Frequently Asked Questions Subject-Physics Class-Xii Adesh Patel - PGT (Physics)

PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION AISSCE-2020
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

SUBJECT-PHYSICS
CLASS-XII
ADESH PATEL - PGT (PHYSICS)
GURU NANAK MODERN SCHOOL

adesh311@gmail.com
Mobile No. : 9473554337
: 8318465736
ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com



CHAPTER - ELECTROSTATICS

1. State Coulomb’s Law in electrostatics. CBSE(F)-2003,(AIC)-2001

Ans : Coulomb’s Law : The electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between any two stationary
point charges is directly proportional to the product of magnitude of charges and is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
i.e. F
F= r
2. Write Coulomb’s law in vector form. What is the importance of expressing it in vector form?
CBSE (AIC)-2011
Ans : Coulomb’s Law in vector form :
= = =
Importance : (i) As = - = -
Which shows that coulomb’s force obey Newton’s third law of motion
(ii) As the Coulomb’s force acts along or - , i.e. along the line joining the
centers of two charges, so they are central forces.
3. Write any two limitations of Coulomb’s law.
Ans. (i) charges must be stationary point charges
(ii) distance between the point charges r m
4. (a) Name any two basic properties of electric charge.
(b) What does + = 0 signify in electrostatics? CBSE(F)-2003,(AIC)-
2001
Ans : (a) (i) Quantization of charge (ii) Conservation of charge
(b) It signifies that charges are algebraically additive and here & are equal and opposite.
5. Is the force acting between two point electric charges & , kept at some distance apart in air,
attractive or repulsive when (a) > 0 (b) <0? CBSE(F)-2007,2003
Ans : when > 0, force is repulsive
when < 0, force is attractive
6. Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B of identical size have charges and
respectively. When they are brought in contact with each other and then separated, what are the
new charges on them ? CBSE (F)-2011
Ans : Charges on each sphere = = =-
7. Define dielectric constant of a medium in terms of force between electric charges. What is its S.I.
unit? CBSE (AI)-2015
Ans : Dielectric constant : It is defined as the ratio of the force ( ) between any two point
charges placed at certain distance apart in vacuum to the force ( ) between them when placed at
equal distance in that medium.
i.e. K= It has no unit.
8. How does the Coulomb force between two point charges depend upon the dielectric constant of the
intervening medium ? CBSE (AI)-2005
Ans : F= F
9. Two same balls having equal positive charge ‘q’ Coulombs are suspended by two insulating strings
of equal length. What would be the effect on the force when a plastic sheet is inserted between the
two? CBSE(AIC)-2005
Ans : F= F But for plastic K > 1 hence the force between the two
balls will decrease
10. Force between two point electric chares kept at a distance d apart in air is F. If the charges are
kept at the same distance in water, how does the force between them change? CBSE(AI)-2011
Ans : = =
11. Two point charges having equal charges separated by 1m distance experience a force of 8N. What
will be the force experienced by them, if they are held in water, at the same distance? (Given :
= 80) CBSE(AIC)-2011
Ans : = = = 0.1 N
12. Does the charge given to a metallic sphere depend on whether it is hollow or solid ? Give reason
for your answer. CBSE(D)-2017
Ans : No, because the charge resides only at the surface of conductor.
13. A comb run through one’s dry hair attracts small bits of paper. Why? What happens if the hair is
wet or if it is a rainy day? NCERT-2017
Ans : When a comb is run through dry hair, it gets charged due to friction. Molecules in the paper gets
polarized by the charged comb resulting in a net force of attraction. If the hair is wet or it is a rainy day,
friction reduces, comb does not get charged and thus it will not attract small bits of paper.
14. Define electric field intensity. Write its S.I. unit. Is it a scalar or vector quantity? CBSE (D)-2007
Ans : Electric field intensity : Electric field intensity at any point is defined as the electrostatic
force acting on vanishingly small unit positive test charge placed at that point
i.e. = Its S.I. unit is N/C. It is a vector quantity.
15. The electric field intensity at any point is defined as . What is the physical significance
of the term in this expression.
Ans : The term indicates that the test charge is small enough so that its presence does not affect
the distribution of source charge and hence does not change the value of electric field.
16. (i) What is the physical significance of electric field ?
(ii) Write an expression for force acting on a test charge placed in a uniform electric field.
CBSE (D)-2007
Ans : (i) It gives the magnitude & direction of electric force ( ) experienced by any charge placed at
any point.
(ii) =
17. A proton is placed in a uniform electric field directed along the positive x-axis. In which direction
will it tend to move? CBSE(DC)-2011
Ans : + x-axis, i.e. along the direction of electric field
18. Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a charged conductor be normal to the surface at
every point? Give reason. CBSE(AI)-2015,2002,(F)-2014,(AIC)-2002
Ans : = dV but at the surface of a conductor V = constant
=0 E.dr cosθ = 0 θ = 90o
Hence electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is always normal to the
surface at every point.
19. Define electric potential at a point. Write its S.I. unit. Is potential a scalar or vector?
CBSE (AI)-2015
Ans : Electric Potential (V) : Electric potential at any point in an electric field may be defined as the
work done by an external force in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point
i.e. = It’s S.I. unit is J/C or Volts (V). It is a scalar quantity.
20. Name the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is JC-1. Is it a scalar or vector quantity?
CBSE (AI)-2010
Ans : Potential, it is a scalar quantity.
21. Why is the potential inside a hollow spherical charged conductor constant and has the same value
as on its surface ? CBSE (F)-2012, (D)-2012
Ans : |E| = dV = |E| dr
As inside the hollow spherical conductor E=0
dV = 0 V = constant

22. A hollow metal sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is 5V. What
is the potential at the centre of the sphere? CBSE (AI)-2011
Ans : 5V, because potential of a metallic sphere remains unchanged inside the sphere.
23. A point charge +Q is placed at a point O as shown in the figure. Is the potential difference -
positive, negative or zero? CBSE (D)-2016
Ans : Positive as V = V +Q
O A B
24. Define electric line of force/electric field line. CBSE (D)-2005, 2003
Ans : An electric field line may be defined as the imaginary straight or curved path, along which a unit
positive, isolated charge would tend to move if free to do so.
25. State any two properties of electric field lines. CBSE (D)-2005
Ans : (i) Electric filed lines not form closed loops. They start from positive charge and end at negative
charge.
(ii) Tangent to any point on the electric field line gives the direction of electric field at that point.
(iii) No two electric field lines can intersect each other
(iv) They are always normal to the surface of a conductor
26. What is the importance of electric field lines? CBSE (AIC)-2002
Ans : Importance : (i) Tangent to any point on the electric field line gives the direction of electric field
at that point
(ii) Relative closeness of electric field lines indicates the strength of electric field
27. Why do the electrostatic filed lines not form closed loops? CBSE (AI)-2015,2014
Ans : Due to conservative nature of electric field these lines start from positive charges and terminates
at the negative charges.
28. Why do the electric field lines never cross each other? CBSE (AI)-2014,2005,(D)-2003
Ans : Because if they do so, at the point of intersection two tangents can be drawn, which would
represent two directions of electric field at that point, which is not possible.
29. Why do the electrostatic filed lines are always normal to the surface of a conductor?
CBSE(AI)-2009,(F)-2009
Ans : If the field lines are not normal, then electric field would have a tangential component which
will make electrons move along the surface creating surface currents and the conductor will not be in
equilibrium.
30. Draw the electric field lines of an isolated point charge Q when (i) Q > 0 and (ii) Q < 0.
CBSE (D)-2007,2003
Ans : (i) Q > 0 (ii) Q < 0
31. (i) Depict electric field lines due to two positive charges kept at a certain distance apart.
(ii) Depict electric field lines due to an electric dipole or due to two opposite charges kept at a
certain distance apart.
CBSE (AI)-2015,
(D)- 2003
Ans : (i)
(ii)
32. (i) A point charge +Q is placed in the vicinity of a conducting surface. Trace the field lines between
the charge and the conducting surface. CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2009
(ii) Draw the electric field lines due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell when charge on the
shell is (a) positive, (b) negative. CBSE (D)-20
Ans : (i) (ii)(a) (ii)(b)

