SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC with A+ grade -Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)

FIRST YEAR / II SEMESTER ECE (R2021)

EC 3271 – CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LAB

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021-22 EVEN

 SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC with A+ grade -Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)

Vision of the Institution

Impart an inclusive engineering education that beyond being a facilitator for a career and
rudimentary skills, equips the students to offer ethically & environmentally conscious solutions to societal
issues.

Mission of the Institution

 Create a nurturing, holistic environment of engineering education to facilitate every student

realize their full potential.
 Strive to make the students strong in basic concepts, armed with appropriate skills to enhance
one’s ability to apply the knowledge, to provide solutions to real time issues.
 Maintain an ambience that facilitates the students to strengthen their ethical value systems.
 Actively promote R & D and institute- industry interaction.

Vision of the Department

To become a leading department of Higher Learning and a Research Centre of Excellence in

Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Mission of the Department

 To enable budding engineers to obtain technical exposure in various areas of Electronics and
Communication Engineering.
 To nurture career improvement.
 To initiate and sustain research activities in the department in state of the art areas of
Electronics and Communication Engineering.
 To develop professional and ethical attitude in the students.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

 To provide the students with a strong foundation in the required sciences in order to pursue
studies in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
 To give a broad exposure to the students in various topics related to Electronics and
Communication Engineering fields, to enable them to excel in their professional career
/higher studies.
 To develop innovative skills in the students in order to solve the technical problems which
will arise in their professional skills.
 To inculcate in the students a professional and ethical attitude and an ability to visualize the
engineering issues in a broader social context.

Program Outcomes (PO)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
 SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC with A+ grade -Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO)

1. Comprehend and demonstrate the principles and concepts of Semiconductor theory, Signal
Processing & Embedded systems in the fields of Consumer Electronics, Medical Electronics and
Defense Electronics.

2. Analyze and design modules and systems for applications including Signal Processing,
Communication, Networking and RF & Microwave Engineering.
 SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC with A+ grade -Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)

TIME TABLE- II sem / A sec

DAY
ORDER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

INTERVAL

INTERVAL
I

LUNCH
II
III
IV
V

1
2
3

TIME TABLE- II sem / B sec

DAY
ORDER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
INTERVAL

INTERVAL
I
LUNCH

II
III
IV
V

1
2
3

1.

2.

Course coordinator(s) HOD/ECE

 SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC with A+ grade -Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)

EC3271 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS LAB

SYLLABUS

Course Objective:

 To gain hands- on experience in Thevenin Norton theorem, KVL KCL, and

Superposition Theorems.
 To understand the working of RL,RC and RLC circuits

List of Experiments (10):

1. Verifications of KVL and KCL.

2. Verifications of Thevenin and Norton theorem.
3. Verification of Superposition Theorem.
4. Verification of maximum power transfer Theorem
5. Determination of Resonance Frequency of Series and Parallel RLC Circuits.
6. Transient analysis of RL and RC circuits.

Laboratory Requirements:

Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors – Sufficient Quantities. Bread

Boards – 15 Nos.
Cro (30Mhz) – 10 Nos.
Function Generators (3Mhz) – 10 Nos.
Dual Regulated Power Supplies (0 – 30V) – 10 Nos.
 INDEX
SIGN WITH
S.No. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS MARKS
DATE
EXP. NO:
DATE:
VERIFICATION OF KVL and KCL

AIM

To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

(KVL) for the given circuit by determining current flowing through each component
and voltage across each component.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter

2. Ammeter

3. Power Supply

R1 =
4. Resistor Each 1
R2 =
R3 =

5. Connecting wires As required

6. Bread board 1

THEORY

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

The algebraic sum of the currents entering a point in an electric circuit

must equal the algebraic sum of the currents leaving that point.

