TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Development (17 hours) …..1
Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and ………...3
Technology
Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution ………………………………………16
Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building ………………22
Unit 2: Science, Technology and Society and the Human Condition …….38
(18 hours)
Topic 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and……40
Technology
Topic 5: Technology as a Way of Revealing …………………………45
Topic 6: The Good Life ………………………………………………49
Topic 7: When technology and humanity cross ………………………57
Unit 3: Special Issues in Science, Technology and Society ……………...66
(18 hours)
Topic 8: Information Age …………………………………………….68
Topic 9: Biodiversity and the Health Society ………………………...73
Topic 10: The Nanoworld …………………………………………….83
Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy ……………………………..88
Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic) ……………………......99
 Unit 1:
General Concepts and
STS Historical Development
(17 hours)

Introduction

Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not have
imagined that our status of science and technology would be as robust as
today. Our current understanding about the nature and the world is a result of
constant over throwing of paradigm wherein an old paradigm like Geocentric
Model is replaced by a paradigm that has a higher content and explanatory
power like the Heliocentric Model. Such is termed scientific revolution. This
is just one of the many theories that were challenged in the history of Science
and have helped shaped our society.

Development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact
in the history but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and
country as a whole. In this unit, you will learn how science and technology has
greatly influenced the development of the Philippine society. You will
evaluate different government policies and programs to see how they have
shaped the nation. You will also learn significant inventions and projects
accomplished by Filipinos that greatly develop the countries’ science and
technology, and have been a major contributor to the Philippine
nationbuilding.

This unit will allow you to time travel through the antecedents of science and
technology; lets you investigate how the present status of science and
technology came into being, and explore the major turns in the course of
global and national history that led it to its exhilarating and captivating
development.
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:

• Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;

• Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and

the environment;

• Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;

• Explain how intellectual revolution change the way how humans see the
world;

• Describe the technological advancements that happened in the information

age;

• Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;

• Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in

terms of their contributions to nation building; and

• Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and

appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science

and Technology

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

• Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society;

and
• Explain the impact of the development of science and technology to
the environment
 Activating Prior Learning

In order to understand past, one has to look back and revisit it. In like manner,
we are going to take a look at our very rich history and study what are the
major turns in the development of Science and Technology that had led us to
the innovation of cutting edge and sophisticated Technology in the present.

Your task is to fill in the K-W-L chart below by jotting down what you have
known and what are the things that you would like to know about our
historical antecedents in terms of Science and Technology.

What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned

Presentation of Contents

Science and Technology in Ancient Times

In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and

navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and
protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and
Technology keeps on advancing in order to meet the growing needs of people
along these areas. Due to the constant innovation introduced by Science and
Technology, which has the end goal of improving lives and making the work
easier, faster and efficient, our society respond by changing as well. These
changes are evident as each ancient civilization keep on creating technology
that has been modified and that is being used today.

To name a few, Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first
writing system called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce food, they
invented plowing, irrigation and dikes and wheel for farming. Throughout the
existence of this civilization, their main mode of transportation was through
waterways such as rivers and seas. They are also known to develop the first
road.

On the other hand, Babylonian civilization, which emerged near Tigris and
Euphrates River were famous for being great builders, engineers and
architects. One of major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon which
one of the seven wonders of the world.

Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform ("Redirect Notice",

2019)
 Figure 1.2 Hanging Garden of Babylon ("Image: Hanging
Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia", 2019)

Another civilization that is known for its renowned archeological artifact like
the death mask of Tutankhamen and Pyramid of Giza is the Egyptian
Civilization. Also, ancient Egyptians are known for their earlier contributions
like water clock or clypsedra, paper or papyrus, ink and a system of writing
known as hieroglyphics. They have also invented cosmetics for aesthetic
reason. Meanwhile, during this time, wigs were worn by wealthy Egyptians to
protect the shave of the heads from the harmful rays of the sun.

