analysis critical control
• point (HACCP) requirements, and requirements for export
markets, such as
• establishing strategies, procedures and controls for crop
harvesting
• estimating and calculating volumes and quantities
• explaining and delivering instructions with regard to
harvest operations to both staff and contractors
• implementing safe workplace and positive environmental
practices
• interpreting, analyzing and extracting information from a
range of sources and discussions
• maintaining budgetary controls
• negotiating and arranging contracts and agreements
• organizing and scheduling maintenance of plant and
equipment
• preparing written plans and procedures for
implementation by others.
equipment,
Management
knowledge
Assessment for this unit of competency is to be largely
practical in nature and will most appropriately be assessed in
the workplace or in a situation that reproduces normal work
conditions.

Management
TOP
Unit of competence Supervise agricultural crop harvesting
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the work involved in
supervising agricultural crop harvesting operations.
It requires the application of skills and knowledge to estimate
crop yield, assess risk and negotiate appropriate insurance,
and schedule labour and equipment resources. It also
requires an awareness of workplace safety, environmental
protection and licensing requirements associated with
harvesting operations. The work is likely to be carried out
under broad supervision within enterprise guidelines.

1.1 Crop maturity and quality is assessed in readiness for
1. Prepare for harvesting
harvesting.
1.2 Pre-harvest treatments for the control and eradication of
pests are determined and carried out according to OHS
requirements.
1.3 Requirements for licenses or permits are identified and
complied with.
1.4 Insurance requirements are assessed and risk
management strategies planned and implemented as
required.
2. Determine harvest 2.1 Optimum timing to carry out harvest is estimated and
calculated according to crop maturity assessment.
strategy
2.2 Resource requirements are assessed giving
consideration
to the size of the crop and estimated timing of harvest.
2.3 Labour and equipment required to carry out harvesting
operations is confirmed and arranged within budgetary
constraints.
2.4 Requirements for fire prevention and control are
identified and arranged according to OHS requirements.
3. Co-ordinate the 3.1 Effective communication strategies are implemented to
harvest strategy ensure smooth workflow operations and personnel safety.
3.2 Harvesting operations are implemented and adjusted as
required according to weather, equipment and staff
requirements.
3.3 Equipment operation is coordinated for maximum
efficiency and monitored for performance effectiveness.
3.4 Existing and potential hazards are identified and
controlled according to OHS and enterprise
requirements.
4. Complete harvest 4.1 Storage resources are located for efficient operations
operations and strategies for drying grain are identified, if necessary

Management
according to marketing initiatives.
4.2 Quality of grain is segregated to marketing grades and
monitored for moisture content according to classification
standards.
4.3 Harvesting operations and outcomes are evaluated
against harvest strategy..
4.4 Relevant information is documented for continual analysis
and effective planning management.

coarse grains, cotton, grain legumes, oilseeds, sugar,
temperate and tropical pastures.
crop maturity may be Field measurements for crop yield are primarily objective and
assessed may include sampling, transects, past records, and visual
assessment.
OHS requirements Safe systems and procedures for:
may be r • the operation and maintenance of machinery and
equipment including hydraulics
• guarding of exposed moving parts
• ensuring loads are secure and within working
specifications
• the identification and avoidance of obstacles during
harvesting operations
• working within confined spaces
• hazard and risk control
• mounting and dismounting
• handling including lifting and carrying
• manual handling
• the application of emergency/defensive driving
techniques
• handling, application and storage of hazardous
substances
• outdoor work including protection from solar radiation,
noise, organic and other dusts
• the protection of people in the workplace
• the appropriate use and maintenance of personal
protective equipment.
Insurance requirements Crop insurance is likely to cover events such as fire, hail and
may be transport damage.
equipment may include trucks, trailers, tractors, field bins and contracted resources
fire prevention fire vehicles, fixtures such as dams, tanks,
measures may include pumps and water mains, communication devices, personal
protective equipment and constructions such as firebreaks.
hazards to health Hazards may include dust, working in confined and enclosed
and safety may be spaces, working in the vicinity of pesticide residues, working
with, and close to, vehicles and plant and applying pre-
harvest
Management
chemical treatments.
Enterprise requirements SOP, industry standards, production schedules, MSDS, work
may apply to notes and plans, product labels, manufacturers
specifications,
operator's manuals, enterprise policies and procedures
(including waste disposal, recycling and re-use guidelines),
and manager's oral or written instructions.
storage resources Storage resources may include temporary storage, field bins,
may be silos, horizontal storage and direct delivery to bulk handling
authority.
Evidence Guide
Competence  Manage the harvest requires evidence of the ability to
develop and
 schedule a harvesting plan to meet crop maturity. It
requires the ability t
 plan resources, negotiate resource and labour
contracts,
value crop yield,
 plan fire prevention and control,
 arrange storage and delivery requirements,
 segregate grain for quality and monitor for moisture
content.
Underpinning Knowledge knowledge of:
and Attitudes • functions and limitations of harvesting equipment
• crop measurement techniques and parameters
• market information and sources
• location and relative skills and abilities of available
contractors
• weather conditions which may affect the harvest
• contractor engagement, chemical use and application,
• environmental controls and codes of practice
applicable to harvesting operations.
• organise and schedule the maintenance of plant and
equipment
• establish strategies, procedures and controls for crop
harvesting
• prepare written plans and procedures for
implementation by others
• estimate and calculate volumes, quantities and
maintain budgetary controls
• interpret, analyse and extract information from a range
of sources and discussions
• negotiate and arrange contracts and agreements
Management
• explain and deliver instructions with regard to the
harvest
• operations to both staff and contractors
• implement safe workplace and positive environmental
• practices.
equipment,
knowledge
.

Management
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Unit of competence Maintain grain quality in storage
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the processes of
assessing and maintaining hygiene in grain storage areas, as
well as monitoring the grain for deterioration or pests and
contaminants. It includes implementing pre-determined
integrated pest management strategies, and investigating
and recommending options for technology, systems or
practices that will improve grain quality.
Maintaining the quality of grain in storage is likely to be
undertaken without supervision, with only general guidance
on progress sought from others. This unit requires the
application of extensive knowledge including the types, levels
and control methods for a range of pests and contaminants.
It requires skills in sampling grain and working safely in a
potentially hazardous environment, as well as in calculating
volumes, mass and quantities.

1. Maintain hygiene in 1.1 Storage conditions and facilities are regularly tested to
storage areas maintain the standard of hygiene in stored grain.
1.2 The need for repairs and maintenance is identified, and
either carried out or a report of the need is made.
1.3 Treatments are applied to storage facilities to maintain
hygiene standards and in line with the grain storage
program.
1.4 The application of all treatments used is accurately
recorded in line with the grain storage program.
2. Monitor grain from 2.1 Before the grain is stored, samples are taken for testing
arrival to dispatch to ensure a complete record of the quality of the grain.
2.2 Samples of the grain are taken regularly for testing to
ensure purity standards in the grain.
2.3 At dispatch, the grain is checked for quality and against
the records taken at the point of storage.
2.4 Test samples are taken, prepared and forwarded for
analysis according to prescribed guidelines.
2.5 Clear and accurate records of grain movements in and
out of storage are created, maintained and kept as
prescribed in the grain storage program.
2.6 Recommendations are made to adopt new technology,
systems or practices that will improve or maintain grain
quality in storage.
2.7 All activities around the grain storage facilities are
undertaken according to the OHS guidelines detailed in
the grain storage program.
Management
3. Monitor and maintain 3.1 Regular checks of grain in storage are conducted to
grain condition in storage maintain continued freedom from contaminants and
deterioration.
3.2 Periodical checks of grain in long-term storage are
conducted for quality factors and viability according to
enterprise requirements.
3.3 Where necessary, samples of the grain are taken for
testing in a laboratory setting.
3.4 Where test samples are required, they are taken,
prepared, and forwarded for analysis according to
industry quality assurance and laboratory requirements.
3.5 Clear and accurate records of grain tests and
inspections are created, maintained and kept as
described in the grain storage program.
3.6 The condition of storage facilities is monitored using
the schedule and methods outlined in the grain storage
program.
3.7 Where it is required, appropriate corrective action is
taken to maintain grain quality.
3.8 All activities around the grain storage facilities are
undertaken according to the OHS guidelines detailed in
the grain storage program.
4. Control weeds and 4.1 Grain is monitored according to the monitoring points,
pests in storage area targets and methods outlined in the grain storage
program.
4.2 Samples of the grain are appropriately taken to test for
pest infestation.
4.3 Where it is required, the sample is prepared and
forwarded for analysis according to the prescribed
guidelines.
4.4 Pests in storage are controlled according to the
guidelines in the grain storage program.
4.5 Enclosed grain storage area is fumigated, and the
surrounding environment is kept clean according to the
integrated pest management strategy in the grain
storage program.
4.6 The sources of any infestations are identified and steps
are taken to control them in line with the integrated pest
management strategy in the grain storage program.
4.7 All pest control activities are undertaken in line with the
OHS guidelines detailed in the grain storage program.
4.8 Clear and accurate records of treatments to the grain and
storage facilities are created, maintained and kept as
described in the grain storage program.
4.9 Clear and accurate records of all chemical use in the
storage facility, and the applicable withholding periods
are created, maintained and kept as described in the
grain storage program.

