Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information

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Candidate surname Other names

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Centre Number Candidate Number

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Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

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Time 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper
reference WCH12/01
Chemistry
 

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry,
Halogenoalkanes and Alcohols
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, Data Booklet

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Into the question marked with an asterisk (*) marks will be awarded for your ability
structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P67128A0128*
P67128A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

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SECTION A

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Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

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For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .

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If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with

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a cross .

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1 The infrared spectrum of an organic compound is shown.

100
% Transmittance

50

0

4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1

Which of these compounds would give this infrared spectrum?

A hexanal

B hexane

C hexanoic acid

D hexan-1-ol

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Which of these compounds does not react with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?

A CH3CH2OH

B CH3CHOHCH3

C CH3CH2CHO

D CH3COCH3

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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3 Which of these compounds is a tertiary alcohol?

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A 2-methylpropan-2-ol

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B 3-methylbutan-2-ol

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C 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol

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D 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol

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(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

4 In a mass spectrum, the molecular ion is the ion which always has the

A greatest abundance

B greatest stability

C highest charge

D highest mass/charge ratio

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol are isomers.

Which m / z value would be expected to have a significant peak in the mass spectrum
of butan-1-ol but not that of butan-2-ol?

A 15

B 29
C 43

D 57

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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6 Which of these isomers has the highest boiling temperature?

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A

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B

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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7 Organic reactions can be classified in different ways.

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(a) How should the reaction shown be classified?

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(1)

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A addition

B oxidation

C polymerisation

D substitution

(b) How should the reaction shown be classified?

(1)

OH O

    

A addition

B oxidation

C reduction
D substitution

(Total for Question 7 = 2 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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8 Data for some Group 1 and Group 2 cations are shown in the table.

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Cation Ionic radius / nm Ionic charge

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W 0.100 +2

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X 0.138 +1

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Y 0.113 +2

Z 0.149 +1

Which cation would be expected to form the nitrate with the greatest
thermal stability?

A W

B X
C Y

D Z

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 The equation for the complete combustion of propan-1-ol is shown.

C3H7OH(l) + 4½O2(g) ® 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

2.00 × 10−3 mol of propan-1-ol undergoes complete combustion.

What mass of carbon dioxide is formed?

A 0.0293 g

B 0.0880 g

C 0.132 g

D 0.264 g

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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10 This question is about the reaction shown.

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2KMnO4 + xH2C2O4 + yH2SO4 ® 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 10CO2 + zH2O

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(a) What values of x, y and z are needed to balance the equation?

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(1)

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x y z

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A 5 6 8

B 10 3 4

C 5 3 8

D 10 6 4

(b) What is the reducing agent in the reaction?

(1)

A H+
B C2O42–

C MnO4–

D SO42–

(Total for Question 10 = 2 marks)

11 What is the oxidation number of phosphorus in the phosphate ion, PO43– ?

A –3

B +3

C +5

D +7

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Which reaction is not a redox reaction?

A 4KClO3(s) ® 3KClO4(s) + KCl(s)

B 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) ® BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

C Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ® ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

D Cl2(g) + H2O(l) ® HCl(aq) + HClO(aq)

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

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13 A student is provided with 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

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What volume of distilled water should the student add to this solution to make a

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0.0500 mol dm–3 solution?

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A 25.0 cm3

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B 50.0 cm3

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C 475 cm3

D 500 cm3

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 Which statement about the Group 7 elements chlorine, bromine and iodine is
not correct?

A boiling temperature increases down the group

B reactivity increases down the group

C first ionisation energy decreases down the group

D electronegativity decreases down the group

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 When iodine is dissolved in a non-polar organic solvent, the solution formed is

A purple
B orange

C colourless

D brown

(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

16 Which row shows the hydrogen halides in order of increasing boiling temperature?

Lowest Highest
A HF HCl HBr HI
B HI HBr HCl HF
C HCl HBr HI HF
D HF HI HBr HCl

(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

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17 Solid potassium bromide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid.

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Which of these substances does not form?

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A bromine

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B hydrogen bromide

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C hydrogen sulfide

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D sulfur dioxide

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

18 10.00 g of hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.7H2O, is heated to remove the

water of crystallisation.
What mass of anhydrous magnesium sulfate, MgSO4 , is formed?
[ Molar mass of MgSO4.7H2O = 246.4 g mol−1 ]

A 2.84 g
B 4.89 g

C 5.11 g

D 7.16 g

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B

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Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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19 This question is about enthalpy changes.