Figure 1.3 Death Mask ("Google

Figure 1.4 Pyramid of Giza ("Google Image Result for

Image Result for https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynami

https://www.timetrips.co.uk/ep c/25/590x/Can-you-see-the-flaw-682241.jpg",
tutmask1.jpg", 2019) 2019)

Figure 1.5 Papyrus ("Image: Figure 1.6 Hieroglyphics ("Image:

Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Hieroglyph | writing character |
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ...", Britannica.com", 2019)
2019)

Apart from being the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major
achievements of Greeks include in-depth works on Philosophy and
Mathematics. They are also celebrated for their contribution to the world like
coliseum, Olympics, alarm clock and water mill.
 Figure 1.6 Greek Coliseum Figure 1.7 Olympics ("Image: ("Image: the
coliseum (greece) - The Olympic Games YouTube", 2019)
[ushistory.org]", 2019)

Perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west, Roman
Empire was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. Other
civilizations looked up to it as a model in terms of codified laws and
legislation. They are also celebrated for the invention of newspaper, bound
books or codex. In terms of architecture and engineering, Romans are known
for building elaborate churches, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters
and residential houses. They have also devised their own number system
which is the Roman Numeral System.

Figure 1.8 Roman numeral system Figure 1. Roman aqueduct

("Google Image Result for ("Image: Roman Aqueducts—
http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/ Ancient Engineering Marvels",
user_upload/roman-numerals.jpg", 2019)
2019)

Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, China is known for the silk
trade, tea production, gun powder and the living legend great wall of China.
 Figure 1.10 Silk Road ("Image: Silk Figure 1.11 The Great Wall of
Road - HISTORY", 2019) China ("Image: Great Wall -", 2019)

Science and Technology in Middle Ages

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations.
Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in
the fields of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production and health. The
wars have resulted to population decline. However, in the later part of this
period, there was significant increase in population. Trade and commerce
among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation
technology. Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.

To facilitate record keeping, woodlock printing developed by Chinese was

improved by the time of Johann Gutenberg with a cast type printing press.
This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which
was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented to
address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many
people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write (Streissguth, 1997).
 Figure 1.12 Johann Gutenberg Printing Press ("Image: Johannes
Gutenberg Printing Press Stock Photos & Johannes ...", 2019)

Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations

caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more
people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more
people getting sick. With this, experts needed to a device to study microorganisms
in order to develop proper medicines for illnesses. Guided by the principles used
for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to
develop the first compound microscope (Davidson, 2015).

Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope ("Image: Molecular

Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...", 2019)

Since the Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for
nautical inventions was high. The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument
that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators
during this time.
Great development in the weaponry technology also occurred in this era. This
include cross bows and long bows. Additionally, in close range hand-to-hand
combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need
addressed by the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were
heavy and limited the movements of the soldiers, chainmail was invented to
solve the problem.

Science and Technology in Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards

demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient
means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance.
Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and
easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish
connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the
development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the
modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and
medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great
concern.

As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs
of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. Louis
Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve
the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products
to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this
process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also
prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010).
Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine
included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and

transportation. This led to the development of kerosene and the petroleum
refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, petroleum is widely used in
powering automobiles, factories and power plants, among others.

The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed
a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other
in real time. Governments likewise needed some kind of communication
system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important
dayto-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest time
possible. Thus, the invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one
of the most important inventions at that time.
 Figure 1.15 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone ("Image: Inventor of the
Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History", 2019)

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more
complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since
they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern
calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like
computer.

Science and Technology in the Philippines

Even in Philippines during precolonial times up to modern times, the

advancement of Science and Technology has been equated to socio-economic
progress and political sovereignty and security. So, let us briefly take a look
on how science and technology in the Philippines developed into its current
state.

Precolonial Science and Technology in the Philippines

There had been activities linked to technology during this period that included
use of fire, pottery-making and use of herbal medicines. Early Filipino settlers
had their own methods of farming in fact Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering feat during pre-colonial era. They also
utilize stones for recording purposes, extract iron from ore and practice
smelting and refining. It has also been noted that they had learned to build
boats for coastal trade and barter system in trading goods and resources with
the neighboring countries.
Generally, Filipinos during this period are highly superstitious. Though they
can already read and write using their own system of writing, no trace of
record has been found yet to prove that they had written literary tradition
during this time.