Management
Storage facilities The storage facility covers all types of temporary and
permanent storage, complete with installed aeration, and
controlled atmosphere or refrigeration.
Area subject to hygiene The storage area, grain storages, machinery, buildings,
standards vehicles, grain handling equipment, produce and vegetation,
might all be subject to inspection and treatment, including for
insect and other pest refuges.
Grain Grains being stored could include cereals, legumes, pulses,
oilseeds, or pasture seeds.
the use of treatments to Recording the application of treatments might require the use
be recorded of either digital or paper based systems, or a range of data
capture technologies.
Relation of processes Receival, storage, sampling and analysis operations are
storage, sampling co-ordinated processes and detailed in the grain storage
program.
the grain storage The program will provide details of the grain to be stored, the
program provide timeframes involved, the resources to be used, the locations
for storage, the recording and documentation requirements,
the scheduling of the operation, the responsibility of the
various operators to be involved, the method of pest control,
and the method of sampling and where samples should be
sent.
Details of the requirements to minimize or eliminate OHS
risks, the legislative requirements in relation to all activities
undertaken during grain quality maintenance activities, and
chemical handling procedures and guidelines would also be
covered in the program.
The grain storage program would also ensure that equipment
and personnel arranged for operations are appropriate to the
requirements of various legislation, and may include
equipment for detection of fumigant in the atmosphere,
confined spaces equipment, pressure testing equipment,
fumigant/inert atmosphere pressure bottles, fumigant
generation equipment, and personal protection.
Equipment used to take This equipment might include testing apparatus, sampling,
and record samples of measuring and sieving equipment, operational charts,
grain quality calibration and identification samples, and
organizational/client instructions.
samples taking Inspection/sampling techniques may include turning, visual
procedures be inspection, hand sampling, grain sieves, probes and spears,
or trapping
Analyzing body be Testing of samples would generally take place off-site by a
specialist organization, which would then prepare analysis
results that would be used as a basis for decision-making
within the organization.
OHS hazards apply to Amongst the risks are operating and maintaining machinery
Management
and equipment, including hydraulics and guarding of exposed
moving parts, noise, organic and other dusts, working with,
transporting and storing hazardous substances (such as
pesticides), using fumigants, working at heights, and working
on the grain mass.
condition of storage The range of actions are both systemic and at an operational
facilities to eliminate or level. These are listed below.
minimize OHS risk Systems should be in place to ensure the safe operation and
maintenance of machinery and equipment. Precautions
should also be in place to minimize exposure to noise, and
organic and other dusts. Systems and procedures for handling
and storing grain, as well as working with and around
electricity should also be in place.
Fixtures should be in place in all silos and storage sheds,
including appropriate access ladders, hand rails and ladder
cages.
Personal protective equipment should be selected, used and
maintained.
Environmental conditions should be controlled. For example,
keeping moisture levels within prescribed industry standards
will reduce the likelihood of fire and silo collapse.
Procedures should be in place and used for working on top of
stored grain, working with grain mass movement and stability,
working within confined working spaces, moving vehicles, and
working at heights.
Record keeping should ensure that requirements in relation to
properly observing and using product labels and MSDS
sheets, instruction manuals, and written organizational
procedures.
contaminants, or factors These may include moulds, moisture, mites, insects, or fungal
causing deterioration of diseases.
stored grain
Contents of records Records provide details required by legislation and are kept
for the required period of time. They might contain information
relating to the grain itself (types, varieties, quality
segregation), expenditure in relation to storage and handling,
OHS considerations (those relating to chemical handling and
application), and operational functions (dates, times,
quantities, personnel). The format of any reporting might be
electronic or paper based.
Problems in an Problems encountered could include the presence of water or
inspection of storage water damage, presence and activity of pests (including
facility condition insects, moulds, birds and rodents), dead vertebrate pests in
storage, breakdown of storage security and integrity (e.g.
holes, cracks, poor sealing, etc.), grain moisture migration,
excessive dust levels, high pesticide and fumigant residues,
and legal withholding periods.
corrective action Corrective action could include maintenance activities such as
inspection for structural problems, repair of physical damage,
Management
sealing of inlets and outlets to maintain gas tightness,
pressure testing of sealed storages to recommended levels,
location and repair of leaks in sealed storages, maintenance
of pressure relief valves, and painting and upkeep of heat
reflecting coating.
Corrective action might also include the operation of installed
equipment where it exists. For example, refrigeration may be
used on storage facilities holding malt quality barley or
sorghum, or where high moisture content is jeopardizing grain
quality. Matching the cooling load with equipment selection
may involve site-specific data and calculations, combined with
the use of manufacturers data. Additionally, aeration might
assist to reduce grain temperature and grain moisture levels
to client and organizations requirements.
Pest control activities be This would be in silos, grain storages, surrounding area, grain
targeted handling equipment, machinery, buildings, and hay and other
produce that can harbour insect pests.
Pest control activities Activities such as application of insecticides, herbicides and
included in integrated growth regulators, baiting (using registered controlled and
pest generally available substances), desiccant dusts, or
management fumigation and/or inert atmosphere operations could be
employed either separately or in partnership. Sampling and
testing is a part of the integrated pest management activities
and may provide evidence of the development of resistance to
pesticides in pests.
Grain or storage facility Fumigation or inert gas may be for the purposes of treating
be fumigated identified pests, or for meeting grain quality requirements.
Source of stated They would be documented in the production/management
goals of the organization plans, the business/marketing plans, and would be available
verbally from management representatives and colleagues.
Options for maintaining They may involve new technology, new systems, or altered
or improving grain practices such as drying, aeration, sealing, controlled
quality atmospheres, or the use of desiccant dusts.
kind of reduced quality Some of the undesirable aspects might be moisture, protein,
checks and analysis oil content, insects (live and dead), weed and other
commodity seeds, other foreign matter, cracked grain,
weather affected grain, pesticide and chemical
residues/contamination, or undesirable grain size, hectolitre
weight, or varietal purity.
Problems revealed in an Problems encountered could include the presence of water or
inspection of storage water damage, presence and activity of pests (including
facility condition insects, moulds, birds and rodents), dead vertebrate pests in
storage, breakdown of storage security and integrity (e.g.
holes, cracks, poor sealing, etc.), grain moisture migration,
excessive dust levels, high pesticide and fumigant residues,
and legal withholding periods.

Management
Evidence Guide
Competence  monitor and maintain hygiene,
 apply legislative requirements, and procedures relating
to the purchase, transport, storage, use and disposal of
pesticides and fumigants
 identify commodity types, varieties and grades
 describe the range of applicable pesticides, their uses,
application methods and handling requirements
Knowledge and • silo and temporary storage configuration and operation
Attitudes • chemical handing and dangerous goods requirements
• the range of applicable pesticides, their uses, application
methods and handling requirements
• commodity types, varieties and grades
• handling requirements for gas cylinders
• insect life cycles and optimum conditions for
development
• Integrated Pest Management principles and the
procedures used within the organisation
• legislative requirements, and procedures relating to the
purchase, transport, storage, use and disposal of
pesticides and fumigants
• client's sampling and classification requirements
• common grain pests and their general control methods
• appropriate action to be taken in contingency situations
• marketing requirements and options for grain growers
• equipment available and its uses, limitations and OHS
requirements
• site hazards and sound management practices and
processes to minimize noise, odours, and debris from
grain storage operations
• chemical handing and dangerous goods requirements
• developments and options available for maintaining or
improving the quality of grain during storage.
 setup and operate fumigation and pesticide application
equipment
 sample loads and grain in storage, and conduct a simple
analysis
 create, maintain, use and keep clear and trackable records
 use a range of communication equipment, including in
emergency situations
 inspect and test silos
 identify insects, pests and other factors that affect grain
quality
 set up and operate inert atmosphere equipment

