Geometry: Chapter - 4

Chapter – 4
GEOMETRY
In most competitive exams, the problems relating to If a line/line segment l1 passes through the mid-point
Geometry usually cover triangles, quadrilaterals and of another line segment l2, the line/line segment l1 is said
circles. Even though polygons with more than four sides to be the BISECTOR of the line segment l2, i.e., the line
are also covered, the emphasis on such polygons is not segment l2 is divided into two equal parts.
as much as it is on triangles and circles. In this chapter, If a line l1 is drawn at the vertex of an angle dividing the
we will look at some properties as well as theorems and angle into two equal parts, the line l1 is said to be the
riders on parallel lines, angles, triangles (including ANGLE BISECTOR of the angle. Any point on the angle
congruence and similarity of triangles), quadrilaterals, bisector of an angle is EQUIDISTANT from the two arms
circles and polygons. of the angle.
ANGLES AND LINES If a line l1 is perpendicular to line segment l2 as well as
passes through the mid-point of the line segment l2, the
An angle of 90° is a right angle; an angle less tha n 90° is line l1 is said to be the PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR of
acute angle; an angle between 90° and 180° is an the line segment l2.
obtuse angle; and an angle between 180° and 360° is
a reflex angle. Any point on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment
is EQUIDISTANT from both ends of the line segment.
The sum of all angles made on one side of a straight line Fig. 4.04
AB at a point O by any number of lines joining the line P
AB at O is 180°. In Fig. 4.01 below, the sum of the
angles u, v, x, y and z is equal to 180°.
When any number of straight lines meet at a point, the R

sum of all the angles around that point is 360°. In Fig.
4.02 below, the sum of the angles u, v, w, x, y and z is A B
equal to 360°.
Fig. 4.01 Q
In Fig 4.04, line PQ is the perpendicular bisector of line
segment AB. A point P on the perpendicular bisector of
z AB will be equidistant from A and B, i.e., PA = PB.
y u
Similarly, for any point R on the perpendicular bisector
x v PQ, RA = RB.
PARALLEL LINES
Fig. 4.02 When a straight line cuts two or more lines in the same
plane, the line is called the TRANSVERSAL. When a
transversal XY cuts two parallel lines PQ and RS [as
shown in Fig. 4.05], the following are the relationships
u between various angles that are formed. [M and N are
z v the points of intersection of XY with PQ and RS
y w respectively].
x Fig. 4.05
X
Two angles whose sum is 90° are said to be
complementary angles and two angles whose sum is P Q
180° are said to be supplementary angles. M
When two straight lines intersect, vertically opposite
angles are equal. In Fig. 4.03 given below, ∠AOB and N
R S
∠COD are vertically opposite angles and ∠BOC and
∠AOD are vertically opposite angles. So, we have ∠AOB
Y
= ∠COD and ∠BOC = ∠AOD.
(a) Alternate angles are equal, i.e.
Fig. 4.03 ∠PMN = ∠MNS and ∠QMN = ∠MNR
A B
(b) Corresponding angles are equal, i.e.
∠XMQ = ∠MNS; ∠QMN = ∠SNY;
∠XMP = ∠MNR; ∠PMN = ∠RNY
o (c) Sum of interior angles on the same side of the
transversal is equal to 180°, i.e.
∠QMN + ∠MNS = 180°and ∠PMN + ∠MNR = 180°
D C (d) Sum of exterior angles on the same side of the
Two lines which make an angle of 90° with each othe r transversal is equal to 180°, i.e.
are said to be PERPENDICULAR to each other. ∠XMQ + ∠SNY = 180°; and ∠XMP + ∠RNY = 180°
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RATIO OF INTERCEPTS the base (i.e., the altitude drawn to the base) bisects the
If three or more parallel lines make intercepts on a base as well as the vertical angle. That is, the altitude
transversal in a certain proportion, then they make drawn to the base will also be the perpendicular bisector of
intercepts in the same proportion on any other the base as well as the angle bisector of the vertical angle.
transversal as well. In Fig. 4.06, the lines AB, CD and EF It will also be the median drawn to the base.
are parallel and the transversal XY cuts them at the In an equilateral triangle, the perpendicular bisector, the
points P, Q and R. If we now take a second transversal, median and the altitude drawn to a particular side
UV, cutting the three parallel lines at the points J, K and coincide and that will also be the angle bisector of the
L, then we have PQ/QR = JK/KL. opposite vertex. If a is the side of an equilateral triangle,
Fig.4.06 then its altitude is equal to 3 .a / 2
X U Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the

third side; difference of any two sides of a triangle is less
P J than the third side.
A B
If the sides are arranged in the ascending order of their
Q K
C D measurement, the angles opposite the sides (in the
R L same order) will also be in ascending order (i.e., greater
E F angle has greater side opposite to it); if the sides are
arranged in descending order of their measurement, the
Y V angles opposite the sides in the same order will also be
in descending order (i.e., smaller angle has smaller side
Note: If three or more parallel lines make equal opposite to it).
intercepts on one transversal, they make equal
intercepts on any other transversal as well. There can be only one right angle or only one obtuse
TRIANGLES angle in any triangle. There can also not be one right
angle and an obtuse angle both present at the same
Fig. 4.07 time in a triangle.
Hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle in a right-
X angled triangle. In a right-angled triangle, the hypotenuse is
the longest side. In an obtuse angled triangle, the side
opposite the obtuse angle is the longest side.
Y Z
Fig. 4.08
Sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180° (Right-angled triangle)

A
The exterior angle of a triangle (at each vertex) is equal
to the sum of the two opposite interior angles. (Exterior
angle is the angle formed at any vertex, by one side and
the extended portion of the second side at that vertex).
A line perpendicular to a side and passing through the B C

midpoint of the side is said to be the perpendicular
bisector of the side. It is not necessary that the In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse
perpendicular bisector of a side should pass through the (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum
opposite vertex in a triangle in general. of the squares of the other two sides. In Fig. 4.08,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
The perpendicular drawn to a side from the opposite
vertex is called the altitude to that side. Fig. 4.09
The line joining the midpoint of a side with the opposite (Acute angled triangle)
vertex is called the median drawn to that side. A median A
divides the triangle into two equal halves as far as the
area is concerned.
An equilateral triangle is one in which all the sides are
equal (and hence, all angles are equal, i.e., each of the
angles is equal to 60°). An isosceles triangle is o ne in
which two sides are equal (and hence, the angles B D C
opposite to them are equal). A scalene triangle is one in
which no two sides are equal. In an acute angled triangle, the square of the side
opposite the acute angle is less than the sum of the
In an isosceles triangle, the unequal side is called the squares of the other two sides by a quantity equal to
BASE. The angle where the two equal sides meet is called twice the product of one of these two sides and the
the VERTICAL ANGLE. In an isosceles triangle, the projection of the second side on the first side.
perpendicular drawn to the base from the vertex opposite In Fig. 4.09, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 − 2 BC.BD
Fig. 4.10 The three perpendicular bisectors of a triangle meet at a
point called Circumcentre of the triangle and it is
(Obtuse angled triangle) represented by S. The circumcentre of a triangle is
A equidistant from its vertices and the distance of
circumcentre from each of the three vertices is called
circumradius (represented by R) of the triangle. The circle
drawn with the circumcentre as centre and circumradius as
radius is called the Cirumcircle of the triangle and passes
through all three vertices of the triangle. (refer to Fig. 4.13)
C B D INCENTRE AND EXCENTRES
In an obtuse angled triangle, the square of the side Fig. 4.14
opposite the obtuse angle is greater than the sum of the A
squares of the other two sides by a quantity equal to
twice the product of one of the sides containing the x x
obtuse angle and the projection of the second side on E
the first side.
r
In Fig. 4.10, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC.BD F r
Fig. 4.11
Ι
A z r y
z y
B D C
x° x°
The internal bisectors of the three angles of a triangle
meet at a point called Incentre of the triangle and it is
represented by I. Incentre is equidistant from the three
B D C
sides of the triangle i.e., the perpendiculars drawn from
In a triangle, the internal bisector of an angle bisects the the incentre to the three sides are equal in length and
opposite side in the ratio of the other two sides. In this length is called the inradius (represented by r) of the
triangle ABC, if AD is the angle bisector of angle A, then triangle. The circle drawn with the incentre as centre and
BD/DC = AB/AC. This is called the Angle Bisector the inradius as radius is called the incircle of the triangle
Theorem (refer to Fig. 4.11). and it touches all three sides on the inside.
In Fig. 4.14, ∠BIC = 90°+ ½ A where I is the incentre.
Fig. 4.12
∠CIA = 90° + ½ B; and ∠AIB = 90° + ½ C.
A
If the internal bisector of one angle and the external
bisectors of the other two angles are drawn, they meet at
a point called Excentre. There will be totally three
excentres for the triangle - one corresponding to the
internal bisector of each angle.
ORTHOCENTRE
B D C Fig 4.15
In ∆ABC, if AD is the median from A to side BC (meeting A
BC at its mid point D), then 2(AD2 + BD2) = AB2 + AC2.
This is called the Apollonius Theorem. This will be E
helpful in calculating the lengths of the three medians F
given the lengths of the three sides of the triangle (refer
to Fig. 4.12). O
GEOMETRIC CENTRES OF A TRIANGLE
CIRCUMCENTRE B D C
Fig 4.13 The three altitudes meet at a point called Orthocentre
and it is represented by O (refer to Fig. 4.15).
A ∠BOC = 180°– ∠A; ∠COA = 180°– ∠B;
∠AOB = 180°– ∠C.
CENTROID
R
Fig. 4.16
A
S R
R
F E
B C G
B D C
nd
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The three medians of a triangle meet at a point called the When the three medians of a triangle (i.e., the medians
Centroid and it is represented by G (refer to Fig. 4.16). to the three sides of a triangle from the corresponding
opposite vertices) are drawn, the resulting six triangles
Important points about geometric centres of a are equal in area and the area of each of these triangles
triangle in turn is equal to one-sixth of the area of the original
triangle.
In an acute angled triangle, the circumcentre lies inside Fig 4.18
the triangle. In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre
lies on the hypotenuse of the triangle (it is the midpoint A
of the hypotenuse). In an obtuse angled triangle, the
circumcentre lies outside the triangle.
In an acute angled triangle, the orthocentre lies inside F E