Figure 1.16 Banaue Rice Terraces, Manunggul jar and caracoa (ship) (from left to
right)
Photos taken from https://bit.ly/3ffWoo, https://bit.ly/30kYMpz and

Colonial Science and Technology in the Philippines

Spanish Regime

The colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards contributed to the growth

of science and technology in the archipelago. The Spaniards introduced
formal education and founded scientific institution. During the early years of
Spanish rules in the Philippines, the parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced
methods of agriculture were imparted to the natives. The study of pharmacy
and medicine, engineering in the islands constructing government buildings,
churches, roads, bridges and forts were given priority during this era while no
attention was given to agriculture and industry since Spaniards were dependent
to Galleon trade. During the latter part of the 19th century, Meteorological
studies were promoted by Jesuits who have established the Manila
Observatory. The first public typhoon warning was issued by Fr, Federico
Faura in 1897.
 Photo taken from Figure 1.17 Manila Observatoryhttps://bit.ly/2PeMTv3

At the end of the Spanish regime, Philippines had shifted from agricultural to
exporting economy. The lack of support and interest from the government for
industries like weaving had led to the failure of surviving the competition with
foreign imports.

American Regime

There was a rapid advancement of Science and Technology during the

American regime which was made possible through the efforts of the
government in granting scholarships for higher education in Science and
Engineering and extension public education system especially free primary
education, introduction of science and industry and vocational courses and
public health programs in the system and establishment of science research
agencies. To note, during this period, University of the Philippines Los Baños
was established for the promotion of higher
education in the sciences and government research institutions and agencies
performing technical functions.

Unfortunately, the educational and scientific engagement of Filipinos in the

country was put to halt when the second world war broke in the Pacific region.
The center for of all educational and scientific activities which Manila were
utterly razed to the ground destroying the infrastructures and facilities.

Figure 1.18 University of the Philippines Los Baños Photo taken

from https://bit.ly/33k8BFV

Post-Colonial Science and Technology in the Philippines

In 1957, shortly after the world war II, the then President Ferdinand E. Marcos
received a report on the deterioration of Science and Technology in the
country. The report analyzed the causes of this decline -- the lack of
government support; dearth of scientists of high training and ability; low
morale of scientists and a lack of public awareness of Science. It made several
recommendations towards a long-range development of science in the country.
Consequently, Congress enacted the Science Act of 1958.

The Science Act created the National Science Development Board (NSDB) to
formulate policies for the development of science and coordinate the work of
science agencies. The Act also created the Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC) that explored the use of atomic energy for economic
development and the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and
placed these, along with the NRCP, under the NSDB. In addition, Philippine
Coconut Research Institute was added to NSDB to modernize coconut
industry, as well as Textile Research Institute

Recognizing that technology was the leading factor in economic development,

President Marcos channeled additional funds to support projects in applied
sciences and science education. In 1972, he created the National Grains
Authority to provide for the development of the rice and corn industry,
Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support the progressive
development of agriculture, forestry and fisheries for the country. It was also
during his regime when Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of
National Defense was established to provide environmental protection and to
utilize scientific knowledge to ensure safety of the people.

Figure 1.19 Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA)
Photo taken from shorturl.at/isUZ0
During President Corazon Aquino’s administration, the National Science and
Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet.
The Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with
the first Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) was created. Its goal is
for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year
2000.

Figure 1. 20 Department of Science and Technology Photo taken from

shorturl.at/qCIQ0

Application

Your task
1. Write down the top 10 invention in the World and in the Philippines
2. Determine persisting needs were addressed by each invention
3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society

Feedback

1. Fill in “What I have Learned” column by writing down what you have learned
from this topic
What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned

2. Create a collage on the inventions in the Philippines and the world

Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

• Discuss paradigm shifts through history;
• Explain how intellectual revolution changed how humans see the world; and
• Select a revolutionary scientist and present a persuasive speech representing
his/her theory

Activating Prior Learning

You may have read about different theories that worked and were believed to
be true during ancient times. In Astronomy, for example, you have learned
that Sun is the Center of the Solar System and that the planets, including
Earth, are revolving around it in an elliptical orbit. However, people in ancient
times believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Early beliefs also
claimed that human beings were created through “Divine Creation” but this
was replaced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. These
are just some of the examples of early theories that were challenged in the
history of Science.