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

In any electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops must equal
the algebraic sum of the applied EMFs.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1. Circuit diagram for verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Figure 1

2. Circuit diagram for verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Figure 2
Theoretical Calculation

1. KCL
It is to be proven that the algebraic sum of currents entering the node A (in figure
1) is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents leaving the same node. Let the
currents through R1, R2, & R3 are IR1,IR2 &IR3.
To prove this
 Step1- Calculate the total resistance (equivalent resistance) by reducing the
circuit towards the source.

(Refer figure 1)
 Step 2- Calculate the total current I
V
I 
Req
 Step 3 – Calculate IR1, IR2 &IR3.
I R1  I
I R3
I R2 
R2  R3
I R2
I R3 
R2  R3

 Check whether .

Calculation

R2 R3
Req  R1   1284.84Ω
R2  R3

V 10
I  =7.7mA
Req 1284

I R1  I
I R3
I R2  =6.6mA
R2  R3
I R2
I R3 
R2  R3

=1.1mA
TABULATION

For KCL

Resistances (Ω) Value of currents as per manual Value of currents measured

calculation (mA) experimentally (mA)
R1= IR1= IR1=
R2= IR2= IR2=
R3= IR3= IR3=

For KVL

Resistances (Ω) Value of voltages as per manual Value of voltages measured

calculation (Volts) experimentally (Volts)
R1= VR1= VR1=
R2= VR2= VR2=
R3= VR3= VR3=

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

1) Connect the circuit shown in figure 1.

2) Measure the currents IR1, IR2 &IR3.
3) Check whether IR1=IR2 +IR3.

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

1) Connect the circuit of figure 2.

2) Measure the currents VR1, VR2 &VR3.
3) Check whether VR1+VR2 +VR3+V=0.
.
Calculation

Req  R1  R2  R3  1860
V 10
I  =
Req 1860
VR1  I R1  6.36V
VR 2  I R2  0.53V
VR 3  I R3  2.96V
Now,

2. KVL

It is to be proven that the algebraic sum of voltage around a closed path in a

circuit (figure 2) is zero. Let the voltages across R1, R2, & R3 are VR1,VR2 &VR3.
To prove this
 Step1- Calculate the total resistance (equivalent resistance) by reducing the
circuit towards the source.

(Refer figure 2)
 Step 2- Calculate the total current I
V
I
Req
 Step 3 – Calculate VR1,VR2 &VR3
VR1  I R1
V R 2  I R2
VR 3  I R3

 Check whether
Calculation
Conclusion/Inference

RESULT
EXP. NO:
DATE:
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREMS

AIM

To verify the Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem by determining Thevenin’s

voltage and resistance, Norton’s current and resistance using given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter

2. Ammeter

3. Power Supply

R1 =
4. Resistor Each 1
R2 =

R3 =

5. Connecting wires As required

6. Bread board 1

7. Multimeter 1

THEORY

THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Any linear bilateral network containing one or more voltage sources can be
replaced by a single voltage source whose value is equal to the open circuit voltage at
output terminal with a series resistance. The series resistance is equal to the effective
resistance looking back from the output terminal by removing the load resistance.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEVENIN’S THEOREM

TABULATION

Voltage Open Circuit voltage Thevenin’s resistance Load Current (mA)

(Fig.a.) (volts) Vth (Ω)
Vin Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
(volts)
FORMULA USED

1)

2)

4)

3)

NORTON’S THEOREM

Any linear bilateral network containing one or more generators can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of current source (IN) in parallel with admittance
(YN). The IN is the short-circuited current flowing through the output terminals and
YN is the admittance measured across the output terminals with all the sources
replaced by its internal impedance.

FORMULA USED

2)

3) IN =

4)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NORTON’S THEOREM

TABULATION

Voltage Short Circuit / Norton’s resistance Load Current

(Fig.1.) Norton’s current (mA) (Ω) IL (mA)
Vin(volts) IN RN
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (THEVENIN’S THEOREM)

1. Connect the circuit as shown in step-1 Figure.

2. Measure the current through the load.

To Find Thevenin’s Voltage

1. Connect the circuit as shown in step-2 Figure.
2. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuited voltage across
the output terminal (Vth).

