Grade

11
Self-Learning Module
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
in

Lesson: MOLECULES OF LIFE

(Biological Macromolecules
Quarter: I Week: 4 Day and Time:

Learning competencies:
1. Explain how the structure of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
acid, and protein determine their properties and functions .

Learning Tasks:
Study Notebook WORKSHEET
 Pre-Test (1-2)  PAGE 10
 Post-Test (8-9)

I. INTRODUCTION
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the field of
Physical Sciences. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
The module has two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Biological Molecules

PRE-TEST
Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

1. What is a biological molecule?

A. Any living thing.
B. Any nonliving thing.
C. The building block of life.
D. Organic molecule is found in any organism.
2. Also known as a simple sugar, this is a carbohydrate monomer.
A. Disaccharide C. Nucleotide
B. Monosaccharide D. Polysaccharide
3. Organic molecules that always contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, often in a 1:2:1 ratio.
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipids D. Proteins
4. A biological polymer made of amino acid monomers is a _______.
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipids D. Proteins

5. What are the four biological molecules?

A. water, air, earth, and life

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 B. alkane, alkenes, alkynes, alkune
C. calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen
D. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
6. Monosaccharides are particularly important in the study of nutritional science. Among the following
monosaccharide is used in dextrose and blood sugar.
A. Fructose B. Galactose C. Glucose D. Sucrose
7. These carbohydrate molecules are arranged in long chains in either a straight or in a branched structure.
A. Disaccharide C. Nucleotide
B. Monosaccharide D. Polysaccharide
8. A large folded chain of amino acids.
A. Enzyme B. Monosaccharide C. Polymer D. Protein
9. Which of the four major biological macromolecules can be easily identified by the nitrogen base and
phosphate found in its structure?
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipid D. Protein
10. Which of the following best describe a DNA molecule?
A. Contain ribose C. Double helix
B. Contains uracil D. Made of amino acids
_________
III. A. DISCUSSION OF CONCEPTS
Lesson 1 : Biological Macromolecules
Living organisms, even the tiniest creature, have a complex structure of different chemicals. Lack or
excess of each of the chemicals will not sustain life. Understanding how one macromolecule affects a living
organism is crucial. Humans, for example, require to intake a certain amount of food every day for us to
survive. But what's in our food that is so important in our body? How do those "things" affect us?
Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a wide array of
functions necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms. The four major classes of biological
macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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1. Carbohydrates
The word carbohydrate may be broken down into carbon and hydrate. From the chemical formula
of carbohydrate, notice that the ratio of C: H: O is 1: 2: 1, which can be rewritten as Cn(H2O)n.
Carbohydrates can be seen as hydrates of carbon. This is a traditional but incorrect understanding of
carbohydrates but it still presents a useful picture of the molecule.
Another term for carbohydrates is a saccharide. This term is derived from the Latin word
Saccharum referring to sugar--a common carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are classified either as simple or
complex. Simple sugars are known as monosaccharides and disaccharides while complex sugars are called
polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of the human body. The different saccharides that
humans eat are converted to glucose which can be readily used by the body. Around 4 kilocalories are
derived from one gram of carbohydrate. Should there be excessive consumption of carbohydrates, the
excess is converted to glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen is a slow-releasing
carbohydrate.
a. Monosaccharide (one saccharide)
These are the only sugars that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. Disaccharides and
polysaccharides must be ultimately broken down into monosaccharides in the digestive process known as
hydrolysis. Only then can they be utilized by the body. Three monosaccharides are particularly important
in the study of nutritional science: glucose, fructose, and galactose.
a. Glucose - used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form utilized by the human body
b. Galactose - found in milk and milk products
c. Fructose - found in fruits and honey
Note: The above monosaccharides all have the same chemical formula of C6H12O6 and its structure is
the one that made the difference in its properties.

b. Disaccharide (two saccharides)

Disaccharides, on hydrolysis, yield two monosaccharide molecules. Three particular disaccharides
warrant discussion in a lesson on nutritional science: sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
a. Maltose Glucose + Glucose - found in malt

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 b. Sucrose Glucose + Fructose - found in regular table sugar, sugarcane, and sugar beet
c. Lactose Glucose + Galactose - found in milk and milk products

Note: Individual saccharides are connected via glycosidic bonds. A water molecule is released when
two saccharides are combined.

c. Polysaccharide (many saccharides)

Like the disaccharides, the polysaccharides cannot be directly utilized by the body. They must first
be broken down into monosaccharides, the only sugar form the body can use. Polysaccharides contain up
to 60,000 simple carbohydrate molecules.
These carbohydrate molecules are arranged in long chains in either a straight or in a branched
structure. Four polysaccharides are important in the study of nutritional science: starch, dextrin, glycogen,
and cellulose.
a. Starch / Amylose - composed of 250 - 400 glucose molecules connected via α-1-4-
- glycosidic bond
- Storage form of glucose in plants
b. Amylopectin - like amylose but has more branches attached via an α-1-6 glycosidic bond
- Storage form of glucose in plants
c. Glycogen - composed of more glucose, more highly branched (same type of bond asamylopectin)
- Storage form of glucose in animals, stored in the liver and muscles
d. Cellulose - composed of glucose units connected via β-1-4 glycosidic bond, linear chain arranged
in a parallel manner
- Structural material in plants--cell wall in wood, wood fiber
-Cannot be digested by humans

