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Module 1.2 Mathematical Reasoning

The document discusses different types of mathematical reasoning including inductive, deductive and symbolic reasoning. It defines key concepts like statements, propositions, truth values and provides examples of using logical connectives and truth tables.

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RYAN ALEXANDER HUGO
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29 views32 pages

Module 1.2 Mathematical Reasoning

The document discusses different types of mathematical reasoning including inductive, deductive and symbolic reasoning. It defines key concepts like statements, propositions, truth values and provides examples of using logical connectives and truth tables.

Uploaded by

RYAN ALEXANDER HUGO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICAL

REASONING
MATHEMATICAL REASONING
◦ It is a critical skill that enables student to make use of all
other mathematical skills.
◦ It let the students recognize that mathematics makes
sense and can be understood.
◦ It gives students opportunities to evaluate situations,
select problem-solving strategies, draw logical
conclusions, develop and describe solutions and
recognize how those solutions can be applied.
MATHEMATICAL REASONING
◦ It is a part of mathematics where we determine the
truth values of the given statements.

◦ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) is the first


mathematician to make a serious study of symbolic
logic.
STATEMENT/PROPOSITION

◦ Is a declarative sentence which is either true or false.


STATEMENT/PROPOSITION
Examples:
1. Rizal is one of the provinces in CALABARZON.
2. 9 + 2 is a prime number.
3. Sarah Geronimo is the Philippine’s ‘Pop Princess’.
4. 12 is a composite number.
5. The dog does not need to be fed.
MATHEMATICAL Statement/Proposition
Examples:
6. x + 5 = 8
7. There are 12 months in a year.
8. Eureka! NOT STATEMENT
9. How do you feel? NOT STATEMENT
10.Love is blind.
INDUCTIVE REASONING

◦It is a non-rigorous logical reasoning and


statements are generalized.
◦It involves looking for patterns and making
generalization.
◦It is drawing a conclusion from a repeated
observation or sets of observations of specific
examples
INDUCTIVE REASONING

Example:
2 is an even number.
22 is an even number.
Therefore, all numbers ending with 2 are even
numbers.
INDUCTIVE REASONING

Example:
Riza is sexy.
Riza is a Benildean.
Therefore, all Benildeans are sexy.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

◦It is a rigorous logical reasoning and the


statements are considered true of the
assumptions entering the deductions are true.
◦It involves making a logical argument, drawing
conclusions and applying generalizations to
specific situations.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Example:
All birds have feathers.
Ducks are birds.
Therefore, Ducks have feathers.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Example:
All Science teachers are smart.
Ms Castro is a Science teacher.
Therefore, Ms Castro is smart.
TYPE OF REASONING STATEMENTS

◦Simple Statement
◦Compound Statement
◦If-Then Statement
SIMPLE STATEMENT

◦ These are direct statements and do not include


modifier. It conveys a single idea.
Examples:
The Sun rises in the East.
Five is an odd number.
Odd numbers are divisible by 2.
COMPOUND STATEMENT
◦ These are statements made up of two or more
statements. It is combined together by the connectives
such as and, or, if…then and if and only if.
Example:
2 is an even number and even numbers are divisible by 2.
Statement1: 2 is an even number
Statement2: even numbers are divisible by 2.
IF-THEN STATEMENT

◦ These are statements connected by ‘if’ and ‘then’.


It shows that if a is true then b is also true and vice-
versa.
Example:
If 8 is a multiple of 64 then 8 is a factor of 64.
Statement1: 8 is a multiple of 64
Statement2: 8 is a factor of 64
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES AND SYMBOLS

STATEMENT CONNECTIVE SYMBOLIC FORM TYPE OF ELEMENT

not p not ~𝑝 negation


p and q and 𝑝Λ𝑞 conjunction
p or q or 𝑝𝑉𝑞 disjunction
If p, then q If…then 𝑝→𝑞 conditional
p if only if q if and only if 𝑝 ↔𝑞 biconditional
TRUTH VALUES AND TRUTH TABLES
◦ The TRUTH VALUE of a simple statement is either true
(T) or false (F).
◦ The TRUTH VALUE of a compound statement
depends on a truth value of its simple statements
and its connectives
◦ A TRUTH TABLE is a table that shows the truth value of
a compound statement for all possible truth values
of its simple statements.
NEGATION
◦Five is a prime number. Five is not a prime number.
◦The fire engine is not red. The fire engine is red.
◦Ulysses is a super typhoon. Ulysses is not a super typhoon.
◦Today is Wednesday. Today is not Wednesday.
◦It is not raining. It is raining.
TRUTH VALUE OF NEGATION
𝒑 ~𝒑
F
F T

