DRRR- Grade 11/12

STUDENT’S NAME GRADE/SECTION

_______________________________________ ______________________________
TEACHER DATE SUBMITTED
_______________________________________ ______________________________

I. Introductory Concept
A natural hazard is an unexpected and/or uncontrollable natural event that may
cause harm to people and/or damage to property and the environment. It cannot be
prevented, but its effect can be mitigated through the implementation of precautionary
measures. Natural hazards can be geologic such as volcanic activity.
Volcanoes can be fascinating because of their natural formation, but they can
also be very dangerous. Volcanoes are natural systems, and they always have some
elements of unpredictability. Understanding what a volcano can do when it erupts is
the first step in mitigating volcanic hazards.
Volcano hazard maps can play a vital role in mitigating risks to vulnerable
communities by identifying hazardous areas to guide evacuation and planning. These
hazard maps show an aerial view of the areas on the ground that could be affected by
volcanic activity during and after an eruption. They are developed so that those who
are responsible for the people at risk would be informed about the dangers that would
be brought about by a volcanic eruption.

II. Learning Competencies

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

• Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption (DRR11/12-Ih-i-24)
• Interpret different volcano hazard maps (DRR11/12-Ih-i-25)
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Recognize the common signs of an impending volcanic eruption, and appreciate

the importance the different parameters used to monitor volcanoes
• Identify the different types of volcano hazard maps, demonstrate how to use them
for evacuation planning;
• Develop a family emergency preparedness plan on what to do before, during, and
after a volcanic eruption.
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III. Activities

Volcanoes are openings in the Earth’s crust, and they can expel lava, gases,
ash, and rocks. Eruptions can range from quiet or effusive to an explosive or a violent
one.

ACTIVITY NO. 1

Instructions: Examine the picture and answer the questions on the next page

Pfeiffer, Tom (February 22, 2018). Mayon volcano with the

Sinbad. (January 15, 2018). Mayon eruption in 1968.
active lava flows. Retrieved from
Retrieved from https://www.twitter.com/mistersinbad/
https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/mayon/news/67655/Ma
yon-volcano-Philippines-lava-flows-remain-active-weak-
explosions.html
Guide Questions:
1.) What do the photos show?
2.) Using a Venn Diagram, identify the similarities and differences between the two
kinds of volcanic eruption based on the photos of pyroclastic flow event (VIOLENT)
and lava flow event (EFFUSIVE). Write the similarities on the center of the two
overlapping circles while the differences will be written on each labeled part.
3.) Using your own words, define the two types of volcanic eruption: Violent or
Explosive and Effusive or Quiet.

Violent or Explosive Effusive or Quiet

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 Most volcanoes provide various types of warnings
before eruptions begin. Some volcanoes, especially
those that have not erupted for a long time (hundreds of
years) might display obvious signs, months to weeks
before a major eruption (ex. Pinatubo in 1991).

Some volcanoes might explode without warning if

Satz, Crowden. Two volcanoes. Retrieved the type of eruption is what is known as phreatic. Also
from https://www.cartoonstock.com. known as steam-blast eruptions, these events could
occur with little or no warning as superheated water
flashes to steam similar to what happened at Mayon Volcano in Albay, Philippines (2013) and
Ontake volcano in Honshu, Japan (2014).

The following are some of the observable signs

volcanologists have identified when a volcano is about
to erupt:

• Most volcanoes provide various types of

warnings before eruptions begin.

Steam-blast eruptions could occur with little or

no warning as superheated water changes suddenly to
steam. Magmatic eruptions, however, involve the rise
of magma towards the surface. Such an upward
USGS. Volcanologist. Retrieved from
https://www.clipart.com/geography/volcano/Volc movement of magma normally will cause earthquakes,
anologist_USGS.png.html. may deform (change the shape/form) the ground
surface and may cause unusual heat flow or changes
in the temperature and chemistry of the groundwater and spring waters, like the presence of
magmatic carbon dioxide or helium.

