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    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

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    MAHENDRAN D
    The permanent magnet synchronous motor uses permanent magnets on the rotor rather than field windings. This creates a constant magnetic field that interacts with the rotating magnetic field from the stator windings to synchronize the rotor speed. PMSMs are more efficient than induction motors, provide smooth torque, and are well-suited for applications requiring high speeds like robotics and aerospace. They require electronic control of the stator frequency for startup since they are not self-starting.

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    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

    Uploaded by

    MAHENDRAN D
    184 views4 pages
    The permanent magnet synchronous motor uses permanent magnets on the rotor rather than field windings. This creates a constant magnetic field that interacts with the rotating magnetic field from the stator windings to synchronize the rotor speed. PMSMs are more efficient than induction motors, provide smooth torque, and are well-suited for applications requiring high speeds like robotics and aerospace. They require electronic control of the stator frequency for startup since they are not self-starting.

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    The permanent magnet synchronous motor uses permanent magnets on the rotor rather than field windings. This creates a constant magnetic field that interacts with the rotating magnetic field from the stator windings to synchronize the rotor speed. PMSMs are more efficient than induction motors, provide smooth torque, and are well-suited for applications requiring high speeds like robotics and aerospace. They require electronic control of the stator frequency for startup since they are not self-starting.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    184 views4 pages

    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

    Uploaded by

    MAHENDRAN D
    The permanent magnet synchronous motor uses permanent magnets on the rotor rather than field windings. This creates a constant magnetic field that interacts with the rotating magnetic field from the stator windings to synchronize the rotor speed. PMSMs are more efficient than induction motors, provide smooth torque, and are well-suited for applications requiring high speeds like robotics and aerospace. They require electronic control of the stator frequency for startup since they are not self-starting.

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    What is a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor?

    The permanent magnet synchronous motors are one of the types of AC synchronous motors, where the field is
    excited by permanent magnets that generate sinusoidal back EMF. It contains a rotor and stator same as that of
    an induction motor, but a permanent magnet is used as a rotor to create a magnetic field. Hence there is no need to
    wound field winding on the rotor. It is also known as a 3-phase brushless permanent sine wave motor. The permanent
    magnet synchronous motor diagram is shown below.

    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor


    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Theory
    The permanent magnet synchronous motors are very efficient, brushless, very fast, safe, and give high dynamic
    performance when compared to the conventional motors. It produces smooth torque, low noise and mainly used for
    high-speed applications like robotics. It is a 3-phase AC synchronous motor that runs at synchronous speed with the
    applied AC source.
    Instead of using winding for the rotor, permanent magnets are mounted to create a rotating magnetic field. As there is
    no supply of DC source, these types of motors are very simple and less cost. It contains a stator with 3 windings
    installed on it and a rotor with a permanent magnet mounted to create field poles. The 3-phase input ac supply is
    given to the stator to start working.
    Working Principle
    The permanent magnet synchronous motor working principle is similar to the synchronous motor. It depends on the
    rotating magnetic field that generates electromotive force at synchronous speed. When the stator winding is
    energized by giving the 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is created in between the air gaps.
    This produces the torque when the rotor field poles hold the rotating magnetic field at synchronous speed and the
    rotor rotates continuously. As these motors are not self-starting motors, it is necessary to provide a variable
    frequency power supply.

    EMF and Torque Equation


    In a synchronous machine, the average EMF induced per phase is called dynamic induces EMF in a synchronous
    motor, the flux cut by each conductor per revolution is Pϕ Weber
    Then the time taken to complete one revolution is 60/N sec

    The average EMF induced per conductor can be calculated by using

    ( PϕN / 60 ) x Zph = ( PϕN / 60 ) x 2Tph


    Where Tph = Zph / 2
    Therefore, the average EMF per phase is,

    = 4 x ϕ x Tph x PN/120 = 4ϕfTph


    Where Tph = no. Of turns connected in series per phase

    ϕ = flux/pole in weber

    P= no. Of poles

    F= frequency in Hz
    Zph= no. Of conductors connected in series per phase. = Zph/3

    The EMF equation depends on the coils and the conductors on the stator. For this motor, distribution factor Kd and
    pitch factor Kp is also considered.

