Mendelian principles

01. Independent assortment or genes occurs due to the orlentation of chromosomes at

a. metaphase of mitosis b. metaphase I of meiosis

C. metaphase II of meiosis
d. any phase of the cell division

02. Conside tnree ependently-assorting genes in humans: A, B and C. What is the probability that a mother
of genotype AaBBCc and a father of genotype AAbbCc will produce a child of genotype AABbcc?

a. 1/2 b. 1/4
C. 1/8 d. 1/16

In a dihybrid cros AABB x aabb, F2 progeny of AABB, AABb, AaBB and AaBb occurs in the ratio of
03.
a. 1:1:1:1 b. 9:3:3:1
C. 1 : 2 : 2 : 1
d. 1:2:2:4

04. How many types or gametes will be produced by individuals of AABbcc genotype?

a. Two b. Four
C. Six d. Nine

05. If Drosophila males of genotype AaBb are crossed with females of genotype AABB, what is the percentage
ofwhite-eyed wrinkle-winged offspring in the first generation (a-white eye, A-red eye; B-smooth
b-wrinkled wings)?
wings
a. 0% b. 10 %
C. 20% d. 25%

06. If the number of alleles in a population is n, then

P. n different homozygous genotypes are possible.
Q. n(n 1)/2 different heterozygous genotypes are possible.
R. n(n + 1)/2 different genotypes are possible.
S. n(n+ 1) different genotypes are possible.
a. Q, R and S b. P,Q and R
C. Q and R d. P,Q,R and S

07. Which of the following genotypes would produce the greatest variety of gametes if the alleles assorted
independently?
a. aa BB Cc Dd b. Aa Bb CC Dd
C. aa bb CC DD d. AA BB CC Dd
 A trihybrid cross AA BB rr x aa bb RR Is made In a plant specles In which A and B are dominant to thei.
08.
respective alleles but there is incomplete domlnance between R and r. Assuming independent assortment
consider the F2 progeny from this
cross.

P. Total 12 phenotyplc classes are expected.

of the parental aa bb RR genotype is 1/64.

Q. The probability
R. The progeny would be expected to be homozygous for all three genes are 1/8.
S. Total 8 phenotypic classes are expected.

a. P,Q and R b. P, R and S

C. Q and R d. P,Q, R and S

09. In Mendel's experiments with Garden Pea, round seeds shape (RR) were dominant over wrinkled seeds (r)
yellow cotyledons (YY) were dominant over green cotyledons (yy). What are expected phenotypes in F2
generation RRYY x rryy?

a. Only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons.

b. Only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons.

c. Only round seeds with green cotyledons.
d. Round seeds with yellow cotyledons and wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons.

10. Flower color in peas shows complete dominance, with the P allele (for purple) being dominant over the 'p'
allele (flowers with pp genotype are white). Flower position in this organism also shows complete dominance
with the'A allele (for axial) being dominant over the 'a' allele (flowers with aa genotype are terminal, that
is, at the end of the stem). Assume that you have a pea plant which has the flower phenotypes of purple
and axial. This plant is allowed to self-fertilize. Which of the following is true concerning the plants produced
as offspring of this self-fertilization?
P If the original plant were a double heterozygote, then there will be four different phenotypes.

Q. If the original plant were homozygous for both of the genes, then there all the offspring will have the
same phenotype.

R. If there are two different phenotypes in the offspring, they will be present in a ratio of 3:1.

S. There will either be one, two or four ifferent phenotypes in the offspring. Three different phenotypes
would not be possible.
a. PandQ b. P, Q and R
C. Q, R and S d. P,Q, R and S

11. Consider the following three dihybrid crosses that began with pure-breeding strains of plants that can self-
fertilize. Assume that one of these pure-breeding strains has the genotype AAbb and the other has the
genotype aaBB.
Cross I: Both genes show complete dominance.
Cross II: Both genes show incomplete dominance.
Cross I11: One gene shows complete dominance and the other shows incomplete dominance.

The Fl plants which arise from these crosses are allowed to self-fertilize. Which of the following is true about
the F2 offspring of these crosses?