• People living near volcanoes may experience

warning signs before an eruption.

Both the frequency of occurrence and intensity of felt

earthquakes commonly increase before eruptions begin.
Eruptions may also be preceded by noticeable steaming or
fumarolic activity and perhaps by new or enlarged areas of
hot ground. However, most changes are not obvious or hard
to see and the most effective means of monitoring are
instrumental and include a variety of geophysical, geodetic,
geochemical techniques. Seismometers are used to detect
Skagit County DEM. (May 9, 2019).
Move to high ground then shelter from and locate earthquakes associated with the rise of magma.
ash. Retrieved from Swelling of the ground surface can be detected by using
https://m.facebook.com/SkagitCountyE
precision instruments and techniques that measure minute
MD/photos/when-water-mixes-with-
loose-volcanic-ash-and-rock-on-the- changes in slope, distance, or elevation at the ground
side-of-a-volcano-it- surface.
ca/2191019457657549/

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 • Measurement of Changes in Heat Flow.

Other techniques involve measurement of changes

in heat flow at a volcano by repeated infrared surveys or by
direct measurements of hot spring or fumarole
temperatures. Changes in the composition or relative
abundance of fumarolic gases may also precede eruptions
and can be detected by frequent or continuous analysis of
Geography clipart volcanologist. Retrieved gases. These and other types of monitoring may be useful
from https://pngio.com/images/png-
a7278.html. in detecting warning signs of an impending eruption.

ACTIVITY NO. 2
Read each article provided on this learning packet. Answer the questions that follow
after reading each article. Remember that as you read the articles, you can always highlight
significant information or jot down notes using your notebook.

Article 1: Philippine Volcano Mount Mayon in Deadly Eruption (May 7, 2013, BBC News,
retrieved from www.bbc.com)

“A volcano has erupted in the Philippines, killing four German climbers and their guide.
Mount Mayon, 330 km (206 miles) southeast of the capital Manila, sent a cloud of ash and
rocks into the sky early on Tuesday. The ash blast caught a group climbing the mountain,
which is famous for its near-perfect cone. At least seven other climbers were hurt in the
eruption, which lasted for just over a minute. “Five killed and seven are injured, that is the
latest report,” National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council chief Eduardo del
Rosario said. Four of those killed were German nationals and the fifth was their Filipino guide,
the NDRRMC said later in a statement.

A guide on the mountain told a local television station by telephone that those who
died were hit by the rocks that rained down on them after the ash blast. Twenty people were
approaching the summit of the mountain when the eruption occurred. “It was so sudden that
many of us panicked,” Jun Marana, a local resident, told AFP news agency. “When we stepped
out we saw this huge column against the blue sky”.

In an advisory, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology called the

eruption a “small phreatic event” that lasted about 73 seconds and sent ash 500m into the air.
No intensification of volcanic activity was observed, it said, and the alert level would not be
raised. But it said small steam and ash ejections could occur with little or no warning and
advised against entry to the 6-km (4-mile) radius Permanent Danger Zone around the volcano.

Chief state seismologist Renato Solidum described the eruption as a “stream driven
explosion”, a “normal process” in any volcano. There was no need for local residents around
the mountain to evacuate, he said. Mt. Mayon has erupted at least 48 times since records
began. The most violent eruption, in 1814, killed more than 1,200 people and devastated
several towns. The most recent eruption was in late 2009, when tens of thousands of local
residents were forced to evacuate as the volcano rumbled back to life.”

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Article 2: Taal Volcano Eruption 2020 (January 21, 2020, International Organization
for Migration, retrieved from https://reliefweb.int)
“On January 12, 2020 around 1:00PM local time, Taal Volcano located in the province
of Batangas, Calabarzon Region began showing signs of unrest after 43 years of inactivity.
According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), increasing
steam activity was observed in at least five areas inside the main crater with frequent phreatic
explosions that generated a steam laden tephra column reaching 10-15 km high.