Management
 handle and mix chemicals for baiting, fumigation, spraying,
and other forms of application
 interpret monitored information on pests
 plan and schedule weed, pest and/or disease control
including amending plans during the operations
 calculate mass and volumes of grain and grain storages
 observe, identify and react appropriately to environmental
implications and OHS hazards.
 Collect, analyze and organize information by observing and
measuring the impact on the grain of pests and
contaminants.
 Plan and organize activities in arranging for samples to be
taken of the grain, and in getting those samples laboratory
tested.
 Work with others and in teams in working safely to store
and monitor grain in silos and other storage facilities.
 Use mathematical ideas and techniques in calculating
sampling results, loadings, and volumes of storages.
 Solving problems through identifying deterioration in the
grain quality and selecting an appropriate response.
 Using technology in operating any necessary equipment
prior to, and during the storage operations - communication
technology, calculating equipment, measuring and sampling
equipment, and word processing/spread sheeting software.
equipment,
 Documentation and information on workplace practices
and OHS practices.
Methods of Competence may be assessed through:
Assessment  Practical assessment by direct observation of tasks
 project-related conditions (real or simulated) and require
evidence of process
knowledge

Management

Management
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Occupational Standard - Crops Production and marketing management
Unit of Competence Market Crops products
Unit Descriptor This unit competence covers skill, knowledge & attitude of
designing and co-coordinating a marketing plan. It requires
the application of skills and knowledge to analyze market
conditions and access and evaluate advice on market and
potential distribution options. In addition, it requires an
awareness of industry structures and business trends. The
functions associated with this standard would be performed
independently and under limited supervision. This unit
covers application of knowledge, skills & attitudes of
evaluating commercial information, identifying market
requirements, determining promotional strategies and
Organizing implementation.
Elements of Competence Performance Criteria
1. Evaluate commercial 1.1 Relevant information is researched and analyzed to

information identify market trends.
1.2 Competing products are identified and evaluated to
determine strengths and weaknesses of own products.
1.3 Collected information is presented in a manner which
provides clear and concise information.
1.4 Market and situation analysis is conducted using
established techniques in accordance with available
budget and the need for external assistance.
2. Identify marketing 2.1 Promotional materials are created that enhance the
requirements product and commercial presentation.
2.2 Priorities, responsibilities, timelines and budgets are
recorded and communicated to appropriate colleagues.
2.3. Proximity of the market area is evaluated.
3. Determine promotional 3.1 Detailed plans for promotional activities are prepared
strategies and recorded according to enterprise guidelines.
3.2 Outlined in the promotional plan are objectives, level of
exposure to be achieved and available markets.
3.3 Strategies take account of feedback from operational
staff, time management and scheduling issues, and
resource constraints.
3.4 Marketing objectives are established based on new and
retained business consistent with product and
operational business plans.
4.Organise implementation 4.1 Criteria are established to measure impact and success
of promotional activities.
4.2 Adjustments to the promotional strategy product
distribution are made promptly to ensure consistency of
promotion.
4.3 Required distribution channels are defined and
Management
established.
4.4 Product documentation is distributed on time in the
specified quantities.
Variables Range Statement

Occupational Health & Proper handling of clients
Safety (OH&S)
Tools and Equipment Mass media advertising, Internet advertising, leaflets and
flyers
Types and Sources of  market information
Information  customer/client feedback
 Higher learning and Research Institutions
 MoARD
Evidence Guide
Critical aspects of Assessment must confirm one's ability to:

competence  research and analyze relevant information to identify
market trends.
 identify and evaluate competing products to determine
strengths and weaknesses of own products.
 create promotional materials that enhance the product
and commercial presentation.
 establish marketing objectives based on new and
retained business consistent with product and
operational business plans.
 make adjustments to the promotional strategy product
distribution promptly to ensure consistency of promotion.
 define and establish required distribution channels.
Required knowledge Knowledge of:
 financial management and budgeting
 rural organizations policies and procedures for
marketing and promotions
 sales and marketing principles and practices
 sound knowledge of promotional activities including,
trade shows, in-house promotions, advertising, public
relations, familiarizations, signage and display
 relevant State/Territory legislative requirements with
regard to OHS and risk management procedures for
management of promotional activities
 legal issues that affect marketing activities (trade
practices, Fair Trading Acts, Sales of Goods Acts)
 industry and marketing knowledge including sales
networks and distribution systems, and customer
trends
and preferences
 demographic studies and their application in the
Management
development of a marketing plan.
equipment,
Method of Assessment Competence may be assessed through:
knowledge
Context of Assessment  Competency may be assessed in the work place or in
a simulated work place setting
 The unit of competency should be assessed in
conjunction with other relevant units in this occupation

Management
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Occupational Standard: Crop production and marketing management
Unit of competence Develop waste management strategies
Unit Descriptor This unit of competency describes the development of waste
management strategies for clients to meet their individual
needs. It requires the ability to analyze practices and develop
strategies by working effectively with clients. These work
functions would be carried out under minimal supervision
within organizational guidelines.

1. Determine possible 1.1 Review results and findings of waste assessment to
options determine strategy focus areas and options in
accordance with client requirements , OHS regulations
and work procedures
1.2 Identify all options to meet the client's waste
management needs
1.3 Consult and involve client in the development of
appropriate waste management options
2.1 Assess feasibility of waste management options in
2. Develop strategies
consultation with clients to ensure appropriate, realistic
and achievable options are identified
2.2 Prioritize waste management options in consultation with
clients to ensure most important waste management
issues are given greater emphasis
2.3 Develop realistic and achievable waste management
strategies which satisfy client and legislative
requirements
2.4 Detail the client's implementation requirements such as
process changes, education, training, resource
requirements and schedule
2.5 Review the implementation of strategies in accordance
with client requirements, OHS regulations and work
procedures
3.1 Document waste management strategy clearly and
3. Document strategy
accurately based on information available, with all
relevant aspects outlined including OHS procedures
3.2 Include indemnity to limit liability in accordance with
accepted industry practice, company requirements and
relevant legislation
4.1 Present strategy in a professional manner in
4. Present strategy
accordance with client requirements
4.2 Explain benefits and rationale of the strategy
4.3 Allow time for client questions and discussion

Management
Client includes • all forms of business enterprises in this context including
government agencies, local governments/councils, private
and public companies and residents/ratepayers.
Client requirements • are found in briefing papers, letters from client, quality
assurance documents, tender/contract documents and verbal
or written instructions
Equipment requirements absorbent material
include • bunding equipment
• camera
• collection containers
• lifting gear
• measurement equipment
• personal protective equipment
• reference manuals
• safety barriers and warning signs
• sample bench
• scales.
Feasibility of waste  commitment
management options • compliance with relevant legislation
should involve • cost-benefit analysis
consideration of • costs
• lead time
• process constraints
• resource requirements (including equipment, personnel)
• resources available.
Information relating to • access to site
waste management • locations of waste containers
strategy may include • map of plant/site
• OHS procedures
• processing methods
• production dates and schedules
• production inputs and outputs
• site size
• specific site requirements
• storage and disposal methods
• waste handling
• waste hazards
• waste outputs
• waste recovery routes
• waste streams.
Performance of this unit in accordance with relevant requirements of the following
is carried out • Ethiopian Standards
• environmental regulations
• legislative requirements
• manufacturers' specifications
• OHS regulations
• organizational procedures
Management
• relevant state/territory regulations.
Personnel requirements • licenses required, personnel skills, training/briefing.
include
Site may include • business premises, landfill site, local government area,
plant/factory and waste processing plant.
Strategy presentation • formal presentation to appropriate personnel with aids
methods include such as Microsoft PowerPoint or overheads
• informal discussion to appropriate personnel
• issuing appropriate handouts.
Waste management • advertising
options include but are • changed disposal methods
not limited to • education
• employee participation
• minimization
• preventative maintenance
• process audit
• process changes
• product and material changes
• product scheduling and planning
• reclamation
• recycling
• re-use
• waste segregation.
Waste management • feasibility, findings, implementation and recommendations.
strategy may include
Evidence Guide
Critical Aspects of Candidate must able to:
Competence • Identify waste management options and interpret audit
findings.
• Conduct feasibility analysis.
• Develop strategies.
• Present waste management strategies.
and Attitudes  Features required for waste management strategies.
• Impact of recommendations on client processes.
• Waste management options available.
• Nature and significance of waste minimization hierarchy
lifecycle assessment.
• Waste analytical methods.
• Waste types, streams and characteristics.
• Company requirements.
• Occupational health and safety requirements.
• Relevant industry standards.
• Relevant legislation.
• Relevant environmental regulations.
 OHS hierarchy of control.
Management
• sound oral communication skills including questioning,
listening, liaison, consultation and facilitation
• sound written communication skills for documentation
• sound presentation skills
• sound reading skills for the interpretation of data,
information, plans and documents
• methodical organization of work
• research skills
• ability to prioritize
• computer skills
• safe and efficient work practices
• apply appropriate decision-making techniques.
equipment,
knowledge
simulated work place setting. This unit could be assessed on
its own or in combination with other competencies relevant to
the job function

Management
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Unit of competence Co-ordinate customer service and networking activities
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the skills and knowledge
required to implement customer service policies and
procedures. This unit might be appropriate for merchandise
or department managers who have responsibility for
customer service delivery by others in an agricultural or
horticultural setting.