33. A metallic sphere is placed in a uniform electric field as shown in the figure. Which path is
followed by the electric field lines and why? CBSE (AI)-2010
Ans : Path 4
Reason : Electric field lines are normal at each point of the surface and there
are no electric field lines within the metallic sphere.
34. Define dipole moment. Write its S.I. unit. Is it a scalar or vector quantity?
CBSE (AI)-2013,2011, (D)-2012
Ans : Dipole moment - The product of magnitude of either charge of the electric dipole and the length
of dipole is known as the dipole moment.
i.e. | | = q |2 |
It’s S.I. unit is Coulomb metre (C m). It is a vector quantity.
35. What is the charge of an electric dipole? CBSE (DC)-2010
Ans : Zero
36. An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field, what is the net force acting on it?
CBSE (DC)-2001
Ans : Zero
37. An electric dipole of dipole moment is placed in a uniform electric field . Write the value of the
angle between and for which the torque experienced by the dipole is minimum.
Ans : Zero because = pE sinθ = 0
38. Depict the orientation of the dipole in (i) stable, (ii) unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric field.
CBSE (D)-2017,2010
Ans : (i) Stable equilibrium θ = 0 (ii) Unstable equilibrium θ = 0
39. Find the work done in rotating the dipole from stable to unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric
field. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2012
Ans : For stable equilibrium, θ = 0o and for unstable equilibrium θ = 180o
W = pE (cos - cos ) = pE (cos0 – cos180) = pE[1 – (-1)] = 2pE
40. Find the work done in rotating the dipole from stable to unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric
field. CBSE (AI)-2016
o o
Ans : For unstable equilibrium θ = 180 and for stable equilibrium, θ = 0
W = pE (cos - cos ) = pE (cos180 – cos0) = pE[–1 – 1)] = –2pE
41. Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit.
CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012,2008,(F)-2006,(D)-2007,2006
Ans : Electric flux :It is defined as the total number of electric lines of force passing normally through a
given surface.
= .
It’s SI unit is Nm2/C
42. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. CBSE(AI)-2015,2012,2007,2004,(F)-2012,(D)-2008,2006,2004
Ans : Gauss’s Law : “Electric flux passing through any closed surface is times the total charge
enclosed by that surface”.
i.e. = . =
43. A charge q is enclosed by a spherical surface R. If the radius is doubled/ reduced to half, how
would the electric flux through the surface change? CBSE(AI)-2009,(AIC)-2008,(DC)-2007
Ans : No change as flux does not depend on radius/ shape /size of enclosing surface.
44. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube, what is the electric flux passing through one of its
faces? CBSE (AI)-2012, (F)-2010
Ans :

45. Consider two hollow concentric spheres, S1 & S2, enclosing charges 2Q & 4Q respectively as
shown:
(i) Find out the ratio of the electric flux through them. CBSE (AI)-2014,2002
(ii) how will the electric flux through the sphere S1 change, if a medium of dielectric constant is
introduced in the space inside S1 in place of air?
Deduce the necessary expression.
Ans : (i) = & =
= = 1/3
(ii) = =
46. (i) Define electric potential energy of a system of charges.
(ii) Write an expression of electric potential energy of a system of two charges. CBSE (AI)-2015
Ans : (i) Electric potential energy of a system of charges : It is defined as the total amount of work
done in placing the charges to their respective positions to constitute the system, by bringing them from
infinity
(ii) U =
47. The figure shows field lines of a positive point charge. What will be the sign of the potential energy
deference of a small negative charge between the points Q and P. Justify your answer.
CBSE (AI)-2015, (F)-2014
Ans : Positive i.e. (U)Q – (U)P > 0
Reason : U =
P.E. of a positive charge & a negative charge is negative hence P.E. of a negative
charge is more negative at P, i.e. (U)Q > (U)P
48. Figure shows the field lines of a negative point charge. Give the sign of the
potential energy difference of a small negative charge between the points A and
B. CBSE(F)-2014
Ans : Positive i.e. (U)A – (U)B > 0
Reason : U =
49. The figure shows field lines of a positive point charge. Is the work done by the field in moving a
small positive charge from Q to P is positive or negative? Justify your answer. CBSE(F)-2014
Ans : Negative,
Reason : VP > VQ VP - VQ > 0
But VP - VQ = WQP > 0
Work done by external agency is positive
Work done by electric field is negative
50. The field lines of a negative point charge are as shown in the figure. Does the kinetic energy of a
small negative charge increase or decrease in going from A to B? CBSE (F)-2014
Ans : K.E. decreases
Reason : As the negative charge moves from B to A, it experiences more repulsion,
its velocity decreases and so, its K.E. decreases.
51. (i) Define an equipotential surface?

(ii) Write any two properties of an equipotential surface. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2002,(D)-2003
Ans : (i) Equipotential surface : A surface drawn in an electric field at which every point has the same
potential, is known as equipotential surface
(ii) Properties :
(a) No work is done in moving a test charge from one point to another over an equipotential surface
(b) Electric field is always normal to the equipotential surface at every point
(c) No two equipotential surfaces can intersect each other
(d) Equipotential surfaces are closer in regions of strong field and farther in regions of weak field
52. For any charge configuration, equipotential surface through a point is normal to the electric
field.” Justify this statement.
Ans : At an equipotential surface V1 = V2
Hence work done, W = q0(V1 – V2) = 0
F S cosθ = 0 cosθ = 0 θ = 90o
53. No work done in moving a charge from one point to another on an equipotential surface. Why?
CBSE (AIC)-2002
Ans : We know for any two points on an equipotential surface V1 = V2
Hence the work done, W = q0(V1 – V2) = 0
54. Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2016
Ans : No, It would mean some work will be done in moving charge from one point to another on
equipotential surface which is not possible.
55. Why do the equipotential surfaces due to uniform electric field not intersect each other?
CBSE (F)-2013,(D)-2009
Ans : Because if they do so then at the point of intersection there will be two values of the electric
potential, which is not possible.
56. Why the equipotential surfaces about a single charge are not equidistant ?
CBSE(AI)-2016,2015,(DC)-2011
OR
Why does the separation between successive equipotential surfaces get wider as the distance from
the charges increases ? CBSE (AI)-2016
Ans : |E| = dr = --------- (1)
As the distance increases, electric field E decreases therefore from (1), dr will be large
hence large hence equipotential surfaces get wider. That’s why equipotential surfaces are not
equidistant
57. Draw an equipotential surface in a uniform electric field. CBSE (F)-2008,2006,(D)-2001
Ans :
58. Draw an equipotential surface and corresponding electric field lines for a single point charge
(i) +q(q > 0) (ii) –q(q < 0). CBSE (AI)-2016,(F)-2006,(D)-2001
Ans : (i) q > 0 (ii) q < 0
59. (i) Draw the equipotential surfaces for an electric dipole. CBSE (AI)-2015
(ii) Draw the equipotential surfaces due to two equal positive point charges placed at a certain
distance. CBSE (AI)-2015,(D)-2010
Ans : (i) (ii) equal positive charges

