CONSUMER CHEMISTRY

Quarter 1 - Module 5 5

Introduction to Organic Chemistry:

Structure and Nomenclature of
Hydrocarbon Compounds

Writer
Riza B. Laxamana
Layout Artist
Sharon T. Landingin
Content Validator
Mrs. Sylvia Mamuyac
Ms. Eusebia Teresa Laggui Hachiles
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Structure and
Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon Compounds
First Edition, 2020

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Consumer Chemistry

Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Structure and
Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon Compounds
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before you start answering the Supplementary Learning Material (SLeM),
I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying the
lessons. Read carefully the instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the instructions indicated in every part of this SLeM.
2. Write in your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Keep in mind that
Writing develops and enhances learning,
3. Perform all the provided activities in the SLeM.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THIS MODULE

Expectations This will provide what will you will be able to know in
SLeM.

Pre-test This will assess your prior knowledge and the concepts to
be mastered throughout the lesson.

Looking Back This section will measure the skills that you learned and
to your Lesson understood from the previous lesson.

Brief This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

Introduction

Activities These are activities designed to develop your critical

thinking and other competencies that you need to
master. These can be done solely or with your partners
depending on the nature of the activity.

This section summarizes the concepts and applications of

Remember the lessons

Check your This will verify how you learned from the lesson.
Understanding

Post-test This will measure how much you have learned from the
entire SLeM

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 Expectations
Specifically, this module will help you to:
1. Define operationally what is organic chemistry
2. Classify the different organic compounds
3. Demonstrate how carbon atoms bond
4. Name and write the formula and structures of different types of hydrocarbon
5. Determine the importance of some organic compounds

Pre-Test

DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose and write the correct answer on
another sheet of paper.

1. What is the IUPAC name of a molecule with the formula C4H10?

A. hexane C. octane
B. propane D. butane
2. Which of the following formulas represent an alkene?
A. CH3CH2CH2CH3 C. CH3CH2CHCH2
B. CH3CH3 D. CHCH
3. Which of the following statements is not correct about the carbon bond formation ?
A. When two orbitals overlap in-phase with each other, a bonding molecular orbital forms.
B. When two orbitals overlap out-of-phase with each other, an antibonding molecular orbital forms.
C. When one of two atoms connected by a σ bond rotates about the bond axis, orbital overlap is lost.
D. When one of two atoms connected by a π bond rotates about the bond axis, orbital overlap is lost
4. Which of the following organic compounds is not a saturated hydrocarbon ?
A. Methane C. Hexene
B. Propane D. Octane
5. Which of the following structures is incorrect ?

Looking Back

In module 4, you have learned on how to classify certain substances as acids, bases and salts
. Let us see if you can still recall the concepts discussed in SLeM 4.

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 Can you still recall how do they differ from one another? Let’s have a simple activity to refresh
your mind. Below are pictures of matters in which you will classify into acid, base, or salt by coloring
the boxes below the pictures . Use the color codes below:

It is nice to know that you can still remember our previous lesson. Matters can also be classified
as organic compounds and inorganic compounds.
Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of carbon atoms in them while most
inorganic compounds do not have carbon atoms in them.
In this level, you will be able to determine the chemistry behind most of the food stuffs that we
consume every day such as sugar, fats, starch, vinegar, and the likes. These are basically made up of
organic compounds.

Brief Introduction

Organic Chemistry
During the eighteenth century, chemists believed that there were two distinct classes of chemical
compounds had existed. Those came from substances of plant or animal origin (organic) and those that
came from mineral origin (inorganic). During this time, several chemists believed that mineral origin
could not be changed to those with plant or animal origin. This idea supported the vitalist theory. The
chemists believed that a “vital” force was necessary to produce the carbon compound found in nature.
They said that this vital force was not humanly controlled.
Can you still recall how do they differ from one another? Let’s have a simple activity to refresh
your mind. Below are pictures of matters in which you will classify into acid, base, or salt by coloring
the boxes below the pictures . Use the color codes below:
It was Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882), a German chemist, who challenged this idea by
synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate in his laboratory. Urea is one of the constituents of urine,
which is a substance associated with life. This discovery helped convinced the scientists of that era to
abandon the vitalist theory. They also concluded that life’s compounds were uniquely simply because
they contained the element carbon. This conclusion gave birth to organic chemistry, the study of
carbon compounds. Today, the field of organic chemistry encompasses all the compounds of carbon
compounds. Today, the field of organic chemistry encompasses all the compounds of carbon

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(except carbonates), metallic carbides, cyanides and cyanates. There are over six million known organic
compounds. Many occur naturally, but a large number have been prepared synthetically in the
laboratory.