1 Contribute to quality 1.1 Customer service standards are accessed, interpreted,
customer standards applied and monitored in the workplace in accordance with
enterprise policies and procedures.
1.2 Contributions are made to the development, refinement
and improvement of service policies, standards and
processes.
2.1 All personnel are encouraged to consistently implement
2 Implement customer
customer service systems.
service systems
2.2 Customer feedback is reviewed in consultation with
appropriate personnel and is analyzed when improving
work practices.
2.3 Customer service complaints are identified and
adjustments made to ensure continued service quality.
2.4 Adjustments are communicated to all those involved in
service delivery within appropriate time frames.
2.5 Delivery of services/products is co-ordinate and managed
to ensure they effectively and efficiently meet agreed
quality standards.
3 Manage networks to 3.1 Effective regular communication is established with
ensure customer needs customers.
are addressed 3.2 Relevant networks are established, maintained and
expanded to ensure appropriate referral of customers to
products/services from within and outside the organization.
3.3 Procedures are put in place to ensure that decisions
about targeting of customer services are based on up-to-
date information about the customer and the
products/services available.
3.4 Procedures are put in place to ensure that referrals are
based on the matching of the assessment of customer
needs and availability of products/services.
3.5 Records of customer interaction are maintained in
accordance with organizational procedures.

Management
Customers may be either internal or external, and may include, but are not
limited to customers with routine or special requests, regular
and new customers, people from a range of social, cultural
or ethnic backgrounds, people with varying physical and
mental abilities.
Customer service Personal presentation requirements, response
standards times/delivery times, protocols, quality specifications, pricing
and refund policies, complaints procedures, referrals,
customer feedback, quality assurance processes, stock
control and record keeping requirements.
Enterprise policy and Procedural manuals, product/service manuals, labels,
Procedures may be instructions, quality systems, standards and guidelines.
include
customer complaints might Product quality or misunderstanding of its purpose,
arise from damaged goods, service dissatisfaction, price or quantity
errors, incorrect invoices, delivery issues, product not
delivered on time, manufacturers warranty or service.
Networks may be with Relevant agricultural or horticultural manufacturers and
suppliers, industry associations, internal and external
customers, government agencies and departments, specific
interest or support groups, advisory committees, lobby
groups, and research bodies.
Communication be Newsletters, special purchase offers, email, telephone,
maintained with customers website, customer satisfaction surveys, reminder notices,
through: demonstration of new equipment and/or materials, personal
visits, workshops, promotional materials, exhibition of
products at agricultural or horticultural shows.
Referrals may be made to Supervisor, manufacturer/supplier or technical expert within
or external to the enterprise.
Evidence Guide
Competence • identify the customer service requirements and to ensure
they are delivered to standard and in an appropriate time
frame,
• contribute to the development and implementation of
improved procedures,
• develop and maintain networks to ensure the delivery of
quality customer service.
and Attitudes • legislative and regulatory requirements may include but
are not limited to: Consumer Law, Environmental Law,
OHS, Privacy Legislation, Codes of Conducts,
• the organization’s business structure, products and
services
• customer service systems/procedures including the
Management
continuous quality improvement framework, together
with some knowledge of the customer population and
how the system applies to delivering customer service to
that customer population
• the principles of customer service
• the principles of effective communication in relation to
listening, questioning and non-verbal communication
• the individual’s role in delivering customer service
• techniques for dealing with customers with special needs
• techniques for building relationships of trust and mutually
acceptable outcomes
• related organizations, agencies and networks
• the principles and operations of networks.
Underpinning Skills Demonstrate:
Effective communication techniques may include but are not
limited to:
• active listening
• using open and/or closed questions
• speaking clearly and concisely
• using appropriate language and tone of voice
• giving customers full attention
• maintaining eye-contact (for face-to-face interactions)
• non-verbal communication e.g., body language, personal
presentation (for face-to-face interactions)
• negotiation skills to achieve mutually acceptable outcomes
• interpersonal skills to relate to people from a range of
social, cultural and ethnic backgrounds
• clear, legible writing
• language skills which allow for adequate communication
with customer and all relevant personnel
• literacy skills to the level required to read and write
procedures and reports
• numeracy skills to the level required to develop and
implement customer service procedures.
equipment,
 questioning or interview on underpinning
Management
knowledge
knowledge

Management
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Unit of competence Analyze and interpret production data
Unit Descriptor This competency standard covers the process of analyzing
and interpreting data for animal production, crop and
horticultural production. It requires the ability to collect and
organize production data, analyze, interpret and present
data. Analyzing and interpreting data for production requires
knowledge of the relevant legislation, industry and enterprise
codes of practice, enterprise record keeping and recording
practices, methods to collect and analyze production data,
business equipment and principles of report writing and data
presentation.

1. Collect and organize 1.1 Information is collected and organized in a format
suitable for analysis and interpretation in accordance with
production data
1.2 Information held by the production unit is assessed for
accuracy and relevance in line with enterprise
requirements.
1.3 Methods of collecting data are reliable and make efficient
use of resources in accordance with organizational
requirements.
1.4 Business equipment is used to access, organize and
monitor data in accordance with organizational
requirements.
1.5 Information is updated, modified, maintained and stored
in accordance with organizational requirements.
2.1 Objectives of analysis are clearly defined and consistent
2. Analyze and interpret
with enterprise requirements.
data
2.2 Methods of data analysis are reliable and suitable to
research purposes.
2.3 Assumptions used in analyses are clear, justified and
consistent with enterprise objectives.
2.4 Conclusions are supported by evidence and contribute to
the achievement of business objectives.
3.1 Data are prepared in an appropriate format, style and
3. Present data
structure using suitable business technology.
3.2 Structure and format of reports are clear and conform to
3.3 Findings are reported and distributed in accordance with
3.4 Feedback and comments on suitability and sufficiency of
findings is obtained in accordance with enterprise
requirements.
Management
enterprise Quality assurance and/or procedures manuals, biosecurity
requirements may be requirements, animal welfare, procedures for updating
records, OHS policies, procedures and programs, production
plans, systems and processes, and defined resource
parameters.
business equipment Photocopier, computer (including handheld electronic
may be loggers), email, internet, software programs, answering
machine, fax machine, telephone and radio communication
systems.
methods of data Feedback on results, review of previous data and production
analysis may be figures, peer review, data sampling and statistical analysis.
Evidence Guide
Competence • collect and organize production data
• analyze and interpret data
• present data.
• Describe methods to collect and analyze production
data
• Describe data management systems and methods
and Attitudes • the relevant legislation, industry and enterprise codes
of practice and quality assurance procedures that
impact on intensive production
• enterprise record keeping and recording practices
• enterprise policies and procedures relating to
collection, analysis and maintenance of production data
• methods to collect and analyze production data
• data management systems and methods
• business equipment
• principles of report writing and data presentation.
• collect and organize production data
• analyze and interpret data
• present data.
equipment,
Management
knowledge
be assessed on its own or in
combination with other competencies relevant to the job
function.

Management
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Unit of competence Implement and monitor environmental policies
Unit Descriptor This unit covers the implementation and monitoring of the
organization’s environmental policies and procedures as an
integral part of the organization’s business program. Those
who work or who expect to work in a supervisory capacity
would be advised to undertake this unit. It could also be
useful for small business.