What were the great Intellectual Revolutions that significantly shaped our
Society? What made these new theories controversial? Who were these people
or groups of people behind these upheavals that permanently changed the
course of history of Science? What were their needs, and what were their
struggles that motivated them to engage in such scholarly contribution?

This topic will lead you to some of the answers of these aforementioned
questions. Moreover, this topic describes how science and technology theories
paved the way for the Enlightenment and our current understanding of some of
the fundamental concepts of Science and of the world.

Presentation of Contents

The Man who moved the Sun

The way people think about Solar System has changed many times throughout
history. Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on
what can be seen by the naked eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar
System was structured was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that
planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the
Earth, a concept which is known as geo-centrism. This geocentric model,
considered to be one of the greatest discoveries of all time, was widely
accepted by the people and became the astronomical dogma in Western
civilization for 1,400 years.

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by

putting sun at the center of the solar system and known as the concept of
heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many
since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first
before all other things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.

Figure 2.1 Bold Man who challenged the Theory of Divine

Creation ("Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs.

Geocentric Astrology - YouTube", 2019)

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants,

animals and fossils during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th
century. Darwin's theory of evolution challenged the idea that God made all
the animals and plants that live on Earth in a single day, which contradicted
the commonly held Christian views of his era. He did not publish his scientific
work and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.

Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were

enhanced by many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded
scientists and his developing knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed the
theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual
organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a
characteristic, individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are
more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the characteristics that have
enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation.
This is called Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.

Figure 2.2 shows that individual organisms had a common ancestor and
evidence supports that life originated from single cell bacteria and archaea
some 3.5 billion years ago.

Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

 Figure 2.3 Theory of Creation ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

The Father of Psychoanalysis

In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy.
Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late
19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of
psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained that
there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and
emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting
elements: id, ego and superego.

Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since
concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that
Freud’s theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could
support it.

Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in
fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating
some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand the
concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying
psychology as a science.

Application

What’s New

What we had just studied are the major intellectual revolutions in the past. At
present, what are the widely acceptable theory that could explain

1. Celestial Mechanics

2. Evolution of human beings

3. Psychoanalysis

Feedback

Direction: Conduct an interview to non-science majors about intellectual

revolutions and present the synthesis of your interview to the class. (Note:
Kindly prepare an interview schedule prior to the conduct of the interview)

Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

 • Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation
building;

• List noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their major
contributions in shaping the Filipino nation;

• Identify science and technology policies of the government; and

• Appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the Filipino

nation.

Activating Prior Learning

Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by
completing the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch
the movie clips and read the short article listed below to get some ideas. Happy
watching and reading!

Questions to Ponder:
1. What roles do science and technology play in the
developmental progress of the country?

Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward

Link: https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
2. The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Link: https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg

Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation
building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka,
34(3), p.113. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

From your readings and from the videos you watched, complete the diagram
below by enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the nation.
Then, choose one from your list and explain it to the class.

Role of S&T in
Nation Building
Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson.

Presentation of Contents

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre – Colonial Period

Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and
technology has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal
– raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of
technology is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by
ancient Filipinos in their everyday life.

Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built
the rice terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting,
cooking, fishing, and also for fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They
used indigenous technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation,
both on land and on waterways.

The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now
considered as indigenous science or folk science.

Colonial Period

Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads,

bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more
sophistication using some engineering skills and tools brought by the
Spaniards. In addition, Spanish colonizers developed health and education
system in the country.

The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the
country. They established the Bureau of Science to initiate the development in
the field of science and technology.
 https://r.search.yahoo.com/_-Manila:history www.triposo.com

Bureau of Science and Insular Laboratory (Image yahoo search result

www.pinterest.com)

Post – Colonial Period

After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines,

under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and
technology. Each leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is
important to note that some Philippine presidents introduced more
developments in the field than others, which you will find out soon as you
course through this topic.
Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of Science
and Technology in the Philippines

Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration

Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)

-lack of support of experimental work

-marginal budget for scientific research
-low salaries of scientists employed by the government
-established the National Science Development Board
 Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986)

-directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in

public high schools
- channelled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences
and science education
- he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of
the Philippine Science Community
- scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on
fisheries and oceanography
- added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the
coconut industry.
- support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential
Decree No. 49, s. 1972
- he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the
National Academy of Science and Technology
- He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life
Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños (Executive
Order No. 840, s. 1982)
- he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science
High School to encourage careers in science and technology
-established other research institutes like PAGASA, National Grains Authority,
Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company among
others

Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)

- National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the

Department of Science and Technology
- science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained
economic growth was highlighted
- created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up
with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP
- Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the
“Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.”
- gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent
application assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their products
domestically and abroad
- R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to
free education up to the secondary level
- “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological
literacy among Filipinos

Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)

-significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and

technology field
 -addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao
- government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up
professions related to S&T
- Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of
hightech equipment for student
- Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established
- award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have
been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act or Republic
Act No. 7459)
- programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Technology
-enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in the field
of science and engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994)
- enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293)

Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)

- launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation

technologies
- establishment of one science high school in every province
- advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age, -
passage of the e-Commerce Act

Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010)

- the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed

as the "golden age“ during her term
- Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment
and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's economic
level
- the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping
the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia
- Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by strengthening
the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS),
which focuses in science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum
- imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector
through Mechanization (AFMech)

President Benigno S. Aquino III (2010 – 2016)

- Educational reform by shifting to K – 12 educational system -

Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) is
created in response to the call of President Noynoy Aquino for a
more accurate, integrated, and responsive disaster prevention and mitigation system,
especially in high-risk areas throughout the Philippines.
- Signed the E.O 2016 on May 20, 2016: Adopting the policy on ensuring
sustainable renewable energy resource management and mandating the Department of
Energy (DOE) to lead in its implementation

President Rodrigo R. Duterte (2016 – present)

- Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion or TRAIN law was signed
in December 2017. It’s primarily a revenue-generating measure to
fund the administration’s infrastructure program, health, education,
and social services programs.

- Signed the Balik Scientist Law (R.A. 11035) on 15 June 2018 that would give more
incentives to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers who would
share their expertise in the country.
- Increased the budget of DOST yearly strengthening the S&T capability of the country
- Signed the Philippine Space Act in August 8, 2019 creating the Philippine Space
Agency (PhilSA)
- The current administration supports the Philippine Space Program, which launched
space satellites Diwata – 1 and Diwata – 2 in 2016 and 2018, respectively
- Moves ‘Science and Technology Week’ to November to ensure maximum
participation of schools, stakeholders and the public considering the change in the
academic calendar of most educational institutions
- Republic Act (RA) No. 11293 otherwise known as the “Philippine Innovation
Act” was signed by President Duterte on April 17, 2019 in order to foster innovation
in the country as a vital component of national development and sustainable economic
growth.
(Images from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines)

Filipino Scientists and their Inventions

Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their
contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation.

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal energy

development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered an electric light
bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the first geothermal power
generated in the Philippines.
Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988)

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing

alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the production of
ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut.
 Pedro Escuro (1923 - )

Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of nine
rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice breeding in the
country. The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are: Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil 26
and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and C-12.
Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986)

Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry science in the

Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods of production for
the poultry and livestock industry.

Felix Maramba

Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator. He also is

the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas systems.

Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)

Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the phytochemical

properties of plants in the Philippines for natural products, essential oils,
and the medicinal qualities.

Emerita De Guzman

Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the propagation of pure

macapuno trees. Her research led to the faster propagation of pure
macapuno trees and increased macapuno nut production from 3-5
macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980). She also invented tissue culture
techniques for the rapid propagation of abaca and banana plants.

Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011)

Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that lead to the
invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving device

Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978)

Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented,

made improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the
twoway television telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a "photo
phone signal separator network"; discovered the physical law of
electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around 1930);
invented an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as fuel (1952).

(Google image result for Famous Filipino Scientists or Inventors)

 For more information, please go to the links provided below, then watch and
read the following:

Watch: 1. Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc

Read: 1.The Philippine Men and Women of Science.

http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf
2. Philippine Great Inventions

Application

Let’s have some practice, shall we?

Activity 1: Take a Roll on the Roles

Form groups of 5 and choose 1 role of S & T from the diagram you did at the
beginning of this topic. Perform a simple role-play that manifests the role of S
& T that you have picked. Below is a rubric to rate your performance. Do this
within 15 minutes. Enjoy acting!