    Hence, E = 4 x ϕ x f x Tph xKd x Kp


    The torque equation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor is given as,

    T = (3 x Eph x Iph x sinβ) / ωm


    Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
    To control the permanent magnet synchronous motor, we use different types of control systems. Depending on the
    task, the necessary controlling technique is used. The different controlling methods of permanent magnet
    synchronous motor are,
    Sinusoidal Category
     Scalar
     Vector: Field oriented control (FOC) (with and without position sensor)
     Direct torque control
    Trapezoidal Category
     Open-loop
     Closed-loop (with and without position sensor)
    Direct torque control technology of this motor is a very simple control circuit with effective dynamic performance and
    good control range. It doesn’t require any position sensor for the rotor. The main disadvantage of using this control
    method is, it produces high torque and a current ripple.

    Construction
    The permanent magnet synchronous motor construction is similar to the basic synchronous motor, but the only
    difference is with the rotor. The rotor doesn’t have any field winding, but the permanent magnets are used to create
    field poles. The permanent magnets used in the  PMSM are made up of samarium-cobalt and medium, iron, and
    boron because of their higher permeability.
    The most widely used permanent magnet is neodymium-boron-iron because of its effective cost and ease of
    availability. In this type, the permanent magnets are mounted on the rotor. Based on the mounting of the permanent
    magnet on the rotor, the construction of a permanent magnet synchronous motor is divided into two types. They are,

    Surface-mounted PMSM
    In this construction, the magnet is mounted on the surface of the rotor. It is suited for high-speed applications, as it is
    not robust. It provides a uniform air gap because the permeability of the permanent magnet and the air gap is the
    same. No reluctance torque, high dynamic performance, and suitable for high-speed devices like robotics and tool
    drives.

    Surface Mounted
    Buried PMSM or Interior PMSM
    In this type of construction, the permanent magnet is embedded into the rotor as shown in the figure below. It is
    suitable for high-speed applications and gets robustness. Reluctance torque is due to the saliency of the motor.

    Buried PMSM
    Working of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
    The working of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is very simple, fast, and effective when compared to
    conventional motors. The working of PMSM depends on the rotating magnetic field of the stator and the constant
    magnetic field of the rotor. The permanent magnets are used as the rotor to create constant magnetic flux, operates
    and locks at synchronous speed. These types of motors are similar to brushless DC motors.

    The phasor groups are formed by joining the windings of the stator with one another. These phasor groups are joined
    together to form different connections like a star, Delta, double and single phases. To reduce harmonic voltages, the
    windings should be wound shortly with each other.

    When the 3-phase AC supply is given to the stator, it creates a rotating magnetic field and the constant magnetic field
    is induced due to the permanent magnet of the rotor. This rotor operates in synchronism with the synchronous speed.
    The whole working of the PMSM depends on the air gap between the stator and rotor with no load.

    If the air gap is large, then the windage losses of the motor will be reduced. The field poles created by the permanent
    magnet are salient. The permanent magnet synchronous motors are not self-starting motors. So, it is necessary to
    control the variable frequency of the stator electronically.

    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor vs BLDC


    The differences between permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and BLDC (brushless DC motors) include the
    following.
    Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor BLDC
    These are brushless AC synchronous motors These are brushless DC motors
    Torque ripples are absent Torque ripples are present
    Performance efficiency is high Performance efficiency is low
    More efficient Less efficient
    Used in industrial applications, automobiles, servo motors, Used in electronic steering power systems, HVAC
    robotics, train drives, etc systems, hybrid train drives (electrical), etc
    Produces low noise Produces high noise.
     Advantages
    The advantages of permanent magnet synchronous motor include,
     provides higher efficiency at high speeds
     available in small sizes at different packages
     maintenance and installation is very easy than an induction motor
     capable of maintaining full torque at low speeds.
     high efficiency and reliability
     gives smooth torque and dynamic performance
    Disadvantages
    The disadvantages of permanent magnet synchronous motors are,

     These type of motors are very expensive when compared to induction motors
     Somehow difficult to start-up because they are not self-starting motors.
    Applications
    The permanent magnet synchronous motors applications are,

     Air conditioners
     Refrigerators
      AC compressors
     Washing machines, which are direct-drive
     Automotive electrical power steering
     Machine tools
     Large power systems to improve leading, and lagging power factor
     Control of traction
      Data storage units.
     Servo drives
     Industrial applications like robotics, aerospace, and many more.
    Thus, this is all about an overview of the permanent magnet synchronous motor – definition, working, working principle,
    diagram, construction, advantages, disadvantages, applications, emf, and torque equation. Here is a question for
    you, ” What is the purpose of using a permanent magnet in synchronous motors?

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