the triangle. In a right-angled triangle, the vertex where
the right angle is formed (i.e., the vertex opposite the G
hypotenuse) is the orthocentre. In an obtuse angled
triangle, the orthocentre lies outside the triangle. B D C
In a right-angled triangle the length of the median drawn In Fig 4.18, AD, BE and CF are the medians drawn to
to the hypotenuse is equal to half the hypotenuse. This the three sides. The three medians meet at the centroid
median is also the circumradius of the right-angled G. The six resulting triangles AGF, BGF, BGD, CGD,
triangle. CGE and AGE are equal in area and each of them is
equal to 1/6th of the area of triangle ABC.
Centroid divides each of the medians in the ratio 2 : 1, the
part of the median towards the vertex being twice in
length to the part towards the side. SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES
Inradius is less than half of any of the three altitudes of Two triangles are said to be similar if the three angles of
the triangle. one triangle are equal to the three angles of the second
triangle. Similar triangles are alike in shape only. The
In an isosceles triangle, the centroid, the orthocentre, the corresponding angles of two similar triangles are equal but
circumcentre and the incentre, all lie on the median to the corresponding sides are only proportional and not
the base. equal.
In an equilateral triangle, the centroid, the orthocentre, Fig 4.19
the circumcentre and the incentre, all coincide. D
A
Fig 4.17
A
• G B C E F
B C For example, in Fig 4.19, if ∆ABC is similar to ∆DEF

D
where ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F, we have the
Hence, in equilateral triangle ABC shown in Fig. 4.17, AD ratios of the corresponding sides equal, as given below.
is the median, altitude, angle bisector and perpendicular
bisector. G is the centroid which divides the median in the AB BC CA
ratio 2 : 1. Hence, AG = 2/3 AD and GD = 1/3 AD. = =
DE EF FD
But since AD is also the perpendicular bisector and
angle bisector and since G is the circumcentre as well as By "corresponding sides", we mean that if we take a side
the incentre, AG will be the circumradius and GD will be opposite to a particular angle in one triangle, we should
the inradius of the equilateral triangle ABC. Since AD is consider the side opposite to the equal angle in the
also the altitude, its length is equal to 3a / 2 where a is second triangle. In this case, since AB is the side
opposite to ∠C in ∠ABC, and since ∠C = ∠F, we have
the side of the equilateral triangle. Hence, the
taken DE which is the side opposite to ∠F in ∆DEF.
circumradius of the equilateral triangle
Two triangles are similar if,
2 3 1 3
= × . a = a / 3 and the inradius = × .a - the three angles of one triangle are respectively
3 2 3 2 equal to the three angles of the second triangle, or
= a/2 3 - two sides of one triangle are proportional to
two sides of the other and the included angles are
Since the radii of the circumcircle and the incircle of an equal, or
equilateral triangle are in the ratio 2 : 1, the areas of the
- if the three sides of one triangle are proportional to
circumcircle and the incircle of an equilateral triangle will
be in the ratio 4 : 1. the three sides of another triangle.
In two similar triangles, Some more useful points about triangles
(a) Ratio of corresponding sides = Ratio of heights
BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM
(altitudes) = Ratio of the lengths of the medians =
Ratio of the lengths of the angular bisectors = Ratio of Fig. 4.21
inradii = Ratio of circumradii = Ratio of perimeters.
A
(b) Ratio of areas = Ratio of squares of corresponding
sides
P Q
Fig 4.20
A B C
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the

other two sides in the same proportion. For example, in
Fig. 4.21, PQ is drawn parallel to BC in ∆ABC. This will
divide the other two sides AB and AC in the same ratio,
B D C i.e., AP/PB = AQ/QC.
In a right-angled triangle, the altitude drawn to the Fig. 4.22
hypotenuse divides the given triangle into two similar
triangles, each of which is in turn similar to the original A
triangle. In triangle ABC in Fig.4.20, ABC is a right-
angled triangle where ∠A is a right angle. AD is the m m
perpendicular drawn to the hypotenuse BC. The
triangles ABD, CAD and CBA are similar because of the P Q
equal angles given below.
n n
In triangle ABC, ∠A = 90°. If ∠B = θ, then ∠C = 90° – θ.
B C
In triangle ABD, ∠ADB = 90°. We already know that ∠B
Conversely, a line joining two points (each) dividing two
= θ; hence ∠BAD = 90° – θ. sides of a triangle in the same ratio is parallel to the third
In triangle ADC, ∠ADC = 90°. We already know that ∠C side. In Fig. 4.22, P divides AB in the ratio m : n and Q
= 90° – θ; hence ∠CAD = θ. divides AC in the ratio m : n. Now, the line joining P and
We can write down the relationship between the sides in Q will be parallel to the third side BC and the length of
these three triangles. The important relationships that m
PQ will be equal to times the length of BC.
emerge out of this exercise are : m+n
1. AD² = BD·DC;
We can say that a line drawn through a point on a side of
2. AB² = BC·BD;
the triangle parallel to a second side will cut the third
3. AC² = CB·CD.
side in the same ratio as the first side is divided.
CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES
MID-POINT THEOREM
Two triangles will be congruent if at least one of the
following conditions is satisfied: The line joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and it is half the third side.
Three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to the
three sides of the second triangle (normally referred to Fig. 4.22 (a)
as the S-S-S rule, i.e., the side-side-side congruence). A D
Two sides and the included angle of one triangle are
respectively equal to two sides and the included angle of
the second triangle (normally referred to as the S-A-S
rule, i.e., side-angle-side congruence).
Two angles and one side of a triangle are respectively
equal to two angles and the corresponding side of the
second triangle (normally referred to as the A-S-A rule, B C
i.e., angle-side-angle congruence). Two triangles having the same base and lying between
Two right-angled triangles are congruent if the the same pair of parallel lines have their areas equal
hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are respectively (fig.4.22(a)).
equal to hypotenuse and one side of the second AD is parallel to BC. Hence, ∆ABC = ∆DBC
right-angled triangle.
In two congruent triangles, QUADRILATERALS
- the corresponding sides (i.e., sides opposite to
Any four-sided closed figure is called a quadrilateral. By
corresponding angles) are equal. imposing certain conditions on the sides and/or angles of
- the corresponding angles (angles opposite to
a quadrilateral, we can get the figures trapezium,
corresponding sides) are equal. parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square.
- the areas of the two triangles will be equal.
Fig. 4.23 parallel sides and also divides the distance between the
A D two parallel sides in the ratio m : n (where the portion
closer to the shorter of the two parallel sides is m), the
E length of the line is given by :
m n
× Longer side + × Shorter side where
F m+n m+n
shorter side and longer side refer to the shorter and
longer of the two parallel sides of the trapezium.
In Fig. 4.25, RS is the line parallel to AD and BC and the
B C
ratio of the distances DT and TE is m : n.
The length of RS is given by
The sum of four angles of a quadrilateral is equal to 360°.
m n
The perpendiculars drawn to a diagonal (in a x BC + x AD
m+n m+n
quadrilateral) from the opposite vertices are called
"offsets". In Fig. 4.23, BE and DF are the offsets drawn PARALLELOGRAM
to the diagonal AC.
Fig. 4.26
If the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the
circumference of a circle (i.e., if the quadrilateral can be A B
inscribed in a circle) it is called a cyclic quadrilateral
(refer to Fig. 4.24). In a cyclic quadrilateral, sum of
opposite angles = 180° i.e., in Fig. 4.24, A + C = 180°
and B + D = 180°. D E C
Fig. 4.24
A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is
A called a parallelogram.
In a parallelogram
- Opposite sides are equal
- Opposite angles are equal
- Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°.
- Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into two
B D congruent triangles.
- The diagonals bisect each other.
Conversely, if in a quadrilateral
C
- the opposite sides are equal or
E
- the opposite angles are equal or
Also, in a cyclic quadrilateral, exterior angle is equal to - the diagonals bisect each other or
the interior opposite angle, i.e., in Fig.4.24, ∠DCE is - a pair of opposite sides are parallel and equal
equal to ∠BAD. such a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Now, we will look at different quadrilaterals and their
If two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are equal, then
properties.
all four angles will be equal and each in turn will be equal
TRAPEZIUM to 90°. Then the figure will be a rectangle.
Fig. 4.25
If any two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are equal,
D A then all four sides will be equal to each other and the
figure will be a rhombus.
↑ Fig. 4.27
A B
P m Q
↓
R ↑ S P
T n
↓
C E F B D C
If one side of a quadrilateral is parallel to its opposite If any point inside a parallelogram is taken and is joined
side, then it is called a trapezium. The two sides other to all the four vertices the four resulting triangles will be
than the parallel sides in a trapezium are called the such that the sum of the areas of opposite triangles is
oblique sides. equal. In Fig. 4.27, P is a point inside the parallelogram
In Fig. 4.25, ABCD is a trapezium where AD is parallel to ABCD and it is joined to the four vertices of the
BC. parallelogram by the lines PA, PB, PC and PD
respectively. Then Area of triangle PAB + Area of
If the midpoints of the two oblique sides are joined, it is triangle PCD = Area of triangle PBC + Area of triangle
equal in length to the average of the two parallel sides, i.e., PAD = Half the area of parallelogram ABCD.
in Fig. 4.25, PQ = 1/2 [AD + BC]
If there is a parallelogram and a triangle with the same
In general, if a line is drawn in between the two parallel base and between the same parallel lines, then the area
sides of the trapezium such that it is parallel to the of the triangle will be half that of the parallelogram.
If there is a parallelogram and a rectangle with the same The largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a given
base and between the same parallel lines, then the areas circle will be a square.
of the parallelogram and the rectangle will be the same.
The figure formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of POLYGON
any quadrilateral taken in order, is a parallelogram.
Any closed figure with three or more sides is called a
RHOMBUS polygon.
Fig. 4.28 A convex polygon is one in which each of the interior
B angles is less than 180°. It can be noticed that an y
straight line drawn cutting a convex polygon passes only
two sides of the polygon, as shown in the figure below.
Fig. 4.28 (a)

