DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL SAIL TOWNSHIP,DHURWA RANCHI-4

NOTES FOR CLASS 12TH CHAPTER-9 SUB: PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS

Meaning of personality: The word personality is derived from Latin word ‘Persona’, which means
‘Mask’. Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearance. It is a
dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that influence his/her cognitions,
emotions, motivations and behavior in various situation.

According to Cattell : “ Personality is that quality which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a
given situation”.

Dimensions of personality: Dimension of personality are mutually integrated with each other very
closely but each dimension has its own area of operation. These aspects or dimensions of personality
together make the personality of an individual. In fact, personality is the collective as well as integrated
image of various dimensions such as Physical, Mental, Social and Emotional dimension.

 Physical dimension: It is based on the fact that first impression is the last impression. In fact,
physical dimension is related to good physique, good appearance, good health etc. usually, all
individual are impressed by person who have good height, well proportionate body weight,
good posture, bright face etc. On the contrary, an unconfident, stooping, weak person does not
give good impression at least in the beginning. The inner qualities do not matter in the
beginning. Balanced diet, physical exercise and other environmental factors improve physique,
appearance, health, posture and glow on the face of an individual.

 Mental dimension: It is related to mental and intellectual strength and abilities. Mental
dimension is to vital to be ignored. The real identification of personality lies in mental
dimension. Nobody can contribute to the society until and unless one is mentally sound and has
acquired ample of knowledge. Many great personalities of the world were not good looking but
they possessed mental and intellectual qualities. The development of thinking, reasoning,
intuition and judgment etc., are possible only through education. If one lays more stress on
struggles and learning, then he/she becomes more intellectual.

 Social dimension: An individual lives in a society in which socialization takes place. Man does
not live for himself alone, he lives for others too. Sociability is inherent in mans biological
nature. It can be said that the process of socialization starts right from the time of ones birth. He
is influenced in the first stance by behavioral patterns, customs, traditions, norms, standards
 and manners prevalent in the society. The social qualities like character, morality, etiquettes,
manners, work ethics, friendliness, good attitude, helpful nature, sympathy etc.

 Emotional dimension: It is related to emotional stability. To have emotional stability is an

Types of personality: The psychologists have divided the personality into four types, i.e., A,B,C and D.
These types of personalities are stated below.

1. Type ‘A’ personality: The individuals with this type of personality are very competitive. They are
self-critical. They are characterized by high working involvement. They are easily excited and
owing to that they usually fall prey to hypertension. They experience a persistent sences of
urgency. So they seem to be always struggling against the clock. They quickly become impatient
with delays. Such type of individuals can easily be aroused to anger, hostility and aggression.
2. Type ‘B’ personality: The individuals with this type of personality are not competitive in nature.
They are easy going and patient. They usually do not become angry and hostile. They are able to
express there emotions appropriately. They are able to cope with stress effectively. They are not
overachievers and overambitious in life. They are usually quite satisfied with their lives.
3. Type ‘C’ personality: The individuals with this type of personality have pleasing and appeasing
nature. They are unable to express their emotions specially anger. They are able to suppress
their emotions effectively. They are lethargic, passive, hopeless and pessimistic. They feel alone
and their loneliness begins at an early stage.
4. Type ‘D’ personality: The individuals with this type of personality usually suffer from high
degree of distress. They persistently suppress their feeling. Such people don’t share their
emotions with other person because they always have a fear of rejection and disapproval. They
are susceptible to high blood pressure, inflammation and depression. They have great risk of
premature death. They usually lead a poor quality of life.
 TRAIT AND TYPE (SHELDONS AND JUNGS CLASSIFICATION AND BIG FIVE THEORY)

Classification of William Herbert Sheldon: Success of an athlete or sportsperson comes from a

1. Endomorph: These individuals have short arms and legs. They have rounded physique. Their
limbs seem to be shorter because of excessive deposits of adipose tissue. It is hard for them to
loose weight. They have underdeveloped muscles. They have a capacity for high fat storage and
become fat easily. Sports and games, which require strength like weightlifting and power-lifting,
are most suitable for weightlifters.
2. Mesomorph: They have athletic physique and balanced body composition. They are able to
increase their muscle size quickly and easily. They have well developed rectangular body
shaped. They have thick bones and muscles. Their chest and shoulders are larger and broader in
comparison to their waistline. They have enough strength, agility and speed.
3. Ectomorph: They have weak constitution of body and usually face great difficulties in gaining
weight. They have flat chest and have less muscle mass. They have a quick metabolism to burn
fat. Their light body constitution makes them suited for aerobic activities.

Jung’s classification: C.G. Jung has classified personality on the basis of sociability character as
introverts, extroverts and ambiverts.