60. A charge ‘q’ is is being moved from a point above a dipole of dipole moment ‘p’ to a point B below
the dipole in equatorial plane without acceleration. Find the work done in the process.
CBSE (AI)-2016
Ans : Zero, as AB is an equipotential surface
61. What is the amount of work done in moving a point charge around a circular arc of radius ‘r’ at
the centre of which another point charge ‘q’ is located? CBSE (AI)-2016
Ans : Zero
62. Define the capacitance of a conductor. Write its S .I. unit. CBSE (AIC)-2003
Ans : It is defined as the charge required to raise the potential of conductor by unit amount.
i.e. C=
Its SI unit is Farade F.
63. Define the capacitance of a capacitor. On what factors does it depends? CBSE (F)-2017,(DC)-2001
Ans : Capacitance - Capacitance of a capacitor may be defined as the ratio of magnitude of charge on
its either plate to the potential difference between them.
i.e. C=
Factors : (i) geometrical configuration (shape, size, separation) of the system of two conductors and
(ii) nature of the medium separating the two conductors
64. Define dielectric constant of a medium in terms of capacitance. CBSE (D)-2006
Ans : The dielectric constant of a medium may be defined as the ratio of capacitance of capacitor
completely filled with that dielectric medium to the capacitance of the same capacitor with vacuum
between its plates.
i.e. K=
65. A metal plate is introduced between the plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor. What is the
effect on the capacitance of the capacitor? CBSE (F)-2009
Ans : Capacitance increase as the effective separation between the plates is decreased.
66. (i) Define the term polarization of a dielectric.
(ii) Write a relation for polarization of a dielectric material in the presence of an external
electric field CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,(D)-2015
Ans : (i) Polarization of a dielectric : Induced dipole moment per unit volume, is called polarization P
(ii) Relation : = Xe
where Xe is the electric susceptibility of the dielectric medium
67. How is the electric field due to a charged parallel plate capacitor affected when a dielectric slab is
inserted between the plates fully occupying the intervening region? CBSE(F)-2010
Ans : Electric field decreases due to dielectric polarization and becomes
E = E0 - Ein =
68. The graph shows the variation of voltage V across the plates of two capacitors A and B versus
increase of charge Q stored on them. Which of the capacitors has higher capacitance? Give reason
for your answer.
CBSE (D)-2004
Ans : B has a higher capacitance
Reason : C =
If V = constant then C q
As qA > qB CA > CB
69. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and separation d is filled with dielectrics of dielectric
constants K1 and a K2 shown in figure. Find the net capacitance of the capacitor. CBSE(F)-2011
Ans : = + = + = +

= = C= C0
70. Two dielectric slabs of dielectric constants K1 and K2 are filled in between the two plates, each of
area A, of the parallel plate capacitor as shown, Find net capacitance of the capacitor.
CBSE(AI)-2005,(F)-2011
Ans : C = C1 + C2 = +
C= ( )= = C0
71. How will the (i) energy stored and (ii) the electric field inside the air capacitor be affected when it
is completely filled with a dielectric material of dielectric constant K? CBSE (AI)-2012
Ans : (i) U0 = & U= = U= (ii) E0 = & E= E=
72. A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of radius ‘a’. Obtain an expression for the electric
field intensity E at a point on the axis of the ring. Hence show that for points at large distances
from the ring, it behaves like a point charge. CBSE(D)-2016
Ans : Linear charge density λ = charge on the small element dl at P
dE = =
On resolving dE in to horizontal and vertical components the resultant electric field intensity at P is
given by
E= = × [cos ]
E=
=
At the centre of the ring x=0 E=0
for large distances x >> a
E=
This is the electric field intensity due a point charge at distance x
73. (i) An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field. Using suitable diagram show that it does
not undergo any translatory motion. Derive the expression for the torque acting on it.
(ii) What would happen if the field in non-uniform?
(iii) What would happen if the external electric field E is increasing
(a) parallel to and (b) anti-parallel to ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2008,(F)-2016,(DC)-2015
Ans : (i) Let an electric dipole of dipole moment is placed in a uniform electric field as shown in
figure.
Force : Force on +q, F1 = qE
Force on –q, F2 = -qE
Hence net force on the dipole
F = qE – qE = 0
Torque : Two equal and opposite forces –qE and +qE forms a couple
which tries to rotate the dipole. Torque due to this couple
= either force × distance = qE × 2a sinθ
= pE sinθ = ×
(ii) If the electric field is non-uniform, the net force on the dipole will not be zero hence there will be
the translator motion of the dipole.
(iii)(a) Net force will be in the direction of increasing electric field.
(b) Net force will be in the direction opposite to the increasing field.
74. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field. Write the expression for the torque acting on
it. Express it in vector form an specify its direction. Identify two pairs of
perpendicular vectors in the expression.
Ans : Torque : = pE sinθ
Vector form : = ×
Direction of : Direction of is perpendicular to the plane containing and given by right hand
screw rule
Two pairs of perpendiculars vectors : (i) and (ii) and
75. (a) Derive an expression for the electric field E due to a dipole of length ‘2a’ at a point distant r
from the centre of the dipole on the axial line.
(b) Draw a graph of E versus r for r >> a.
Ans : Let and be the electric field at P due to -q and +q charges respectively then
| | = along PA
& | | = along BP
Obviously the resultant electric field intensity at P
r
| |=| | - | |
= -
| |=
| |= [p = 2qa]
Obviously, if r >> a, then
E= E=
direction of is along the direction of dipole moment

76. Derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line of an electric
dipole moment and length 2a. What is the direction of this field?
CBSE (D)-2017,(AI)-2016,2013,(F)-2015,2009
Ans : Let and and be the electric field intensity at P due to –q and +q charges respectively, then
| |=| |=
| |=| |= ----------- (1)