To Find Thevenin’s Resistance

1. Connect the circuit as shown in step-3 Figure.
2. Replace the supply by a short circuit and open circuit the load.
3. Using multimeter in resistance mode, measure the resistance across the
output terminal (Rth).

Thevenin’s Circuit
1. Connect the circuit of step-4 Figure.
2. Adjust Vin=Vth.
3. Measure the load current.
4. Check whether the Load current measured at step-1 Figure is equal to the
load current measured at step-4 Figure.

NORTON’S THEOREM

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure (1).

2. Measure the load current IL.

To Find Norton’s Current

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure (2).
2. Short-circuit the load resistance and measure the short-circuited current (IN).

To Find Norton’s Resistance

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure (3).
2. Replace the supply by a short circuit and open circuit the load.
3. Using multimeter in resistance mode, measure the resistance across the
output terminal (Rth).

To Find Norton’s Circuit

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure (4).
2. Adjust Iin=In.
3. Measure the load current.
4. Check whether the Load current measured at Figure (1) is equal to the load
current measured at Figure (4).
Calculations (Thevenin’s Theorem)

V 10
I  =
R1  R 2 1.2 K  100

Vth  IR2  0.76V

Vth
IL   0.77mA
Rth  RL

Calculations (Norton’s Theorem)

V 10
I  =
Req 1284.84

IR2
In   1.17mA
R2  R3

I n Rn
IL   0.7mA
Rn  R L

Now, check theoretical and practical values of IL.

THEORETICAL CALCULATION (Thevenin’s Theorem)

It is to be proven that any linear bilateral network containing one or more

voltage sources can be replaced by a single voltage source whose value is equal to the
open circuit voltage at output terminal with a series resistance. The series resistance
is equal to the effective resistance looking back from the output terminal by removing
the load resistance. To prove this
 Step1- Calculate the total resistance (equivalent resistance) by reducing the
circuit towards the source.
RTH = (R1||R2) + R3 (refer figure a)
 Step 2- Calculate the total current I
I
V
mA
R1  R2
VTH  I * R2 volts 
 Step 3 – Calculate Thevenin’s voltage

 Step 4 – Calculate IL and check whether I theoretical = IL practical I L 

Vth
mA
Rth  RL

Norton’s Theorem

It is to be proven that any linear bilateral network containing one or more

generators can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of current source (I nor)
in parallel with admittance (Ynor). The Inor is the short-circuited current flowing
through the output terminals and Ynor is the admittance measured across the output
terminals with all the sources replaced by its internal impedance.
To prove this
 Step1- Calculate the total resistance (equivalent resistance) by reducing the
circuit towards the source.
(Refer figure 1)
 Step 2- Calculate the total current I
I
V
mA
Req
 Step 3 – Calculate In ,R n , IL

In 
IR2
mA
R2  R3

IL 
I n Rn
mA
Rn  RL
 Check the theoretical and practical values of IL.
Calculation
Conclusion/Inference

RESULT
EXP. NO:
DATE:
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM

To verify Superposition theorem by measuring the current flowing through the

given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1. Ammeter

2. Power Supply

R1 =
3. Resistor Each 1
R2 =
R3 =

4. Connecting wires As required

5. Bread board 1

THEORY

Statement

It states that in any linear network containing two or more sources, the
response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by
individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

Case Theoretical Value (mA) Practical Value (mA)

I1 = I1 =
Both sources active I2 = I2 =
I3 = I3 =
I 1 ’= I 1 ’=
V1 is active & V2 is Short-
I 2 ’= I 2 ’=
circuited
I 3 ’= I 3 ’=
I1’’= I1’’=
V2 is active & V1 is Short-
circuited I2’’= I2’’=
I3’’= I3’’=
FORMULA USED

1) Mesh Loop Analysis

2) V1 is active

I1' R3 I1' R2
I 2'  mA I 3'  mA
R2  R3 R2  R3

3) V2 is active

I 3" R1 I 3" R2
I 
"'
mA I 
"
mA
R1  R2 R1  R2
2 1

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as in the Figure (1).