A C
P
D
A rhombus is a parallelogram in which a pair of adjacent
sides are equal (all four sides of a rhombus are equal).
Since a rhombus is a parallelogram, all the properties of a
parallelogram apply to a rhombus. Further, in a rhombus, Convex Polygon
the diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly.
In a concave polygon, it is possible to draw lines passing
Conversely, any quadrilateral where the two diagonals through more than two sides, as shown in the figure
bisect each other at right angles will be a rhombus. below.
The four triangles that are formed by the two bisecting
diagonals with the four sides of the rhombus will all be Fig. 4.28 (b)
congruent. In Fig.5.28, the four triangles PAB, PBC,
PCD and PAD are congruent.
Side of a rhombus
= 1 4 x Sum of squares of the diagonals .
RECTANGLE Concave Polygon

A rectangle also is a special type of parallelogram and
A regular polygon is a convex polygon in which all sides
hence all properties of a parallelogram apply to
are equal and all angles are equal. A regular polygon can
rectangles also. A rectangle is a parallelogram in which
be inscribed in a circle. The centre of the circumscribing
two adjacent angles are equal or each of the angles is
circle (the circle in which the polygon is inscribed) of a
equal to 90°.
regular polygon is called the centre of the polygon.
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal (and, of course,
bisect each other). The names of polygons with three, four, five, six, seven,
eight, nine and ten sides are respectively triangle, quad-
When a rectangle is inscribed in a circle, the diagonals rilateral, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon
become the diameters of the circle. and decagon.
If a and b are the two adjacent sides of a rectangle, then
The sum of interior angles of a convex polygon is equal
the diagonal is given by a2 + b 2 . to (2n − 4) right angles where n is the number of the
sides of the polygon.
If a rectangle and a triangle are on the same base and
between the same parallels, then the area of the triangle If each of the sides of a convex polygon is extended, the
will be equal to half the area of the rectangle. sum of the external angles thus formed is equal to 4
SQUARE Right Angles (i.e., 360°).
A square is a rectangle in which all four sides are equal In a regular polygon of n sides, if each of the interior
(or a rhombus in which all four angles are equal, i.e., all 2n − 4
are right angles) Hence, the diagonals are equal and angles is d°, then d = × 90° and each exterior
they bisect at right angles. So, all the properties of a n
rectangle as well as those of a rhombus hold good for a 360°
angle = .
square. n
Diagonal = 2 × Side It will be helpful to remember the interior angles of the
When a square is inscribed in a circle, the diagonals following regular polygons:
become the diameters of the circle.
Regular pentagon : 108°
When a circle is inscribed in a square, the side of the Regular hexagon : 120°
square is equal to the diameter of the circle. Regular octagon : 135°
If the centre of a regular polygon (with n sides) is joined A tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn at the
with each of the vertices, we get n identical triangles point of tangency (In Fig. 4.30, R1R2 ⊥OR). Conversely,
inside the polygon. In general, all these triangles are if a perpendicular is drawn to the tangent at the point of
isosceles triangles. Only in case of a regular hexagon, all tangency, it passes through the centre of the circle.
these triangles are equilateral triangles, i.e., in a regular
hexagon, the radius of the circumscribing circle is equal A perpendicular drawn from the centre of the circle to a
to the side of the hexagon. chord bisects the chord (In Fig. 4.30, OC, the
perpendicular from O to the chord AB bisects AB) and
A line joining any two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon conversely, the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes
is called a diagonal. A polygon with n sides will have through the centre of the circle.
n(n - 3)
diagonals.
2 Two chords that are equal in length will be equidistant
from the centre, and conversely two chords which are
CIRCLES equidistant from the centre of the circle will be of the
same length.
Fig 4.29
One and only one circle passes through any three given
B non-collinear points.
Fig. 4.31
A
P
C
P D
T X Y
A circle is a closed curve drawn such that any point on
the curve is equidistant from a fixed point. The fixed
point is called the centre of the circle and the distance Q
from the centre to any point on the circle is called the When there are two intersecting circles, the line joining
radius of the circle. the centres of the two circles will perpendicularly bisect
Fig. 4.30 the line joining the points of intersection. In Fig. 4.31, the
two circles with centres X and Y respectively intersect at
R1 the two points P and Q. The line XY (the line joining the
X centres) bisects PQ (the line joining the two points of
intersection).
Two circles are said to touch each other if a common
90° tangent can be drawn touching both the circles at the same
O
B point. This is called the point of contact of the two circles.
R P The two circles may touch each other internally (as in Fig.
C 4.32) or externally (As in Fig. 4.33). When two circles touch
each other, then the point of contact and the centres of the
A two circles are collinear, i.e., the point of contact lies on the
Y line joining the centres of the two circles.
R2
Fig.4.32
Diameter is a straight line passing through the centre of
the circle and joining two points on the circle. A circle is
symmetric about any diameter.
A chord is a point joining two points on the

circumference of a circle (AB in Fig. 4.30). Diameter is
the largest chord in a circle.
A secant is a line intersecting a circle in two distinct

points and extending outside the circle also. If two circles touch internally, the distance between the
centres of the two circles is equal to the difference in the
A line that touches the circle at only one point is a radii of the two circles. When two circles touch each
tangent to the circle (R1R2 is a tangent touching the other externally, then the distance between the centres
circle at the point R in Fig. 5.30). of the two circles is equal to the sum of the radii of the
two circles.
If PAB and PCD are two secants (in Fig. 4.29), then
PA.PB = PC.PD Fig. 4.33
If PAB and PCD are secants and PT is a tangent to the

circle at T (in Fig. 4.29), then PA.PB = PC.PD = PT².
Two tangents can be drawn to the circle from any point

outside the circle and these two tangents are equal in
length. In Fig. 4.30, P is the external point and the two
tangents PX and PY are equal.
A tangent drawn common to two circles is called a common Two circles are said to be concentric if they have the
tangent. In general, for two circles, there can be anywhere same centre. As is obvious, here the circle with smaller
from zero to four common tangents drawn depending on the radius lies completely within the circle with bigger radius.
position of one circle in relation to the other.
Arcs and Sectors
If the common tangent is either parallel to the line of
Fig. 4.37
centres or cuts the line joining the centres not between the
two circles but on one side of the circles, such a common X D Y
tangent is called a direct common tangent. A common
tangent that cuts the line joining the centres in between
the two circles is called transverse common tangent. O
Fig. 4.34
A B
•
C
An arc is a segment of a circle. In Fig. 4.37, ACB is
called minor arc and ADB is called major arc. In general,
if we talk of an arc AB, we refer to the minor arc. AOB is
called the angle formed by the arc AB (at the centre of
the circle).
If two circles are such that one lies completely inside the The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double
other (without touching each other), then there will not be the angle subtended by the arc in the remaining part of
any common tangent to these circles (refer to Fig. 4.34). the circle.
Two circles touching each other internally (i.e., still one In Fig. 4.37, ∠AOB = 2 . ∠AXB. = 2.∠AYB
circle lies inside the other), then there is only one Angles in the same segment are equal. In Fig. 4.37,
common tangent possible and it is drawn at the point of ∠AXB = ∠AYB.
contact of the two circles (refer to Fig. 4.32). Fig. 4.38
Fig. 4.35
R S
Two intersecting circles have two common tangents. Q T P

