Soal 11-19

1. The spacecraft vayager 1 was launched on september 5, 1977 to fly by jupiter and saturn, while
vayoger 2 which was launched two weeks earlier was to fly by jupiter and saturn, and possibly
uranus and neptune. Both spacecraft were also expected t observe a number of jupiter’s and
saturn’s satellites, of which titan was considered by far the most important because a study of
its atmosphere might yield important clues about the evolution of the early atmosphere on
earth. It was planned that voyager 1 would fly by titan but if failed voyager 2 would be
reprogrammed to fly by titan, even though it would then have been unable to visit uranus or
neptune.
The two voyager spacecraft, each weighing over 800 kilograms were over three times as heavy
as their predecessors the ploneer spacecraft and as they were designed five years later, they
could use more complex and sophisticated equiment. The main operational difference was the
use of much more powerful onboard computer system that allowed all spacecraft functions,
except for trajectory changes to be controlled automatically on board. This was essential, as it
would take over eight hours for radio waves to travel from neptune to earth.
All planetary spacecraft are sophisticated systems that are expected to work remotely in
extreme environments for periods of many months if not years. Not only are the forces
experienced during launch severe, but so are the temperatures on the panels that face the sun
and those pointing toward space. In addition, the high energy particles in the solar winds can
cause electrical discharges on board the spacecraft and these can destory integrated circuits. Oil
evaporates in space and can ruin lenses and mirrors, so dry lubricants have to be develope. All
these problems and many more have to be overcome. In the case of voyager 2, the spacecraft
would have to operate satisfactorily when it was at neptune some 4,430 million away from earth
twelve years after launch, assuming that voyager 1 had made a successful fly by of titan.
 No 1
a. More successful than the voyagers
b. Designed for long journeys
c. Made of very light materials
d. Produced earlier than the voyagers

 The main advantage of the powerful computer system used on the voyager spacecraft was that
most spacecraft functins could be
a. operated from earth or neptune
b. controlled from within the spacecraft
 c. changed according to the spacecraft’s trajectory
d. reprogrammed after eight hours

 All of the following characteristics og the voyager and the pioneer spacecraft are compared
EXCEPT
a. type of equipment
b. speed
c. weight
d. time of design

 The word ‘these’ in line 20 refers to

a. temperatures
b. circuits
c. spacecraft
d. discharges

 It was originally planned that voyager 1 would observe all of the following EXCEPT
a. saturn
b. titan
c. neptune
d. jupiter

 Which of the following is mentioned as a reason that the visit of voyager 2 to neptune would be
difficult?
a. the spacecraft would remain at neptune for twelve years
b. the journey from earth to neptune would take a long time
c. voyager 2 would be replacing voyager 1
d. there would be problems launching the spacecraft

 The word ‘remotely’ in line 16 is closest meaning to

a. from a distance
b. at the same speed
c. for a long time
d. without support
 The passage discusses the voyager spacecraft mainly in terms of
a. problems that were encountered during their flights
b. differences between spacecraft of the 1970’s and those of today
c. technical issues that affected their planning
d. wheather conditions that determined their launch dates
 The phrase ‘assuming that’ in line 25 is closest meaning to
a. and
b. if
c. so
d. but