2. Measure I1,I2,and I3 when both V1 and V2 are active
3. Short-circuit the second power supply as in the Figure (2).
4. Switch on the power supply (V1) and measure I1’, I2’ and I3’.
5. Short-circuit the First power supply as in the Figure (3).
6. Switch on the power supply (V2), and measure I1’’,I2’’and I3’’.
7. Verify the following condition:

I1 = I1’- I1’’
I2 = I2’ +
I2’’
I3 = I3’’- I3’
Calculation

By Mesh Loop analysis,

=848000

=5100

=-18500

I1' R3 I1' R2
I 2'  I 3' 
R2  R3 R2  R3

WhenV2 is active,

I 3" R1 I 3" R2
I 2"'   I 1" 
R1  R2 R1  R2
Theoretical Calculation

It is to be proven that in any linear network containing two or more sources,

the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by
individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative.
To prove this

 Step1- Using Mesh Loop analysis, calculate the following

 Step 2-When V1 is active, calculate the following

I1' R3 I1' R2
I 2'  mA I 3'  mA
R2  R3 R2  R3

 Step 3 – When V2 is active, calculate the following

I 3" R1 I 3" R2
I 2"'  mA I1"  mA
R1  R2 R1  R2

 Step 4 – Check whether

I1 = I1’- I1’’
I2 = I2’ + I2’’
I3 = I3’’- I3’
Calculation
Conclusion/Inference

RESULT
EXP. NO:
DATE:
VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
& RECIPROCITY THEOREM

AIM

To verify the Maximum power transfer theorem and Reciprocity theorem for
the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1. Voltmeter

2. Ammeter

3. Power Supply

R1 = R1 =

Resistor R2 = R2 =
4. Each 1
R3 = R3 =
RL = RL =

5. Connecting wires As required

6. Bread board 1

THEORY

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

Statement

Maximum power transfer theorem states that "the maximum amount of power
will be dissipated in the load resistance if it is equal in value to the Thevenin’s or
Norton source resistance of the network supplying the power".
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Maximum Power Transfer Theorem)

TABULATION

% of RL w.r.t. Rth 50% 100% 150% 200%

RL (Ω)

Theoretical
IL(mA)
Practical

Theoretical
PL(mW)
Practical
 In other words, the load resistance resulting in greatest power dissipation must
be equal in value to the equivalent Thevenin’s source resistance, then RL = RS but if
the load resistance is lower or higher in value than the Thevenin’s source resistance
of the network, its dissipated power will be less than maximum.

FORMULA USED

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Find Vth by removing the load resistance and measuring the open circuit
voltage with a voltmeter.
3. Replace the voltage source by its internal resistance and find out Rth.
4. For maximum power to be transferred, the load resistance must be equal to
source resistance (Rth == RL).
5. Set the resistance in the DRB and measure the load current (IL) using ammeter.
6. Calculate the maximum power transferred through the load.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Reciprocity Theorem)

TABULATION

Voltage source in Voltage source in Voltage source in

Source
branch 1 branch 2 branch 3
Current
I1 I2 I3 I1 ’ I2 ’ I3 ’ I1’’ I2’’ I3’’
(mA)
Theoretical
value
Practical
value
RECIPROCITY THEOREM

Statement

It states that in a linear bilateral network, the voltage source V in a branch

gives rise to the current I in another branch, if V is supplied in the second branch then
the current in the first branch will be I. The ratio V/I are called transfer impedance or
resistance.

