3.

5
1. Low transmission and reception range
2. Low duty cycle
3. Low complexity with simple modulation schemes
4. Low power consumptions

3.6
1. UDP is unreliable.
2. TCP connection‐oriented overhead is not suitable to WSNs.
3. TCP degrades the throughput in WSNs because it adjusts data rate to the lowest when
packet loss occurs.
4. TCP is reliable but due to end‐to‐end retransmission mechanism, energy consumption
is high.
5. TCP reliable mechanism through acknowledgments is not essential in WSN

3.7
Cross-layer approaches improves energy efficiency through interactions or transferring
information from one layer to another that decreases the significant overhead associated with
each layer for WSN approaches.

4.1
1. Hardware Layer: Sensors, microcontrollers (processor), and communication modules
i.e. Bluetooth LAN, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, etc. are the components that are present in the
hardware layer. It depends on the complexity of the IoT application the type of
microcontroller, processing capability, and memory size of the IoT gateway.

2. OS Layer of IoT Gateway: To run the IoT applications IoT gateway OS required and
selection of OS largely dependent on the IoT application to be used. RTOS (Real-time
operating system) is preferred for small-scale to medium IoT applications however Linux
OS and Android OS are also designed to support complex and GUI enriched IoT
applications.

3. Hardware Abstraction Layer: This layer supports the reusability and portability of IoT
software. The software design is independent of diverse hardware platforms and
ultimately reduces the hardware cost redesign IoT applications.

4. Data Forwarding Layer: This layer is responsible for data forwarding, and protocol
conversion. It consists of network selection which provisions with underlying network-
level information to interface selection, then interface selection decides for the selection
appropriate interface for communication. Finally, adaptation modules convert or adjust
the packet sizes of two different technologies.

5. Service Abstraction Layer: Standard interfaces for application developers to access

underlying network technologies for IoT gateway.
6. Manageability Layer: IoT is responsible for device management and IoT gateways’ data
management module which is responsible for data streaming, filtering, and storing. Data
is temporarily stored on the IoT gateway to support dis-connectivity problems with IoT
clouds. Under device management, an IoT gateway must be able to track all the

connected sensors, should have a trivial configuration for storing sensor and data access
settings at an IoT gateway.

7. Security Layer: Gateway security is one of the key considerations in IoT gateway
architecture. It is responsible for all the security of things, data and networks through the
implementation of crypto authentication chips. IoT Gateway is also responsible for the
encryption of all transmission before forwarding it to the cloud to ensure network
security.

8. Application Layer: IoT gateway applications custom designed as per the business needs.
The Application layer ensures communication and interaction among services and
function from all the other layers or modules to manage data between sensors node and
from the gateway to cloud in an efficient, secure and responsive manner.

4.2

1. Nature of IoT System Architecture: The IoT gateway selection depends on the

selection of any one of the IoT system architecture i.e. End-devices with built-in gateway
and IoT systems with a central gateway.

2. Multiple Network Connectivity Support: IoT gateways are required dynamic

accommodation of short-range and wide-range connectivity options as the transmission
of data to and from smart things (or sensor field sensors and end-user devices) and IoT
cloud in IoT systems relies on network infrastructure. So, keeping in mind the energy
constraints of the IoT systems, the gateway must be able to support different kinds of
networks i.e Wi-Fi, ZigBee, GPRS, etc.

3. Data Storage Capacity: The IoT gateway memory is required to be enough to store

critical information to support the all-time availability of critical information in case of
poor network connectivity.

4. Development Environment: IoT gateway should be able to support multiple

development environments such as Python, C++, C, etc.

5. Robust Security Mechanism: The designed IoT gateway should ensure robust data
security, device security, and network security for the security demands of the entire
information flow in the IoT system. Therefore, IoT gateways with built-in security
mechanisms having advanced encryption standards, automatic discovery, and
authentication should be preferred.
6.
7. External Hardware Watchdog Timer: Most of the time microcontrollers have
integrated watchdog timers to detect and recover the hanging of edge applications
through restarting of the microcontroller. External hardware watchdog timer saves
gateway site visits through restarting the hanged microcontroller, which is not possible
through internal watchdog.

8. Time Synchronization: The IoT gateway must uphold the Real‐Time Clock
synchronization through Network Time Protocol (NTP) or other sources such as Global
System for Mobile Communications [GSMs] to handle clock drift and clock error.

9. Firmware Update: Ensuring IoT Gateway security requires continuous and timely

efforts; one needs to keep fixing the security loopholes fixed and maintain device
integrity. Within the IoT network, the gateway device periodically checks for firmware
updates in the cloud and fetches the update. On The Air (OTA) programming feature
saves the visit of IoT gateway sites for the up-gradation of the firmware.

10. LED Indication and Remote Reboot: IoT gateways with LED indications are helpful to
detect connectivity issues. Moreover, remote rebooting of IoT gateways is helpful to
recover from faults without visiting the physical site of deployed IoT gateways.

11. Support for Legacy Equipment: The chosen IoT gateway must support legacy
equipment to ensure its data transmission in IoT systems with existing devices.