2. Soal 20-31
Birds are generally considered to have evolved from a small, two-legged, lightweight dinosaur.
There are two quite different theories concerning this evolution. One idea, the arboreal theory,
is that birds’ ability to fly originated from a climbing and gliding ancestor. In this view, bird
ancestors climbed trees and eventually learned to parachute to the ground, then to glide from
one tree to another, and finally to fly, this trait would perhaps have originated as an escape from
predators or in the search for food such as leaves, seeds, and fruits. Climbing into trees and
nesting in trees for safety may also have preceded gliding and flying. It has been suggested that
the small clawed digits at the midwing of archaeopteryx the earliest known bird, allowed the
animal to haul itself up into trees. An analogous feature is found in the chicks of the single living
bird, the hoatzin of the amazon basin. This bird nests in trees overhanging water. The young
swim two the base of the tree and then use two small functional claws at the middle of each
wing to clamber back up into the nest. Hoatzin chicks lose these claws as adults. However, the
fingers of juvenile hoatzin are assuredly not a primitive feature derived from archaeopteryx but,
rather, a secondary derived characteristics.
The second hypothesis about flight, the cursorial theory, is that birds evolved from ground-
dwelling ancestors. In this view, feathers first evolved as insulation for temperature control
because the reptilian ancestor was becoming or had already become warm-blooded. These small
reptiles ran along the ground, and captured insects and other small animal prey. The feathers of
the forelimbs became elongated and were, perhaps, used to sweep up and capture insects,
much as a butterfly net would be used. From this stage, the animals acquired the ability to jump
into the air to capture prey, and the developing wings helped to stabilize their bodies and let
 them down gently to the ground. Finally, they used the forelimbs as wings for flights. It is also
possible that leaving the ground could have been an antipredator adaption
 According to the cursorial theory, which of the following characteristics of bird ancestors
developed last?
a. The presence of elongated feathers on their forelimbs
b. The use of their forelimbs as wings to fly
c. The ability to jump into the air and land gently
d. The ability to control their body temperature

 The word ‘analogous’ in line 10 closest in meaning to...

a. Unusual
b. Similar
c. Common
d. Significant
 The word ‘eventually’ in line 4 closest meaning to
a. predictably
b. amazingly
c. in time
d. in the beggining
 What does the passage mainly discuss?
a. similarities between primitive birds and certain small dinosaurs
b. the reasons scientist believe that birds evolved from reptiles
c. how the need to escape predators contributed to the evolution of flight in bird ancestors
d. hypotheses about the development of flight in bird ancestors
 According to the cursorial theory, why did bird ancestors first develop feathers?
a. to increase their ability to capture prey
b. to develop the ability to jump into the air
c. to maintain a relatively stable body temperature
d. to escape from predators more effectively
 According to the arboreal theory, which of the following abilities was probably the earliest to
develop in bird ancestors?
a. gliding from tree to tree
b. nesting in trees near water
c. climbing trees
 d. parachuting to the ground
 The word’they’ in line 24 refers to
a. forelimbs
b. prey
c. animals
d. wings
 The word ‘acquired’ in line 22 is closest in meaning to
a. gained
b. recovered
c. required
d. lacked
 According to the cursorial theory, the ancestors of birds
a. were not dinosaurs
b. were piant eaters
c. remained cold-blooded
d. lived on the ground
 The word ‘assuredly’ in line 14 is closest in meaning to
a. probably
b. certainly
c. surprisingly
d. originally
 According to the passage, what may have been the function of the small-clawed digits at the
midwing of archaeopteryx?
a. carrying food into nests of trees
b. helping it to land when gliding from tree to tree
c. fighting against predators
d. pulling itself up th trunks of trees
 Why is the hoatzin mentioned in the first paragraph?
a. to suggest that some of the primitive features of early birds can still be useful to modern birds
b. to argue that archaeopteryx chicks had functional claws at the midwing, but adult birds of that
species did not
c. to support a theory about the function of midwing claws in a primitive bird by comparison
with a modern bird
 d. to demonstrate how the hoatzin used its midwing claws to build nests over water like the
archaeopteryx