Hydrocarbons
Basically, hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only two kinds of bonds- carbon-bond
compounds and carbon-hydrogen bonds. Being non-polar molecules, hydrocarbons are poor conductors
of electricity and have low boiling and melting points. Most of these hydrocarbons are deposited
beneath the Earth’s surface in the form of petroleum and natural gas.
Hydrocarbons are important because they are used as fuels and as raw materials for chemical
reactions.
You learned that gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil come from petroleum. Petroleum or crude
oil is a mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons formed in the Earth by the decomposition of
plant and animal matter. The process took place millions of years ago involving the action of bacteria,
heat and pressure.
Crude oil as it comes out from the Earth is sticky. It has to undergo the process of separation
and chemical change to provide us with fuels, lubricants, solvents , asphalt , rubber, plastics, fertilizers,
etc.
Hydrocarbons are classified into two main types : aliphatic and aromatic

A. Aliphatic hydrocarbon
It is an open chain hydrocarbon that is odorless. It is categorized into two groups: saturated
hydrocarbon or alkane or paraffin and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
There are probably more than 60 trillion names used to describe a number of compounds of
carbon. Naming these compounds using common names would be a tremendous task. To solve this
problem, scientists came up with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
nomenclature system. The rules of this system are as follows:
For hydrocarbons (alkane, alkene, alkyne )
Do the following tasks:
1. Select the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule. Refer to the hydrocarbon name in
table 3. This becomes the base name.
Table 2
Prefixes of Hydrocarbons
Number of Carbon Root Word Number of Carbon Root Word
Atoms Atoms
1 Meth- 7 Hept-

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 2 Eth- 8 Oct-
3 Prop- 9 Non-
4 But- 10 Dec-
5 Pent- 11 Undec-
6 Hex- 12 Dodec-

2. Add the following endings to the base name.

- ane – alkane
- ene – alkene
- yne – alkyne

Number of Carbon Root Word Alkane Alkene Alkyne

Atoms Members Members Members

1 Meth- Methane Methene

2 Eth- Ethane Ethene Ethyne

3 Prop- Propane Propene Propyne

3. Write the molecular formula by just simply following the general patterns.

Number of Root Molecular Formula Molecular Formula Molecular

Carbon Word Formula
Alkane Members Alkane Members
Atoms
Alkane Members
C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n
C n H 2n-2

1 Meth- Methane - CH4

2 Eth- Ethane - C2H6 Ethene – C2H4 Ethyne – C2H2

3 Prop- Propane - C3H8 Propene – C3H6 Propyne – C3H4

4. Number the chain beginning that is closer to the double or triple bond. To indicate the position of
the multiple bonds, use a prefix number before the alkene or alkyne’s name.
Examples

3. Name the branced hydrocarbons by changing – ane to –yl ( alkyl ).

For alkanes, number the chain that is closer to the branch. Refer to the following examples.

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 If identical substituents are present , use the prefixes di, tri , tetra , etc, and indicate the numbers.
Separate the numbers with a comma . If different substituents are present , arrange them
alphabetically.

Examples

Isomerism
Isomerism is another reason why there are so many organic compounds. Isomers are those
organic compounds with the same molecular formula, but with different bond orders. The term “isomer”
comes from the Greek word iso which means ‘the same’, and mer meaning ‘part’. There are two major
classes of isomers: the structural isomers in which atoms have different partners and the stereoisomers
in which atoms have the same partners but are arranged in space. Organic compounds like alkanes,
show structural isomerism. The number of carbons per molecule increases as the compound gets more
complex; the number of possible isomers for any given formula gets bigger and bigger.
All of these compounds have the same molecular formula, C5H12, but they have different
structural formulas, which give them different properties.
Figure 3, shows three structural isomers of C5H12.

Figure 3; isomers of C5H12

Cycloalkanes
The cycloalkanes, has a cyclic or ring structure; the smallest ring contains three carbon atoms. The
cycloalkanes have the general formula CnH2n, and the IUPAC names are consistent with those of the
alkanes. Cycloalkanes are used in fuels and the synthesis of other important organic compounds. For
example, cyclohexane is used to prepare the adipic acid in making make nylon, an important fiber.

Cyclopropane – C3H6 Cyclobutane – C4H8

Figure 4 : Examples of Cycloalkanes

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B. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

It is a closed chain hydrocarbon which has a special type of smell (odour). Those compounds of
hydrocarbon which are composed from hydrogen and carbon and have the branches like benzene, called
aromatic hydrocarbons. General formula of the members of this series is CnH2n-2. There are various
compounds like benzene; toluene, napthalene, anthracene etc.These are examples of aromatic
hydrocarbon in which benzene is the simplest one. Sometimes aromatic hydrocarbons are also called
Arenes.
The term ‘aromatic’ came up because earlier compounds found with a ring structure had pleasant
fragrances. It turned out, however, that the ring had nothing to do with the smell. Some aromatics, like
aspirin, are odorless.
One of the most important examples of aromatic hydrocarbons is benzene.
It was Michael Faraday who first isolated benzene. But it was Friedrich August Kekule (1829-
1896) who proposed in 1865 the benzene structure. He saw in his dream a snake swallowing its many
tails and rolling around loops. He then concluded that a benzene molecule consists of a ring of alternate
C=C and C-C bonds. Figure 5 illustrates different ways in which benzene may be presented or drawn.
Fig.5. Structures of benzene .