P.The genotype ratios ill be 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 in the offspring from all three crosses.
Q. The genotype ratios will be 1:1:1:1 in the offspring of all three crosses.
R. The phenotype ratios will be the same in the offspring of all three crosses.

S. Cross I will have the smallest

number of different phenotypes in the offspring.
a. P and Q b. P, Q and R
C. P and S d. P,Q, R and S
 In mice, the A' allele of the agoutl gene is a recessive lethal allele, but it is dominant for yellow coat color.
12. Thls gene is not on the X-chromosome. Mice homozygous for the A allele display the agouti phenotype. The
albino gene shows complete dominance with the homozygous recessive genotype (cc) being epistatic to the
agouti gene. what phenotypes and ratlos of offspring would you expect from the cross of two mice with the
following genotypes?

Mouse 1: A'A Cc and Mouse 2: AA Cc

a. 1 yellow: 2 agouti:3 albino b. 3 yellow 0 agoutl: 3 albino

C. 2 yellow:1 agouti: 3 albino d. 2 yellow: 2 agoutl: 2 albino

In rabbits, the dominant allele (B) codes for black body color and the recessive allele (b) codes for white
13.
body color. A cross between two rabbits produced 9 black and three white offspring. Which of the following
statements about this cross are most likely to be correct?

1. This is a monohybrid cross showing sex linkage.

2. This is a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes.
3. The male used in the cross was homozygous recessive.

4. The genotypes of the offspring could include Bb, BB, and bb individuals.
5. The female used in this cross was homozygous dominant.
a. 1 and 3
b. 2 and5
C. 2, 3 and 4 d. 1 and 4

14. In cats, the gene for coat color is found on the non-homologous part of the X-chromosome. The gene has
two alleles; B gives black coat, b gives yellow coat and Bb produces a mottled color called tortoiseshell. In
cats, females are homogametic (XX) and males are heterogametic (XY). A cross was carried out between a
female tortoiseshell and a black male. Which of the following statements could be true about this cross?
1. There is no chance of producing black male offspring.

2. All females will be black.

3. Males could be black or yellow.

4. Females could be black or tortoiseshell.
5. There is no chance of producing yellow male offspring.

a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 3

C. 3 and 4 d. 1, 2 and 3

15. Group I (Type of interaction) Group II (F2 phenotypic ratio)

P. Recessive epistasis 1. 12 3 : 1
Q. Dominant epistasis 2. 13 3

R. Duplicate recessive epistasis 3. 9 6:1

S. Dominant and recessive epistasis 4. 9:3:4

5. 9:7
6. 15: 1
a. P-2, Q-1, R-2, S-5 b. P-4, Q-1, R-5, S-2
C. P-6, Q-3, R-2, S-1 d. P-1, Q-5, R-3, S-4

16 In roses, the synthesis of a red pigment is carried out in two steps as shown below, conversions taking place
Dy the products of genes A and B which are not linked:

A colorless substrate Magenta colored Intermediate Red pigment

Product of gene A Product of gene B

 A plant homozygous for a null mutatlon of gene A Is crossed to a plant homozygous for a null mutation f
ls the F2 progeny expected from this cross?
gene B. In what ratio
a. 9 red : 4 colorless 3 magenta b. 9 red:3 colorless: 4 magenta
C. 9 red: 6 magenta : 1 colorless d. 15 red: 1 colorless

17. Two unlinked loci affect mouse hair color. AA or Aa mice are agout!. Mice with genotype 'aa' are albino because
all pigment production is blocked, regardless of the phenotype at the second locus. At the second locus, th
B' allele (agouti coat) is dominant to the 'b' allele (black coat). What would be the result of a cross between
two agouti mice of genotype AaBb?

a. 4 agouti: 4 black 8 albino b. 9 agouti: 3 black: 3 albino 1 grey

C. 9 agouti : 3 black: 4 albino d. 8 agouti: 4 black 4 albino

18. The pathway that determines blue petal color is controlled by two enzymes encoded by genes, w* and mt. A
null mutation in the w* gene produces white lowers, whereas à mutation in the m* gene produces magenta
flowers. A white flower is crossed to a magenta flower and all of the F1 progeny have blue flowers. If the F1
progeny are selfed, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the progeny?
a. 9 blue: 7 white b. 9 blue: 4 magenta: 3 white
C. 9 magenta: 4 white: 1 blue d. 9 blue: 3 magenta: 4 white