Five is a prime number. T Five is not a prime number. F


Today is not Monday. F Today is Monday. T
CONJUCTION

◦The conjunction 𝑝 Λ 𝑞 is true if and only if


both p and q are true.
Example:
2 is an even number and even numbers are divisible by 2.

p
Statement1: 2 is an even number T
Statement2:
q even numbers are divisible by 2. T
𝐩𝚲𝐪 T
TRUTH VALUE OF A CONJUCTION

◦The conjunction 𝑝 Λ 𝑞 is true if and only if


both p and q are true.
p q 𝑝Λ𝑞
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
DISJUNCTION

◦The disjunction 𝑝 𝑉 𝑞 is true if and only if p is


true, q is true, or both p and q are true.
Example:
Three is greater than or equal to 2.

p
Statement 1: 3 is greater than 2 T
Statement
q 2: 3 is equal to 2 F
𝐩 𝑉𝐪 T
TRUTH VALUE OF A DISJUNCTION

◦The disjunction 𝑝 𝑉 𝑞 is true if and only if p is


true, q is true, or both p and q are true.
p q 𝑝 𝑉𝑞
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC
FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:

p = Today is Friday.
q = It is raining.
r = I am going to a movie.
s = I am not going to the basketball game
1. Today is Friday and it is not raining. 𝑝 Λ~𝑞
2. It is not raining and I am going to a movie. ~𝒒 Λ r
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:
p = Today is Friday.
q = It is raining.
r = I am going to a movie.
s = I am not going to the basketball game
3. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
~𝑠 𝑉 𝑟
4. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.
𝒒→𝑠
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:
p = Today is Friday.
q = It is raining.
r = I am going to a movie.
s = I am not going to the basketball game
5. I am going to a movie if and only if it is not raining.
𝑟 ↔ ~𝑞
Examples:
1. 7 > 5. 𝒑 𝑽𝒒
It means: 7 > 5 or 7 = 5. T
T F

𝒑𝚲𝒒
2. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number. F
T F
Examples:
1. 13 is a prime number and it is an even number.
p = 13 is an prime number T 𝒑𝚲𝒒 F
q = 13 is an even number F

2. A triangle is an equilateral triangle if and only if it


has three equal sides.
p = A triangle is equilateral triangle.
𝒑↔𝒒
q = A triangle has three equal sides.
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:
p = You get a promotion.
q = You complete the training.
r = You will receive a bonus.

1. If your get a promotion and complete the training, then


you will receive a bonus.
( 𝑝 Λ 𝑞)→ 𝑟
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:
p = You get a promotion.
q = You complete the training.
r = You will receive a bonus.

1. If you do not complete the training, then you will not get a
promotion and you will not receive a bonus.
~𝑞 → (~p Λ~𝑟 )
References
▪ Daligdig, R. M. (2019). Mathematics in the modern world. Quezon City: Loremar Publishing, Inc.
▪ Sirug, W. S. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Manila: Mindshaper Co., Inc.
▪ Medallon, Mc. & Calubaquib, FM. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world (worktext). Manila:
Mindshaper Co., Inc.
▪ _________. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.
◦ New Jersey Mathematics Curriculum Framework. (1996). Mathematical Reasoning. New Jersey
Mathematics Coalition. Retrieved from
http://archive.dimacs.rutgers.edu/nj_math_coalition/framework/ch01-04/ch01-
04_s4.html#:~:text=Mathematical%20reasoning%20is%20the%20critical,of%20all%20other%20mathe
matical%20skills.&text=Mathematical%20reasoners%20are%20able%20to,as%20a%20part%20of%20
mathematics.

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