As of January 20, 2020, activity in the volcano has been characterized by steady steam
emission and infrequent weak explosions that generated ash plumes 500 to 1000 meters tall
and dispersed ash southwest of the Main Crater. For the past 24 hours, the Taal Volcano
Network recorded 673 volcanic earthquakes including 12 low-frequency earthquakes. Such
intense seismic activity likely signifies continuous magmatic intrusion beneath the Taal edifice,
which may lead to further eruptive activity.

Alert Level 4 remains in effect over Taal Volcano. This means that hazardous
explosive eruption is possible within hours to days. DOST-PHIVOLCS strongly reiterates total
evacuation of Taal Volcano Island and high-risk areas as identified in the hazard maps within
the 14-km radius from Taal Main Crater and along the Pansipit River Valley where fissuring
has been observed. Currently Tagaytay City has been approved for re-opening given its
placement on the higher ridge, but other areas within the 14km radius remain no-go zones.”

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

Use the Volcano Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction Worksheet to write the
significant details and events from each article. Be guided by the process questions for each
article. Review your analysis of the two articles.

• What is/are the sign/s observed before the eruption of the volcanoes?
• What can you generalize about the disaster preparedness and risk reduction programs
of PHIVOLCS and the province of Albay for Mayon volcano and province of Batangas
for Taal volcano as of the date of the news reports?

APPLICATION

Write your generalization in the worksheet below. How is it connected with the signs
of impending volcanic eruptions?

Volcano Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction Worksheet

Article 1 Article 2
Signs: Signs:

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 Generalization:

ACTIVITY NO. 3

There are different types of Volcano Hazard Maps. A volcano may have a different set
of hazard maps from another volcano depending on the hazards it generates. For example,
Mayon Volcano may not have a Base Surge Hazard Map while Taal Volcano may not have a
Pyroclastic Flow Hazard Map. This is also caused by the difference in their structures; Mayon
is a stratovolcano (relatively steep sides; cone-shaped) while Taal is a caldera volcano (bowl-
shaped depression formed when a volcano collapses).

©UN OCHA 2018 Mayon Volcano Hazard Profile

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 The Hazard Profile of Mayon Volcano released by UN OCHA shows six hazard
maps. The hazard maps (left to right) for lahar, ashfall, lava flow, pyroclastic flow, come
from the DOST PHIVOLCS (Department of Science & Technology – Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology). The hazard maps for floods, and landslides are from the MGB
(Mines and Geosciences Bureau). If you notice, the hazards are shown using only one color,
that is, brown. The darker the shade, the greater the danger of the hazard to the particular
area. The lighter the shade, the lesser is the danger to the area.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What do you think is an advantage of not layering the hazard over each other?

2. For what purposes would this kind of volcanic hazard profile serve?

3. Which government agencies do you think will use this type of hazard profile?

ACTIVITY NO. 4

Volcanologists use alert signals that range from 0 to 5 to indicate the status of an active
volcano. Alert levels guide the officials of local government units (LGU’s) so that they can
make the necessary preparations for evacuation, rescue, and relief operations in response to
the possible hazards that will happen during a volcanic eruption.

This table for Volcanic Alert Signals specifically for Mayon Volcano.

Alert Level Interpretation/ Recommendations

No eruption in foreseeable future. Entry in the 6-km radius Permanent Danger
0
Zone (PDZ) is not advised because phreatic explosions and ash puffs may
No Alert
occur without precursors.
1 No eruption is imminent. Activity may be hydrothermal, magmatic or tectonic
Abnormal in origin. No entry in the 6-km radius PDZ.
Unrest probably of magmatic origin; could eventually lead to eruption. 6-km
2
radius Danger Zone may be extended to 7 km in the sector where the crater
Increasing Unrest
rim is low.
3 Magma is close to the crater. If trend is one of increasing unrest, eruption is
Increased Tendency possible within weeks. Extension of Danger Zone in the sector where the
Towards Hazardous crater rim is low will be considered.
Eruption
4 Hazardous eruption is possible within days. Extension of Danger Zone to 8
Hazardous Eruption km or more in the sector where the crater rim is low will be recommended.
Imminent
Pyroclastic flows may sweep down along gullies and channels, especially
5 along those fronting the low part(s) of the crater rim. Additional danger areas
Hazardous Eruption may be identified as eruption progresses. Danger to aircraft, by way of ash
cloud encounter, depending on height of eruption column and/or wind drift.
Source: DOST PHIVOLCS Modified January 14, 2020