1. Provide information to 1.1 Information provided to the work team is explained in a
the work team clear and concise manner and is readily accessible by all
employees
1.2 Organization’s activities/performance in regard to
environmental management and business sustainability
are conveyed to work team where required
1.3 Links between environmental, financial, safety and other
risk areas and how these are integrated in organizational
policies and practices are explained
1.4 Information on environmental systems and procedures
and other risk areas within the area of management
responsibility is provided
2. Implement and monitor 2.1 Existing and potential environmental risks are identified
operational procedures and assessed and/or expert advice sought as required
2.2 Prioritized recommendations from the assessments are
carried out as part of the organization’s operational
procedures
2.3 Organizational environmental policies and procedures
are implemented
2.4 Tasks are allocated and outcomes are monitored in
accordance with organizational policies and targets
2.5 Contingency plan is implemented promptly when
incidents occur
3. Implement and monitor 3.1 Environmental improvement plans are implemented for
change and continuous own work group and integrated with other operational
activities
improvement
3.2 Best practice approaches to improving environmental
performance by reducing environmental risk and waste
are identified, implemented and monitored
3.3 Suggestions and ideas about environmental
management are sought from the work team and acted
upon where appropriate
3.4 Suggestions are sought from supply chain, at
tender/contract stage, for ways of improving
environmental performance
Management
4. Implement and monitor 4.1 Internal and external reporting procedures are identified
recording procedures and implemented as required
4.2 Environmental records are accurately and legibly
maintained and stored securely in a form accessible for
reporting purposes
4.3 Information/records are monitored to identify trends that
may require remedial action, and used to promote
continuous improvement of environment performance
5. Implement and monitor 5.1 Environmental training needs are identified accurately,
an environmental specifying gaps between environmental competencies
management training required and those held by group members
program 5.2 Arrangements are made for fulfilling identified training
needs for the work group with relevant parties

Legislation, codes and  award and enterprise agreements and relevant
national standards industrial instruments
relevant to the workplace  relevant legislation from all levels of government that
which may include: affects business operation, especially in regard to
Occupational Health and Safety and environmental
issues, equal opportunity, industrial relations and anti-
discrimination
 relevant industry codes of practice
Knowledge of legislation,  be strictly relevant to the particular workplace role
codes, national standards, and is not intended to include detailed technical aspects
industry codes of practice of environmental science and
and workplace policies  details of legislation must be directly relevant to the
and procedures must: workplace role, and would normally be delivered as a
general awareness issue rather than a major part of the
competencies
 be consistent with the concept that people at this
level, while working with some autonomy and possibly
responsibility for the work of others, still generally work
according to workplace policies and procedures
Information may include:  organizational policies and procedures
 relevant environmental legislation requirements
 voluntary environmental agreements entered into with
external organizations
 continuous improvement policies and processes for
the organization
 environmental data
Work team may include:  formal or unstructured groups
 two or more people
Environmental • a measure of an organization’s impact on the environment
performance may be and of their ability to manage that impact
defined as:

Management
Some approaches to  preventing and minimizing the production of pollution
improving environmental (e.g. discharges to air, land and water, hazardous waste)
performance may include  improving housekeeping (e.g. using a broom instead
but are not of a hose, using old rags for cleaning instead of toxic
restricted to: cleaners or water)
 substituting materials (e.g. replacing toxic solvent
based coatings with water based ones)
 changing processes (e.g. mechanical cleaning, re-
design of products/ procedures so that materials are used
more efficiently)
Environmental  environmental load reduction and waste minimization
management policies  tenders for the provision of goods and services that
must be appropriate to the specify environmentally preferred selection criteria
scope and scale of the  protection of land and habitat
business and may include:  environmentally sustainable work practices
 continuous improvement policies
Business sustainability  a sustainable business in this sense is profitable and
means: competitive for the foreseeable future. Effective
management of environmental impacts and opportunities
can contribute to business sustainability by reducing
costs, differentiating goods and services and contributing
to a better corporate image.
Environmental  measuring, monitoring and recording environmental
improvement plans may performance, and continually setting targets for
be established at measurable improvements
management level and  all aspects of environmental performance including
may include: energy use, waste minimization, recycling, transport use
etc
Expert assistance and/or  internal or external sources/specialists
advice may be sought  consultants or other experts or specialists
from:
Links between  an integrated approach to systems within the organization
environmental, financial
and safety policies means:
Supply chain can be:  a key determinant of environmental performance
 a source of positive input and advice to enhance
environmental performance
Supply chain may include:  suppliers
 contractors
 others acting on organization’s behalf
Environmental risks may  actual and potential sources of waste
be identified as:  pollution (e.g. discharges to air, land and water,
hazardous waste)
 planned or unplanned emissions or
 any aspect of the business operation which may have
an impact on environmental performance and may be
assessed:
Management
 on an ongoing basis
 with regard to probability, scale and likely impact on
business and environmental performance
Environmental training  integrated into the organization’s existing training
program should be:  arrangements
Evidence Guide
Competence  Describe relevant legislation from all levels of
government that affects business operation
 communicate with others to ensure information
 comprehend documentation
 Plan and organize activities
and Attitudes  relevant legislation from all levels of government that
affects business operation,
 Occupational Health and Safety and environmental
issues,
 relevant environmental systems and procedures
 knowledge of best practice approaches relevant to
own work area
 quality assurance systems relevant to own work area
 supply chain procedures
 strategies to maximize opportunities and minimize
impacts relevant to own work area
 issues especially in regard to water catchments, air,
noise, ecosystems, habitat, waste minimization relevant to
own work area
 communication skills to ensure information is supplied
to the work team
 consultation skills to assist in workplace negotiations
 literacy skills for comprehending documentation and
interpreting environment requirements
 operational skills relevant to the workplace, including
the ability to operate and shut down equipment
 ability to relate to people from a range of social,
cultural and ethnic backgrounds and physical and mental
abilities
 Collect, analyze and organize information to provide
information and advice
 Communicate ideas and information to resolve
environmental issues with the work team and external
contacts
 Plan and organize activities to plan training and to
implement change and improvement
Management
equipment,
knowledge
Evidence should be collected over a set period of time which
is sufficient to include dealings with an appropriate range
and variety of situations

Management
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Unit of competence Build Relationships With Customers
Unit Descriptor It involves the use of advanced sales techniques in building
relationships with customers and interacting with customers,
applying expert product knowledge as it relates to the
customer, dealing with difficult customers, establishing and
maintaining a customer database, and conducting sales
presentations.

1 Establish rapport with 1.1 Rapport/relationship with customer established and a
customers genuine interest in customer needs/requirements
expressed to enhance customer commitment, trust and
credibility of store and to build return customer base.
1.2 Professional ethics maintained with the customer to
promote store image and credibility.
1.3 Customer needs and preferences accurately clarified
to maximize sales opportunities.
1.4 Sales opportunities maximized by use of add on and
complementary sales techniques.
1.5 Customer given space and time to evaluate purchase
decision, while time is used to maximum advantage for
customer and store.
1.6 Effective methods of closing sales demonstrated.
2 Apply expert knowledge 2.1 Customer provided with accurate information regarding
product and service appraisals, correct statements and
warranties according to legal requirements.
2.2 Detailed knowledge of supplier and/or manufacturer
information provided according to customer needs and
within guidelines of commercial confidentiality.
2.3 Product/stock range evaluated, features and benefits of
products/services accurately demonstrated where
appropriate and recommendations made to the
customer to maximize sales potential.
2.4 Customer interest in product/service maximized
through price negotiation where applicable and
payment/credit options offered according to store policy.
2.5 Prices and/or discounts accurately calculated according
to pricing determinants and store policy.
3 Provide post sales 3.1 Evidence of ongoing support accurately provided as sale
support is concluded.
3.2 Back up service accurately explained and customer
reassured according to legal requirements and store
policy.
3.3 Customer provided with store/salesperson’s contact

Management
details to provide line of contact and customer followed
up according to store policy.
3.4 Customer and/or transaction details accurately
entered to customer database.
4 Plan sales 4.1 Presentation planned to complement product
presentations characteristics.
4.2 Client group selected according to product characteristics
and store merchandising policy.
4.3 Promotional materials accessed where required and
distributed to client group.
4.4 Range of products/services selected and prepared for
presentation to reflect store image, demographics and
merchandising plan.
5 Implement sales 5.1 Numbers of support staff, where required, sufficient and
presentation adequately briefed for presentation.
5.2 Communication skills applied to effectively create
interest, focus attention, encourage customer interaction
with individuals and/or groups.
5.3 Products/services demonstrated to create a buying
environment.
5.4 Results of sales presentation measured according to
predetermined criteria, overall performance reviewed,
and results applied to future sales presentations
according to store sales policy.
6 Maintain and utilize a 6.1 Customer confidentiality maintained as required by store
customer data base policy and legal requirements.
6.2 Customer records accurately developed, regularly
maintained and securely stored according to store
policies and procedures.
6.3 Regular customers accurately identified and followed up
according to store marketing policy.
6.4 Customer records accurately utilized to advise
customers on products and services of possible interest.
6.5 Customer clubs and reward schemes implemented
where required according to store promotional activities.
7 Deal with difficult 7.1 Customer complaints/problems acknowledged and
customers customer supported reassuringly to produce positive
outcome.
7.2 Customer encouraged to verbalize issue and active
listening used to minimize customer frustration.
7.3 Customer’s confidence in the sales assistant and
product/service developed to promote long term
commitment and trust to store.
7.4 Mutually acceptable resolution of complaint established.