Both these are direct common tangents and the two The angle between a tangent and a chord through the
intersecting circles do not have a transverse common point of contact of the tangent is equal to the angle made
tangent (refer to Fig. 4.35). by the chord in the alternate segment (i.e., segment of
the circle on the side other than the side of location of
Two circles touching each other externally have three
the angle between the tangent and the chord). This is
common tangents. Out of these, two are direct common
normally referred to as the "alternate segment theorem."
tangents and one is a transverse common tangent.
In Fig. 4.38, PQ is a tangent to the circle at the point T
The transverse common tangent is at the point of contact
and TS is a chord drawn at the point of contact.
(Refer to Fig. 4.33).
Considering ∠PTS which is the angle between the
Fig. 4.36 tangent and the chord, the angle TRS is the angle in the
"alternate segment". So, ∠PTS = ∠TRS.
Similarly, ∠QTS = ∠TUS.
Fig. 4.39
C B
90°
Two circles which are non-intersecting and non-

enclosing (i.e. one does not lie inside the other) have A
four common tangents - two direct and two transverse
common tangents (Refer to Fig. 4.36). We have already seen in quadrilaterals, the opposite
angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary and
If r1 and r2 are the radii of the two non-intersecting non- that the external angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to
enclosing circles, the interior opposite angle.
Length of the direct common tangent The angle in a semicircle (or the angle the diameter
subtends in a semicircle) is a right angle. The converse
= (Distance between centre) 2 - (r1 - r2 ) 2 of the above is also true and is very useful in a number
Length of transverse common tangent of cases - in a right angled triangle, a semi-circle with the
hypotenuse as the diameter can be drawn passing
= (Distance between centre) 2 - (r1 + r2 ) 2 through the third vertex (Refer to Fig. 4.39).
Fig. 4.40 (iii) For an equilateral triangle
B 3 ⋅ a2
Area = where "a" is the side of the triangle
4
A
θ 3 ⋅a
The height of an equilateral triangle =
2
o (iv) For an isosceles triangle
b
Area = 4a 2 − b 2 where "a" is length of each of
4
the two equal sides and b is the third side
The area formed by an arc and the two radii at the two
end points of the arc is called sector. QUADRILATERALS
In Fig. 4.40, the shaded figure AOB is called the minor
sector. (i) For any quadrilateral
Area of the quadrilateral = ½ x One diagonal x
AREAS OF PLANE FIGURES Sum of the offsets drawn to that diagonal
Hence, for the quadrilateral ABCD shown in
Mensuration is the branch of geometry that deals with Fig. 4.23, area of quadrilateral ABCD = 1/2 x AC ×
the measurement of length, area and volume. We have (BE + DF)
looked at properties of plane figures till now. Here, in
addition to areas of plane figures, we will also look at (ii) For a cyclic quadrilateral where the four sides
surface areas and volumes of "solids." Solids are measure a, b, c and d respectively,
objects, which have three dimensions (plane figures
have only two dimensions). Area = (s - a) (s - b) (s - c) (s - d) where s is the
semi-perimeter, i.e., s = (a + b + c + d)/2
Let us briefly look at the formulae for areas of various
plane figures and surface areas and volumes of various (iii) For a trapezium
solids. Area of a trapezium = ½ x Sum of parallel sides
x Distance between them
= ½ x (AD + BC) x AE (refer to Fig. 4.25)
TRIANGLES
(iv) For a parallelogram
The area of a triangle is represented by the symbol ∆. (a) Area = Base x Height
For any triangle, the three sides are represented by a, b
and c and the angles opposite these sides represented by (b) Area = Product of two sides x Sine of
A, B and C respectively. included angle
(v) For a rhombus
(i) For any triangle in general, Area = ½ x Product of the diagonals
Perimeter = 4 x Side of the rhombus
(a) When the measurements of three sides a, b, c are
given, (vi) For a rectangle
Area = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) where Area = Length x Breadth
Perimeter = 2(l + b), where l and b are the length
a+b+c and the breadth of the rectangle respectively
s=
2 (vii) For a square
This is called Hero's formula. (a) Area = Side2
(b) Area = ½ x Diagonal 2
(b) When base (b) and altitude (height) to that base are
given, [where the diagonal = 2 × side]
Area = ½ x base x altitude = ½ b.h Perimeter = 4 × Side
(c) Area = ½ ab . sinC = ½ bc.sinA (viii) For a regular hexagon
= ½ ca.sinB 3 3
(a) Area = (side)2
abc 2
(d) Area = where R is the circumradius of the (b) Perimeter = 6(side)
4R
triangle. (ix) For a polygon
(a) Area of a regular polygon = ½ x Perimeter x
(e) Area = r.s where r is the inradius of the triangle and Perpendicular distance from the centre of the
s, the semi-perimeter. polygon to any side
(Please note that the centre of a regular
Out of these five formulae, the first and the second are polygon is equidistant from all its sides)
the most commonly used and are also more important
from the examination point of view. (b) For a polygon which is not regular, the area
has to be found out by dividing the polygon into
(ii) For a right angled triangle,
suitable number of quadrilaterals and triangles
Area = ½ X Product of the sides containing the and adding up the areas of all such figures
right angle present in the polygon.
CIRCLE 4.04. An angle equals two-third of its complement.
Find it.
(i) Area of the circle = π r where r is the radius of the
2
circle
Sol: Let the angle be x°. Its complement is
Circumference = 2π r (90° – x°).
(ii) Sector of a circle
θ Given that x° =
2
(90° − x°) ⇒ x° = 36°
Length of arc = × 2 πr 3
360°
θ 4.05. In a right angled triangle, one of the sides
Area = × π r 2 where θ is the angle of the
360° containing the right angle is 30 cm and
sector in degrees and r is the radius of the circle. hypotenuse is 50 cm. Find its area.
Area = (1/2)lr; l is length of arc and r is radius.
Sol: Let the other perpendicular side of the triangle
(iii) Ring : Ring is the space enclosed by two concentric be h cm.
circles.
h 2 + 30 2 = 50 (Pythogoras theorem)
Area = πR2 – πr2 = π(R + r)(R – r) where R is the radius ⇒ h = 40
of the outer circle and r is the radius of the inner circle.
1
∴ Area = (40) (30) i.e. 600 sq.cm
ELLIPSE 2
Area = π ab where "a" is semi-major axis and "b" is
semi-minor axis. 4.06. Find the area of an equilateral triangle of side
Perimeter = π (a + b) 6 cm.
Examples Sol: Area of an equilateral triangle
4.01. Find the value of x in the figure given below.

=
3
4
(side)2 =
3 2
4
( )
6 = 9 3 sq. cm
110° 4.07. Triangle PQR is right angled at Q. Find the

length of the altitude drawn from Q to PR if PQ
x° 30° = 8 cm and QR = 15 cm.
130°
Sol: Area of triangle PQR =
1
(8)(15) = 60 sq.cm
Sol: The sum of the angles at a point is 360° 2
⇒ x° + 110° + 30° + 130° = 360° Let the altitude be h cm. Q
x = 90
4.02. Find the measures of a° and b° in the figure h
below, given that the lines p, q and r are parallel
to each other.
P R
T
P p
40°
1
(PR)(h) = 60
2
Q 1  2 2  120
S
a° U
q  8 + 15  h = 60 ⇒ h =
2   17
b°
4.08. A
50° V
R r
E
Sol: ∠PQR = ∠PQS + ∠SQR
∠PQS = ∠QPT (Alternate angles are equal)
∠SQR = ∠QRV (Alternate angles are equal)
∴ ∠PQS + ∠SQR = ∠QPT + ∠QRV = 90° B D C
∴ a° = 90° In the figure above,
b + 50° = 180° (co-interior angles are AD = 4⋅2 cm, BC = 10⋅8 cm and BE = 7⋅2 cm.
supplementary) Find AC.
b° = 130°
Sol: Area of ∆ABC
4.03. An angle equals two-thirds of its supplement.
Find it. =
1
(AD)(BC) = 1 (BE)(AC)
2 2
Sol: Let the angle be x°. Its supplement is (180° – x°).
Given that x° =
2
(180° − x°) AC =
(AD)(BC) = (4 ⋅ 2)(10 ⋅ 8 ) = 6.3 cm
3 BE 7⋅2
x° = 72°
4.09. A In the figure above,
AC = 4 3 cm and BD = 8 cm. Find DC.
Sol: Let DC = x cm
E In triangles ADC and BAC, ∠ADC = ∠BAC
= 90° (given)
∠ACD = ∠ACB (∠C is common)
C ∴ The triangles BAC and ADC are similar
B D
AC AD DC
In the figure given above, AD is the median on ∴ = =
BC. BE is the median on AD. Find the ratio of BC AB AC
the areas of the triangles AEB, BED and ABC. AC2 = (BC) (DC)
Sol: Since BE is the median, Area of ∆AEB (4 3 ) = (x + 8)x ⇒ (12) (4) = (x + 8) x

2
= Area of ∆BED. ⇒ x2 + 8x – 48 = 0 ⇒ x = 4 or – 8
Since AD is the median, Area of ∆ABD = Area As x > 0, x = 4.
of ∆ADC ⇒ Area of ∆ AEB
1 1  4.13.
( Area of ∆ ABC) A
2  2 
∴ Areas of ∆AEB, ∆BED and ∆ABC will be in
the ratio 1 : 1 : 4. B
O
4.10. In triangles XYZ and PQR, ∠X = ∠P and
∠Z = ∠R.
XY = 4⋅2 cm, YZ = 6⋅4 cm, PR = 2⋅8 cm,
QR = 3⋅2 cm. Find the lengths of PQ and XZ. C
Sol: As ∠X = ∠P and ∠Z = ∠R, triangles XYZ and In the figure above, BA and BC are tangents to
PQR are similar. the circle with centre O. AB = 28 cm and
XY YZ XZ OA = 21 cm. Find OB + BC.
∴ = =
PQ QR PR
Sol: ∠OAB = ∠OCB = 90° (AB and BC are tangents)
4⋅2 6⋅4 XZ ∴ OA2 + AB2 = OB2 = OC2 + CB2
= =
PQ 3 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 8
PQ = 2⋅1 cm and XZ = 5⋅6 cm OB = 212 + 28 2 = 35 cm
AB = BC (tangents to the circle from an external
4.11. D point)
A
∴ BC = 28 cm
3⋅9 Hence OB + BC = 63 cm
C 4
3 4.14. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of
a circle is 40°. If the area of the sector formed
3⋅6
4
by the arc and the radii of the circle is 68
B E 9
In the figure above, find CD and CE given
sq.cms, find the radius of the circle.
∠BAC = ∠CDE.
 22 
Sol: In triangles ABC and CED, ∠ACB = ∠DCE  take π = 
 7 
(vertically opposite angles are equal)
∠BAC = ∠CDE (given) Sol: Let the radius of the circle be r cm.
∴The Triangles ABC and DEC are similar
40°  22 2  616
BC AB AC  r = ⇒ r = 14
= = 360°  7  9
CE DE CD
3⋅6 3 3⋅9
= = 4.15. Two circles of radii 9 cm and 4 cm touch each
CE 4 CD other externally. Find the length of the direct
∴ CE = 4⋅8 cm and CD = 5⋅2 cm common tangent drawn to them.
4.12. Sol: Length of the direct common tangent
A
(distance between centres)2 −