12. Standard Protocol Support: Standard Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP

protocols such as HTTP, TCP, User Datagram Protocol [UDP], etc. and typical IoT
protocols like Message Queuing Telemetry Transport [MQTT], Constrained Application
Protocol [CoA], IPv6 Low WPAN [6LoWPAN] Protocol, etc. are required to be
supported by IoT gateways.

13. Gateway Certification: The gateway model should be certified by different

communication commissions, Federal Communications Commission [FCC] or Industry
Canada [IC]. In addition, E‐Mark, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and J1455
certifications verify the durability of IoT gateway devices.

14. Control of Low Power Footprint: IoT gateway design should ensure the hardware
operation on low power footprints and adopt power saving options.

15. Support for Edge Computing: IoT gateways must be able to support Edge computing
with advanced features of data filtering and analytics.
A)Need for IOT
 Financial benefits
 Most companies are implementing digitalization in their factories and many company
companies are also forming dedicated team for taking on digital projects.
It solves the problem of data processed in local and limited analysis method of operational
technology data from sensors and devices located on HMI systems by connecting these servers
to a central platform in cloud. As there are many devices and process performance in industries
but are all analyzed locally, the data analysis and deviations predictions is limited. So all these
are all given a central platform by IIOT gateways where all the data are analyzed and monitored
and can predict more accurate deviation or end production.
Limited option for data analysis in traditional connectivity in industries now can be
solved with IIoT gateways and can perform analysis like correlation analysis, pareto
analysis etc. which helps the industries monitoring and maintenance of the industries. With the
central platform cloud service all the data for KPIs and reports can be
automatically extracted from the PLC directly which reduces the effort to manually work
with logbooks and excels.

B) Explain the IIOT Gateway architecture

Gateway Architecture
Industrial IOT gateway device enable connectivity of sensors, devices, controllers or PLC to the
IT infrastructure. The IT infrastructure can include either On-premise servers or the cloud
infrastructure. There are two sides for the IoT gateway. The operational technology side and
the IT side. The operational technology constitutes of the PLC, sensors, Remote I/O. The IT side
consist of servers and the cloud infrastructure.

Operational technologies
It consists of various PLC to control different machine. Additional sensors are present to
collect machine data that cannot be reached to PLC so that these data collected can be used
for analysis that can predict the outcome or in processing and monitoring of the products.
Remote inputs outputs are placed in far off location which can connected wirelessly with
GPRS which can help in data collections. All the devices communicate with IoT gateways
with different protocols which the gateways are able to understand. Protocols such as
MODBUS, Profbus, serials and input outputs.

IIoT Gateways
IIoT gateways has the features to communicate with almost all the protocols. It works line a
small computer of house application such as
Data acquisition application: The data from the operational technologies and the local
systems both are acquired and sent to cloud which is a central platform where one can see all
the data on one platform.
Application for cloud integration: It work as central interface seamlessly communicating
with field, local systems and cloud. It can publish the data from the operational technologies
directly to cloud using Mqtt protocol.

IT infrastructure
The IT infrastructure consists of on premise servers and the cloud infrastructure where all the
data are stored and analyzed. The data input from on premise server are also sent to the
central platform i.e. cloud.

PLC

Local SCADA
Modbus/Ethernet

Sensors
GATEWAY

Mqtt/RESTful API
Public/Private Cloud Client
Remote I/O

C) What are the characteristics for selecting an IIOT gateway

1.Connectivity feature
-Communication protocols (Ethernet?MQTT/OPC/MODBUS)
-Wireless Connectivity(4G/Bluetooth/Wifi)
-Types and Number of I/O (Analog/Digital/Camera feed)
-Output File formats (XML/JSON/CSV)
2.Processing Capabilities
-Processor Specification
3. Ease of use
-Configuration method
-OS
-Application development
4.Certification for industrial Usage
-IP protection
-CE,UL or equivalent safety certifications

D)Brief explanation to case study: CNC machine integration

Problem statement
 Lot of time spent in manually record the availability and OEE of the machine
 Manual recording in logbooks are subject to manual errors and inconsistencis
 Lack if accurate data analysis of parameters line daily manpower productivity, lifetime of
the cutting tool, availability, setup tome and breakdown time.

Solution Statement

Solution for all the problem statement is by creating a central platform connecting the IIoT
gateway to all PLC and to on power server or to cloud server which is in turns connected to the
user.
 The data are automatically collected from the PLC to sever and can check the availability
and OEE of the machine in real time
 The IIoT gateway collects the data from all the PLCs and sends to the central platform so
no manual record is needed and there is no human error or inconsistencies.
 As all the parameters are accurate and available in central platform different method of
analysis can be performed to analyze the lifetime of cutting tool, set up time,
breakdown time and availability.
Daily manpower and operator productivity can be measured accurately as by comparing
the login data of the operator and the quantity and the volume of data produced which are
recorded in the main platform.

E. Explain how we can use PLC as IIOT Gateway

PLC can connect to IT side as well as OT side. Introducing IOT will be bring a central platform
where all the machine/process performance can be monetized and analyzed for deviation. It
helps for data analysis and data reports can also be obtained. The IOT can easily communicate
and responds each single device on the system. In the example given, Company ABB is using an
AC500 to connect to the sensors, the drive and the understand the motion. This can help to
micromanage and analyze everything. In the video, they also explain how Hitachi introduced
IoT in the process. Each device will have different network protocol.