Store policies and - selling products and services
procedures in regard to: - maintaining and utilizing client records
Management
- promotional, marketing, discounting and reward programs
- dealing with difficult customers
Legal requirements may - Trade Practices Act
include: - environmental protection legislation
- occupational health and safety requirements
- transport, storage and handling of goods
- pricing procedures including Goods and Services Tax
(GST) requirements
- privacy laws
- liquor laws
- tobacco laws
- sale of second hand goods
- health and welfare law specific to federal legislation
Customer personal details - customers name and contact details
may include: - transactions records
- personal preferences
- anniversaries/special dates
- details of items bought or returned
Customer needs and - product type
preferences or - brand
requirements may include: - size
- product characteristics
- customer physical needs
- price
Customer database may - manual
be: - computer based
Customer loyalty schemes - customer clubs
may include: - customer reward schemes
- credit or discount facilities
- special offers
Sales techniques will - add on, complementary products/services
include: - selling up or down
- suggestive selling
- variety of methods of closing sales
Customers may include: - regular and new customers
- people from a range of social, cultural or ethnic
backgrounds and physical and mental abilities
Sales presentations may - in house
be: - on client site
- visual
- verbal
Difficult customers may - aggressive
include: - assertive
- passive
- fussy
- demanding
- rude
- exasperated
- arrogant
Management
Interpersonal skills - identification of customer cues
associated with verbal and - dealing with a single customer
non-verbal communication - families or groups
may include:
Back up service may - delivery specifications
include: - warranties/guarantees
Customer needs may be - observation
clarified through: - appropriate questioning
- active listening
- empathy
- reassurance and confirmation
Maintaining professional - honesty
ethics with the customer - positive statements
may include: - confirmed appraisals of products and services
Product characteristics may include:
- features and benefits
- price range
- supplier or manufacturer information
- target group
Promotional materials may - brochures
include: - pamphlets
- posters Product characteristics may include:
- features and benefits
- price range
- supplier or manufacturer information
- target group
- posters
Evidence Guide
Competence • apply store policies and procedures, in regard to selling
products and services, dealing with customers, planning
and implementing sales presentations and providing after
sales support.
• apply industry codes of practice, relevant legislation and
statutory requirements in regard to selling products and
services.
• develop customer commitment to store and builds return
customer base by establishing rapport/relationship with
customer, maintaining professional ethics, and accurately
discerning customer buying motives and customer
needs/requirements.
• maximize sales opportunities by using effective selling
techniques, applying detailed product knowledge and using
an appropriate sales approach to sell the benefits of
products, overcome objections and close sales.
• apply detailed knowledge of manufacturers'/suppliers'
supply, back up service and warranty information to
Management
enhance customer support.
• use effective questioning, listening and observation skills to
accurately determine customer requirements.
• plan, prepare and conduct sales presentations and briefs
support staff where required, to create a buying
environment and maximize sales performance.
• evaluate personal and or team sales performance to
maximize future sales.
• establish, record and maintain customer records/details,
maintains customer confidentiality, ensures secure storage
and uses customer records to maximize customer interest
and create a buying atmosphere.
• resolve customer complaints by acknowledging problems
and supporting customer to produce positive outcomes and
obtain mutually acceptable complaint resolution.
Knowledge and Attitudes  Store policies and procedures, in regard to:
– establishing, maintaining and utilising customer records
– updating and maintaining customer mailing lists
– methods of maintaining customer confidentiality and
secure storage of customer details
– price negotiation and payment/credit options
– resolving customer complaints
 Store/area merchandise and service range
 Relevant legislation and statutory requirements
 Relevant industry codes of practice
 Occupational health and safety requirements such as:
– manual handling
– plant and equipment
– hazardous substances and dangerous goods
– workers compensation
 Customer types and needs including:
– customer buying motives/customer behaviour and cues
– individual and cultural differences,
demographics/lifestyle/income
– types of customer needs, eg functional, psychological
 Pricing procedures including Goods and Services Tax
(GST) requirements
 Selling techniques
– opening and closing techniques

Management
– buying signals
– strategies to focus customer on specific merchandise
– add ones and complimentary sales
– overcoming customer objections
 Presentation skills
 Conflict resolution
 Interpersonal communication
 Accessing relevant product information
 Literacy skills in regard to:
– reading and understanding product information
– reading and understanding store policies and
procedures
– recording client and sales information
 Product characteristics may include:
– features and benefits
– price range
– supplier or manufacturer information
– target group
 Promotional materials may include:
– brochures
– pamphlets
– posters
 Information be collect, analyze and organize
information
 Mathematical ideas and techniques when negotiating
price and credit options.
 problem solving skills when dealing with customer
complaints and establishing acceptable resolution.
equipment,
Management
knowledge

Management
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Unit of Competence Establish Quality Standards
Unit Descriptor This unit covers the knowledge, attitudes and skills required
to monitor quality of work, establish quality specifications for
product, participate in maintaining and improving quality at
work, identify hazards and critical control points in the
production of quality product, assist in planning of quality
assurance procedures, report problems that affect quality
and implement quality assurance procedures.
Element of Competence Performance Criteria

1. Establish quality 1.1 Market specifications are sourced and legislated
specifications for requirements identified.
product 1.3 Quality specifications developed and agreed upon
1.4 Quality specifications are documented and introduced to
organization staff / personnel in accordance with the
organization policy
1.5 Quality specifications are updated when necessary
2. Identify hazards and 2.1 Critical control points impacting on quality are identified.
critical control points 2.2 Degree of risk for each hazard is determined.
2.3 Necessary documentation is accomplished in
accordance with organization quality procedures
3. Assist in planning of 3.1 Procedures for each identified control point are
quality assurance developed to ensure optimum quality.
procedures 3.2 Hazards and risks are minimized through application of
appropriate controls.
3.3 Processes to monitor the effectiveness of quality
assurance procedures are developed.
4. Implement quality 4.1 Responsibilities for carrying out procedures are
assurance procedures allocated to staff and contractors.
4.2 Instructions are prepared in accordance with the
enterprise’s quality assurance program.
4.3 Staff and contractors are given induction training on the
quality assurance policy.
4.4 Staff and contractors are given in-service training
relevant to their allocated procedures.
5. Monitor quality of work 5.1 Quality requirements are identified
outcome 5.2 Inputs are inspected to confirm capability to meet quality
requirements
5.3 Work is conducted to produce required outcomes
5.4 Work processes are monitored to confirm quality of
Management
output and/or service
5.5 Processes are adjusted to maintain outputs within
specification.
6. Participate in 6.1 Work area, materials, processes and product are
maintaining and routinely monitored to ensure compliance with quality
improving quality at requirements
work 6.2 Non-conformance in inputs, process, product and/or
service is identified and reported according to workplace
reporting requirements
6.3 Corrective action is taken within level of responsibility, to
maintain quality standards
6.4 Quality issues are raised with designated personnel
7. Report problems that 7.1 Recognize potential or existing quality problems.
affect quality 7.2 Identify instances of variation in quality from
specifications or work instructions.
7.3 Report variation and potential problems to
supervisor/manager according to enterprise guidelines.