3. ..... damaging landslides occur where building development alters natural slopes or groundwater
conditions.
a. Many
b. Many of
c. Of the many
d. Many of them
4. SOAL 1-10
From the late ninteenth century onward, children’s books have tended to feature large
print, lots of pictures, and attractive bindings. The contrast with children’s books of the 1700’s is
stark. Early children’s books rarely had pictures, were printed in small typeface to save paper, and
had thick paper bindings with paper labels stuck on the outer spine. They also tended to be printed
in small volumes, which were thought to be more “child sized”
Pictures were expensive in the late eighteenth century. Although woodcuts were cheaper
than engravings and were used in some children’s books, they still tended to be relatively crude.
Engravings could show more detail, but they were usually limited to a front is piece (the first inside
page) or to plates of technical diagrams in works for older children or adults. BY he late 1870’s better
and cheaper methods of wood engraving had been introduced, metal engraving had become
cheaper, and color printing had been invented, all of which transformed the appearance of
children’s books.
The decorative (and colorful) bindings which covered the late nineteenth-century books are
particularly striking in comparison to their earlier counterparts, the development of cloth bindings
and the partial mechanization of the binding process in the 1830’s and 1840’s completely changed
the outward appearance of books. Publisher’s bindings became common, and those for children’s
books were soon decorated with elaborate stamped patterns, often in several colors, and embossed
with gold. Previously, books had been issued bound in wood as a temporary measure until the
purchaser arranged for a leather binding, the later patterned boards indicate an attempt to provide a
more attractive, less costly binding.
The absence of most of these decorative arts in early children’s books meant that the text
was almost solely responsible for keeping the child’s attention. Thus authors made the effort to be
amusing in order to be more effectively instructive. The characters and events of the fictionalized
stories were intended to prevent boredom. One of the most famous children’s books of the
eighteenth century, evenings at home, went on step further than most by using a lot of short stories
on different subjects and in different genres. The short length was adapted to the child’s attention
span, while the ever-changing subjects stimulated curiosity.
 The word “they” in line 8 refers to....
a. Woodcuts
b. Pictures
c. Some children’s books
d. Engraving

 The word ‘elaborate’ in line 19 is closest in meaning to

a. attractive

b. expensive

c. detailed

d. large

 According to the passage, how did eighteenth-century writers try to make children’s

books interesting?

a. they issued books in cloth or leather bindings

b. they created amusing characters and events

c. they included colorful prints

d. they wrote books that were larger than the average books for adults

 According to the passage, engravings were characterized by the fact that they were

a. able to show finer features than woodcuts

b. unavailable to publishers in the eighteenth century

c. relatively cheap prior to the 1870’s

d. used only in books for adults

 The author mentions the eighteenth-century book evenings at home primarily as an example of
a. a long story that looked at a single subject from several different sides
b. one of the shortest children’s books of its time
c. a book designed to be attractive to child readers
 d. a book with a beautifully made decorative binding
 The word ‘stark’ in line 3 is closest meaning to
a. strong
b. unimportant
c. interesting
d. well understood
 According to the passage, prior to the 1830’s, what did readers do to make the books they
purchased more attractive?
a. they embossed the binding boards with gold
b. they inserted additional pages with colorful pictures
c. they paid to have the books leather bound
d. they arranged for artists to illustrate the books
 What aspect of children’s books of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries does the passage
mainly discuss?
a. how the interests of readers failed to affect the practices of publishers
b. how eighteenth and nineteenth centuries books had several types of binding
c. how important woodcuts and engravings were to book sales
d. how the appearance of the books changed due to technological advances
 According to the passage, publishers in the 1830’s were able to offer books that were all of the
following EXCEPT
a. printed in color
b. less expensive than before
c. issued in a cloth binding
d. bound in decorative covers
 The word ‘absence’ in line 23 is closest in meaning to
a. appreciation
b. lack
c. high cost
d. appearance

5. On reaching the ground, snow crystals lose .... structure and become granular
a. Their
b. And their
c. Because their
 d. It is their

6. The founders the Hudson River School, a group of nineteenth- century landscape painters, were
especially interested in the Hudson River Valley and New England.
a. A group
b. Landscape
c. Founders the
d. Especially

7. Susan B. Anthony campaigned for more .... half a century to secure women’s rights in voting,
education, and employment.
a. When
b. As
c. Being
d. Than