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GUIDE QUESTIONS:

Please answer these questions while referring to the table of Volcanic Alert Signals for
Mayon Volcano shown on the previous page.

1. Why is it dangerous to stay in the 6 km radius danger zone even at zero alert level?

2. Why is it more dangerous in areas with low crater rims?

3. At what alert signal is the danger of eruption very possible so that evacuation may
even be forced?

ACTIVITY NO. 5

This is a portion cut away from the Lahar Hazard map for Mayon Volcano (UN OCHA
2018). Refer to this map, the vicinity map on the previous page (blue map), and the cut-away
vicinity map from the UN- OCHA Situation Update (2009) on the next page in answering the
exercises on the next page. Use a PENCIL in making any marks on the map. You may write
or encircle the information that is asked to make answering easier.

LAHAR HAZARD MAP

EVACUATION CENTER © UN OCHA 2018

HIGHER GROUND

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Refer to the Map on the previous page and on the map below to answer the guide questions.

GUIDE QUESTIONS: Refer to the Map on the previous page and on the map below to answer
the guide questions.

1. Which evacuation centers in Legaspi City are the least prone to lahar?

2. Can the nearest evacuation center, just outside the 6 km PDZ be used when the
volcanic alert signal is raised to 2 “Increasing Unrest”?

3. In which evacuation centers will it be safe to go when the alert level is raised to 4
“Hazardous Eruption Imminent”?

4. Is this hazard map useful even when volcanic alert signals return to 0 “Quiet”?

APPLICATION

MAP OF AFFECTED AREA AND EVACUATION CENTERS AROUND MAYON VOLCANO (2009)

© UN OCHA 2009
GUIDE QUESTION:

For what purpose do you think

this map is, aside from marking the
evacuation centers and identifying
evacuated barangays?

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Instructions: Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write your answer on the space
provided.

1.) __________ To assess and forecast a volcano’s activity, volcanologists need only to
use one parameter.
2.) __________Aside from instrumental monitoring, people living near volcanoes on their
own, may observe premonitory events before an eruption such as intensified steaming
activity.
3.) __________As the volcano unrest progresses into an eruption, volcanic earthquakes
not only increase in number but the number of earthquakes felt by many people
become more and more frequent.
4.) __________Measuring the amount of gases being emitted by volcanoes is also an
important aspect of volcano monitoring.
5.) __________The development and use of remote sensing technology in monitoring
volcanoes has greatly contributed to the safety of scientists.
6.) __________In visual observation, it is not only the increase in the volume of steam
that is observed but the color of steam, which might drastically change from “white” to
“dark gray”.

ASSESSMENT

WHEN DISASTER STRIKES!

(Be guided with the GRASPS model.)

Develop a family emergency preparedness plan to guide you on what

GOAL
to do before, during, and after a volcanic eruption.
ROLE A concerned student and/or as a family member.
The target audience are your schoolmates, teachers, your family,
AUDIENCE
and/or anyone in the community.
You live in a place with an active volcano. Your family may not be
SITUATION together when disaster strikes, so you need to plan what to do in
different situations and plan how you will contact one another.
Family Emergency Preparedness Plan presented through a Poster,
PRODUCT
Graphic Organizer, or infographics.
STANDARDS Output shall be graded using Rubrics. (see Rubrics on next page)