Sourced May include but not limited to:
 Purchasers of the product e.g., processors or end-use
customers.
Legislated requirements May include but not limited to:
 Verification of product quality as part of consumer
legislation or specific legislation related to product content
or composition.
Safety procedures. It may include but not limited to:
 Use of tools and equipment for laboratory examination of
animal products
 Workplace environment and handling of material safety,
 Following Occupational health and safety procedures
designated for the task
 Respect the policies, regulations, legislations, rule and
procedures for laboratory examination of animal products
Materials May include but not limited to:
 swabs and plastic bags/containers to collect specimens,
plastic or rubber disposable gloves, bucket, scrubbing
brush, gauze, cotton and plasters
 aluminum foils, gowns, apron, rubber boots, disinfectants,
antiseptics, scalpel blade, saline water, distilled water,
stationeries, tap water, alcohol, and soap, detergents,
protective eyewear, overall, cleaning reagents cleaning
materials
Tools and Equipment May include but not limited to:
 projector, white board, computers, printers, calculators,
copying machines, autopsy kit, bucket,
Management
wheelbarrow/trolley for disposal of carcass, standard
abattoir equipments, different quality evaluating
equipments.
Evidence Guide
Critical Aspect of Assessment must confirm one's ability to:
Competence  Monitor quality of work
 Establish quality specifications for product
 Participate in maintaining and improving quality at work
 Identify hazards and critical control points in the
production of quality product
 Assist in planning of quality assurance procedures
 Report problems that affect quality
 Implement quality assurance procedures
and Attitude  Veterinary public health policies and procedures
 Obtaining and using information about animal and
zoonotic diseases
 Applying federal, regional state or territory legislation
within day-today work activities
 Accessing and using management systems to keep and
maintain accurate records
 Requirements for correct preparation, labelling and
packaging of biological and potentially hazardous
samples
Underpinning Skills Demonstrates skills in:
 Monitoring quality of work
 Establishing quality specifications for product
 Participating in maintaining and improving quality at work
 Identifying hazards and critical control points in the
production of quality product
 Assisting in planning of quality assurance procedures
 Reporting problems that affect quality
 Implementing quality assurance procedures
equipment,
Assessment Methods Competence may be assessed through:
Management
knowledge
Context of Assessment Competence may be assessed in the work place or in a

Management
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Occupational Standard: Crop Production Management
Unit of competence Utilize Specialized Communication Skills
Unit Descriptor This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required
to use specialized communication skills to meet specific
needs of internal and external clients, conduct interviews,
facilitate group discussions, and contribute to the
development of communication strategies.
Element of Competence Performance Criteria

1. Meet common and 1.1 Specific communication needs of clients and colleagues
specific are identified and met
communication needs 1.2 Different approaches are used to meet communication
of clients and needs of clients and colleagues
colleagues
1.3 Conflict is addressed promptly and in a timely way and in
a manner which does not compromise the standing of the
organization
2. Contribute to the 2.1 Strategies for internal and external dissemination of

development of information are developed, promoted, implemented and
communication reviewed as required
strategies 2.2 Channels of communication are established and reviewed
regularly
2.3 Coaching in effective communication is provided
2.4 Work related network and relationship are maintained as
necessary
2.5 Negotiation and conflict resolution strategies are used
where required
2.6 Communication with clients and colleagues is appropriate
to individual needs and organizational objectives
3. Represent the 3.1 When participating in internal or external forums,
organization presentation is relevant, appropriately researched and
presented in a manner to promote the organization
3.2 Presentation is clear and sequential and delivered within
a predetermined time
3.3 Utilize appropriate media to enhance presentation
3.4 Differences in views are respected
3.5 Written communication is consistent with organizational
standards
3.6 Inquiries are responded in a manner consistent with
organizational standard
4. Facilitate group 4.1 Mechanisms which enhance effective group
Management
discussion interaction is defined and implemented
4.2 Strategies which encourage all group members to
participate are used routinely
4.3 Objectives and agenda for meetings and discussions are
routinely set and followed
4.4 Relevant information is provided to group to facilitate
outcomes
4.5 Evaluation of group communication strategies is
undertaken to promote participation of all parties
4.6 Specific communication needs of individuals are
identified and addressed
5. Conduct interview 5.1 A range of appropriate communication strategies are
employed in interview situations
5.2 Records of interviews are made and maintained in
accordance with organizational procedures
5.3 Effective questioning, listening and nonverbal
communication techniques are used to ensure that
required message is communicated

Strategies  Recognizing own limitations
 Referral to specialists
 Utilizing techniques and aids
 Providing written drafts
 Verbal and non verbal communication
Effective group  Identifying and evaluating what is occurring within an
interaction interaction in a non judgmental way
 Using active listening
 Making decision about appropriate words, behavior
 Putting together response which is culturally appropriate
 Expressing an individual perspective
 Expressing own philosophy, ideology and background
and exploring impact with relevance to communication
Types of Interview  Related to staff  Evidential
issues  Non disclosure
 Routine  Disclosure
 Confidential
Interview situations  Establish rapport
 Elicit facts and information
 Facilitate resolution of issues
 Develop action plans
 Diffuse potentially difficult situation
Evidence Guide
Management
Critical Aspects of Assessment requires evidence that the candidate:
Competence  Demonstrated effective communication skills with clients
accessing service and work colleagues
 Adopted relevant communication techniques and
strategies to meet client particular needs and difficulties
Underpinning Knowledge  Communication process
and Values  Dynamics of groups and different styles of group
leadership
 Communication skills relevant to client groups
Underpinning Skills  Full range of communication techniques including:
 Full range of communication
 Active listening
 Feedback
 Interpretation
 Role boundaries setting
 Negotiation
 Establishing empathy
 Communication skills required to fulfill job roles as
specified by the organization
equipment,
knowledge
Context for Assessment This unit should be assessed on the job through simulation

Management
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Unit of competence Develop and lead Teams
Unit Descriptor This unit covers the skills, knowledge and attitudes required
to determine individual and team development needs and
facilitate the development of the workgroup.

1. Provide team 1.1 Learning and development needs are systematically
leadership identified and implemented in line with organizational
requirements
1.2 Learning plan to meet individual and group training and
developmental needs is collaboratively developed and
implemented
1.3 Individuals are encouraged to self evaluate performance
and identify areas for improvement
1.4 Feedback on performance of team members is
collected from relevant sources and compared with
established team learning process
2. Foster individual and 2.1 Learning and development program goals and
organizational growth objectives are identified to match the specific knowledge
and skills requirements of competency standards
2.2 Learning delivery methods are appropriate to the
learning goals, the learning style of participants and
availability of equipment and resources
2.3 Workplace learning opportunities and coaching/
mentoring assistance are provided to facilitate individual
and team achievement of competencies
2.4 Resources and timelines required for learning activities
are identified and approved in accordance with
organizational requirements
3. Monitor and evaluate 3.1 Feedback from individuals or teams is used to identify
workplace learning and implement improvements in future learning
arrangements
3.2 Outcomes and performance of individuals/teams are
assessed and recorded to determine the effectiveness
of development programs and the extent of additional
support
3.3 Modifications to learning plans are negotiated to
improve the efficiency and effectiveness of learning
3.4 Records and reports of competency are maintained
within organizational requirement
Management
4. Develop team 4.1 Open communication processes to obtain and share
commitment and information is used by team
cooperation 4.2 Decisions are reached by the team in accordance with
its agreed roles and responsibilities
4.3 Mutual concern and camaraderie are developed in the
team
5. Facilitate 5.1 Team members actively participated in team activities
accomplishment of and communication processes
organizational goals 5.2 Teams members developed individual and joint
responsibility for their actions
5.3 Collaborative efforts are sustained to attain
organizational goals

Learning and  Coaching, mentoring and/or supervision
development needs  Formal/informal learning program
 Internal/external training provision
 Work experience/exchange/opportunities
 Personal study
 Career planning/development
 Performance appraisals
 Workplace skills assessment
 Recognition of prior learning
Organizational  Quality assurance and/or procedures manuals
requirements  Goals, objectives, plans, systems and processes
 Legal and organizational policy/guidelines and
requirements
 Safety policies, procedures and programs
 Confidentiality and security requirements
 Business and performance plans
 Ethical standards
 Quality and continuous improvement processes and
standards
Feedback on  Formal/informal performance appraisals
performance  Obtaining feedback from supervisors and colleagues
 Obtaining feedback from clients
 Personal and reflective behavior strategies
 Routine and organizational methods for monitoring
service delivery
Learning delivery  On the job coaching or mentoring
methods  Problem solving
 Presentation/demonstration
 Formal course participation
 Work experience