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2. Proteins
The word protein came from the Greek term proteios meaning first. One can think of protein as the
beginning of life. From egg albumin being pure protein to sperm and egg cells, we all start from proteins.
Proteins are composed of four elements, namely, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Sulfur and
other metals are sometimes also found in proteins. If carbohydrates are made up of saccharides, proteins
are made up of amino acids. An amino acid is a molecule that has an amine and a carboxyl group. Below is
the structure of the amino acid.

Figure 1.6
Image
modified from
OpenStax
Biology's modification of work by
The National Human Genome Research Institute.
Source: https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/71225d815cafcc09102504abdf4e10927283be98.png
• •
• Protein structure depends on its amino acid sequence and local, low energy chemical bonds
between atoms in both the polypeptide backbone and in amino acid side chains.
• Protein structure plays a key role in its function; if a protein loses its shape at any structural level,
it may no longer be functional.
• The primary structure is the amino acid sequence.
• The secondary structure is local interactions between stretches of a polypeptide chain and
includes α-helix and β-pleated sheet structures.
• Tertiary structure is the overall the three-dimension folding driven largely by interactions
between R groups.
• Quaternary structures are the orientation and arrangement of subunits in a multi-subunit
protein.

Examples of proteins and their structure and functions

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 a. Keratin
Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails. It is a highly cross-linked protein-
containing α-helix and β-pleated sheets. Sheep's wool is made largely of keratin.
b. Fibroin / Silk protein
Fibroin is found in silk. Silk has a smooth and soft texture. It is one of the strongest natural fibers
that have high resistance to deformation. It is also good insulation. Silk is primarily composed of β-pleated
sheets. The long polypeptide chain doubles back on its running parallel-connected together by H-bonds.
c. Collagen
Collagen is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as tendons,
ligaments, skin, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye. It comprises as much as 30% of proteins in animals. Its
strength is attributed to its triple helix structure comprising of α-helices braided together. When several
triple helices combine, they form the fibrils that make up connective tissues.
d. Enzymes
Function to catalyze chemical reactions. They either speed up a reaction, lower the
needed energy for a reaction to take place, or bind substances to their specific partners.
Enzymes themselves are very specific as can be seen in their shape. Examples of enzymes are
below:
Lipase - helps in digestion of fats
Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units)
Sucrase - also called invertase, help in the digestion of sugars and starches
e. Myoglobin
Myoglobin is a polypeptide that stores oxygen in muscles. It is a globular protein comprised of 153
amino acids in a single polypeptide chain. It contains a heme group that has an iron (II) ion at its center.
This is where oxygen is stored.
f. Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a globular protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream. It is
composed of four subunits, each containing a heme group that enables it to transport four oxygen
molecules at a time.
3. Lipids
The word lipid comes from the Greek word lipos which means fat. Lipids are a family of
biomolecules having varied structures. They are grouped simply because of their hydrophilic property
(water-fearing). They are soluble in non-polar solvents such as ether, acetone, and benzene. Lipids can be
classified into four categories:
a. Wax c. Phospholipids
b. Triglycerides d. Steroids
A lipid molecule consists of two main components: glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is an alcohol
with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyls (OH) groups. Fatty acids have a long chain of
hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group attached and may have 4-36 carbons; however, most of them
have 12-18. In a fat molecule, the fatty acids are attached to each of the three carbons of the glycerol
molecule with an ester bond through the oxygen atom.

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The major function of fats is energy storage.
➢ A gram of fat stores more than twice as much energy as a gram of a polysaccharide such as starch.
➢ Because plants are immobile, they can function with bulky energy storage in the form of starch. Plants
use oils when dispersal and compact storage is important, as in seeds.
➢ Animals must carry their energy stores with them and benefit from having a more compact fuel
reservoir of fat.
➢ Humans and other mammals store fats as long-term energy reserves in adipose cells that swell and
shrink as fat is deposited or withdrawn from storage.
4. Nucleic Acids
The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic
acid). DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic code of organisms. It is fondly termed as the blueprint
of life. RNA, on another hand, carries the information from the DNA to the cellular factories for the
synthesis of proteins. If carbohydrates are composed of saccharide units, proteins of amino acids, and
lipids of fatty acids, nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.
Nucleic acids are also known as polynucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts:
a. Nitrogenous base
b. Five-carbon carbohydrate or sugar
c. Phosphate group
The nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA are:
DNA’s: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), & Thymine (T) RNA’s: Adenine (A), Guanine (G),
Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U)

DNA has a different sugar group than RNA. DNA has deoxyribose while RNA has ribose.