On resolving & in horizontal and vertical components, resultant
electric field intensity
= E1 cosθ + E2 cosθ = 2E1 cosθ
=2 [cosθ = ]
= [p = 2qa]
Obviously, if r >> a, then direction of is opposite to that of dipole moment
77. Derive an expression for the potential at a point along the axial line of a short dipole. For this
dipole draw a plot showing the variation of potential V versus r, where (r >> 2a), is the distance
from the point charge –q along the line joining the two charges. CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2008,2007
Ans : Let V1 and V2 be the electric potential at P due to –q and +q charges respectively then

V1 = & V2 =
Resultant electric potential at P
V = V1 + V2 = + = =
V=
V=
Obviously, if r >> a, then r

V=
78. (i) Derive the expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole moment placed in
a uniform electric field .
(ii) Find out the orientation of the dipole when it is in (a) stable equilibrium (b) unstable
equilibrium.
Ans : (i) Two equal and opposite forces –qE and +qE forms a couple which tries to rotate the dipole.
Torque due to this couple
= either force perpendicular distance = qE 2a sinθ
= pE sinθ
Work done in rotating the dipole through an angle dθ
dW = dθ = pE sinθ dθ
W= = pE = pE[-cosθ]
W = pE(cos - cos ) -------- (1)
o
When = 90 and = , then W = U
U = pE(cos90o - cos ) = pE (0 - cos ) = pE cos
u( ) =
(ii) (a) When θ = 0o , U = - pE cos 0 = -pE
In this case P.E. is minimum hence it is the orientation of unstable equilibrium.
(b) When θ = 180o , U = - pE cos 180 = +pE
In this case P.E. is maximum hence it is the orientation of unstable equilibrium.
79. (i) Draw 3 equipotential surfaces corresponding to a field that uniformly increases in magnitude
but remains constant along z-direction.
(ii) How are these surfaces different from that of a constant electric field along z-direction?
CBSE (AI)-2016,2009,(F)-2008
Ans : (i) (ii)
Difference : In the first case, as the magnitude of field increases, equipotential surfaces get closer In the
second case, equipotential surfaces are equidistant planes parallel to XY planes.
80. (i) Derive an expression for electric potential energy of a system of two point
charges.
(ii) Three point charges q1, q2 and q3 are kept respectively at points A, B and C
as shown in the figure. Derive the expression for the electric potential energy of
the system. CBSE (AI)-2015
Ans : (i) Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges :
W1 = 0
W2 = V1 q2 = q2 =
U = W1 + W2 = 0 + =
(ii) Electric potential energy of a system of three point charges :

W1 = 0
W2 =
W3 = +
U = W1 + W2 + W3 = 0 + + +
U= + +
81. (i) What is a dielectric? Give one example.

(ii) Distinguish with the help of a suitable diagram, the difference
in the behavior of a conductor and a dielectric placed in an
external electric field. How does polarized dielectric modify the
original external filed?
CBSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2015,(F)-2006
Ans : (i) Dielectric : Dielectrics are non-conducting substances which
allows electric induction to take place through them but do not allow
the flow of charge through them. For example : Air, glass, mica
(ii) In a conductor, in the presence of external electric field the free
charge carriers move and charge distribution in the conductor adjusts itself in such a way that the net
electric field within the conductor becomes zero. i,e, E = 0
(iii) In a dielectric, external electric field induces net dipole moment by stretching or re-orienting
molecules. The electric field due to this induced dipole moment opposes the external field but does not
exactly cancel it. As a result net electric field is reduced.
E = EO - Ein =
82. Define the term ‘dielectric strength’. What does this term signify? What is its value for (a) air (b)
vacuum? CBSE (AI)-2015
Ans : (i) Dielectric strength : The maximum electric field that a dielectric medium can withstand
without break-down (of its insulating property) is called its dielectric strength.
Significance : This signifies the maximum value of electric field, up to which the dielectric can safely
play its role.
(ii) (a) for air it is about 3 106 Vm-1 (b) for vacuum it is infinity
83. What is electrostatic shielding? How is this property used in actual practice? Is the potential in the
cavity of a charged conductor zero? CBSE (AI)-2016
Ans : Electrostatic shielding : Whatever be the charge and field configuration outside, any cavity in a
conductor remains shielded from outside electric influence : the field inside the cavity is always zero.
This is known as electrostatic shielding.
Use : The effect can be made use of in protecting sensitive instruments from outside electrical influence
by enclosing them in a hollow conductor. Potential inside the cavity is not zero. It is constant.
84. Using Gauss’s law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to an infinitely long, straight
wire of linear charge density C/m.
Ans : Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface, q =
At the part I and II of Gaussian surface and are perpendicular, so flux through surfaces I and II is
zero.
By Gauss’s law, =
=
E =
E(2 )=
E=

85. Using Gauss’s law, obtain the expression for electric2field intensity at a point due to an infinitely
large, plane sheet of charge of charge density C/m . How is the field directed if the sheet is (i)
positively charged (ii) negatively charged?
CBSE (AI)-2015,2010,2005,2004,(D)-2012,2009,06,(DC)-2002,01,(F)-2003
Ans : Let us consider a Gaussian surface and are perpendicular, so flux through curved surface is
zero.
By Gauss’s law, =
=
E =
E(2A) =
E= =
Direction of field : (i) If the sheet is positively charged the field is directly away from it
(ii) If the sheet is negatively charged the field is directed towards it.
86. Using Gauss’s law, deduce the expression for the electric field due to uniformly charged spherical
conducting shell of radius at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside the shell
Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r > R and r < R.
Ans : (i) Outside the shell (r > R)
Let us consider the Gaussian surface as shown by Gauss’s law,
=
=
E =
E=
(ii) Inside the shell (r < R)
Let us consider the Gaussian surface as shown by Gauss’s
law,
=
But, charge inside the spherical shell, i.e. q = 0
=0 E=0
87. What is a capacitor? Deduce an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with
air as the medium between the plates. CBSE (F)-2017,2006,(AI)-2003,2001,(DC)-2005,2004
Ans : Capacitor :It is an arrangement required to increase the capacity of a conductor so that a large
amount of charge can be stored in it without changing its dimensions.
Capacitance of | | Plate capacitor : let us consider a parallel plate capacitor filled with a medium of
dielectric constant K as shown:
Electric field between the plates
E= =
potential difference between the plates
V = Ed =
C= = =K
If air is as the medium between the plates then, K = 1
C0 =
88. A dielectric slab of thickness ‘t’ is introduced without touching between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor separated by a distance ‘d’ (t < d). Derive an expression for the capacitance of the
capacitor. CBSE (AIC)-2005,2001
Ans : Electric fields between the plates in air
E=
Electric field in dielectric slab