19. In roses, two pathways combine to produce orange colored flowers in wild-type:

Enz 1
White Yellow
Orange
White Red
Enz 2

A rose homozygous for a non-functional Enz 1 mutant is crossed to a rose homozygous for a non-functional
Enz 2 mutant. If the F1 progeny are selfed, the F2 progeny will be
a. 9 orange: 7 white b. All orange

C. 9 orange:3 red 3 yellow: 1 white d. 9 orange: 4 red 3 yellow

20. Match list-I with list-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists.
List-I List-II
P. Incomplete dominance 1 Human skin color
Q. Codominance 2. Purple color in maize due to anthocyanin
R. Polygenes 3. Human being belonging to AB blood group
S. Complementary genes 4. Pink flower in four-o'clock plant
a. P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2 b. P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1
C. P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1 d. P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2

21. The most common cause of the pleiotropic effect of a gene is due to
a. the same product of the given gene being involved in different metabolic pathways.
b. the gene making very different products in different cell types.
C. the DNA sequence of the gene getting changed in cell specific manner

d. the gene not functioning in some cells.

22 A Woman with normal vision but with colorblind father marries a colorblind man. The fourth child of the couple
is a boy. This boy

a. may or may not be colorblind. b. must be colorblind.

C. must have normal vision. d. will be partially colorblind due to being heterozygous.
 23. A normal couple has seven hereditary
children (2 daughters and 55 suffer from a
disorder but none of the ugnters Three of the >
sons). Three sons
daughter is affected. Which Is the inheritance typer
a. Sex-limited recessive
b. Autosomal dominant
C. Sex-linked dominant
d. Sex-linked recessive
A 12
24. year old boy develops a disorder also present in his father. No one else in tne
affected. Which of the following modes of
inheritance is least likely?
a. Autosomal recessive
b. Autosomal dominant
C. X-linked recessive
d. Y-linked

25. A COlor Dina man and a

phenotypically normal woman have four children (each
boy witn nemophilia but no other traits; a boy with color blindness but no other traits; a
has 46 chromoso
color-Diind9

nootnertraits and a phenotypically normal girl (all traits mentioned are inherited as X-linked recessives)
What is the probability that the mother is
heterozygous for color blindness?
a. 1/4
b. 1/2
C. 3/4
d. 1

26. An X-linked recessive gene

produces red-green color blindness in humans. A woman with normal coOr vi
whose tather was colorblind marries a colorblind man. What is the probability that their son will be colorblind?
a. O
b. 1/4
C. 1/2
d. 3/4

27. Albinism is a condition that results from the lack of norrmal pigmentation. Individuals possessing two recessive
alleles (aa) are albino. Similarly, attached earlobes result from two recessive alleles (ee). In a family, the
husband is an albino with attached earlobes and the wife is pigmented with non-attached earlobes. All their
20 children are pigmented with non-attached earlobes. What is the genotype of the mother?
a. aaee b. aaEE L

C. AaEe d. AAEE

28. Male child with blood group AB is colorblind. His parents could be
a. father normal vision with blood group A, mother colorblind with group O.
b. father colorblind with group 0, mother colorblind with blood group AB.
C. father normal vision with blood group A, mother colorblind with blood group B.
d. father colorblind with blood group 0, mother normal vision with blood group O.

29. Assume that colorblindness in humans is a sex-linked trait controlled by one gene with two alleles
(CB
dominant to cb, individuals homozygous or hemizygous for the recessive allele being colorblind).. Consider
the following: a colorblind
man has children
colorblind. Which of the following is true?
with a woman who has normal vision, but whose father was
a. The probability that their daughters will be carriers is 1/4 for each daughter.
b. All of their daughters will have at least one recessive allele.
C. None of their sons will be colorblind.
d. The probability that their sons will be colorblind is 1/4 for each son.

30. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive human disease caused by one gene with two alleles
(CF dominant
to cf). A man who has a sibling with cystic nibrosis nas children with a woman who also
has a siblina with
cystic fibrosis. Neither the man nor the woman has cystic fibrosis, nor do any of their
parents. Which of the
following is true?
P. The probability that the man is a carrier and that the woman is not a carrier is 1/9
Q. The probability that they will have a child who has cystic fibrosis is 4/9.
 R. The probablity that they will have a child who has cystic fibrosis is 1/9
S. The probability that elther parent is a carrler Is 2/3.
a. Pand Q b. Q ands
C. R and S d. P ands

31. A female fruit fly from a strain with carnation eyes (a mutant color) and
pure-breeding normal body color
(brown) is crossed to a male from a pure-breeding strain with normal'red eyes and ebony body. The F
progeny consist of females with wild-type red eyes and normal brown body color plus males with
carnation
eyes and normal brown body color. When the F1 progeny are mated to each other, the F2
consists of four
types of females and four types of males, with the proportion of phenotypes the same in both
genders:
carnation eyes, normal body (3/8 of total)
red eyes, normal body (3/8 of total)
carnation eyes, ebony body (1/8 of total)
red eyes, ebony body (1/8 of total)

Are the genes for eye color and

body colorX-linked or autosomal?
a. The eye-color
gene is X-linked and the body color gene is autosomal.
b. The eye-color gene is autosomal and the
body color gene is X-linked.
C. Both genes are X-linked.

d. Both genes are autosomal.

32 Match list-I with list-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists.
List-I (Character of
man) List-II (Example)
P. Sex-linked 1. Baldness
Q. Sex-influenced 2. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
R. Sex-limited 3. Klinefelter's syndrome
4. Haemophilia
5. Tuft of hairs
(hypertrichosis) on pinna
a. P-4, Q-1, R-5 b. P-5, Q-3, R-2
C. P-5, Q-1, R-3 d. P-4, Q-3, R-2

33. In some sheep,

the presence of horns is produced by an autosomal allele
that is dominant in males and
recessive in females. A horned female is crossed with a hornless male. One
of the females of F1 is crossed
with a hornless male. What proportion of the male progeny from this cross wil have horns? What type of
inheritance is this?
a. 1/2 male progeny will be horned; maternal inheritance.
b. 1/2 male progeny will be horned; maternal effect.
C. 1/2 male will be horned; sex-linked.
d. 1/2 male will be horned; sex-influenced.

34. Sex limited inheritance

a. occurs due to gene present on X-chromosome only.
b. occurs due to presence of gene in only one sex.
C. occurs as a result of individual's sex hormones.
d. does not occur in animals.
 The following pedigree of a particular rare tralt mode of Inheritance of
35 depicts which of the following the
gene
a. X-linked recessive
b. X-linked dominant

C. Sex limited recessive

d. Autosomal dominant

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is sex-linked disease. What is the probability thata woman whose brotner
36.
has Duchenne's disease will have an affected child?
a. The total probability of the woman having an affected child is 1/64.
b. The total probability of the woman having an affected child is 1/32.
c. The total probability of the woman having an affected child is 1/16.
d. The total probability of the woman having an affected child is 1/8.

37. The following pedigree shows the inheritance of hemophilia in a human family. What is the probabilitythat1-2
is a carrier of the allele for hemophilia? What is the probability that Ill-1 will be affected with hemophilia?

II
T
III

a. The probability that II-2 is a carrier of the allele for hemophilia is 1/4 and the probability that III-1 will

be affected is 1/4.
b. The probability that II-2 is a carrier of the allele for hemophilia is 1/2 and the probability that III-1 will

be affected is 1/4.
C. The probability that II-2 is a carrier of the allele for hemophilia is 1/2 and the probability that III-1 will

be affected is 1/16.
d. The probability that I1-2 is a carrier of the allele for hemophilia is 1/2 and the probability that III-1 will
be affected is 1/8.

38. In the following pedigree, the affected male II-5 is affected with a genetic condition due to a rare recessive
allele (the symbols A and a to denote the dominant and recessive alleles).

