Name : Kusuma Nata Laksana

Class : 4A
Lesson : Public Speaking
NIM : 2001055102

Part I. INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING

The tradition of public speaking
The oldest known handbook on effective speech was written on papyrus in Egypt some
4500 years ago. Eloquence was highly prized in ancient India, Africa, and China, as well as
among the Aztecs and other pre-European cultures of North and South America.
In classical Greece and Rome, public speaking played a central role in education and
civic life. It was also studied extensively. Aristotle’s rhetoric, composed during the third century
B.C.E., is still considered the most important work on its subject, and many of its principles are
followed by speakers (and writers) today. The great Roman leader Cicero used his speeches to
defend liberty and wrote several works about oratory in general.
Analyzing the audience
Good speakers are audience-centered. They know that the aim of speechmaking is to
gain a desired response from listeners. When working on your speeches, keep three questions in
mind: To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my
speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish
that aim? Your classroom speeches will give you excellent practice in dealing with these
questions, provided you always think of your classmates as a real audience.

To be an effective speaker, you should know something about the psychology of

audiences. Auditory perception is selective. Even when people pay close attention, they don’t
process a speaker’s message exactly as the speaker intended. People hear what they want to
hear. People also are egocentric. They typically approach speeches with one question uppermost
in mind: “Why is this important to me?” Therefore, you need to study your audience and adapt
your speech directly to their beliefs and interests.
Engage your audience member
1. we can hook them from the outset by starting with an interesting fact, a challenging
question, or an intriguing statement
2. encourage your audience to participate by asking a question
Developing confidence
If you feel nervous about giving a speech, you are in very good company. Some of the
greatest public speakers in history have suffered from stage fright, including Abraham Lincoln,
Margaret Sanger, and Winston Churchill.
Actually, most people tend to be anxious before doing something important in public.
Actors are nervous before a play, politicians are nervous before a campaign speech, athletes are
nervous before a big game. The ones who succeed have learned to use their nervousness to their
advantage.
1. Prepare, practive and review
 o Our audience will also more likely warm to you if we talk naturally, as if we
addressing one person, not a crowd. But his takes practice.
o Rehearse plenty of times so that we can talk fluently, then do a practice run in
front of a small, supportive and ask for feedback.
o We can record our seassions so you can see your strengths and weaknesses for
yourself and hone our skills
2. Think positively
o Before we deliver our speech, get yourself into the right mindset by thingking
positively.
o Banish any negative selftalk by using affirmations.
o Visualize yourself giving a succesful speech.

3. Use the Power of Visualization

Visualization is closely related to positive thinking. The key to visualization is creating a
vivid mental blueprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speech. Picture yourself in
your classroom rising to speak. See yourself at the lectern, poised and self-assured, making eye
contact with your audience and delivering your introduction in a firm, clear voice.

4. Know That Most Nervousness Is Not Visible

Many novice speakers are worried about appearing nervous to the audience. It’s hard to
speak with poise and assurance if you think you look tense and insecure. One of the most
valuable lessons you will learn as your speech class proceeds is that only a fraction of the
turmoil you feel inside is visible on the outside.
5. Don’t Expect Perfection
It may also help to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech. At some point in
every presentation, every speaker says or does something that does not come across exactly as
he or she had planned. Fortunately, such moments are usually not evident to the audience. Why?
Because the audience does not know what the speaker plans to say. It hears only what the
speaker does say. If you momentarily lose your place, reverse the order of a couple statements,
or forget to pause at a certain spot, no one need be the wiser. When such moments occur, just
proceed as if nothing happened.
6. Acquire Speaking Experience
You have already taken the first step. You are enrolled in a public speaking course, where
you will learn about speechmaking and gain speaking experience.
7. Cope with nerves
o A natural reaction to the fear of public speaking is the flight, fight or freeze
response, but you can lessen its hold on us.
o Focus on what your audience is going to gain from your talk, rather than on how
youre feeling.
o Take slow deep breaths before we begin.
o Be aware that nerves might make you talk too quickly, so force yourself to slow
down.
8. Pay attention to your body language
o We can more relaxed and confident by not charging on in a panic.
o We will look particularly confident if youre standing up straight, looking people
in the eye and smiling
o Be sure to take opportunities to deliver presentations rather than avoiding them.
 Speech Communication Process
As you begin your first speeches, you may find it helpful to understand what goes on
when one person talks to another. Regardless of the kind of speech communication involved,
there are seven elements – speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and
situation.
1. Speaker
Speech communication begins with a speaker. If you pick up the telephone and call a friend,
you are acting as a speaker. (Of course, you will also act as a listener when your friend is
talking.) In public speaking, you will usually present your entire speech without interruption.
2. Message
The message is whatever a speaker communicate to someone else. If you are calling a friend,
you might say, “I’ll be a little late picking you up tonight.” That is the message. But it may not
be the only message. Perhaps there is a certain tone in your voice that suggests reluctance,
hesitation. The underlying message might be “I really don’t want to go to that party. You talked
me into it, but I’m going to put it off as long as I can.”
3. Channel
The channel is the means by which a message isa communicated. When you pick up the
phone to call a friend, the telephone is the channel. Public speakers may use one or more of
several channels, each of which will affect the message received by the audience.
4. Listener
The listener is the person who receives the communicated message. Without a listener, there
is no communication. When you talk to a friend on the phone, you have one listener. In public
speaking you will have many listeners.
5. Feedback
When the President addresses the nation on television, he is engaged in one way
communication. You can talk back to the television set, but the President won’t hear you. Most
situations, however, involve two-way communication. Your listeners don’t simply absorb your
message like human sponges. They send back messages of their own. These messages are called
feedback.
6. Interference
Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message. When you talk on the
telephone, sometimes there is static, or wires get crossed so that two different conversations are
going on at once. That is a kind of interference.
7. Situation
The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs. Conversation always
takes place in a certain situation. Sometimes the situation helps – as when you propose marriage
over an intimate candlelight dinner. Other times it may hurt – as when you try to speak words of
love in competition with a blaring stereo. When you have to talk with someone about a touchy
issue, you usually wait until the situation is just right. Public speakers must also be alert to the
situation.