E = E0 - Ep = E0 – = =
potential difference between the plates
V = E0 (d-t) + t = E0 =
C= =
C=
89. Why does the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
increase on introduction of a dielectric in between its plates?
CBSE (F)-2006
Ans : Due to dielectric polarization, an electric field is induced in the
dielectric opposite to external electric field. Hence net electric field
decrease to
E = E0 – Ein = E0 – =
It reduces potential difference to V=Ed = d=
C= = =K = KC0
Hence capacitance increases K times
90. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as that of the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor but has the thickness 3d/4, where d is the separation between the plates. Find
out the expression for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between the plates of the
capacitor. CBSE (F) - 2017,2010,(AI)-2013,NCERT-2017
Ans : V = E0 (d-t) + t = E0 = 1+ =
C= = = = C0
91. Prove that the total electrostatic energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor is CV2 . Hence
derive an expression for energy density of the capacitor. How does the stored energy change if
air is replaced by medium of dielectric constant ‘K’?
CBSE (AI)-2015,2012,2008,2002,(F)-2013,2006,(D)-2006,2002
Ans : Energy stored in a capacitor : When a capacitor is charged by a battery, work is done by the
battery at the expense of its chemical energy. This work done is stored between the plates as
electrostatic potential energy
Small work done in giving a charge dq
dW = V × dq = dq
Total work done in giving a charge Q to the capacitor
W= = =
U= = = CV2
2
Energy density u = = = =
2
u=
If air is replaced by a medium of dielectric constant K then
U’ = C’ (V’)2 = KC = =
92. Three capacitors of capacitances C1, C2 & C3 are connected (a) in series (b) in parallel. Show
that the energy stored in the series combination is the same as that in the parallel combination.
CBSE (AI)-2003
2 2
Ans : (i) In series , Us = = Q = Q + + = + +
Us = U1 + U2 + U3
(ii) In parallel , Up = Cp V2 = C1 + C2 + C3 V2 = C1 V2 + C2 V2 + C3 V2
Up = U1 + U2 + U3

93. A network of four capacitors each of 10 capacitance is connected to a 500 V supply as shown in
the figure. Determine the – CBSE(AI) - 2015
(i) equivalent capacitance of the network and (ii) charge on each
capacitor
Ans : (i) = + + = + + = C’ =
equivalent capacitance , C = C’ + C4 = + 10 =
(ii) charge on C4, q4 = C4 V = 10 10-6 500 = 5 10-3 C
q1 + q2 + q3 = C’ V = 10-6 500 = 10-3 C
94. Find the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in the figure, when each capacitor is of 1
. When the ends x and y are connected to a 6V battery, find out (i) the charge and (ii) energy
stored in the network. CBSE (AI)-2015,(AIC)-2003,(D)-2001
Ans : = =
this is the condition of balance so there will be no current in C5
Now C1 & C2 are in series C12 = = =
C3 & C4 are in series, C34 = = =
95. Given the components of a electric field as Ex = ax, Ey = 0 and Ez = 0, where is dimensional
constant. Calculate the flux through the cube of side ‘a’ as shown in the figure and the effective
charge inside the cube. CBSE (AI)-2015,(F)-2012
Ans : (i) = L + R = Ex ds cos180 + Ex ds cos0
= ( )a2 (-1) + [ (a+a)]a2 (1) = - 3 + 2 3
= 3
3
(ii) = q= =
96. Given a uniform electric field E = 6 103 N/C, Find the flux of this field through a square of 10
cm on a side whose plane is parallel to Y-Z plane. What would be the flux through the same
square if the plane makes a 30o angle with the x-axis? CBSE (D)-2014
3 -2
Ans : Given E = 6 10 N/C, a = 10 cm = 10 10 m, = ?
In first case, = E ds cos0 = 6 103 (10 10-2)2 = 60 Nm2 /C
In second case, = E ds cos(90 – 30) = E ds cos60 = 6 103 (10 10-2)2 = 30 Nm2 /C
97. Two point charges 4 and +1 are separated by a distance of 2 m in air. Find the point on the
line-joining charges at which the net electric field of the system is zero. CBSE (AIC)-2017
Ans : + = 2(2-x) = x x= m
98. Two point charges 20 10-6 C and -4 10-6 C are separated by a distance of 50 cm in air. Find-
(i) the point on the line joining the charges, where the electrostatic potential is zero.
(ii) calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the system. CBSE (AIC)-2017
Ans : (i) + =0 + =0 = x= = 41 cm
(ii) U = = -9 109 = 1.44 J
99. Show that if we connect that smaller and the outer sphere by a wire, the charge q on the
former will always flow to the latter, independent of how large Q is. CBSE (AI)-2008
Ans : Potential at a point on the inner sphere
V1 = +
Potential at a point on spherical shell
V2 = +
V1 – V2 = - =
V1 – V2 > 0 V1 – V2 , hence the charge will flow from inner sphere to outer shell

100. Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the vertices of an
equilateral triangle of ide 10 cm as shown in figure. Here q = 1.6 10-10 C.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2013, (D)-2008
Ans : Required work done = - potential energy of the system
W=- + + = - + +
W=- - - + =+
W=9 109 = 2.304 10-8
CHAPTER – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

101. Define current density. Write its S.I. unit. Is it a scalar or vector quantity? CBSE(AIC)-2010
Ans : Current density : Electric current flowing normally per unit area of cross section is called current
density.
= , Its S.I. unit is A/m2 . It is a vector quantity.
102. (a) Define resistance of a conductor. Write its S.I. unit.
(b) What are the factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends? CBSE(AIC)-2015, 2001
Ans : (a) Resistance : It is the ratio of potential difference applied across the ends of a conductor to the
current flowing through it
i.e. R = , Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)
(b) Factors : (i) Length of the conductor R L
(ii) Area of cross section of the conductor R
(iii) nature of material & temperature
103. (a) Define resistivity of a conductor. Write its S.I. unit.
(b) On what factors does the resistivity of a conductor depend?
CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2015,2012,2011
Ans : (a) Resistivity : Resistivity of the material of a conductor is defined as the resistance of conductor
of that material of unit length and unit area of cross section
=
Its S.I. unit is Ohm metre ( m)
(b) Factors : (i) relaxation time (i.e. temperature) and
(ii) number density of electrons
104. Draw a graph showing the variation of resistance of a metal wire as a function of its diameter
keeping its length and material constant. (Sample Paper-2017)
Ans : R = =
R
105. Two wires, one of copper and the other of manganin, have same resistance and equal thickness.
Which wire is longer? Justify your answer. CBSE(AI)-2015
Ans : Copper wire will be longer
Reason : = but R and A are same
Since < LC > Lm
106. Two wires of equal length, one of copper and the other of maganin, have same resistance and
equal thickness. Which wire is longer? Justify your answer. CBSE(AI)-2016,2012
Ans : Manganin wire is thicker
Reason : = but R and l are same A
Since < Am > AC
107. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and same radius are connected in series. Current I is
passed through them. Which wire gets heated up more? Justify your answer. CBSE(AI)-2017
Ans : Nichrome
Reason : H = l2Rt & RNi > RCu (or Resistivity Ni > Resistivity Cu)
108. Define the term conductivity of a conductor. Write its S.I. unit. On what factors does it depend?
CBSE(AI)-2015, (AI)-2016, (D)-2014,2008
Ans : Conductivity : It is defined as the current flowing per unit area per unit electric field
i.e. =
It is also defined as the reciprocal of resistivity i.e. =
-1
Its S.I. unit is m-1
Factors : (i) nature of material and (ii) temperature (relaxation time)
109. Resistance of a conductor increases with the rise in temperature. Why? CBSE(DC)-2001
Ans : Due to increase in frequency of collision of electrons with ions/atoms in the conductor.
110. If a wire is stretched to double its original length without loss of mass, what will be its new-
(a) resistivity (b) resistance? CBSE(AIC)-2001
Ans : (a) Resistivity will remain same
(b) Resistance will be 4 times the original resistance
R’ = (2)2 R = 4R
111. Two materials, Si and Cu, are cooled from 300K to 60K. What will be the effect on their
resistivity? CBSE(F)-2013
Ans : For Si, resistivity will increase.
Reason : Semiconductors have negative temperature coefficient of resistivity.
For Cu, resistivity will decrease.
Reason : conductors have positive temperature coefficient of resistivity
112. Explain, why allows like constantan and manganin are used for making standard resistors?
CBSE(D)-2016,(F)-2011,2004
Ans : Because they have
1. High resistivity 2. Very small temperature coefficient of resistivity
113. The I-V graph for two identical conductors of different materials A and B is shown in figure.
Which one of the two has higher resistivity and why? CBSE(AI)-2015
Ans : T1 is higher
Reason : for the same I, V1 > V2
R1 > R2 [R = ]
T1 > T2 as R=Ro(1+ t)
114. The I-V graph for two identical conductors of different materials A and B is shown in figure.
Which one of the two has higher resistivity and why? CBSE(AI)-2015
Ans : B has higher Resistivity
Reason : As for the same I, VB > VA
RB > RA [R = ]
= [ ]
115. Two metallic resistors are connected first in series and then in parallel across a d.c. supply. Plot of
I-V graph is shown for the two cases. Which one represents a parallel combination of the resistors
and why? CBSE(AI)-2015,2004
Ans : A represents parallel combination
Reason : for the same I, VA < VB
RB > RA [R = ]
116. Figure shows a plot of current ‘I’ flowing through the cross section of a wire versus the time ‘t’.
Use the plot to find the charge flowing in 10s through the wire. CBSE(AIC)-2015
Ans : q = l dt = area under I-t curve
= (5 5) + (10 - 5) 5 = 37.5 C
117. Show that the current density is related to the applied electric field by the relation
=
Where defines the conductivity of the material. CBSE(AI)-2015,(F)-2014
Ans : j = ne d= ne = E [ = ]