=
(difference between radii)2
B D C = (9 + 4)2 − (9 − 4 )2 = 12 cm
nd
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2 Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
4.16. PQRS is a parallelogram, Are the areas of 4.18. In parallelogram ABCD, the angle bisectors of
triangles PQR and RQS equal? ∠A and ∠B intersect at P. Find ∠APB.
Sol: Sol:
S R A B
P
P Q
In parallelogram PQRS (any), D C

∆ PQR ≡ ∆ RSP and ∆ SPQ ≡ ∆ QRS
1 In parallelgram ABCD,
⇒ Area [∆ PQR] = Area [∆RSP] = Area [PQRS] ∠A +∠B = 180°
2
∠A ∠B
1 ⇒ + = 90°
and Area [∆ SPQ] = Area [∆QRS] = Area [PQRS] 2 2
2
In ∆ABP, ∠PAB + ∠PBA + ∠APB = 180°
∴ Areas of ∆PQR and ∆RQS are equal.
∠A ∠B
+ + ∠APB = 180°
4.17. PQRS is a rhombus such that PR = 32 cm and 2 2
QS = 24 cm. Find the perimeter of PQRS. ∠APB = 180° − 90° = 90°
Sol: 4.19. In a polygon, the sum of the interior angles is

S R 1980°. Find the number of sides in it.
Sol: Let the number of sides be n.

O Then, the sum of its interior angles
= 180° (n − 2) = 1980°
∴ n = 13
P Q 4.20. In a hexagon, one of the interior angles is 100°.

If all the other angles are equal, find each of
In rhombus, the diagonals bisect each other at these angles.
right angles.
So, SO = OQ = 12 cm. And Sol: In a hexagon the sum of the interior angles
PO = OR = 16 cm. = 180° (6 – 2) i.e., 720°
And ∆SOR is right angled at O. Each of the remaining angles
720° − 100°
2
 32   24 
2 = = 124°
⇒ SR =   +   5
 2   2 
∴ SR = 20 cm
∴ Perimeter = 80 cm
Concept Review Questions
Directions for questions 1 to 45: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.
1. Find the area of the triangle whose sides are 10. In triangle PQR, X and Y are points on PQ and PR
10 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm (in sq cm). respectively such that XY || QR. PX = 4 cm, XQ = 6 cm
and YR = 8 cm. Find PY (in cm).
2. The sides of a triangle are 15 cm, 20 cm and

25 cm. Find the sum of the distances of its 3
orthocentre from the vertices (in cm).
(A) 0 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 35 11. In a right angled triangle PQR, QS is an altitude to
PR. ∠PQR = 90º, PS = 16 cm and SR = 4 cm. Find
3. In a triangle whose sides are 5 cm, 5 cm and QS (in cm).
7 cm, a quadrilateral is formed by taking the
centroid, the orthocentre, the circumcentre and the
incentre of the triangle as its vertices. If the area of
the quadrilateral thus formed is x cm2, which of the 12.
following is true? A
(A) 0 ≤ x < 6.25 (B) 6.25 ≤ x < 12.5
(C) 12.5 ≤ x < 18.5 (D) 18.5 ≤ x.
4. In an equilateral triangle, the orthocentre divides F E

G
each median in the ratio x : y. If x > y, then x : y =
(A) 3 : 2 (B) 3 : 1
(C) 2 : 1 (D) None of these
B D C
5. The area of a triangle, (in cm2) formed by the
incentre, the centroid and the cirumcentre of an In the figure above, AD, BE and CF are the medians
equilateral triangle whose side is 6 cm is and G is the centroid. If the area of Δ ABC is
18 sq cm, find the area of ΔBGF (in sq cm).
(A) 4.5 3 (B) 3 3 (A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 6 3 (D) None of these (C) 6 (D) None of these
13. A
6. (i) What is the inradius (in cm) of an equilateral
triangle whose side is 9 cm?
3 3 3 3
(A) 3 3 (B) (C) 3 (D)
2 4
(ii) What is the circumradius (in cm) of an
equilateral triangle whose side is 9 cm?
B D C
3 3 3 3
(A) 3 3 (B) (C) 3 (D)
2 4
In the figure above (not to scale), AB = 8 cm and
AC = 10 cm. AD bisects ∠BAC, DC = 4 cm. Find BD.
7. In Δ ABC, I is the incentre and ∠A = 80º. Find ∠BIC. (A) 3.6 (B) 3.7 (C) 3.8 (D) 3.2
(in degrees)
14. A
8. (i) A triangle has its sides as 6 cm, 7 cm and 8 cm.

Its circumcentre lies 130°
(A) inside the triangle (B) outside the triangle
(C) on the triangle (D) any of the above B C D
(ii) A triangle has its sides as 4 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm. In the given figure, ∠ABC = 2∠ACB and ∠ACD
Its orthocentre lies = 130°. Find ∠BAC.
(A) inside the triangle (B) outside the triangle (A) 50° (B) 65° (C) 30° (D) 60°
(C) on the triangle (D) Any of the above
15. In triangle ABC, AD is the angle bisector of ∠BAC. If
9. The internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle the length of AB is 2 cm, AC = 3 cm and
meet at a point, called _____ of the triangle. BD = 1.5 cm, then find the length of CD. (in cm)
(A) Orthocentre (B) Incentre
(C) Centroid (D) Circumcentre
16. Points D and E are lying on the sides AB and AC of (C) Parallelogram, 40 sq cm
triangle ABC, such that AB = 2AD, and BC = 2DE. (D) None of the above
Find AE, given AC = 12 cm.
(A) 9 cm (B) 6 cm 27. A polygon of n sides has the sum of its interior
(C) 7.5 cm (D) 4 cm angles at most equal to the sum of its exterior
angles. How many possibilities exist for n?
17. G is the centroid of a triangle ABC. AB = 7 cm,
BC = 24 cm and AC = 25 cm. If D is the mid-point of
AC, then find the length of GD.
(A) 8.33 cm (B) 4.17 cm
(C) 12.5 cm (D) 6.25 cm 28. The number of diagonals in a polygon is thrice the
number of sides in it. Find the number of sides in it.
18. Two triangles ABC and ABD have the same base.
Find the ratio of their areas, given their heights are
in the ratio of 3 : 5.
(A) 5 : 3 (B) 9 : 25
29. A regular polygon has each of its interior angles as
(C) 3 : 5 (D) 25 : 9
twice of each of its exterior angles. It must be a
(A) Pentagon (B) hexagon
19. In triangle EFG, EH is the altitude to FG. Which of
the following can be concluded? (C) heptagon (D) nonagon
(A) EF2 – GH2 = GH2 – EG2
(B) EF2 – GH2 = EG2 – FH2 30. Find the interior and exterior angles of a regular
(C) EF2 – FH2 = EG2 – GH2 polygon of eight sides.
(D) None of these (A) 150°; 30° (B) 140°; 40°
(C) 135°; 45° (D) 108°; 72°
20. In a right angled triangle PQR, ∠P = 90° and ∠Q = 30°.
Find PQ : QR : PR. 31. An angle is such that its supplement is thrice its
(A) 3 :1:2 (B) 3 : 2 :1 complement. Find the angle.
(A) 45° (B) 60°
(C) 1 : 3 : 4 (D) 1 : 2 : 3 (C) 75° (D) 30°
21. In the given figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle,

where AB = AC, ∠ABC = 45°. BD is an angle 32. A regular polygon has 20 diagonals. Find the
measure of each exterior angle of the polygon.
bisector of ∠ABC and EC is an angle bisector of
∠ACB. Find ∠COD. (in degrees) (A) 30° (B) 40°
(C) 45° (D) 20°
33. A circle has a radius of 15 cm. A chord is at a

22. Bisectors of angle B and angle C of triangle ABC distance of 9 cm from its centre. Find the length of
meet at O. If ∠BOC = 130°, find angle A. the chord (in cm).
(A) 50° (B) 80°
(C) 40° (D) 65°
23. The centroid of a triangle is the

34. P and Q are the points on the circumference of a
(A) point of concurrence of its perpendicular bisectors.
circle with centre O. ∠POQ = 100°. If R is a point on
(B) point of concurrence of its altitudes.
(C) point of concurrence of its angle bisectors. the major arc, find ∠PRQ.
(D) point of concurrence of its medians. (A) 50o (B) 130o
o
(C) 60 (D) 120o
24. A rectangle, a triangle and a parallelogram lie on the
same base and between the same parallel lines. If the 35. Find the number of common tangents which can be
area of triangle is 24 sq.cm then, find the area of the drawn to two circles which touch each other externally.
parallelogram. (in sq cm)
36. Find the number of common tangents which can be

25. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD. AB = 12 cm drawn to two non-intersecting and non-enclosing circles.
and CD = 24 cm. EF is parallel to AB and CD and
divides the distance between them in the ratio 1 : 2.
Find EF (in cm.)
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 20
37. Which of the following is/are necessarily cyclic
26. A quadrilateral has an area of 80 sq cm. Its quadrilateral(s)?
midpoints are joined. Find the type of the (A) Parallelogram
quadrilateral thereby formed and its area. (B) Non isosceles trapezium
(A) Rectangle, 40 sq cm (C) Isosceles trapezium
(B) Square, 40 sq cm (D) All the above
38. 42. G
A D 130° B
H J
A D
K
C Ι F
B C L
E
In the figure above, ∠BDC = 30º, ∠BCA = 60º.
Find ∠ABC.
(A) 100° (B) 95° (C) 90° (D) 85° In the figure above, AB, CD and EF are parallel. GH
and JL are parallel. Find ∠JLE.
39. (A) 50o (B) 130o (C) 140o (D) 40o
A
43. In the given figure, lines l and m are parallel. If ∠1 +
∠6 = 120°, then find ∠4. (in degrees)
O C
B 2 1
l
In the figure above, O is the centre of the circle. 4 3
m
∠ACB = 50º. AC and BC are tangents to the circles 6 5
at A and B respectively. Find ∠AOB.
(A) 100° (B) 110° (C) 120° (D) 130°
44. In Δ ABC, AB = 12 cm, AC = 16 cm and BC = 8 cm.
40. Find the length of the median drawn from A to BC
(in cm.).
A B
(A) 7 (B) 46 (C) 14 (D) 2 46
45.
Q R
D C
P
S
In the figure above, ∠ABC = 85º. Find ∠ADC. T
(A) 170o (B) 190o (C) 85o (D) 95o
In the figure above, PQ = 4 cm, QR = 14 cm and
41. The diameter PQ of a circle is 30 cm and R is a PS = 3 cm. Find ST.
point on its circumference such that QR = 18 cm.
cm
Find PR (in cm).
Exercise − 4(a)
1. In the given figure, lines m and n are parallel and bisectors of angles QAB and SBA. Find AB if
angle 8 is twice angle 1. Find the measure of ∠4. AD = 16 cm and BD = 12 cm. cm
m 2 1
3 4 P Q
6 5 A
n
7 8
D
2. In the figure below, PQ is parallel to RS and AB cuts R B S

them at A and B respectively. AD and BD are the
3. In the figure given below, AB || CD. Find the 9.
measure of ∠EFH given that, ∠BHF = 40°and A
∠BCI = 100°.
D E
A B H
80°
E B F C
30° 130° F
AD DE AE 1
C D In the given figure, = = = . If area of
AB BC AC 3
triangle ABC is 54 sq.cm, then find the area of
I triangle ADE. (in sq cm)
(A) 140° (B) 40° (C) 100° (D) 160°
4. In the given figure ABC and ADE are triangles

such that AB = AD, AE = EC. Find the measure of 10.
A
angle DAE.
A D
20° F
20
30° E B 6 C
B D E C
In the above figure, F is the midpoint of AB and
(A) 10° (B) 20° (C) 25° (D) 15° AC = 10 units. Find the length of EB.
(A) 24 units (B) 20 units
5. In triangle ABC, AB = 10 cm and AC = 20 cm. D is a (C) 28 units (D) 26 units
point such that it divides BC externally in the ratio.
1 : 3. If AD ⊥ BC, then find the length of BC. 11. If the adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
(A) 20 cm (B) 10 6 cm 30 cm and 18 cm and one of the diagonals of the
parallelogram is 24 cm long, find the other.
(C) 10 cm (D) 5 6 cm (A) 15 cm (B) 18 cm
(C) 20 cm (D) None of these
6. The sides of a triangle ABC are a cm, b cm and
c cm. The sides of a triangle DEF are d cm, e cm 12. ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the midpoint of
and f cm, a(a + b + c) = d2, b(a + b + c) = e2 and BC as shown in the figure. If DE and AB when
c(a + b + c) = f2 produced meet at F, then AF is equal to ______.
If the measure of the greatest angle in triangle DEF C D
is x°, which of the following is true?
(A) 60 < x < 90
(B) x = 90 E
(C) 90 < x ≤ 105
(D) 105 < x ≤ 120
F
7. In a right angled triangle ABC, AB = 10 3 cm and B A
BC = 20 cm, ∠A = 90°. An equilateral triangle ABD 3 4
(A) AB (B) 2 AB (C) 3 AB (D) AB
is constructed with base AB and with vertex D, at 2 3
a maximum possible distance from C. Find the
length of CD. 13. If the sides AB, BC, CD and DA of a trapezium
ABCD measure 10 cm, 20 cm, 18 cm and 16 cm
(A) 10 7 cm
respectively, find the length of the longer diagonal,
(B) 10 11 cm given that AB is parallel to CD.
(C) 10 12 cm (A) 655 cm (B) 256 cm
(D) 10 14 cm (C) 760 cm (D) 840 cm
8. What is the sum of the squares of the medians 14. ABCD is a trapezium with AB||CD. AB = 10 cm, CD
(in sq cm) of a triangle ABC if the sum of the = 20 cm. E and F are points on AD and BC
squares of its sides is 72 sq.cm? respectively such that AE : ED = BF : FC = 3 : 2.
Find EF (in cm).
(A) 14 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 10
15. In the above figure, if PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral
A D then find the value of ∠STR .
(A) 30° (B) 40° (C) 50° (D) 60°
20. A right-angled triangle ABC is right-angled at B.

X
The point of contact of the incircle with the
hypotenuse, divides it, in the ratio 3 : 2. If the perimeter
C B of the triangle ABC is 36 cm, find its inradius. (in cm)
.
Two chords AB and CD intersect at point X as
shown in the figure. If AX = 8 cm, AB = 14 cm A
and CX − XD = 8 cm, find CD. (in cm)
D
16. C E
B F C
A• •B
21. The perimeter of a right angled triangle is 24 cm.

D Find the sum of its inradius and twice its circumradius.
(in cm).
In the above figure, A and B are the centres of
two circles. C and D are the points of intersection of
the circles. Find ∠CAD + ∠CBD.
(A) 210° (B) 270° (C) 240° (D) 300°
22. In the given figure, PT and PR are two tangents. If O
17. In the figure drawn below, AB represents the is the centre of the circle and ∠TSR = 120°, find
diameter of the circle. Find the value of ∠BXQ . ∠TPR.
P T
P
120°
S O
X
A 30° B
40°
R
Q
(A) 60° (B) 80° (C) 85° (D) 75°
(A) 80° (B) 70° (C) 60° (D) 75°
23. In the given figure (not drawn to scale), XP = 6 cm;
18. Find ∠XZO from the given figure, given O is the PQ = 4 cm and XR = 5 cm. Find RS.
centre of the circle.
cm
X Z
Q
40°
20° O P
X
R S
(A) 30° (B) 40° (C) 50° (D) 45° 24. From a point P, which is 20 cm away from the center
of a circle, two tangents PQ and PR are drawn to
19. the circle to touch it at Q and R. Given that the
tangents are perpendicular, find the perimeter of
P
Q ∆PQR.
50° (A) (20 + 10 2 ) cm
T 30° X (B) (5 + 20 2 ) cm
R (C) (10 + 20 2 ) cm
S
(D) None of these
25. Two parallel chords AB and CD are drawn on 31. ABCD is a square. Ι is a point inside the square
opposite sides of a diameter of a circle. AB is such that triangle AIB is equilateral. ∠CID = ______.
16 cm long and is at a distance of 5 cm from CD. (A) 120° (B) 135° (C) 150° (D) 165°
If CD is 14 cm long, then find the radius of the circle.
(A) 60 cm (B) 55 cm 32. A triangle PQR is drawn in a semicircle such that
P and Q are the ends of the diameter of the
(C) 85 cm (D) None of these semicircle and R lies on the arc of the semicircle.
The diameter of the semicircle is 41. If the lengths of
26. Find the length of the transverse common tangent PR and RQ are integers find the inradius of the
drawn to two circles which have their centres triangle PQR.
separated by 13 cm and with radii of 8 cm and 4 cm (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 7
respectively.
(A) 8 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 5 cm (D) 7 cm 33. ABCD is a parallelogram whose diagonals meet
at E. The perimeter of ABCD is 120. The perimeters
of the triangles BCE and CDE differ by 40. Find sum
27.
of the squares of the diagonals of ABCD.
A C (A) 3900
(B) 5200
E (C) 2600
(D) Cannot be determined
34. PQR is an equilateral triangle. S is the foot of the

perpendicular from P to QR. T is the foot of the
B D
perpendicular from S to PR. U is the foot of the
perpendicular from T to QR. If TU = x, the perimeter
In the figure above, AB is parallel to CD. AD and of PQR is ______.
BC intersect at E. AB > AE. Find the maximum 24 x 12 x 36 x 18 x
possible value of ∠ABE (in degrees) if its measure is (A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
an integer.
35. One of the angles of a rhombus is 120°. The ratio
of the longer and the shorter diagonals of the
rhombus is ______.
28. A1, A2, A3, …… A11, A12 are 12 distinct points equally
spaced and arranged in the same order on the (A) 3 3 : 2 (B) 2 : 3
circumference of a circle. Find the distinct number of (C) 3 3 : 4 (D) 3 :1
triangles which can be formed using these points as
vertices such that their circumcentre lies on one of 36. How many distinct triangles having a perimeter of 44
the sides of the triangle. can be formed where each side is a multiple of 4?
29. 37. PQRS is a quadrilateral. The diagonals of PQRS are

W perpendicular to each other. PQ = 16, QR = 12, RS
U
= 20. If SP = k 2 , find the value of k.
X O
P • Q
Z 38. In triangle ABC, D is a point on BC such that BD =
Y
R S 36 and DC = 9. AD = 18. AD ⊥ BC. ∠A =
degrees
T V
39. In ∆ABC, ∠B = 90°. The ratio of lengths of AB, BC
In the figure shown, O is the centre of the circle. and thee altitude to AC is p : q : r. Which of the
XOZY is a rectangle. VZ : ZW = PX : XQ = 3 : 8. following can be concluded?
If the diameter of the circle is 4.4, find the sum of the 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) = – (B) = –
lengths of RS and TU. r2 p2 q2 r2 q2 p2
6 1 1 1
(C) = + (D) None of these
2 2
r p q2
30. Two of the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4.
The medians to these sides are perpendicular to 40. ABC is a triangle. BE is the median drawn to AC.
D is a point on AB such that CD bisects BE.
each other. If the third side of the triangle is 12 5 ,
AD
find the smaller of the first two sides of the triangle. =
(A) 36 (B) 24 (C) 48 (D) 60 DB
Exercise – 4(b)
1. 6. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5.