8. Soal 32-40
Production techniques are currently being revolutionized by the itroduction, in many
industries and many countries, of ‘lean- production techiques, ‘ also known as ‘flexible
manufacturing.’. in order to understand the lean-production revolution, one must distinguish the
three types of production techniques used today. Craft methods employ highly skilled workers to
make non-standardized products that are often tailor made for individual purchasers. The result is
usually an expensive product of high quality, made by artisans who get considerable job satisfaction.
Mass production methods are based on specialization and division of labor. They use skilled
personnel to disign products and production methods. They then employ relatively unskilled labor to
produce standardized parts and to assemble them using highly specialized, single-purpose machines.
The parts are usually manufactured in separate locations, often by distinct companies, and then
assembled in a central production facility, often called an assembly line. The design of the product is
centralized, and manufacturers bid competitively to produce parts to the stated specifictions. The
cost of changing the specialized equipment from the production of one product vaariant to another
is high, and thus specific product types are produced for as long as possible. The result is a
standardized product, made in a fairly small number of variants, and produced at low cost with
moderate quality. Lean production methods combine th flexibility and high quality standards of craft
production with the low cost of mass-production techniques. They are lean because they use less of
all inputs, including time, labor, capital, and inventories, compared with either of the other
techniques. They are flexible because the costs of switching from one product line to another are
minimized.
In lean production, workers are organized as teams; each worker is encouraged todo all of
the tasks assigned to the team, using equipment that is less highly specialized than equipment used
in mass production techniques. This emphasize individuality and initiative rather than a mind
numbing repetition of one unskilled operation. It also helps workers to identify places where
improvements can be made and encourages them to follow up on these. Finally, it reduces the costs
of switching equipment from production of one product variant to another.
 According to the passage, which of the following is an area in which costs are lower in lean
production than in mass production?
a. design
b. transporting the finished product
c. changing product lines
d. production space
 Who is responsible for the design of products in mass production?
a. teams of production workers
b. managers
c. skilled specialist
d. individual purchasers
 It can be inferred from the passage that workers who use lean production techniques
a. have greater job satisfaction than mass production workers
b. create non-standardized products
c. produce higher quality products than craft production workers
d. are not required to have many skills
 All of the following are true of mass productiontechniques EXCEPT
a. workers perform a limited number of tasks
b. parts of the product may be manufactured in several locations
c. the machines used can be inexpensively adapted for more than one manufacturing operation
d. a product is manufactured for as long as possible
 Which of the following statement about lean production techniques is supported by the
passage?
a. lean production techniques include some of the best element of other methods
b. many mass produced products are not easily made with lean production techniques
 c. lean production techniques have primarily affected craft workers
d. lean production is usually the most expensive method of production
 What does the passage mainly discuss?
a. the ability of workers to learn different production methods
b. the history of mass-production methods
c. the types of manufacturing methods in common use
d. the limitation of lean-production methods
 The word ‘tasks’ in line 25 is meaning to
a. changes
b. purchases
c. jobs
d. repairs
 The word ‘revolutionized’ in line 1 is closest in meaning to
a. carefully evaluated
b. fully supplied
c. selectively borrowed
d. fundamentally changed
 The word ‘moderate’ in line 18 is closest in meaning to
a. noticeable
b. advanced
c. average
d. preferred

9. Structure&written expression soal 1-15

Bears occupy a variety of habiitats, but human encroachment has ..... them primarily to
maountain, forest, and arctic wildernesses
a. restrict
b. been restricted
c. restricted
d. restricting
10. Scientists estimate that life on earth began some four billion years ago, which was one or two
billion years afterword the planet itself formed
a. some
b. afterward
c. itself formed
 d. ago
11. A hiccup is caused by an involuntary contraction of the diaphragm, the wide muscular partition
that separate the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
a. involuntary
b. from
c. is caused
d. separate
12. Small raindrops are roughly spherical because are held together by surface tension
a. surface tension
b. small
c. roughly
d. because are
13. Annually in the united states, paper currency with a face value of more than $35 billion is been
printed, averaging about 16 million notes a day
a. paper currency
b. annually
c. been printed
d. averaging
14. Modern trawling boats equipped with echo-sounder fish finders and refrigeration to preserve
they catch may be as big as 4,000 gross tons
a. equipped with
b. as big as
c. they
d. refrigeration
15. George wythe, a lawyer and judge, trained many the leading lawyers of his time, among them
thomas jefferson, and signed the declaration of independence
a. many the
b. among them
c. and judge
d. and signed
16. People respond emotionally to television content, but individual responses differ, depending of
cognitive and personality characteristics
a. of
b. but
 c. emotionally
d. differ