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(a) An experiment was carried out to determine the enthalpy change of combustion

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for ethanol.

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) ® 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

1.19 g of ethanol was burned in a spirit burner. The heat energy from this
combustion raised the temperature of 100 g of water from 21.6 °C to 63.9 °C.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol in 1.19 g.
[ Molar mass of ethanol = 46.0 g mol−1 ]
(1)

mole=mass
RMM

=1.19/ 46
=0.026 mol

(ii) Calculate the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water
from 21.6 °C to 63.9 °C.
[ Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g−1 °C −1 ]
(2)

c=Q/ deltaT*m

delta T= 63.9-21.6
= 42.3 C

4.18=Q/100*42.3
Q = 4.18*100*42.3
=17681.4 J

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(iii) Use your answers to (a) (i) and (ii) to calculate a value for the

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enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.

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and include a sign and units.

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(3)

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=joule/mole

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=17681/0.026
=680038.46
= -680000 J mol^-1

(iv) The value of the enthalpy change of combustion from this experiment was
very inaccurate.
Give two reasons why this value was so inaccurate, apart from heat loss.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- incomplete combustion
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-evaporation of ethanol
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Mean bond enthalpies can be used to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of

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combustion of a compound.

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(i) Give the meaning of the term ‘mean bond enthalpy’.

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(2)

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energy required to break one mole of a specific bond

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in the gaseous state and averaged out over many different

molecules
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate a value for the enthalpy change of combustion of methanol, using
the information in the table and the equation shown.
(3)
CH3OH + 1½O2 ® CO2 + 2H2O

C–H C–O O–H O=O C=O

Mean bond enthalpy

413 358 464 498 805
/ kJ mol−1

bond break: (3 × 413) + ( 1× 358) +(1 × 464) +(1½ × 498)

= (+) 2808 kJ mol–1

bond made: (2 x 805) + (4 x 464)

= (–) 3466( kJ mol–1)

2808 – 3466
= –658 kJ mol–1

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(c) Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to calculate the enthalpy change of

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formation of a compound.

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Standard enthalpy change of combustion,

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Substance

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∆c H  / kJ mol−1

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C(s,graphite) –394

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H2(g) –286

CH3CHO(g) –1167

Complete the Hess cycle and use it to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
formation for ethanal, CH3CHO.
(3)

2C(s, graphite) + 2H2(g) + ½O2(g) ® CH3CHO(g)

(+2 ½O2) (+2 ½O2)

2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

(Total for Question 19 = 16 marks)

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20 This question is about halogenoalkanes.

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(a) The rates of hydrolysis of 1-chloropropane, 1-bromopropane and 1-iodopropane

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in reactions with aqueous silver nitrate solution were compared.

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(i) State what would be measured in the experiment to compare

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the rates of hydrolysis.

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(1)

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time taken for precipitate to form
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State which of these halogenoalkanes would hydrolyse the fastest.

Justify your answer.
(2)

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1-iodopropane as CI bond is weakest

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The equation for the hydrolysis of 1-chloropropane by aqueous hydroxide ions
is shown.

CH3CH2CH2Cl + OH− ® CH3CH2CH2OH + Cl−

Give the mechanism for this hydrolysis.

Include curly arrows, and relevant dipoles and lone pairs.
(2)

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(c) The boiling temperatures of some halogenoalkanes are shown.

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Boiling temperature

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Halogenoalkane

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1-chloropropane 47

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1-bromopropane 71

1-iodopropane 103

Explain the trend in boiling temperature of these halogenoalkanes by comparing

the intermolecular forces involved.
Detailed explanations of the forces involved are not required.
(4)

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1-iodopropane has more electrons than 1-

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chloropropane and 1-bromopropane, so it is stronger
and has more London forces, so more enerdy required
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to overcome these forces.

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-iodopropane having the weakest permanent dipole

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forces
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1-chloropropane has the strongest

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(permanent) dipole
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) In another experiment, 2-bromobutane is heated with

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ethanolic potassium hydroxide and an elimination reaction occurs.

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Draw the skeletal formulae of the three possible organic products, giving

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their names.

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Skeletal formula Name

Z-but-2-ene

E -but-2-ene

but-1-ene

(Total for Question 20 = 12 marks)

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21 This question is about Group 1 metals.

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(a) When potassium is placed into a beaker of cold water, potassium hydroxide and

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hydrogen are formed.

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(i) Write the equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.

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(2)

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2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

(ii) This is a redox reaction.