Identify the type of triangle.
1 2 m (A) Scalene and acute angled
3 4 (B) Isosceles and obtuse angled
(C) Scalene and right angled
5 6 (D) Isosceles and acute angled
7 8 n
7. A right angled triangle has a hypotenuse of 41.
The lengths of its perpendicular sides are integers.
In the above figure, m is parallel to n and five times The perimeter of the triangle is .
of ∠5 = seven times of ∠7. Find ∠2 + ∠6. (in degrees)
8. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. If the

greatest angle is C°, which of the following is tru e?
2. (A) C < 75 (B) 75 ≤ C < 90
P Q W
(C) C = 90 (D) 90 < C < 120
T 9. In ∆ABC, ∠C = 50°. D is a point on segment BC

U such that BD = AB. If ∠CAD = 20°, find ∠CBA .
R S (in degrees)
Y
A
In the figure above (not drawn to scale), TU||RS.
Find ∠WUT, given ∠PWU = 50°, ∠PQR = 70°,
∠QRT = 10° and ∠UTR = 120°.
(A) 110° (B) 120° (C) 130° (D) 140°
3. B D C
A E
B
10. A
G
C F D
C
In the figure above, AB||CD. EF cuts AB and CD at
E and F respectively EG bisects ∠BEF. FG bisects
∠EFD. EG = 15 cm. EF = 25 cm. Find FG (in cm).
(A) 12 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) 20 D
B
4. In the given figure, BE is parallel to DF. Find ∠AGB. In the above figure, AC = BC and BC = CD. Find the
B value of ∠BAC + ∠BDC . (in degrees)
30°
A G D 11. In the figure below, ∠AMB = m°; ∠MAB = x°;

80° ∠BAC = y°; ∠CAN = z°; ∠ABC = p°; ∠ACB = q° and
∠ANC = n°
A
E
F
(A) 70° (B) 75° (C) 80° (D) 90°
5. Find ∠XYZ (in degrees) in the following figure,

where XP is parallel to ZQ.
X P
138° M B C N
Which of the following is true?

Y
(A) x° + m° + z° = p° + q° + n°
(B) x° + m° + p° = n° + q° + z°
142° (C) x° + m° + q° = n° + p° – z°
Q (D) x° + z° + m° + n° = p° + q°
Z
12. Find the length of side AD in the figure given below 21. A B
A
F
5 units E
3 units
D
D C
B C In the above figure, ABCD is a square and triangle

ADE is equilateral. Find ∠EFD.
units (A) 65° (B) 70° (C) 80° (D) 75°
13. In triangle ABC, ∠A = 90°, BX and CY are medians. 22.

A B
AB − AC
2 2
Find the value of .
BX 2 − CY 2
(A) 4/3 (B) 5/3 (C) 7/3 (D) 2
14. Find the interior and exterior angles of a regular

D C
polygon of six sides.
(A) 120°; 60° (B) 115°; 65° In the figure above, AB is parallel to CD. AD = BC.
(C) 108°; 72° (D) 90°; 90° If ∠DAB = 100°, find ∠BCD
(A) 80° (B) 60°
15. In a right angled triangle, the sum of the lengths of (C) 70° (D) 50°
the hypotenuse and the shortest side is 64 cm.
The length of the other side is twice the difference of 23. In the figure below, ∠P = 140°, ∠Q = 40°, LM = LN
the lengths of these sides. Find the length of the and ∠PLN = 130°. Find ∠MLN .
hypotenuse (in cm).
P L
16. In triangle ABC, ∠A = 90° and D is the midpoint of

AC. The value of BC2 − BD2 is equal to _______.
(A) 2AD2 (B) AD2 (C) 3AD2 (D) 4AD2 Q M N
17. The perimeters of similar triangles ABC and PQR

(A) 70° (B) 80°
are 40 cm and x cm respectively. Find x if the areas
(C) 85° (D) 90°
of triangles ABC and PQR are 50 sq.cm and
200 sq.cm respectively.
(A) 20 cm (B) 30 cm (C) 40 cm (D) 80 cm 24. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 21 cm
and 13 cm. If one of the diagonals is 2 105 cm
18. In the given figure triangle B long, find the length of the other diagonal (in cm).
PQR is equilateral and its Q R
(A) 16 (B) 14
side is 8 cm. A, B and C
are the midpoints of PQ, (C) 18 2 (D) 20 2
QR and PR respectively. A C
Find the ratio of the 25. PQRS is a parallelogram. T is a point on QR
perimeter of ∆ACP to the QR
satisfying QT = . If PQ and ST are produced
perimeter of ∆PQR. P 3
to meet at U, as shown in the figure, then PU =
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 1 : 2 UQ
19. In triangle PQR, QO and RO are the bisectors of R S

∠PQR and ∠PRQ respectively. Find the
measurement of ∠QPR , if ∠QOR = 140°.
(A) 100 ° (B) 70° (C) 80° (D) 110° T
20. In the given figure, ∠CAB = C U Q P

80°. BD and CE are angle
bisectors of ∠ABC and
26. The centres of three circles which touch each other
∠ACB respectively. Find D externally form a triangle of sides 21 cm, 22 cm and
∠BOC. (in degrees) O
23 cm. Find the radius of the smallest circle.
(A) 10 cm (B) 11 cm
A E B (C) 12 cm (D) 13 cm
27. An equilateral triangle OAB is drawn such that A and 32. A
B are the points on the circle with O as the centre
of that circle. If AB = 4 cm, find the circumference of D
the circle. (in cm)
π E
28. In the given figure (not drawn to scale) AB is a chord

of the circle with centre O. BT is a tangent to the
circle. Find the value of x + y + z. B
C
P In the above figure, ∠ABE = ∠EDC + 20° and ∠AEB
T = 110°. Find ∠EDC.
(A) 25° (B) 120° (C) 35° (D) 30°
y
x
33. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle. If
O tangent PQ = 12 cm and AB = 10 cm, then QB is
B z equal to ______.
36°
P
A
O
(A) 90° (B) 80°
A Q
(C) 72° (D) 60° B
29.
A
(A) 8 cm (B) 9 cm
(C) 10 cm (D) 6 cm
34. In a circle of radius 75 cm, two parallel chords have

O lengths of 144 cm and x cm. They are separated by
81 cm. Find x.
B C 35. If each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides

is 162°, find the value of n.
In the above figure, O is the centre of the circle. It is
also the incentre of triangle ABC. Find ∠BOC
(in degrees).
36. Find the sum of the interior angles of the polygon
mentioned in the preceding question.
30.
C
37. If an angle is equal to two-third of its supplement,
B find the angle
(A) 18°
A (B) 54°
(C) 64°
(D) None of these
D
38. The exterior angle of a regular polygon is 90° les s
In the above figure, ABC is a secant. AD is a than its interior angle. Find its interior and exterior
tangent to the circle at D. If AB = 4 cm and BC = AD angles.
+ AB, find AD. (in cm) (A) 150°; 30° (B) 140°; 40°
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 135°; 45° (D) 108°; 72°
(C) 12 (D) 16
39. There are eight rays in a plane with a common end
31. Two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect at a point. The measures of the eight non overlapping
point P. The segments AP, CD and PB measure, angles, in degrees, are a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h + 4.
respectively, 8 cm, 22 cm and 12 cm. What is the The numbers a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h are consecutive
difference in the lengths of CP and PD? integers. How many of these angles exceed 45°?
(A) 20 cm (B) 6 cm
(C) 12 cm (D) 10 cm
40. While painting the inside of an auditorium, a painter 48. In the quadrilateral ABCD, ∠ABC = ∠BCD = 90°.
places his ladder against a wall such that the top of
AD = 13 , AB = 1 and CD = 4. The diagonals
the ladder touches the wall at a height of 24 feet.
After the work on that wall was over, keeping the AC and BD intersect at E. Find DE/AE.
foot of the ladder fixed at the same point, it leans
against the wall on the opposite side and the top of
the ladder touches the wall at a height of 20 feet. If
the distance between the walls is 22 feet, what is the 49. ABCD is a trapezium, in which AB ||CD.
length of the ladder? (in feet) The diagonals of ABCD meet at E. AE = 30ED + 5,
BE = 6ED − 3, CE = 6ED + 1. Find ED.
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5
41. Two non-intersecting circles, one lying inside the 50. A rhombus has a perimeter of 40 cm. The line
other, are of radii r1 and r2 and r1 > r2. If the minimum joining the midpoints of two adjacent sides is 6 cm
distance between any two points on their long. Find the area of the rhombus.
circumferences is s, then the distance between their (A) 48 sq.cm. (B) 84 sq.cm.
centres is (C) 96 sq.cm. (D) 372 sq.cm.
(A) r1 + r2 − s (B) r1 − r2 − s
(C) r1 − r2 + s (D) r1 − r2 51. The radius of a circle is 3 . Segment AB of length
6 is tangent to this circle at some intermediate point.
42. In the given figure, AP, BP, The other tangents drawn to the circle from A and B
CQ, DQ are the bisectors of D C
P intersect at C. Find the minimum perimeter of all
angles A, B, C and D such triangles ABC.
respectively. Sum of angles R S
PRQ and PSQ is ______.
Q
A B
52. ABCD is a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle.
(A) 90° (B) 120° AB = 45, BC = 60, AC = 75, AD = 72. Find the area
(C) 180° (D) Data insufficient of the region inside the circle which is outside the
quadrilateral.
43. The sides of a triangle are 15, 20, 25 A square PQRS
is placed in the triangle such that P and Q lie on the (A) 5625 π − 2106 (B) 7225 π − 2302
sides of lengths 15 and 20 respectively, and RS lies 4 4
on the side of length 25. Find the perimeter of PQRS. 5625 7225
(C) π − 2502 (D) π − 2706
900 1200 1800 2400 4 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
31 37 43 47
53. A pole, at a point P on the boundary of a circular
44. ABCD is a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle. P, Q, park subtends an angle of 30° at another point Q on
R, S are the points of contact of the circle with the the boundary. If the chord PQ subtends an angle of
60° at the center of the park, then find the ratio of
sides AB, BC, CD, DA respectively. ∠A = 90°, QC = 6,
the height of pole to the radius of the park.
CD = 14 and DA = 16. Find the radius of the circle.
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 3 : 2 (D) 2 : 3
54. In ∆ABC, AB = 16, BC = 20, AC = 18. D and E are