Structure of Nucleotide http://study.com/academy/lesson/nucleotides-structure-components-quiz.html

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 DNA RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid
Description It contains the genetic It is responsible for the template
instruction used in the in the synthesis of proteins which
development and functioning of in turn control the operation and
all living organisms function of the cell
Function Long-term storage and Transfer the genetic information
transmission of genetic for the creation of proteins from
information the nucleus to the ribosomes
Sugar and Bases Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
Phosphate backbone; Phospate backbone; Four Bases:
Four Bases: adenine, guanine, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
cytosine, and thymine uracil
Pairing of Bases A-T (Adenine-Thymine) A-U (Adenine-Uracil)
G-C (Guanine-Cytosine) G-C (Guanine-Cytosine)
Summary of the difference between the two kinds of nucleic acids.
Source: http://www.diffen.com/difference/DNA_vs_RNA
The process by which an identical copy of the original DNA is formed is called DNA replication. An
analogy of DNA replication is opening a zipper. As you open, each side of the zipper acts as a template for
the synthesis of a new, complementary strand. The result is two new DNA molecules, which have the same
base pair sequence as the original double helix.
Proteins are the ones responsible for observable traits like curly hair, blue eyes, dark skin, etc. DNA
and RNA molecules direct the synthesis of proteins in the cells.

Post-Test
Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
1. Which of the following is TRUE about biological molecules?
A. Any living thing.
B. Any nonliving thing.
C. The building block of life.
D. Organic molecule is found in any organism.
2. Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a wide array of functions
necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms. What are the four major classes of biological
macromolecules?
A. water, air, earth, and life
B. alkane, alkenes, alkynes, alkune
C. calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen
D. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
3. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in your body?
A. Build walls in plants.
B. Help to store energy.
C. Give immediate energy.
D. Speed up chemical reactions.
4. What group of biological molecules contains DNA and RNA?
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipids D. Proteins
5. Which of the following sugars is a monosaccharide?
A. Fructose B. Galactose C. Glucose D. Sucrose
6. What is the formula of Glucose?

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 A. C3H16O36 B. C6H12O6 C. C12H6O6 D. C32H12O10
7. What are the monomers of a polysaccharide?
A. Amino acids C. Nucleotides
B. Monosaccharides D. Triglycerides
8. Which statement below DOES NOT describe an enzyme? Enzymes…
A. are proteins C. speeds up a reaction
B. catalyzes a reaction D. being used up during the reaction
9. The biological macromolecules composed of multiple units of amino acids is
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipid D. Protein
10. What are the three components of a genetic molecule?
A. Sucrose, Fructose, and Lactose
B. A carbon group, a pentose sugar, and Oxygen
C. A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and oxygen base
D. A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

PRE-TEST POST-TEST

1. D D
2. D D
3. D D
4. C C
5. A D
6. C D
7. D A
8. A C
9. C C
10.C D

References
A. Books and Downloaded Files
Licuanan, P.B. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School Physical Science, Baesa,
Quezon City, QC: CHED K to 12 Transition Program Management Unit
Physical Science Curriculum Guide
Physical Science Curriculum Guide—MELCs
DepEd-IMCS. Science Grade 10 Learner’s Material, Pasig City, Philippines
Biology, 2nd Edtion—Cecie Starr/Cristine A. Evers/Lisa Starr, pp 22-43
B. Internet and other Sources
• https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/one/carbs_story.htm
• https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/26-structure-of-
dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html
• https://www.britannica.com/science/nucleic-aci

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 ROSALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR DEPARTMENT
Don Antonio Village, Rosales, Pangasinan

INSTRUCTION: Detach and submit this Worksheet together with the activity sheets.

WORKSHEET
Name: Rona Grace M. Martinez
Subject: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grade/Section: 12 HUMSS B
Subj. Teacher: Glacymae Quinto Week: 4 - Quarter 1

I. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Pair Me!
Directions: Pair column A with the description in column B. Write the letter of your answer in the space
provided before each item.

Column A Column B
______ 1. Collagen a. carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream
_____2.Keratin b. A substance used to speed up a reaction
______ 3. Hemoglobin c. major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissue
______ 4. Enzymes d. fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails
______ 5. Fibroin e. strongest natural fibers found
Activity 1: True or False
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write your
answer on the space provided before each item.
_______ 1. Sucrose is a disaccharide
_______ 2. Starch is composed of many glucose units
_______ 3. Fructose is also known as blood sugar
_______ 4. Keratin is easily dissolved in water
_______ 5. Proteins are made up of nucleotides
_______ 6. The iron group of hemoglobin is called a heme group
_______ 7. A nucleotide has three parts: a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group
_______ 8. DNA has a double helix structure
_______ 9. Triglyceride is a protein
_______ 10. Generally, unsaturated fatty acids remain solid at room temperature

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