17. Soal 41-50

Humans crossed into north america from asia at a time when the two continents were note
separated by the sea but connected by a land bridge known as beringia. In the depths of the last ice
age, beringia was frigid, barren wasteland swept by violet winds. As the ice began to melt and
retreat, however, a varied arctic vegetation became established in beringia and began to attract and
support an animal population of large ice-age mammals, including wooly mammoths, horses,
camels, sheep, deer, musk oxen, and ground sloths. Even then, beringia was separated from the rest
of north america by ice sheets that flowed together in what is now western canada. An ice-free
corridor to the south opened up into the rest of the americas only as the main canadian ice sheet
retreated eastward. The important event in human migration is not when people reached beringia,
but when they broke past the ice barriers to the temperate and tropical americas to the south. Did
humans reach the americas only as the ice retreated, or had they done so earlier by following
another route?. There is now compelling evidence that humans were living in monte verde, in
southern chile (western south america), as early as 12,500 years ago or earlier. Most likely, these
people had arrived by boat along the western american coast; there is scattered evidence of very
early american fishing communities at coastal sites in western canada, the western united states,
and peru in western south america. The coastal people seem to have eaten shelfish, seabirds, and
small fish. As far as we can tell, these settlers had very little effect on the american continetal
ecosystems, and they may not have left many descendants. The american continetal ecosystems did
not receive full human impact until around 11,000 years ago, with the arrival of big game hunters.
Genetic evidence suggests that surviving native americans are genetically distinct from
contemporary eurasians. This is probably the result of a strong genetic ‘founder effect’, in which a
small group of genetically similar people managed to enter the americas through some kind of
bottleneck in a single invasion, and their descendants dominated the eventual population of the
americas.
 The word ‘frigid’ in line 3 is closest in meaning to
a. extremely cold
b. empty
c. very humid
d. huge
 According to the passage, what is the genetic ‘founder effect’ meant to explain?
a. why most contemporary americans are not descendants of the coastal people
b. why there are important genetic differences between different groups of eurasians
c. why surviving native americans are not genetically similar to contemporary eurasians
d. why contemporary north americans differ genetically from contemporary south americans
 According to the passage, which of the following groups of people most affected american
continental ecosystems?
a. early inhabitants of south america
b. descendants of the coastal people
c. early fishing communities in north america
d. big game hunters

 The word ‘retreat’ in line 4 is closest in meaning to

a. crack up
b. move back
d. merge with
e. slide down
 According to the passage, why did bringia begin to attract large animals?
a. the growth of vegetation provided a supply of food
b. the development of a large ice sheet allowed animals to walk across beringia
c. colder temperatures provided a favorable habitat for large animals
d. once humans were established in beringia, animals were also attracted
 The word ‘they’ in line 19 refers to
a. coastal sites
b. continental ecosystems
c. coastal people
d. shellfish, seabirds, and small fish
 The word ‘compelling’ in line 8 is closest in meaning to
a. competing
b. surprising
c. inadequate
d. convincing
 The word ‘corridor’ in line 8 is closest in meaning to
a. river
b. view
c. passage
d. settiement
 It can be inferred from the passage that big game hunters probably first arrived in the america?
a. by following a sea route along the western american coast
b. as early as 12,500 years ago
c. before a varied arctic vegetation became established in beringia
d. by breaking past the main canadian ice sheet
 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the first paragraph?
a. the gradual retreat of ice sheets allowed humans to migrate from asia to north america
b. the growth of vegetation in beringia made it possible for people to migrate into north america
c. humans crossed from asia to north america by walking on ice sheets
d. although there were large animals to hunt in beringia, humans never settled there because of
the harsh climate

