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    Schwartz-Zippel Lemma and Polynomial Identity Testing

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    Shriram Ramachandran
    The Schwartz-Zippel lemma is a tool used in probabilistic polynomial identity testing, which is the problem of determining whether a given multivariate polynomial is the zero polynomial. Polynomial identity testing is determining if two polynomials are identical by checking if their difference is the zero polynomial. The Schwartz-Zippel algorithm provides a probabilistic solution by randomly testing inputs and checking if the output is zero. It was the first randomized polynomial time algorithm proven correct for polynomial identity testing.

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    Schwartz-Zippel Lemma and Polynomial Identity Testing

    Uploaded by

    Shriram Ramachandran
    269 views7 pages
    The Schwartz-Zippel lemma is a tool used in probabilistic polynomial identity testing, which is the problem of determining whether a given multivariate polynomial is the zero polynomial. Polynomial identity testing is determining if two polynomials are identical by checking if their difference is the zero polynomial. The Schwartz-Zippel algorithm provides a probabilistic solution by randomly testing inputs and checking if the output is zero. It was the first randomized polynomial time algorithm proven correct for polynomial identity testing.

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    Schwartz-Zippel

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    The Schwartz-Zippel lemma is a tool used in probabilistic polynomial identity testing, which is the problem of determining whether a given multivariate polynomial is the zero polynomial. Polynomial identity testing is determining if two polynomials are identical by checking if their difference is the zero polynomial. The Schwartz-Zippel algorithm provides a probabilistic solution by randomly testing inputs and checking if the output is zero. It was the first randomized polynomial time algorithm proven correct for polynomial identity testing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    269 views7 pages

    Schwartz-Zippel Lemma and Polynomial Identity Testing

    Uploaded by

    Shriram Ramachandran
    The Schwartz-Zippel lemma is a tool used in probabilistic polynomial identity testing, which is the problem of determining whether a given multivariate polynomial is the zero polynomial. Polynomial identity testing is determining if two polynomials are identical by checking if their difference is the zero polynomial. The Schwartz-Zippel algorithm provides a probabilistic solution by randomly testing inputs and checking if the output is zero. It was the first randomized polynomial time algorithm proven correct for polynomial identity testing.

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    Schwartz-Zippel Lemma

    and
    Polynomial Identity Testing
    In mathematics, the Schwartz–Zippel lemma (also called the DeMillo-Lipton-

    Schwartz–Zippel lemma) is a tool commonly used in probabilistic polynomial

    identity testing, i.e. in the problem of determining whether a given multivariate

    polynomial is the 0-polynomial.

    Polynomial identity testing (PIT) is the problem of efficiently determining

    whether two multivariate polynomials are identical. More formally, a PIT algorithm

    is given an arithmetic circuit that computes a polynomial p in a field, and decides

    whether p is the zero polynomial. Determining the computational complexity

    required for polynomial identity testing is one of the most important open

    problems in algebraic computing complexity.


    The degree of a polynomial is the highest of the degrees of the polynomial's
    monomials (individual terms) with non-zero coefficients. The degree of a term is
    the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it, and thus is a non-
    negative integer. For a univariate polynomial, the degree of the polynomial is
    simply the highest exponent occurring in the polynomial.

    The first term has a degree of 5 (the sum of the powers 2 and 3), the second term has a
    degree of 1, and the last term has a degree of 0. Therefore, the polynomial has a degree of
    5, which is the highest degree of any term.
    Polynomial identity testing

    The question "Does


    is a question about whether two polynomials are identical. As with any polynomial
    identity testing question, it can be trivially transformed into the question "Is a certain
    polynomial equal to 0?"; in this case we can ask "Does

    If we are given the polynomial as an algebraic expression (rather than as a black-box), we


    can confirm that the equality holds through brute-force multiplication and addition, but
    the time complexity of the brute-force approach grows as

    where n is the number of variables (here,n=2: x is the first and y is the second), and d is
    the degree of the polynomial (here,d=2). if n and d are both large grows exponentially

    PIT concerns whether a polynomial is identical to the zero polynomial, rather than whether
    the function implemented by the polynomial always evaluates to zero in the given domain.

    The Schwartz–Zippel algorithm provides a practical probabilistic solution, by simply


    randomly testing inputs and checking whether the output is zero. It was the first
    randomized polynomial time PIT algorithm to be proven correct
    The larger the domain the inputs are drawn from, the less likely Schwartz–Zippel is to fail.
    What is a zero polynomial?

    The Evaluates to Zero Everywhere (EZE) problem. Given a polynomial p(x1, . . . ,


    xn) over F, we must decide whether, for every choice of numbers y1, . . . , yn ∈ F,
    the value of p(y1, . . . , yn) is the number 0.

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