T
I

III

PThe genotype of II-5 is aa.

T h e genotypes of I-1 and I-2 are Aa.

R. The probability that I1-2 is heterozygous is 2/3.

S. Assuming that I-1 has genotype AA, the probability that III-1 will be heterozygous is 1/3.
a.
P,Q and R b. P R ands
C. d. P,Q,R and S
Q and R
 39. The Inheritance of a given disorder Is recorded In three smal famlles shown below. Based on the
ne below
limited information, whlch one of the following Inherltance pattern best explains the observatione

Family 1 Famlly 2 Famlly 3

OTD
a. x-linked recessive b. X-linked dominant

C. Autosomal recessive d. Autosomal dominant

40.) The accompanying pedigree is for a rare, hereditary disorder of the skin.

II

III
O
IV

P. Disorder appears to be autosomal dominant because all affected individuals have an affected parent.
Q. Disorder appears to be recessive and X-linked.
R. Disorder appears to be dominant and X-linked.

S. The genotype of A and B are dd and Dd.

a. P and R b. Q and S
C. P and S d. Q and R

4 PKU is an autosomal recessive disorder. In the pedigree below, the couple marked B and C are planning to
have a baby but are worried that he/she might have PKU. Assume that people marrying into the pedigree
are not carriers unless there is evidence to the contrary.

Genotypes: +/+, p//p

OT Genotypes: +/- p/p, +/p, +/p

Genotypes: +/p, +/p, +/p, 2/3 +/p, 2/3 +/p, p/p

B

What is the probability that the couple marked B and C will have a child with PKU?

a. 1/4 b. 2/3

C. 1/6 d. 1/12
 42. nex
sin gene result in a bone disease called Shingularla. The shin gene is located
marKer called
DNA S50, which exlsts in three varlants of dlfferent sizes in humans.
Bejow i are
n shingularia and a gel showing the Marker ss0 size for each person. All bands on the ge
mode ofinheritance for the disease Shingularia is most consistent with the gree
nense. Which
and the information
on Marker S50?

I-1 1-2 II-1 I1-2 II-3

Marker S50 information

a. X-linked dominant b. X-linked recessive

C. Autosomal dominant d. Autosomal recessive

individuals are shown.

43. The pedigree below shows an autosomal dominant disease in a family. All affected
Below the pedigree are Southern blot results for a closely linked polymorphic Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
with four alleles (W through Z). Each blot result is directly below the tested individual. What is the predicted
status of the unborn child II-3? Assume no recombination has taken place.

for the disease gene.

a. Almost certainly affected, and heterozygous
and homozygous for the disease gene.
b. Almost certainly affected,
C. Almost certainly unaffected.
for predicting the status of II-3.
d. The marker is uninformative

44. Genetic mosaics have

chromosome.
P. a highly methylated
. an extra-chromosome.

R. an inactivated chromosome.
S. nuclei containing Barr body.
b. R and S
a. Q only
d. P, Q, R and S
C. Q and R
 A doctor was studying patients with Xeroderma pigmentosum and ran experiments to determine how many
53 any
different complementation groups were represented in their patient sample. Fibroblast cell lines were created
ted
from five different patients and fused with each other (all possible fusions were examined, as shown in table
The resultant heterodikaryons were then examined for their resistance to UV light, as indicated below.

Cell line number 1 2 3 4 5

1 + +

2 +

3 +

4 +

A (+) indicates resistance to UV damage, while a (-) indicates sensitivity to UV damage. The number of
complementation groups represented by these patients is which of the following?
a. 1 b. 2
C. 3 d. 4

54. Two genes control flower color in a particular species of pea plant. Three mutant recessive strains were
isolated, and two crosses were performed between these mutant individuals:
Cross A: Mutant 1 x Mutant 2

Cross B: Mutant 1 x Mutant 3

Cross A yielded wild-type individuals, whereas cros B yielded mutant individuals.