Management
 Involvement in professional networks
 Conference and seminar attendance
 Induction
Evidence Guide
Competence  Identify and implement learning opportunities for others
 Give and receive feedback constructively
 Facilitate participation of individuals in the work of the
team
 Negotiate learning plans to improve the effectiveness of
learning
 Prepare learning plans to match skill needs
 Access and designate learning opportunities
Underpinning  Coaching and mentoring principles
Knowledge and Attitude  Understanding how to work effectively with team
members who have diverse work styles, aspirations,
cultures and perspective
 Understanding how to facilitate team development and
improvement
 Understanding methods and techniques for eliciting and
interpreting feedback
 Understanding methods for identifying and prioritizing
personal development opportunities and options
 Knowledge of career paths and competency standards in
the industry
Underpinning Skills  Ability to read and understand a variety of texts, prepare
general information and documents according to target
audience; spell with accuracy; use grammar and
punctuation effective relationships and conflict
management
 Communication skills including receiving feedback and
reporting, maintaining effective relationships and conflict
management
 Planning skills to organize required resources and
equipment to meet learning needs
 Coaching and mentoring skills to provide support to
colleagues
 Reporting skills to organize information; assess
information for relevance and accuracy; identify and
elaborate on learning outcomes
 Facilitation skills to conduct small group training sessions
 Ability to relate to people from a range of social, cultural,
physical and mental backgrounds
Management
equipment,
Assessment Methods Competence may be assessed through:
knowledge
Context of Assessment Competence may be assessed in the work place or in a

Management
TOP
Unit of competence Monitor and manage business operations
Unit Descriptor This unit is concerned with the operation of the business and
with implementing the business plan. The strategies involve
monitoring, managing and reviewing operational procedures.
It is suitable for existing micro and small businesses or a
department in a larger organization.

1.1 Action plan is developed to provide a clear and coherent
1. Develop operational
direction in accordance with the business goals and
strategies
objectives
1.2 Occupational Health and Safety and environmental
issues are identified and strategies implemented to
minimize risk factors
1.3 Strategies for using existing, new or emerging
technologies are developed and implemented where
practicable to optimize business performance
1.4 Performance measures, operational targets and quality
assurance issues are developed to conform with the
business plan
1.5 Structured approach to innovation, including the
utilization of existing, new or emerging technologies, is
developed to respond to changing customer
requirements
2. Implement operational 2.1 Systems and key performance indicators/targets are
strategies implemented to monitor business performance and
customer satisfaction
2.2 Systems to control stock, expenditure/cost, wastage/
shrinkage and risks to health & safety are implemented in
accordance with the business plan
2.3 Staffing requirements, where applicable, are maintained
within budget to maximize productivity
2.4 The provision of goods/services is carried out in
accordance with established technical, legal and ethical
standards
2.5 The provision of goods/services meets time, cost and
quality specifications in accordance with customer
requirements
2.6 Quality procedures are applied to address
product/service and customer requirements
3. Monitor business 3.1 The achievement of operational targets is regularly
performance monitored/reviewed to ensure optimum business
performance in accordance with the goals and objectives
Ministry of Education Ethiopia Occupational Standard : Version 2

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Copyright March 2011
of the business plan
3.2 Systems and structures are reviewed, with a view to
more effectively supporting business performance
3.3 Operating problems are investigated and analyzed to
establish causes, and changes implemented as required
3.4 Operational policies and procedures are changed to
incorporate corrective action taken
4. Maintain networks 4.1 Relevant personal and professional networks identified
and maintained to support business operation
4.2 Strategies developed for use of networks to assist in
promoting the business and for monitoring changing
business requirements
5.1 Business plan is reviewed and adjusted as required to
5. Review business
maintain business viability in accordance with business
operations
goals and objectives
5.2 Proposed changes are clearly recorded to aid future
planning and evaluation
5.3 Ongoing research into new business opportunities is
undertaken and business goals and objectives adjusted
as new business opportunities arise

Legislation, codes and • award and enterprise agreements and relevant industrial
national standards instruments
relevant to the workplace • national legislative requirements affecting business
which may include: operation, especially in regard to Occupational Health and
Safety and environmental issues, industrial relations and
anti-discrimination
• relevant industry codes of practice
Operational strategies/ • business premises (eg size, location, layout)
procedures may be • purchase (sole or shared ownership) or leasing.
determined by: • premises, plant and equipment may be new or previously
owned.
• requirements may be one-off requirements or recurrent
requirements (such as equipment maintenance) specific
to the nature of the business
• use of existing, new and emerging technologies including
e-commerce
• plant and equipment , including OHS requirements
• physical and natural resources
• methods/techniques/technology
• management and administrative systems and procedures
• technology
• raw materials
Occupational Health and • establishment and maintenance of procedures for
Safety and environmental identifying risks to health and safety

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issues must include: • establishment and maintenance of procedures for
assessing and controlling risks
• controls may include instructions to workplace personnel
concerning: site hazards and controls, material safety
data sheets, use of personal protective equipment,
vehicle access, signs and barricades, traffic control,
outside contractors
• waste and by-products
Business goals and • goals, objectives, plans, systems and processes
objectives may include: • short, medium or long term goals
• financial projections
• customer needs/marketing projections
• proposed size and scale of the business, market focus of
the business
• lifestyle issues
Business outputs may include:
• products
• services
Operational targets may • internal targets which may relate to size, quality, quantity
include: and diversity, wages to sales, sales to area/stock
levels/stock turnover/average debtor payment periods
and levels
• external targets which may relate to market share and
positioning and may involve exploring new markets,
building national or international trade links
• targets which may be short, medium or long term
• staffing level and skills mix
Technical standards may • any current and generally agreed descriptions of what the
include: product/service is, how it should be produced/delivered
and the quality, safety, efficiency or other measures to
determine the activity is done effectively
Networks may include: • personal contacts
• professional associations
• business/ industry association contacts
• formal/ informal/ individual/ group/ organizational contacts
And may assist in the provisions of information on:
• business trends
• changes in business environment
• client requirements
• technical support
• financial advice
Evidence Guide
Competence • develop strategies to successfully manage the
operation of the business by interpreting information and

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• make appropriate adjustments to the business
operations as required
Underpinning Knowledge knowledge of:
and Attitudes • National legislative requirements affecting business
operation, especially in regard to Occupational Health
and Safety and environmental issues, EEO, industrial
relations and anti-discrimination
• OHS responsibilities and procedures for managing
hazards
• technical or specialist skills relevant to the business
operation
• relevant industry codes of practice
• identification of relevant performance measures
• quality assurance principles and methods
• role of innovation
• principles of risk management relevant to the business,
including risk assessment
• relevant marketing, sales and financial concepts
• methods for implementing operation and revenue
control systems
• systems to manage staff, control stock, expenditure,
services and customer service
• methods for monitoring performance and implementing
improvements
• methods for developing and maintaining networks
Underpinning Skills • interpret legal requirements, company policies and
procedures
• communication skills including questioning, clarifying,
reporting
• numeracy skills for performance information and
financial control
• technical skills as relevant to the business
• ability to relate to people from a range of social,
cultural
• and ethnic backgrounds and physical and mental
abilities
 Access is required to real or appropriately
simulated situations, including work areas,
materials and equipment,

Page 3 of 116
 Practical assessment by direct observation of
tasks through simulation/Role-plays
 questioning or interview on underpinning
knowledge
 Portfolio Assessment (e.g. Certificate from
training providers or employers)
Assessment methods must confirm the ability to access
and correctly interpret and apply the essential
underpinning knowledge

Page 4 of 116

EOS Crop Productio and Marketing Management LIV

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EOS Crop Productio and Marketing Management LIV

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Occupational Standard: Advanced Crops Production and marketing Management

Occupational Code: AGR CPM

AGR CPM4 01 0311 AGR CPM4 02 0311 AGR CPM4 03 0311

AGR CPM4 04 0311 AGR CPM4 05 0311 AGR CPM4 06 0311

AGR CPM4 07 0311 AGR CPM4 08 0311 AGR CPM4 09 0311

AGR CPM4 10 0311 AGR CPM4 11 0311 AGR CPM4 12 0311

AGR CPM4 13 0311 AGR CPM4 14 0311 AGR CPM4 15 0311

AGR CPM4 16 0311 AGR CPM4 17 0311 AGR CPM4 18 0311

AGR CPM4 19 0311 AGR CPM4 20 0311 AGR CPM4 21 0311

AGR CPM4 22 0311 AGR CPM4 23 0311 AGR CPM4 24 0311

AGR CPM4 25 0311

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Variable Range statement

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Resources Implication The following resources MUST be provided.

Ethiopia Occupational Standard:

Element of competence Performance Criteria

Variable Range statement