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. When the voltage source is in the first branch, measure the current flowing
through each resistor using ammeter. (I1, I2,I3)
3. Replace the voltage source in the second branch, measure the current flowing
through each resistor using ammeter (I1’, I2’ , I3’).
4. Replace the voltage source in the second branch, measure the current flowing
through each resistor using ammeter (I1’’,I2’’, I3’’).
5. Check the condition of reciprocity theorem,

I2 = I1 ’
I3 = I1’’
I3’ = I2’’
Calculation
Conclusion/Inference

RESULT
EXP. NO:
DATE:
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF RL AND RC CIRCUITS

AIM
To study the transient responses of series RC AND RL circuits by
applying a step voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1. Power Supply 1
(0-30)V

2. CRO 1
(0-30) MHZ

3. Function Generator 1
(0-3MHz)

4. Resistor Each 1
4.7k ohm, 100 ohm

5. Capacitor 1
10nF

6. DIB 1

7. Connecting wires As required

8. Bread board 1

THEORY

Introduction

The transient response is the fluctuation in current and voltage in a circuit

(after the application of a step voltage or current) before it settles down to its
steady state. This lab will focus on series RL (resistor-inductor), RC (resistor-
capacitor), and RLC (resistor inductor- capacitor) circuits to demonstrate
transient analysis.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Series RC Circuits)

RC Circuit for Transient Analysis

Tabulation

t(ms)

Vout (volts)

Τ = RC =

Vout = Vp e-t/τ =
Transient Response of Circuit Elements

A. Resistors: As has been studied before, the application of a voltage V

to a resistor (with resistance R ohms), results in a current I, according to the
formula:
I= V/R
The current response to voltage change is instantaneous; a resistor has no
transient response.

B. Inductors: A change in voltage across an inductor (with inductance L

Henrys) does not result in an instantaneous change in the current through it. The
i-v relationship is described with the equation:
v=L di/dt
This relationship implies that the voltage across an inductor approaches zero as
the current in the circuit reaches a steady value. This means that in a DC circuit,
an inductor will eventually act like a short circuit.

C. Capacitors: The transient response of a capacitor is such that it resists

instantaneous change in the voltage across it. Its i-v relationship is described by:
i=C dv/dt
This implies that as the voltage across the capacitor reaches a steady value, the
current through it approaches zero. In other words, a capacitor eventually acts
like an open circuit in a DC circuit.

Series Combinations of Circuit Elements

Solving the circuits shown below involves the solution of first and second
order differential equations. Only the solutions have been included, as that is
all that is needed for the lab.
If the switch in this circuit was initially open, and then closed at time t=0,
the current in this circuit is:

where: I O=VO/R= the initial current in the circuit

τ = RC = the time constant for the circuit

Another definition of τ is obtained by setting t = τ in the above equation i(t).

Doing so gives i(τ) = IO*(1/e). The time constant of an RC circuit is the time
required for the current in the circuit to fall to 1/e of its initial value
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Series RL Circuits)

RL Circuit for Transient Analysis

Tabulation

t(ms)

Vout (volts)

Τ=L/R=

Vout = Vp (1 - e-t/τ) =

a) Push in the button to select square wave.

b) Use the DMM to set the frequency to 700Hz.
Experimental Procedure

Part 1: Series RC Circuit

The circuit shown in Figure 7.5 will be constructed to illustrate the
transient current response and the transient voltage response across the
capacitor, to an applied voltage source.

1.1 Set up the Circuit

1.) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 7.5, with channels 1 and
2 of the oscilloscope set up to measure the input and output voltages,
respectively.
2.) Set the function generator to deliver a square wave

1.2 Transient Reaction Observations

1.) Display the input and output voltages on the oscilloscope. Set the
voltage and time scales for maximum resolution.
2.) Observe and record the input and output waveforms on the grid
provided.
3.) Tabulate the values of VOUT as a function of time for one of the
decaying exponentials displayed on the oscilloscope. Take measurements
about every 10- 20μs.
4.) τ can be measured from the oscilloscope as follows:
a) Line the forward edge of a square pulse with 0s on the display.
b) Since i(τ) = Io/e, v(τ) = Vo/e. Calculate v(τ).
c) Use voltage cursors to find the point on the output that corresponds to
v(τ).
d) Adjust the horizontal position and scale of the output waveform so that
the whole cycle from t=0 to t=τ is displayed, with the point where V=v(τ)
lined up with a vertical graticule.
e) Notice which graticule V=v(τ) is lined up with, then use time cursors to
measure the time distance from zero to that point. This is the time constant
τ.