But =
j= E = E =
118. Define the term (a) Emf of a cell (b) Terminal voltage of a cell. CBSE(DC)-2010
Ans : (a) Emf : Emf of a cell may be defined as the energy supplied by the cell in moving unit charge
through the complete circuit (including the cell)
(b) Terminal voltage : It is the potential difference between the electrodes of a cell, when the cell is in
closed circuit V = E – Ir
119. Define internal resistance of a cell. Write any two factors on which it depends. CBSE(AI)-2010
Ans : Internal Resistance (r) : It is the resistance offered by the electrolyte of a cell to the flow of
current between its electrodes.
Factors : (i) nature of electrolyte
(ii) concentration of electrolyte
(iii) nature of electrodes & distance between them
120. 220. The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Give reason. CBSE(D)-2013
Ans : Because there is a potential drop across the internal resistance of the cell, when cell is in a closed
circuit.
121. Can the value of terminal potential difference be greater than the emf of a cell?
Ans : Yes. During the charging of the cell. CBSE(AI)-2013
122. The figure shows a plot of terminal voltage ‘V’ versus the current ‘i’ of a given cell. Calculate from
the graph (a) emf of the cell and (b) internal resistance of the cell. CBSE(AIC)-2017
Ans : (a) V = E – Ir
When I = 0, V = E
E = 6V
(b) E = V + Ir 6=4+1 r
r=2
123. Find the resistance of the following carbon resistors. CBSE(AIC)-2010, NCERT-2017
1
Ans : (i) R = 47 10 5%Ω
2
(ii) R = 22 10 10 % Ω
124. State Ohm’s law. CBSE(AI)-2013

Ans : Ohm’s law : If the physical conditions of a conductor remains unchanged then the current flowing
through it is directly proportional to the potential difference applied
i.e. V I V = IR
125. Graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for a material GaAs as shown in figure.
Identify the region of CBSE(D)-2015
(i) negative resistance (ii) where Ohm’s law is obeyed.
Ans : (i) Region DE because current decreases on increasing voltage.
(ii) Region AB because current increases linearly on increasing voltage.
126. 126. Two identical cells each of emf E, having negligible internal
resistance, are connected in parallel with each other across an external resistance R. What is the
current through the resistance? CBSE(D)-2013
Ans : I =
127. A 10 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V battery and a
resistance of 38 Ω as shown. Find the value of the current in the circuit. CBSE(D)-2013
Ans : I= = =5A

128. 128. Define the term drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor and write its relation with the
current through it. CBSE(AI)-2016,2014,(F)-2011
Ans : Drift velocity ( d) : The average velocity acquired by free electrons of a conductor in a direction
opposite to the applied electric field is called drift velocity ( d ≈ 10-4 m/s) Relation : I = neAνd
129. How does the random motion of free electrons in a conductor gets affected when a potential
difference is applied across its ends. CBSE(AIC)-2014
Ans : Random motion is partially directed towards positive end of conductor
130. When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential, does it mean that all the ‘free’
electrons of the metal are moving in the same direction? CBSE(AI)-2012, NCERT-2017
Ans : By no means. The drift velocity is superposed over the large random velocities of electrons.
131. The electron drift speed is estimated to be only a few mms-1 for currents in the range of a few
amperes? How then is current established almost the instant a circuit is closed? NCERE-2017
Ans : When the circuit is closed, electric field is setup in the entire circuit instantly with the speed of em
waves which causes electron drift at every portion of the circuit. A current starts flowing in the circuit
almost instantly.
132. If the electron drift speed is very small, and the electron’s charge is small, how can we still obtain
large amounts of current in a conductor? CBSE(AI)-2015, NCERT-2017
29 -3
Ans : Because the electron number density is very large (≈ 10 m )
133. The electron drift arises due to the force experienced by electrons in the electric field inside the
conductor. But force should cause acceleration. Why then do the electrons acquire a steady
average drift speed? NCERT-2017
Ans : Each ‘free’ electron does accelerate, but due to frequent collisions with ions they acquire only an
average speed known as drift speed.
134. How does the drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor vary with increase in temperature?
CBSE(AI)-2016,(F)-2011,(D)-2014
Ans : Drift velocity will decrease on increasing the temperature
Reason : νd = τ , when temperature is increased, relaxation time decreases or frequency of collision
increases
135. If a potential difference V, applied across a conductor is increased to 2V, how will the drift
velocity of electrons change? CBSE(AIC)-2001
Ans : Drift velocity will be doubled as
νd = τ νd V
136. Define the term ‘relaxation time’ in a conductor. CBSE(AI)-2016,2012,(F)-2014
Ans : Relaxation Time : It is the average time between two successive collisions of electron with ions
in a conductor
137. If the temperature of a good conductor increases, how does the relaxation time of electrons in the
conductor change? CBSE(AI)-2002
Ans : Relaxation time decreases
Reason : with the increases in temperature, free electron collides more frequently with the ions/atoms of
the conductor, resulting decrease in relaxation time
138. (i) How is the relaxation time related to the drift velocity of free electrons?
(ii) Obtain an expression for the current density in terms of relaxation time.
CBSE(AI)-2016,2012,(F)-2014
Ans : νd = τ
Expression : j = ne d = ne τ = E