Activities
Activity 1: Organic Compounds, Are They Useful ?
Objective : Recognize the uses of common organic compounds

Materials : paper and pen

Procedure :

Complete the table about the uses of compounds .Using a check mark, indicate the uses of
compounds. You may have more than one check mark per sample depending on its use/s

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Table 1 : Organic compounds and their uses:

Organic Compounds

Gasoline Ethanol Acetone LPG Kerosene Acetic

Acid

Beverage
Uses Food

Antiseptic

Fuel

Cleaner
(This activity is adapted ,with minor modification from Glencoe Physical Science Texas Edition (1997)Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Companies Inc.,page 369)

Questions :

Q1.What do you think are the characteristics of organic compounds? Give their uses :

Q2. Why do you think these kinds of organic compounds are very important?

Activity 2 : Construct Me

Objective : To Identify and illustrate how hydrocarbons bond

Materials: atom kit, copies of organic note, packets of marshmallows, raisins, and toothpicks
Procedure:
Construct a structure of a hydrocarbon using marshmallows, raisins, and toothpicks. The marshmallows
should be the hydrogen atoms, the raisins should be the carbon atoms, and the toothpicks will be the
bonds.
A. 1-Pentene
B. Hexane
C. 3-Heptyne

Questions:
1. Draw the expanded structural formula of 1- pentene, hexane, and 3-heptyne .

2. Which among the three compounds has a single bond, double bond, and triple bond ?

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 Remember these:
• Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
• Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only two kinds of bonds- carbon-bond compounds
and carbon-hydrogen bonds.
• Isomers are those organic compounds with the same molecular formula, but with different
bond orders.
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons are all hydrocarbons that do not contain benzene rings.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain the benzene rings or similar structural
features

Check Your Understanding:

Read and analyze the following questions. Apply what you learned from this lesson.
1. Give two reasons for the existence of many carbon compounds.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

2. Differentiate a saturated from an unsaturated hydrocarbons.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3.Write the condensed or expanded structural formulas of the following

A. 2- Hexene

B. 3- Octyne

C. Decane
4. Direction: Fill in the boxes correctly by supplying the needed words from the given clues below.

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 Post-Test

DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose and write the correct answer on another sheet
of paper.
1. What is the the IUPAC name of a molecule with the formula C8H16?
A. Butane C. Octane
B. Methane D. Octene
2. Which of the following formulas represent alkyne?
A. CH3CH2CH2CH3 C. CH3CH2CH CH2
B. CH3CH3 D. CHCH
3. Organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon hydrogen bonds.
Which of the following is true about organic compounds?
A. Decomposition occurs at very high temperature
B. Do not conduct electric current
C. High melting and boiling point
D. soluble in water
4. Which of the following is the use of butane.?
A. It is used for cooking
B. It is used as solvents in the laboratory
C. It is used in lighter
D. It is used to produce in glue for shoes , leather products, etc.
5. Which of the following has the highest boiling point? Refer to the table below.

Name Molecular Melting Boiling Point Normal State

Formula Point oC o
C

Methane CH4 -182 -161 gas

Ethane C2H6 -183 -89 gas

Propane C3H8 -188 -42 gas

Butane C4H10 -138 -0.5 gas

A. Butane C. Methane
B. Ethane D. Propane

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References
WEBSITES
https://dochub.com/eveliasadullo/Gd71aZOw4ro8o2K2Q9AP3g/organic-compounds-activities
https://www.ck12.org/c/chemistry/hydrocarbon/lesson/Hydrocarbons-MS-PS/
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/hydrocarbon-types-and-importance-1456826246-1
https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrocarbon
BOOKS
S. Sta.Ana ( 2011 ): Exploring the Realms of Science- Chemistry JOES Publishing House Philippines
M. Cabaluna ( 2002 ) Science Series – Chemistry JOES Publishing House Philippines
S. Baum ( 1982 ) Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry Third Edition Macmillan Publishing
Co., Inc.
E. Mendoza ( 2008 ) You and the Natural World- Chemistry Second/Third Edition PHOENIX
Publishing House Philippines
A. Mapa ( 1997 ) Science and Technology III – Chemistry Revised Edition VIBAL Publishing House
Philippines

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Ernesto Rondon High School Project 6 , Quezon City

Email Address: ernesto.rondon@deped.gov.ph

Telephone no. 7-7990846 / 4531616

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