45. How many scalene triangles are there for which the the points on lines AB and AC respectively such that
lengths of all the sides (in cm) are integers and the AD + AE = 25 and the area of ∆ADE is half the area of
perimeter is 24 cm?
∆ABC. Find DE2.
(A) 225 (B) 247 (C) 186 (D) 121
46. Consider the following statements. 55. A circular wheel makes half a rotation such that its
Ι. The altitudes of a triangle can be 4, 6, 9. topmost point A of the wheel touches the ground at
ΙΙ. The altitudes of a triangle can be 6, 8, 15. X. If the radius of the wheel is 10 cm, then find
Which of the following can be concluded? (AX)/(AB).
(A) Only Ι is correct. A
(B) Only ΙΙ is correct.
(C) Both Ι and ΙΙ are correct.
(D) Neither Ι nor ΙΙ is correct.
47. ABCD is a rectangle AB > BC. The perimeter of

ABCD is 34 and the area of the triangle ABC is 30.
P is a point on CD such that CP : PD = 1 : 3. B X
Find the distance from P to the point of the 1 2
4π + 1 
 π + 4
2
intersection of the diagonals of ABCD. (A) (B)
2 
601 79 61
(A) (B) 6 (C) (D) (C) 2π 2 + 1 (D) 16π 2 + 1
4 2 2
Directions for questions 56 to 65: Each question is Ι. The length of AD is 2 cm.
followed by two statements, Ι and ΙΙ. Indicate your
ΙΙ. The length of EC is 3 cm.
responses based on the following directives:
60. What is the number of sides in a regular polygon?
Mark (A) if the question can be answered using
Ι. Sum of the interior angles of the polygon is
one of the statements alone, but cannot be
(2n – 4) x 90° where n is the number of sides of
answered using the other statement alone.
the polygon.
Mark (B) if the question can be answered using
ΙΙ. One of the exterior angles of the polygon is 60°.
either statement alone.
Mark (C) if the question can be answered using Ι and
ΙΙ together but not using Ι or ΙΙ alone. 61. Which is the smallest angle of triangle ABC?
Mark (D) if the question cannot be answered even Ι. AB2 > BC2 + AC2.
using Ι and ΙΙ together. ΙΙ. BC2 < AB2 + AC2.
56. Is the four-sided figure a rectangle? 62. What is the area of triangle ABC?
Ι. The diagonals are equal. Ι. The angles of the triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3.
ΙΙ. The diagonals are perpendicular to each other. ΙΙ. The longest side of the triangle is 5 cm.
57. In triangle ABC, is angle A a right angle? 63. Is ABC an isosceles triangle?
Ι. The circumcircle of triangle ABC passes B
through A.
ΙΙ. The circle with AC as diameter passes through B.
58. What is the measure of angle X in the given circle

with centre O?
Ι. ∠A = 60° A D C
ΙΙ. ∠B = 30° Ι. ∠BAC = 50° and ∠ABC – ∠BCA = 30°
Q ΙΙ. AD = DC and BD is perpendicular to AC.
X 64. Does the perpendicular bisector of the side BC of

A triangle ABC passes through A?
P • Ι. AB + AC = 2BC and AC = BC.
O B ΙΙ. AB = AC.
C
65. Do the two circles with centres A and B touch each
other externally?
Ι. The distance between A and B is equal to the
59. In the figure below, what is the perimeter of triangle
diameter of the circle with centre A.
ABC?
B ΙΙ. One circle is bigger than the other.
45° 30°
A C
D E
Key
Concept Review Questions
1. 48 8. (i) A 15. 2.25 23. D 31. A 39. D

2. D (ii) B 16. B 24. 48 32. C 40. D
3. A 9. B 17. B 25. B 33. 24 41. 24
4. C 10. 16 18. C 26. C 34. A 42. B
5. D 11. 8 19. C 27. 2 35. 3 43. 120
6. (i) B 12. B 20. B 28. 9 36. 4 44. D
(ii) A 13. D 21. 45 29. B 37. C 45. 21
7. 130 14. C 22. B 30. C 38. C
Exercise – 4(a)
1. 120 9. 6 17. A 25. D 33. B

2. 20 10. A 18. A 26. C 34. A
3. A 11. D 19. C 27. 59 35. D
4. B 12. B 20. 3 28. 60 36. 4
5. D 13. C 21. 12 29. 3.2 37. 16
6. A 14. C 22. A 30. A 38. 90
7. A 15. 16 23. 7 31. C 39. C
8. 54 16. C 24. D 32. A 40. 2
Exercise – 4(b)
1. 150 12. 1.8 23. B 34. 90 45. 7 56. D
2. C 13. A 24. D 35. 20 46. C 57. B
3. D 14. A 25. 3 36. 3240 47. D 58. B
4. A 15. 40 26. A 37. D 48. 8 59. A
5. 80 16. C 27. 8 38. C 49. A 60. B
6. C 17. D 28. C 39. 3 50. C 61. D
7. 90 18. D 29. 120 40. 25 51. 18 62. C
8. B 19. A 30. A 41. B 52. A 63. D
9. 40 20. 130 31. D 42. C 53. B 64. B
10. 90 21. D 32. A 43. B 54. B 65. C
11. D 22. A 33. A 44. 8 55. B

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Chapter – 4

When any number of straight lines meet at a point, the R

X U Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the

Sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180° (Right-angled triangle)

A line perpendicular to a side and passing through the B C

In an acute angled triangle, the orthocentre lies inside F E

B C For example, in Fig 4.19, if ∆ABC is similar to ∆DEF

A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the

Fig. 4.28 (a)

RECTANGLE Concave Polygon

A chord is a point joining two points on the

A secant is a line intersecting a circle in two distinct

If PAB and PCD are secants and PT is a tangent to the

Two tangents can be drawn to the circle from any point

Two intersecting circles have two common tangents. Q T P

Two circles which are non-intersecting and non-

Examples Sol: Area of an equilateral triangle

4.01. Find the value of x in the figure given below.

110° 4.07. Triangle PQR is right angled at Q. Find the

Sol: Since BE is the median, Area of ∆AEB (4 3 ) = (x + 8)x ⇒ (12) (4) = (x + 8) x

(distance between centres)2 −

In parallelogram PQRS (any), D C

Sol: 4.19. In a polygon, the sum of the interior angles is

Sol: Let the number of sides be n.

P Q 4.20. In a hexagon, one of the interior angles is 100°.

2. The sides of a triangle are 15 cm, 20 cm and

4. In an equilateral triangle, the orthocentre divides F E

8. (i) A triangle has its sides as 6 cm, 7 cm and 8 cm.

21. In the given figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle,

33. A circle has a radius of 15 cm. A chord is at a

23. The centroid of a triangle is the

36. Find the number of common tangents which can be

2. In the figure below, PQ is parallel to RS and AB cuts R B S

(A) 140° (B) 40° (C) 100° (D) 160°

4. In the given figure ABC and ADE are triangles

20. A right-angled triangle ABC is right-angled at B.

21. The perimeter of a right angled triangle is 24 cm.

34. PQR is an equilateral triangle. S is the foot of the

29. 37. PQRS is a quadrilateral. The diagonals of PQRS are

1. 6. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5.

8. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. If the

T 9. In ∆ABC, ∠C = 50°. D is a point on segment BC

A G D 11. In the figure below, ∠AMB = m°; ∠MAB = x°;

5. Find ∠XYZ (in degrees) in the following figure,

Which of the following is true?

B C In the above figure, ABCD is a square and triangle

13. In triangle ABC, ∠A = 90°, BX and CY are medians. 22.

14. Find the interior and exterior angles of a regular

16. In triangle ABC, ∠A = 90° and D is the midpoint of

17. The perimeters of similar triangles ABC and PQR

19. In triangle PQR, QO and RO are the bisectors of R S

20. In the given figure, ∠CAB = C U Q P

28. In the given figure (not drawn to scale) AB is a chord

34. In a circle of radius 75 cm, two parallel chords have

B C 35. If each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides

54. In ∆ABC, AB = 16, BC = 20, AC = 18. D and E are

47. ABCD is a rectangle AB > BC. The perimeter of

58. What is the measure of angle X in the given circle