IV. Rubrics for Scoring (Family Emergency Preparedness Plan)

16-20 11-15 6-10 1-5
CATEGORY
points points points points
The output All required All but one of the Several required
includes all elements are required elements elements were
required elements included on the are included on the missing
Required Elements
as well as output output
additional
information
All items of Almost all items of Many items of Labels are too
Labels
importance on the importance on the importance on the small to view or no
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 output are clearly output are clearly output are clearly important items
labeled with labels labeled with labels labeled with labels were labeled
that can be read. that can be read. that can be read.
All graphics are All graphics are All graphics relate Graphics do not
related to the topic related to the topic to the topic. One relate to the topic
and make it easier and most make it or two borrowed or several
Graphics- to understand. All easier to graphics have a borrowed graphics
Relevance borrowed graphics understand. Some source citation do not have a
have a source borrowed graphics source citation
citation have a source
citation
The output is The output is The output is The output is
exceptionally attractive in terms acceptably distractingly messy
Attractiveness attractive in terms of design, layout attractive though it or very poorly
of design, layout, and neatness may be a bit messy designed. It is not
and neatness attractive
There are no There are 1-2 There are 3-4 There are more
grammatical/ grammatical/ grammatical/ than 4
mechanical mechanical mechanical grammatical/
Grammar
mistakes on the mistakes on the mistakes on the mechanical
output output output mistakes on the
output

Total Points _____/100 points

V. Answer Key
ACTIVITY NO. 1
-both poses threat, causes harm

-Magma explodes as it rises

-pyroclasts -Magma rises and flows out
-smoke, gases, ash present

-Viscous liquid (lava)

-release of magma; lava

-gas explosions blasts rock

and lava into the air -lava flows downhill easily
-lava do not flow easily -builds up gently
(thick and sticky)
-posing a far greater threat
-greater volume of gas emitted

Violent or Explosive Effusive or Quiet

Violent or Explosive Eruption - magma erupts explosively as it rises and reaches the surface
in pieces known as pyroclasts.

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Effusive or Quiet Eruption - magma rises through the surface and flows out of the volcano as
a viscous liquid called lava.

ACTIVITY NO. 2

Volcano Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction Worksheet

Article 1 Article 2
Signs: Signs:
-no warning sign before the eruption - increasing steam activity
- it was so sudden - frequent phreatic explosions
- generated a steam laden tephra column
- steady steam emission
- infrequent weak explosions
-ash plumes/ ash dispersed
-volcanic earthquakes/ low-frequency
earthquakes

Generalization:
Since volcanoes can be quite unpredictable, the Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction
Programs of PHIVOLCS (i.e. Permanent Danger Zone) should be properly enforced by the local
government to prevent anyone from being hurt or even losing life as a result of a volcanic eruption.
It should prohibit permanent settlement in the area near the volcano as well as prohibiting tourist
activities in the area.
The Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction Programs of PHIVOLCS should somehow
be improved and/or properly communicated to concerned personnel as well as the residents in the
area. This may be done through Information Education Campaign, etc.

ACTIVITY NO. 3

What do you think is an advantage of NOT layering the hazard over each
other? It prevents confusion so that one can focus on a particular hazard happening
at the moment.

For what purposes would this kind of volcanic hazard profile serve?
This serves as a guide to selecting evacuation centers for both times of volcanic
eruption or other hazards related to Mayon, such as flooding or landslide, which can
happen whether a volcano alert signal exists.