139. (i) How is the relaxation time related to the drift velocity of free electrons?
(ii) What is its relation with relaxation time?
(iii) How does the electron mobility change if
(a) temperature is increased, (b) potential difference in doubled?
CBSE(AI)-2016,2012,(F)-2014
Ans : (i) Mobility : It is defined as the drift velocity per unit electric field
i.e. μm = Its S.I. unit is ms-1 N-1 C
(ii) Relation : μm = = τ
(iii) (a) μm decreases because if temperature is increased, relaxation time τ decreases
(b) No effect because μm does not depend on potential difference
140. What happens if the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balanced point of the
Wheatstone bridge? Would the galvanometer show any current?
Ans : Balanced condition still remains satisfied hence galvanometer does not show any current.
141. What is a meter bridge? Write the principle of working meter bridge.
CBSE(AI)-2017,2016,(AIC)-2015
Ans : Meter bridge : It is the simplest practical application of Wheatstone bridge and is used to
determine the unknown resistance
Principle : It is based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge,
i.e. in balanced condition of the bridge
=
142. Why are the connections between the resistors in a meter bridge made of thick metal (copper)
strips? CBSE(AI)-2016,2014
Ans : Thick copper strips have negligible resistance due to low resistivity & large area of cross section.
It helps to maintain continuity without adding resistance to the circuit and accurate balance point is
obtained.
143. Why is it generally preferred to obtain the balance point in the middle of the meter bridge wire?
CBSE (D)-2014
Ans : Sensitivity of meter bridge is higher when balance point lies in the middle of the wire
144. State the principle of potentiometer. CBSE (F)-2017,2009,(D)-2016,(DC)-2014,(AI)-2014,2006
Ans : When a constant current flows through a conductor of uniform area of cross section, the potential
difference across any length of the conductor is directly proportional to that length
i.e. V l
145. Of which material a metre bridge/potentiometer wire normally made and why ?
CBSE (AI) -2016,2014,(F)-2013
Ans : Nichrome or manganin
Reason : Such an alloy has high resistivity and very small temperature coefficient of resistance,
hence its resistance does not change with rise in temperature due to flow of current.
146. Why should the potentiometer wire be of uniform cross section and composition ?
CBSE (AIC)-2014
Ans : A wire of uniform cross section and composition has the uniform resistance per unit length and
only then potential difference per unit length will be directly proportional to the length, as required by
the principle of potentiometer.
147. Why do we prefer a potentiometer with a longer wire? CBSE (AIC)-2014
Ans : Sensitivity &K=
A longer bridge wire will have small potential gradient and hence it will be more sensitive, so it is
preferred

148. What is meant by sensitivity of a potentiometer? CBSE (AIC)-2014,(DC)-2011,(D)-2003
Ans : A potentiometer is said to be sensitive if
(i) It can measure very small potential differences, and
(ii) it shows a large change in balancing length ,for a small change in potential difference being
measured
149. How can a given potentiometer be made more sensitive ?
CBSE (F)-2017, (AIC)-2014,(DC)-2011,(D)-2003
Ans : It can be made more sensitive by
(i) decreasing current in the main circuit
(ii) decreasing potential gradient or increasing the length of potentiometer wire
(iii) increasing resistance put in series with the potentiometer wire
150. The emf of the driving cell used in main circuit of the potentiometer should be more than the
potential difference to be measured. Why? CBSE (AIC)-2014, (DC)-2011, (D)-2003
Ans : If it is not so the balance point will not be obtained on the potentiometer wire
151. The variation of potential difference with length in case of two potentiometer wires and is as
shown:
(a) Which potentiometer is more sensitive?
(b) Which of these will you prefer for comparing emfs of two primary cells and why ?
CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016,2006
Ans : (a) Potentiometer Q is more sensitive
Reason : Sensitivity
& Q has less potential gradient (K = )

(b) Potentiometer Q as it is more sensitive
152. When a metallic conductor is subjected to a certain potential V across its ends, discuss briefly how
the potential phenomenon of drift occurs. CBSE (AI)-2015,(F)-2014
Ans : Drift : When a potential difference is applied to the ends of a conductor, electrons get accelerated
due to electric field. After being accelerated for relaxation time τ, each electron undergoes collisions
with ions and their velocity again becomes random. The electrons move with an average velocity which
is independent of time, although they are accelerated. This phenomenon is called drift and average
velocity is called drift velocity.
153. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms of relaxation time
of electrons. CBSE(AI)-2016,2015,2009
Ans : Let a potential difference V is applied across the ends of a conductor, then each free electron will
experience a force
= -e =-
Average of all random velocities under this acceleration is the drift velocity
= =
= +
=0+ τ= τ
= - τ
154. Deduce the relation between current I flowing through a conductor and drift velocity of free
electrons. CBSE(AIC)-2015,(AI)-2013,(D)-2008
Ans : Relation between current and drift velocity:
Let a potential difference V is applied across the ends of a conductor as
shown. If n be the number of free electrons per unit volume then
charge crossing area A in the time t
Q = Ne = (n A νd ) e
I= =
I = n e A νd
& j= =
j = ne νd
155. Deduce Ohm’s law using the concept of drift velocity.
OR
On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for resistivity of a conductor in terms of
number density of free electrons and relaxation time. CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2012
Ans : Let the potential difference V is applied across the ends of a conductor as shown.
Electric field produced, E =
νd = τ= τ
I = neA νd = neA τ = V
= --------- (1)
If the physical conditions of conductor such as temperature etc. remains constant then
= constant = R -------- (2)
from (1) =R V = IR Now, R =
from (2) =
156. (i) Plot a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature in the case of a conductor.
(ii) How does one explain such behavior, using the mathematical expression of the resistivity.
Ans : (i) Graph :
(ii) Explanation : =
In conductors, with increase in temperature, number density does not change
but the average speed of electrons and hence frequency of collision increases
due to which relaxation time decreases. Hence resistivity increases.
Over limited range of temperature
= (1 + )
Where is called temperature coefficient of resistivity.
157. (i) Plot a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature in the case of a
semiconductor.
(ii) How does one explain such behavior, using the mathematical expression of the resistivity.
Ans : (i) Graph :
(ii) Explanation : =
& for semiconductors n(T) = n0 e-Eg/KBT
(T) = 0 e Eg/KBT
In semiconductor, with increase in temperature, number density (n)
increases exponentially and dominates the decrease in relaxation time ( )
Hence resistivity decreases exponentially.
158. Explain by plotting a graph, variation of resistivity with temperature for an allow such as
Nichrome (Contantan or manganin). CBSE (D)-2016, (F)-2011,2004
Ans : Graph & Explanation :
We have (T) = 0 (1 + (T – T0))
For the allows such as Nichrome or constantan or manganin, coefficient of
resistivity is negligible or very small hence these allows exhibit very weak
dependence of resistivity with temperature as shown