1.3 Transient Voltage across a Capacitor

1.) Interchange R and C in the circuit of Figure 2.

2.) Repeat part 1.2, measuring the voltage across the capacitor
instead of the resistor.
Model graph

Figure 4: Waveform of the Loaded Function Generator

The time constant is now the time it takes for the voltage to grow to

(1- 1/e)*Vo

.
Where: I O=VO/R= the limiting value of the current in the circuit
τ=L
R = the time constant for the circuit
τ can also be described by noting what happens when t = τ is substituted into
i(t) Doing so gives i(τ) = IO*(1-1/e). In other words, τ is the time required in an
RL circuit for the current to grow to (1-1/e) of its limiting value.
The Time Constant τ = RC for a simple RC-circuit.
The bigger τ is the longer it takes for the circuit to discharge.
The smaller τ is the faster the response.
τ is the time needed for the Transient Response to decay by a factor of 1/e.

2.1 Set up the Circuit

1.) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 3, with channels 1 and 2 of the
oscilloscope set up to measure the input and output voltages, respectively.
2.) Set the function generator to deliver a square wave, the same way as in
Part 1.
3.) Display the input and output voltages on the oscilloscope.

Due to the load on the function generator, the input voltage will appear
similar to the waveform shown in Figure 4. Remember to include the source
impedance in the R for calculations. Throughout this experiment, results should
be recorded in the report section of this handout.

2.2 Transient Reaction Observations

1.) Display the function generator and output voltage on channels 1 and 2
of the oscilloscope. Set the voltage and time scales for maximum
resolution.
2.) Observe and record the input and output waveforms on the grid
provided.
3.) Tabulate the values of the output voltage as a function of time for one
of the exponential curves on the oscilloscope. Note the similar form to
part 1.3.
4.) τ can be measured from the oscilloscope as follows:
a) Line the forward edge of a square pulse with 0s on the display.
Calculation
 b) Measure the limiting voltage across the resistor, Vo.
c) Since i(τ) = Io*(1-1/e), v(τ) = Vo*(1-1/e). Calculate v(τ).
d) Find the first point past the zero mark where V=v(τ).
e) Use cursors to determine at what time V=v(τ).
This is the time constant of the circuit.

2.3 Transient Voltage across the Inductor

1.) Interchange R and L in the circuit of Figure 3.

2.) Repeat part 2.2, measuring the voltage across the inductor instead of
the resistor.
a) The time constant is now the time it takes for the voltage to
drop to Vo/e.
b) The Time Constant τ = L/R for a simple RL-circuit.
c) The bigger τ is the longer it takes for the circuit energy to
discharge.
d) The smaller τ is the faster the response.
e) τ is the time needed for the Transient Response to decay by a
factor of 1/e

Conclusion/Inference

RESULT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Series Resonance

Parallel Resonance
 Parallel Circuit

1. Resonance Frequency :

2. Bandwidth:

3. Quality Factor:

PROCEDURE

1. Rig up the circuit shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Generate a sine wave of amplitude 5 volts at frequency of 2500Hz using AFO.
(Vin=5V,fc=2500Hz)
3. Vary the input frequency, and observe the corresponding output voltage and
tabulate the readings.
4. Determine the current
5. Plot the graph: current (I) against frequency (F) in the semi log graph sheet.
TABULATION

Series Resonance R=

Frequency (Hz) Voltage (volts) Current (mA)

Parallel Resonance R=

Frequency (Hz) Voltage (volts) Current (mA)

Calculation
MODEL GRAPH

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance

Conclusion/Inference

RESULT