The best conclusion(s) would include which of the following?
1. Cross A demonstrates complementation.
2. Cross B demonstrates complementation
3. Cross A demonstrates that the mutations in the parental strains are in alleles of different genes.
4. Cross B demonstrates that the mutations in the parental strains are in alleles of the same gene.
a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 1,3
C. 1, 2, 4 d. 1, 3, 4
 51. To Investigate
the yeast
metabolic pathway for serine
(mutants which are unable to blosynthesis, you screen for serine auxotropns
grow without serine supplied in their
mutants, which are recessive to the growth medium). You isolate four sucn
with several intermedlates wild-type stralin, and you test them for growth on medium supplemented
(A, B and C) known to be part of the
(+represents growth, '' pathway. The results are shown belov
represents no growth).
Strain Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal
medium A B + C +serine
Wild-type
m1

m2

m3

m4

You then mate the haploid m1 strain

with the haploid m4 strain to create a diploid yeast strain
the mi and the m4 mutations. You carrying both
test the diploid for growth on the same conditions as above and observe
that the diploid exhibits the same
growth requirements as the mi or the m4 haploid. You create a haploid
strain that has both the m1 and m3 mutations. When
grown on minimal medium this haploid will accumulate
which of the following intermediate(s): A, B
and/or C?
a. Intermediate C will accumulate when this
haploid mutant is grown on minimal medium.
b. Intermediate A will accumulate when this
haploid mutant is grown on minimal media
C. Intermediate B will accumulate when this haploid is grown on minimal media.
d. None of the above.

52. You are studying a biochemical pathway in Neurospora that leads to the production of substance A. You isolate
a set of mutations, each of which is unable to grow on minimal medium unless it is supplemented with A.
By performing appropriate matings, you group al the mutants into four complementation groups (genes)
designated al, a2, a3 and a4. You know that the biochemical pathway for the production of A includes four
intermediates: B, C, D and E. You test the nutritional requirements of your mutants by growing them on
minimal medium supplemented with each of these intermediates in turn. The results are summarized in the
given table, where the plus signs indicate growth and the minus signs indicate failure to grow.

A B C D E

al

a2

a3

a4

Determine in what order the substances A, B, c, D and E are most likely to participate in the biochemical
pathway, and indicate the enzymatic steps by arrows.

al a3 a4
a. A E- C B D

a4
b. E B D A

a4 a2
C. D B- C E A

d. D
al
B- a2 C 23 FE 34,AA
 45. Which of the following is not correct about genomic imprinting?
a. It is an epigenetic effect.
b. It occurs as a result of acetylation of histone protein.
C.DNA methylation is responsible for imprinting.
d. Paternal and maternal alleles have different pattern of methylation.

46. A disorder which is linked to the Y-chromosome in humans (holandric) will

a. only be expressed in male whose mothers were a carrier of the gene.

b. never be passed from father to child.

C. show a pattern of skipping generations in a family.
d. be passed only from father to son.

47. Which of the following is not true about the human Y chromosome (in a male)?

a. It is a single linear DNA molecule.

b. Its genes are known as holandric genes.
C. It is packaged in nucleosomes.
d. During mitosis, prior to metaphase, it contains only one chromatid.

48. In Drosophila, sex is determined by

a. X and Y chromosomes.
b. ratio of pairs of X-chromosomes to the' pairs of autosomes
C. ratio of number X-chromosomes to the sets of autosomes.

d. whether the egg is fertilized or develops parthenogenetically.

In Drosophila, XXY is female. In humans it represents an abnormal male because

49.
a. Y-chromosome induces male traits in humans.

b. Y-chromosome is essential for female sex in Drosophila.

C. Y-chromosome is not essential for male sex in humans.

d. Y-chromosome is essential for male fertility but not for male sex.

to E) in the
0. Several mutants isolated, all of which require compound G for growth. The compounds (A
are
is not known. Each compound is tested
biosynthetic pathway to G are known, but their order in the pathway
In the following table, a plus sign indicates
for its ability to support the growth of each mutant (1 to 5).
growth and a minus sign indicates no growth.

Compounds tested
Mutant G
B C D E

What is the order of compounds A to E in the pathway?

a. E D » A >C»B » G b. E A >C » B > D » G
d. B C > D >A->E »G
C.
EB»C >D A >G