Turbo Machines: Chapter Two: Velocity Vector Diagram

TURBO MACHINES
BME IV/I
Chapter Two: Velocity Vector Diagram
By:
Raj Kumar Chaulagain
Lecturer
Thapathali Campus, TU, IOE
January, 2016
Chapter overview
• Analysis of Work Done
• Typical Turbine Blade Profile
1/6/2016
• Staging of turbo machines
• Efficiency in Impulse Turbine
Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

• Efficiency in Reaction Turbine
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Analysis of Work Done
Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU 1/6/2016

3
CONTD…
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4
This is known as Euler’s Turbine equation.

CONTD…

5
CONTD…

6
Blade Profile and staging of
turbine
• Steam turbines are usually impulse or a mixture of impulse and
reaction stages whereas gas turbines tend to be always of the
reaction type.
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• Pressure ratio of steam turbines can be of the order 1000:1,
whereas it’s within the order of 10:1 for gas turbines.

• To reduce the number of stages, pressure drop per stage should
be large, but in doing so blade losses and efficiency costs rise.
• Therefore, reaction stages are used where pressure drop per
stage is low and also where the overall pressure ratio of the
turbine is relatively low.
• Shape and size of the blades can vary with different types of
stages. 7
CONTD…
• Turbine blades are of two basic types:
• A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is
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called an impulse turbine, Curtis turbine, Rateau turbine.
• Nozzles appear similar to blades, but their profiles converge

near the exit. This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity
increase as steam moves through the nozzles.
• Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the
reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit.
• A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed
nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine.
8
CONTD…
• Except for low-power
applications, turbine blades are
arranged in multiple stages in
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series, called compounding,
which greatly

improves efficiency at low
speeds.
• A reaction stage is a row of
fixed nozzles followed by a
row of moving nozzles.
• Schematic diagram outlining
the difference between an
impulse and a 50% reaction
turbine 9
CONTD…
• Multiple reaction stages divide the pressure drop between the steam
inlet and exhaust into numerous small drops, resulting in a pressure-
compounded turbine.
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• Impulse stages may be either pressure-compounded, velocity-
compounded, or pressure-velocity compounded.
• A pressure-compounded impulse stage is a row of fixed nozzles

followed by a row of moving blades, with multiple stages for
compounding. This is also known as a Rateau turbine, after its
inventor.
• A velocity-compounded impulse stage (invented by Curtis and also
called a "Curtis wheel") is a row of fixed nozzles followed by two or
more rows of moving blades alternating with rows of fixed blades.
This divides the velocity drop across the stage into several smaller
drops.
• A series of velocity-compounded impulse stages is called a pressure- 10
velocity compounded turbine.
CONTD…
• Staging of axial-flow compressor-turbine assembly is done in
combination of rotor and stators.
• For centrifugal compressors, the staging are the same as
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spools, for e.g. one compressor-turbine coupled stage is linked
through a single ‘spool’ hence also called a ‘single spool

compressor/turbine’.
• For axial compressors, the staging is defined in terms of rows
of stator-rotor assembly, with a single such assembly referred
to as a compressor stage. Each stage can have a compression
ratio in the range of 1.05~2 with an efficiency of around 0.94.
• Hence, for axial compressors a single spool can contain several
stages. And spools (up to three) in combination can provide 11
compression in the range of 5-40.
Efficiency in Impulse Turbine
• Then by the law of moment of momentum,
the torque on the fluid is given by:
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• For an impulse steam turbine: r2=r1=r

• Therefore, the tangential force on the blades
is
• The work done per unit time or power
developed: W= T. ω
• When ω is the angular velocity of the
turbine, then the blade speed is U= ω.r
• The power developed is then .
12
CONTD…
Blade efficiency
• Blade efficiency can be defined as the ratio of the work done on the
blades to kinetic energy supplied to the fluid, and is given by
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Stage efficiency

• A stage of an impulse turbine consists of a nozzle set and a moving
wheel. The stage efficiency defines a relationship between enthalpy
drop in the nozzle and work done in the stage.
• Nozzle efficiency is given by, =

where the enthalpy (in J/Kg) of steam at the entrance of the nozzle
is h1 and the enthalpy of steam at the exit of the nozzle is h2. 13
CONTD…
• Condition for maximum efficiency,
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• For a given steam velocity work done per kg of steam would
be maximum when alpha1 =0
• As alpha1 increases, the work done on the blades reduces, but
at the same time surface area of the blade reduces, therefore
there are less frictional losses.
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Efficiency in Reaction Turbine

15
16
THANK YOU !!!

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TURBO MACHINES

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU 1/6/2016

This is known as Euler’s Turbine equation.

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU 1/6/2016

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU 1/6/2016

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU

• Nozzle efficiency is given by, =

• Condition for maximum efficiency,

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU 1/6/2016

Prepared by: RKC, TC, IOE, TU 1/6/2016

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