Which government agencies do you think will use this type of hazard
profile? PDRRMC, MDRRMC, Red Cross/Red Crescent

ACTIVITY NO. 4

1. Why is it dangerous to stay in the 6 km radius danger zone even at

zero alert level? Ash puffs and phreatic explosions may happen without
warning.
2. Why is it more dangerous in areas with low crater rim? Lava and
pyroclastic materials will flow down the slope easily. ALERT
3. At what alert signal is the danger of eruption very possible so that SIGNAL
evacuation may even be forced? Alert level 3 S

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ACTIVITY NO. 5

1. Which evacuation centers in Legaspi City are the least prone to lahar?
Gogon, Cabangan, Bagumbayan, Bogtong
2. Can the nearest evacuation center, just outside the 6 km PDZ be used when
the volcanic alert signal is raised to 2 “Increasing Unrest”? NO
3. In which evacuation centers will it be safe to go when the alert level is raised
to 4 “Hazardous Eruption Imminent”?
In those ECs outside the 9 km danger zones.
4. Is this hazard map useful even when volcanic alert signals return to 0 “Quiet”?
YES, because a volcanic hazard, lahar, can happen as long as there are pyroclastic
materials deposited in the slopes that mix with the water and flow in the rivers and
gullies.

APPLICATION

For what purpose do you think this map

is, aside from marking the evacuation 1.) FALSE
centers and identifying evacuated 2.) TRUE
barangays? 3.) TRUE
4.) TRUE
It is useful for determining the extent of
humanitarian aid needed, the budget for 5.) TRUE
relief goods, and contingency planning. 6.) TRUE

ASSESSMENT! (Family Emergency Preparedness Plan)

Sample:

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VI. Reflection
I have learned that…
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

I wish to ask my teacher about…

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

VII. References
American Geoscience Institue. (2020). Volcanologist.
https://www.americangeosciences.org/education/k5geosource/careers/volcanologis
t.
American Geosciences Institute. (2020). Why is it important to monitor volcanoes?
https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/why-it-important-monitor-
volcanoes.
Bagtasa, G., Dianala, J.D., Morante, K.A., Villegas, M.M., Zarco, M.A. (2016). Disaster
readiness and risk reduction: teaching guide for senior high school. Commission on
Higher Education.
Ball, Jessica. Types of volcanic eruptions. https://www.geology.com.BBC News. (2013, May
7). Philippine volcano mount mayon in deadly eruption. www.bbc.com.
Campbell Scientific. Carbon flux system. https://www.campbellsci.com/carbon-flux-
systems.Encyclopedia Britannica. Six types of eruptions.
https://www.britannica.com.
Eruption styles. https://www.volcano.oregonstate.edu/book/export/html.
IOM UN Migration. (2020, January 21). Taal volcano eruption 2020. https://reliefweb.int.
Lanada, MI., Melegrito, ML., Mendoza, D. (2016). Building resilient communities: Disaster
readiness and risk reduction. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Oliver, J.T. II, Rodolfo, R., Cabria, H. (2016). Exploring life through science series: senior high
school earth science. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Oregon State University. (2020). Gas sampling and analysis.
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/collecting-gas-samples.Quebral, Villamor. (2016).
Disaster readiness and risk reduction. Lorimar Publishing, Inc
Pareῆa, J. (2016). Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. 927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

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UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2018). Philippines: Mayon Volcano
Hazard Map and Population.
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/180116_OCHA%20PHL_Mayo
n%20Volcano%20Hazard%20map%20Population.pdf
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2018). Philippines: Mayon Volcano
Hazard Profile (as of 8 February 2018).
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha-phil-
mayon_volcano_hazard_profile_08022018_0.pdf
Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.
(2020). Volcano Monitoring (Alert Levels).
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcano-alert-level

SDO Catanduanes Development Team

Writers::

JERIC V. GIANAN, Agban National High School

MARIA CLAUDETTE C. BORREGA, Catanduanes National High School

Layout Artist:

JERIC V. GIANAN, Agban National High School

MONALIZA V. MARQUEZ, Catanduanes National High School

Language Editors:

IMEE S. GABION, Catanduanes National High School

HAZEL GRACE T. VARGAS, Catanduanes National High School

Content Editors:

JOSE ROY S. AGUILAR, Catanduanes National High School

MARIA CLAUDETTE C. BORREGA, Catanduanes National High School

Consultant:

JEZRAHEL T. OMADTO, Education Program Supervisor

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