1. Introverts: These are the persons who share characteristics such as shyness, social withdrawal
and tendency to talk less. Owing to this characteristics such persons seems to be self centered,
unable to adjust easily in society or social situations. They are very sensible, rigid in ideas and
future oriented.
2. Extroverts: They have tendency to be friendly, outgoing, talkative and social in nature. They are
generous, supportive and courageous. They show interest in present reality then future. They
express their feeling openly. They are not affected easily by difficulties and troubles.
3. Ambiverts: There are only few persons who are pure introverts or extroverts. The remaining
majority of persons possess both the qualities of traits of introverts and extroverts such persons
are called ambiverts.

Big five personality theory: It is a well known fact that persons give different response to the same
situations. Indeed, the big five factors of personality are the five main domains which define human
personality and account for human differences. The big five personality is described below:

1. Openness: Person who likes to earn new things, new concept and enjoy new experiences
usually remain on the top in openness. Openness includes traits like being imaginative, insightful
and having a variety of interest.
2. Conscientiousness: Persons who have a high degree of conscientiousness are reliable and
prompt. Such persons remain organized, systematic, laborious and complete in all respects.
 3. Extroversion: Extroverts get their energy from interacting with other individuals, whereas
introverts get their there energy from within themselves. Extroversion includes the traits of
being energetic, talkative and assertive.
4. Agreeableness: Such individuals are friendly, cooperative, kind and gentle. Person with too
agreeableness may be more distant or aloof. They are usually kind, generous and sympathetic.

MOTIVATION, ITS TYPES AND TECHNIQUES

Motivation: The term ‘motivation’ is derived from the word ‘motive’. It is the combination of thought,
feeling or condition that causes one to act. Motivation means to be inspired to do something.

“Motivation is the inclination to peruse and persist in activities related to ones sports”

According to Alderman, “Motivation” is the general level of arousal to action in an individual.

Types of motivation: There are two types of motivation

a. Intrinsic Motivation
b. Extrinsic Motivation

 Intrinsic Motivation: It is internal. It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of
pleasure, importance or desire. Motivation is always intrinsic when the force comes from within
oneself. For example, when a person indulges in any sports to have mastery, to display
superiority or to gain social approval, it is an intrinsic motivation.

 Extrinsic Motivation: It is external. It occurs when external factors compel the person to do
something. Motivation is always extrinsic, when external forces, positive or negative produces a
behavioural change. In fact, extrinsic motivation includes factor that motivate the individual in
achieving the goals.

Techniques of Motivation: Various techniques of motivation are applied on sportsperson, which can be
enable them to achieve the top positions in the field of sports and games. These techniques of
motivation are described below:

a. Goal Setting: It is one of the most important techniques of motivation. If you do not set a goal,
you cannot achieve apex position in your life. Individuals should set goal according to their
capabilities and capacities.
b. Elaborate Arrangements of Competition: Sportspersons perform better in competition when
the arrangements of competition are elaborate. Without extensive arrangements of
competitions, good sportspersons also cannot perform well in such competitions.
c. Spectators: If there are a huge number of spectators, it will have a positive effect on the players.
But its effectiveness depends upon the experience and maturity of sportspersons.
 d. Verbal Comments: Various factors of motivation are applied at various stages. Verbal comments
should be applied during competition. It also varies according to the past experience of the
player.
e. Verbal comments: Verbal comments should be applied during competition. It also varies
according to the past experience of the player. Verbal comments should be used at appropriate
time.
f. Hypnotism: Motivation through hypnotism can be effective but, generally, it is discarded by
public. It has its scientific base. Simple and direct strength may be improved through hypnotism
if it is properly employed by a trained person.
g. Cash prizes, Certificates and Trophies: It is a good incentive to the sportspersons. It motivates
the individual.
h. Motivational music: It is particularly a good way to motivate sportspersons in training and prior
to competition but it should be inspirational one. Fast music during circuit training and slow
music during recovery period are appropriate.
i. Positive attitude: For proper motivation, the coaches should try to encourage positive attitude
among sportsperson. Players must have to think that they can achieve anything.
j. Positive self talk: With proper repetition of self talk can change a sportsperson belief system.

EXERCISE ADHERENCE, REASONS TO EXERCISE, BENEFITS OF EXERCISE

Exercise adherence: It is the combination of two words ‘exercise’ and ‘adherence’. Exercise means any
movement that makes you muscles work and requires your body to burn calories. Where as adherence
means “to stick”. In fact, exercise adherence refers to maintaining an exercise regimen for prolonged
period of time following the initial adoption phase. It can also be defined as the maintenance of an
active involvement in physical exercises.

Reasons to exercise:

1. Enhanced physical appearance: Everybody wants to have a good as well as healthy physical
appearance. Exercises can enhance our physical as well as overall appearance.
2. Improved psychological/ Emotional health: Exercise has been proven to provide a mood
booster as it release chemical like endorphins into our brain that help us to feel happier can
ease the effects of depression, ADHD and anxiety.
3. Feel more energized: Regular exercise gives us more energy or we feel more energized. A
workout can help oxygen flow more freely throughout the body and give us a much needed
brust of energy.
4. Decreased risk of diseases: Exercise builds up and improve circulation of white blood cells,
which we need to get rid of harmful bacteria that causes us to fall sick.
5. For controlling body weight: if the exercise is done regularly, it helps to control and manage our
body weight.
6. For long term health: Regular exercise can avert various cardiovascular diseases, diabities etc.,
in the long term.
7. For improved physiological health and fitness: Regular exercise improves the physiological
health. All the systems of the body become efficient.