18. In the united states, in the years after 1828, the democrats won the presidency six out of eight
times through 1856 and control congress during most of that period too
a. through
b. years
c. presidency
d. control
19. The twin-lens reflex camera has two lenses... for focusing and viewfinding and the other
forrecording the photographic image
a. on that
b. one
c. and one
d. of which one
20. .... estimated 200 billion other galaxies in the universe, though only three can be seen from earth
with the naked eye
a. because an
b. an
c. there are an
d. it is an
21. Not until the 1820’s.... part of the curriculum of harvard and yale universities
a. when physical education became
b. physical education became
c. did physical education become
d. physical education had become
22. The rio grande is too shallow for commercial navigation ..... is used to irrigate land in both the
united states and mexico
a. neither
b. except
c. while
d. but
23. Soal 16-40
 Identify the one word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct
The major use of ammonia is as a fertilizer, which is most commonly applied directly to the soil
from tanks contain the liquefied gas
a. as a
b. most commonly
c. contain
d. major use
24. Law in the united states has became a complex blend of common law and statutory law
a. and
b. of
c. a complex
d. became
25. The state departement, the oldest departement of the united states government, is responsible
to the conduct of foreign affairs
a. is responsible
b. the oldest
c. to
d. of
26. Water is one of the most important of all solvents, because it can dissolve much inorganic
compounds and some organic subtances.
a. the most
b. it
 c. much
d. all solvents
27. Chromosomes carry thousands of genes, .... of a chemical called DNA, that contain hereditary
instructions
a. mostly are composed
b. composed of which most
c. mostly composed
d. most of which composing
28. Euphemism is the substitution of a delicate or inoffensive term or phrase for one that has
coarse, sordid, or otherwise unpleasantness associations.
a. unpleasantness
b. one that
c. or inoffensive
d. substitution
29. Mosaics vary in size from minute decorative on jewelry and objects of art to monumental
designs used to cover the walls and ceilings of buildings
a. to
b. in size
c. decorative
d. of art
30. The current study of zoology focuses on the classification of animals withintoxonomic groups
and on the structures and processes they having in common
a. current study
b. within
c. the classification
d. having
31. California has a varied and complex topography, the main features of which are the large central
valley and the mountain ranges....it
a. enclossed
b. by enclosing
c. do they enclose
d. that enclose
32. The convention national of a united states political party nominates candidates for the
presidency and vice-presidency of the country and issueus a declaration of policy
 a. a
b. conventation national
c. of policy
d. nominates candidates
33. Salvadors Dali’s ...... depict dream imagery and everyday objects in unexpected forms and are
characterized by classical draftsmanship and realism
a. his paintings
b. paintings
c. whose paintings
d. paintings that
34. A musical compositions of ruth crawford seeger are angular, rhythmically charged, and dissonant
a. a
b. rhythmically
c. compositions
d. and
35. The planet neptune travels at an average speed of 3,37 miles per second, requiring 164.8 earth
years... the sun
a. being orbited
b. to orbit
c. that it orbits
d. as orbit of
36. Birds can move both their up and lower jaws, an ability that mammals do not possess
a. up
b. an ability
c. do not
d. can
37. Under a variety of conditions, in the presence or in the absence of water, .... with oxygen
a. iron reacts
b. iron reacting
c. in which reacts
d. the reaction of iron
38. The silica minerals are hard, resistance to mechanical stress, nonmagnetic, colorless when pure,
and nearly insoluble except in hydrofluoric acid
a. resistance
 b. except
c. when pure
d. mechanical
39. The sources of four major rivers, each of which figures prominent in the drainage system of the
united states, are situated in the colorado rockies
a. are situated
b. prominent
c. each
d. sources
40. Biological information transfer is based on the relationship that exists between two molecular
structures that fits one another closely
a. is based
b. one
c. fits
d. between
41. For less common than fossilized trackways are impressions of skin made when .... down on the
ground
a. were dinosaurs lying
b. did dinosaurs lie
c. dinosaurs lay
d. dinosaurs lying
42. based on weight, fats contain more as twice as much energy as do carbihydrates or proteins
a. more as
b. energy
c. or
d. weight
43. canals are wholly or partially artificially waterways that convey goods or water for irrigation from
point to point
a. artificially
b. convey
c. that
d. from
44. the modern motion-pivture director is the person most responsible for the ultimate style,
structural, and quality of a film
a. responsible
b. structural
c. ultimate
d. person most