State which element is oxidised and which is reduced.
Justify your answer by giving the initial and final oxidation numbers of any
element that changes oxidation state.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

potassium from 0 to +1 and oxidised

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hydrogen from +1 to 0 and reduced

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) The reaction of potassium with water is very vigorous and a flame is seen.

State the colour of the flame.

(1)

lilac
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) The label has come off a bottle known to contain M, a Group 1 metal which is

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stored in oil.

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A student carried out an experiment to determine the identity of M.

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Procedure

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Step 1  A small piece of M was wiped with tissue paper to remove the oil.

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The piece of M was weighed and placed in a beaker of distilled water.

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Step 2  After the reaction had finished, the contents of the beaker and washings
were transferred to a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask. The solution was made
up to the mark with distilled water and mixed thoroughly.
Step 3  A pipette was used to transfer 25.0 cm3 portions of this solution to
conical flasks. Each portion was then titrated with hydrochloric acid of
concentration 0.400 mol dm–3 .
Results

Mass of metal, M 0.37 g

Mean titre of hydrochloric acid 12.80 cm3

The reaction taking place is shown.

MOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ® MCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(i) The indicator used was phenolphthalein.

State the colour change at the end-point.
(2)

from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pink colourless

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... to .............................................................................................

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(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of M and use it to identify the Group 1

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metal, M.

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(4)

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(c) Another student repeated the experiment, using a different sample of metal M,
but did not wipe off the oil before weighing it.
State how this would change the calculated value of the relative atomic mass
of M. Justify your answer.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the mass of M is lower than the mass of material weighed
and relative atomic mass of M will be greater
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 21 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 41 MARKS

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*P67128A02028*
BLANK PAGE

20


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SECTION C

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Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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22 This question is about ethanol and bioethanol.

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The main fuel used as a petrol substitute is bioethanol. Bioethanol is ethanol that

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has been produced by fermentation. The starting material is usually some form of
plant material rich in starch, such as wheat, maize or potatoes. Enzymes in yeast
convert this material to simple carbohydrates such as glucose (C6H12O6 ) and then to
ethanol and carbon dioxide.

C6H12O6 ® 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

The mixture is left for several days until fermentation is complete.

The percentage of ethanol is never greater than 15 % because higher concentrations
of ethanol kill the yeast.
A common blend of fuel is 95 % petrol and 5 % bioethanol. The engine does not need
to be modified for this mixture.
(a) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using bioethanol in petrol.
(2)
Advantage
renewable
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Disadvantage

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uses up large area of land

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(b) Suggest why this fermentation must be carried out in the absence of air.
(1)

ethanol can react with oxygen

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Suggest how the ethanol can be obtained, after filtering the
fermentation mixture.
(1)
fractional distillation
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) Ethanol is hygroscopic, which means it readily absorbs water from the air.

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(i) Give a possible reason why ethanol is able to absorb water.

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(1)

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ethanol forms hydrogen bonds with water

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(ii) Suggest a problem arising from the hygroscopic nature of ethanol when using
this fuel in a motor vehicle.
(1)
corrosion
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) Ethanol can also be produced by the hydration of ethene.

CH2 = CH2(g) + H2O(g)  CH3CH2OH(g) ∆H = − 45 kJ mol−1

*(i) Typical conditions are 300 °C and 60 atm with a catalyst of phosphoric acid.
Explain why these conditions are used, by describing the effect of changing
the temperature and pressure on rate of reaction, equilibrium yield and cost.
(6)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-if temperature increases, rate increases, yield decreases

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-if pressure increases, rate increase, yield increase

- catalyst allows the use of lower temperature
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-high temperatue and pressure in expensive

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
 *P67128A02328* Turn over

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(ii) The rate of this reaction is increased by using a catalyst of phosphoric acid.

/b
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ish
Label the axes on the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve and use it to

stu
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explain how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

nt
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(4)

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number of
molecules

energy E
activition energy
activation energy
with catalyst
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-more particles have energy greater than

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the activation energy with the catalyst
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P67128A02428* 


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(f ) Catalysts such as phosphoric acid are bonded to a support material that contains

/b
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lots of pores.

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support material

pores

(i) Suggest the advantage of using support materials containing lots of pores.
(1)

large surface area so faster reaction

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Under these conditions, only about 5 % of the ethene is converted into
ethanol as it passes over the catalyst.
Suggest how the overall yield of this process can be improved to make it
economically viable.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-remove ethanol and recycle the reactants

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 22 = 19 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 19 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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