Part II. PREPARING THE SPEECH

1. Formulating purpose, thesis, and main points 

Specific Purpose Statement

2. Organizing introduction and conclusion 
Designing the Speech (Introduction & Conclusion)

3. Organizing the body of the speech 

Gathering Materials & Organizing the Body of the Speech

4. Using Language 

Part III. GENRES OF SPEECH 

1. Speaking to inform 
Speaking to inform occurs in a wide range of everyday situations. Yet it is a difficult task
that requires more skill than you might think. Improving your ability to convey knowledge
effectively will be most valuable to you throughout your life.
Informative speeches may be grouped into four categories:
speeches about objects, speeches about processes, speeches about events, and speeches about
concepts. These categories are not absolute, but they are helpful in analyzing and organizing
informative speeches.
Objects, as defined here, include places, structures, animals,
even people. Speeches about objects usually are organized in chronological, spatial, or topical
order. A process is a series of actions that work together to produce a final result. Speeches
about processes explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something
works. Clear organization is especially important in speeches about processes because listeners
must be able to follow each step in the process. The most common types of organization for
speeches about processes are chronological and topical.

2. Speaking to persuade 
Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions.
When you speak to persuade, you act as an advocate. Your job is to sell a program, to defend an
idea, to refute an opponent, or to inspire people to action. The ability to speak persuasively will
benefit you in every part of your life, from personal relations to community activities to career
aspirations.
How successful you are in any particular persuasive speech
will depend above all on how well you tailor your message to the values, attitudes, and beliefs of
your audience. Careful listeners do not sit passively and soak in everything a speaker has to say.
While they listen, they actively assess the speaker’s credibility, supporting materials, language,
reasoning, and emotional appeals.
You should think of your speech as a kind of mental dialogue
with your audience. Most important, you need to identify your target audience, anticipate the
possible objections they will raise to your point of view, and answer those objections in your
speech. You cannot convert skeptical listeners unless you deal directly with the reasons for their
skepticism.

3. Speaking on special occasion 
Special occasions include weddings, funerals, dedications, award ceremonies, retirement
dinners, and the like. Nearly always they are occasions for speechmaking. In this chapter we
have considered speeches of introduction, speeches of presentation, speeches of acceptance,
commemorative speeches, and after-dinner speeches.
 When you make a speech of introduction, your job is to build enthusiasm for the main
speaker and to establish a welcoming climate that will boost his or her credibility and
confidence. Keep your remarks brief, make sure they are completely accurate, and adapt them to
the audience, the occasion, and the main speaker.
Speeches of presentation are given when someone is receiving publicly a gift or an
award. The main theme of such a speech is to acknowledge the achievements of the recipient.
The purpose of an acceptance speech is to give thanks for a gift or an award. When delivering
such a speech, you should thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize the
contributions of people who helped you gain it. Be brief, humble, and gracious.
Commemorative speeches are speeches of praise or celebration.
Your aim in such a speech is to pay tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an
idea. When making a commemorative speech you want to inspire your audience – to arouse and
heighten their appreciation of and admiration for the subject. Your success will depend largely
on how well you put into language the thoughts and feelings appropriate to the occasion.