Criteria Exceeds Expectation Meets Expectation Needs Improvement

(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

Understandi  Factual information  Factual information is  Information is

ng of Topic is accurate mostly accurate inaccurate
 Indicates a clear  Good understanding  Presentation is off
understanding of of topic topic
topic
Teamwork  Accepts ideas of  Accepts most ideas  Group does not work
others; able to without negative together
compromise comments; able to  One person does all
 All members compromise the work
contribute  Some members
contribute
Presentation  Shows confidence  Shows some  Portrayal stalls
 Informative confidence  Lacks information
 Entertaining; engages  Presents some  Audience bored
audience information  Mumbles
 Speaks loudly and  Engages audience
 Body language is
clearly  Can be heard lacking; inappropriate
 Appropriate use of  Some use of body
body language language
Activity 2: Back Through Time

A. This activity is meant for you to revisit our country’s rich historical
background on its journey to scientific and technological progress.
Your class will be divided into 5 groups, where each group shall
choose one period to elaborate the development of S&T in each period
and its contributions and implications to the present society. Complete
the table below. Present your output to the class

a. Early Filipino/ Pre – colonial period

b. Spanish Colonization
c. American Regime
d. Japanese Colonization
e. Post – colonial period

Period State of Contribution Science Implications

S&T of the period culture and of S&T and
during the in the practices/ science
period development Society’s culture of
of S&T norms each period to
during the the present
period
Note: Please read the article below for additional information

A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili

Link: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-
thephilippines_pdf#download-require

Activity 3: New Generation Science Genius

Utilizing internet resources, find photos of modern Filipino scientists and their
respective inventions/ discoveries. Describe the inventions and their major
contributions in the development of our nation.
 Insert Picture Insert Picture Insert Picture
of the of the of the
Scientist/ Scientist/ Scientist/
Inventor Here Inventor Here Inventor Here

Feedback

1. List some policies/programs of the government that steers the nation’s

Science and Technology forward. Describe these policies briefly, and give
their Pros, as well as their Cons. Support your claims by citing examples of
their positive/negative impact to our nation’s development.

Policy/ Program Pros Cons

(then cite examples of (then cite examples of

Positive Impacts) Negative Impacts)
1.

2.

3.

2. Take photos (maximum of 10) that depict the use of science/technology in

your community. Put a brief description on each of your photo (name of
technology and its purpose). Upload your work in social media, and try to
elicit comments from the viewers, then have a sharing with the class next
meeting.

Summary

In this unit, you have learned the different contributions to Science and
Technology of each epoch of human history- Ancient, Medieval and Modern
Times. Necessity and adversity drive people to think and invent technology to
address the needs and problems they encountered in everyday life. These
inventions paved way to major developments from ancient to modern society
and along with it, the transmission of scientific and technological knowledge
that influenced our very own notion of the world.
The advent of technology opens the door for more scientific endeavors in the
quest of unravelling the mysteries of the natural world, and hence the birth of
scientific revolution. The revolution had sparked human creativity and critical
thinking, and by this time, many a discovery and scientific ideas were
developed, and new scientific paradigms were generated which had
overthrown previous paradigms. This manifests that scientific knowledge is
not permanent, and subject to constant change through careful research and
experimentation.

In the Philippines, even before period of colonization, our society has been
faring on its improvement in terms of Science and Technology especially in
agriculture, handicraft and medicine. During colonization, there was a slow
growth of S&T since majority of its sophistication is brought about by the
foreign invaders. The establishment of Bureau of Science by Americans paved
the way for the initial growth of S&T in the country. During post-colonial
period where Philippines had given the autonomy for executive,
administrative, judicial and legislative operations, different programs and
policies of the government gear towards reinforcing progress of S&T. Many
Filipinos were renowned not only in the national but also around the global
society for their outstanding feat.

Reflection

Think about these

1. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major revolutions?
Why?

2. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did

not take place?

3. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major revolutions?
Why?

4. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did

not take place?
 5. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was it in a good
way, otherwise, or both? Explain how.

References:

A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili

Retrieved from: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-andtechnology-
in-the-philippines_pdf#download-require

McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and
Society (1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building.
Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

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