Benefits of exercises :

1. Reduced risk of heart diseases: Regular exercise gradually reduced the stress related hormones
from circulating in the blood stream.
2. Helps in keeping correct body posture: By doing exercise, the strength of muscles increases,
which in turn, keeps the body posture in correct position.
3. Improves mood: Exercise makes most of the individual feel good and when they feel good their
good energy seems to elevate.
4. Boosts memory: Regular physical exercise boosts memory and ability to learn new things. In
fact, regular exercise increase hippocampus cells which are responsible for memory and
learning..
5. Reduces depression: Exercise is considered the most important element in comprehensive
treatment programmes for depression.
6. Strengthens bones and muscles: It can also slow down the loss of bone density that comes with
age. Exercise stimulates bone growth.
7. Improves mental alertness: By improving the circulation of blood and consequently that of
oxygen and nutrients, our brain can think better.
8. Enhances self esteem: Regular exercise has positive connection in enhancing self esteem. This
connection or relationship appears to be stronger with those who have lower self esteem.
9. Delays fatigue: Fatigue is caused mainly due to formation of CO2, acid phosphate and lactic acid
becomes less in an individual who exercises regularly.
10. Helps in early recovery from injury: Exercise helps repair body from damage done by injury.
When we increase muscular tissue and white blood cells by exercising, our body is better able to
reduce inflammation that occurs from injury.
11. Improves flexibility: Exercise improves the elasticity of tendons, ligaments and joint capsules.
Exercise also decreases the stiffness of joints.
12. Providing health benefits: Regular exercise gives a healthy, glowing look and is a natural anti-
ageing technique. It improves digestion.

STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING ADHERENCE TO EXERCISE

1. Simple exercise in the beginning: There is a simple rule for motor development i.e., simple to
complex. It should be applied to those who are fresher’s or novice. Simple exercises such as
walking, jogging, running, simple yogic asanas etc should be done in the beginning. Planks,
pushups, lunges, jumping on the spot that can be added in the beginning.
2. Exercise in the morning: You should start your exercise regimen in the morning because you
feel more fresh and energetic in the morning instead of evening.
 3. Concentrate only on yourself: Don’t compare yourself to others. Don’t let them deter you from
your goal. Your workout on exercise time is for you and about you. Just think about yourself.
Don’t interfere with others.
4. Set appropriate goals: You should set your appropriate goal. Your goal should be achievable. In
fact, goal should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound.
5. Take support of others: When people have strong social relation and support, they are more
likely to remain active for long term.
6. Select interesting exercises: For enhancing appropriate adherence to exercise, you should select
such exercises in your exercise programme which are interesting to you.
7. Be punctual: Whenever you start exercising, you should be punctual. If you do not start your
regular exercise programme at an exact time, you cannot adhere to exercise.
8. Make a schedule: For enhancing the adherence to exercise you should make an appropriate
schedule. It should be well planned so that you can resist effectively to urge to skip it.
9. Be aware about your progress: You should be aware about your progress. If you do not know
your progress it will be difficult to stick your workout for long time.
10. Variety in exercise programme: If you don’t have a variety, it will create boredom. It will be
difficult for you to adhere to such an exercise programme.

MEANING, CONCEPT AND TYPES OF AGRESSIONS IN SPORTS

In psychology, the term aggression refers to a range of behaviors that can results in both physician and
psychological harm to oneself, others or objects in the environment.

Aggression is a behavior with goal harming or injuring another being motivated to avoid such treatment

Types of aggression in sports:

1. Hostile aggression: Hostile aggression is when the primary aim is to cause physical harm or
injury to your opponent. A good example of hostile aggression is a bowler throwing a bouncer
deliberately to shakeup the concentration of a batsman.
2. Instrumental aggression: It is also known as channeled aggression and is not accompanied by
anger. Instrumental aggression is behavior that has the intent to hurt in order to achieve money,
praise or victory. In case of instrumental aggression an athlete may intend to injure the
opponent, but the most important goal to be achieved by the aggressive act is to win the
competition. For example- Rugby
3. Assertive behavior: It is a different type of aggression/ aggressive behavior. This is defined as
behavior that involves the use of legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve ones purpose. For
example sledging in cricket to cause psychological discomfort for the batsman. In assertive
aggression, the intension is to establish dominance rather than to harm the opponent. Any
physical injury that may occur through assertive behavior is accidental and unintentional.
After approval of Head of Department (physical education)
Santosh Kumar Singh