159. Plot a graph showing the variation of conductivity with temperature for a metallic conductor. How
does one explain such behaviour, using the mathematical expression of the conductivity of a
material. CBSE(AI)-2004
Ans : (i) Graph :
(ii) Explanation : = =
In conductors, with increase in temperature, number density (n)
does not change but the average speed of electrons and hence
frequency of collision increases due to which relaxation time (τ) decreases. Hence conductivity σ
decreases.
160. A wire whose cross sectional area is increasing linearly from it one end to another, is connected
across a battery Of volts. Which of following quantities remain constant in the wire?
(a) drift speed (b) current density (c) electric current (d) electric field
Justify your answer. CBSE (D)-2017,(AIC)-2015
Ans : Current Justification : all other quantities depends on area of cross section
161. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across
a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocities
of electrons in the two wires. CBSE (AI)-2010
Ans : I = neAνd & IX =IY
(2n) eAνx = n eAνy
2 νx = νy =
162. Explain giving reasons, how the internal resistance of a cell changes in the following cases :
(i) When concentration of the electrolyte is increased
(ii) When area of the anode is decreased
(iii) When temperature of the electrolyte is increased CBSE(F)-2008
Ans : (i) Internal resistance increases
Reason : inter ionic attractions increase and the movement of the ions become difficult
(ii) Internal resistance increases
Reason : lesser area of the anode decreases its tendency to attract its oppositely charged ions
(iii) Internal resistance decreases
Reason : Both inter ionic attractions and viscous forces decrease at higher temperature
163. Derive an expression for the equivalent resistance of combination of cells in series. NCERT-2017
Ans : VAC = VA – VC = (VA - VB) + (VB – VC)
VAC = (E1 – Ir1) + (E2 – Ir2)
VAC = (E1 + E2) – I(r1 + r2) ------------ (1)
Let Eeq be the equivalent emf and req be the equivalent
internal resistance of this series combination then we have,
VAC = Eeq - Irq -------- (2)
On comparing (1) & (2) we get
Eeq = E1 + E2 & req = r1 + r2
164. Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel as shown in
the figure. Deduce an expression for the
(i) equivalent emf of the combination
(ii) equivalent internal resistance of the combination
(iii) potential difference between the points A and C
CBSE (AI)-2015, (F)-2012
Ans : We have
V= - = E1 – I1 I1 =
& V= - = E2 – I2 I2 =
I = I1 + I2 = + = + -V + = -V
V = -I
V= -I ------- (1)

On comparing with, V = Eeq - Ireq
(i) Eeq =
(ii) req =
(iii) VAC = V = -I
165. State Kirchhoff’s rules in electrostatics and explain on what basis they are justified?
Ans : Kirchhoff’s rules :
(i) Junction rule : The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at any junction in an electric circuit is
zero.
i.e. ∑i=0
i1 + i2 = i3 + i4 + i5
This rule is based on the conservation of charge.
(ii) Loop rule : In ay closed mesh of an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the products of the currents
and the resistance in each part of the mesh is equal to the algebraic sum of emf’s in that mesh.
i.e. ∑ iR = ∑ E
In mesh (1),
i1 R1 + i1 R2 = E1 – E2
Similar, in mesh (2)
i2 R2 + (i1 + i2) R3 = E2
This rule is based on the conservation of energy.
166. What is Wheatstone bridge? When is the bridge said to be balanced? Use Kirchhoff’s rules to
obtain conditions for the balanced condition in a Wheatstone bridge. CBSE(D)-2015
Ans : Wheatstone bridge : It is an arrangement of four resistances which is used to determine one of
these resistance in terms of the remaining three resistances
Balanced condition : If the resistances in the Wheatstone bridge are so arranged that current in the
galvanometer (Ig) is zero then the bridge is said to be balanced and in this balanced condition.
=
Proof : In the balanced condition, Ig = 0
Applying Kirchoff’s loop rule to ABDA
I1 P + 0 – I2 R = 0
I1 P = I2 R -------- (1)
Again applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to BCDB
I1Q – I2S – 0 = 0
I1Q = I2S -------- (2)
from (1) & (2), =
=
167. How a metre bridge is used to determine the unknown resistance of a given wire? Write the
necessary precautions to minimize the error in the result. CBSE(AI)-2016,(AIC)-2015
Ans : Determination of unknown resistance (S)
Let l be the balancing length for unknown resistance S as shown then
= =
=
S=R = R –1
By choosing three different values of R, we calculate S each
time. Average of these values of S gives the value if unknown
resistance
Precautions : (i) Make all the connections neat, clean and in
tight manner
(ii) select those values of R for which the balancing length l is closed to the middle point of the wire

168. (i) With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how a potentiometer is used to compare the emf’s of
two primary cells. Obtain the required expression used for comparing the emfs.
CBSE (D)-2013, (AIC)-2008
(ii) Write two possible causes for one sided deflection in a potentiometer experiment.
CBSE (D)-2013
Ans : (i) Comparison of emf’s of two primary cells :
If l is the balancing length the by the principle of potentiometer
ɛ=Kl ----- (1)
where K is the potential gradient.
Let l1 be the balancing length for cell of emf then as per (1)
= K l1
Similarly, if l2 be the balancing length for cell of emf then
= K l2
from (1) & (2)
= =
(ii) Possible causes :
(a) The emf or is more than the emf of driver cell
(b) Positive terminals of driver cell and the cell whose emf is to be measured may not be connected to
the zero end of the potentiometer
169. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how a potentiometer is used to determine the internal
resistance of a cell. Obtain the required expression used.
CBSE (F)-2016,2011,(AI)-2013
Ans : Determine of internal resistance of a cell:
Let l1 is the balancing length when key K2 is open then by the principle of potentiometer
ɛ = K l1 -------- (1)
where K is the potential gradient.
Similarly, if l2 is the balancing length when key K2 is open then
V = Kl2 -------- (2)
from (1) & (2)
ɛ
= =
= 1+ =
r=R –1
170. Why is potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for comparison of emf of cells?
CBSE(D)-2016,(AI)-2014
Ans : Because a potentiometer does not draw current for any measurement unlike a voltmeter.
171. (i) Define potential gradient. Write its S.I. unit. Obtain an expression for potential gradient in
terms of the resistivity of the potentiometer wire.
CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2014,2006,(F)-2009
(ii) In a potentiometer experiment, if the area of cross section of the wire increases uniformly from
one end to another, draw a graph showing how potential gradient would vary as the length of the
wire increases from one end ? CBSE(AIC)-2014
Ans : Potential drop per unit length of the wire carrying current is called potential gradient
i.e. K= = = =
K 1/A
S.I. unit of potential gradient is V/m

172. A conductor of length ‘l’ is connected to a d.c. source of potential ‘V’. If the length of the
conductor is tripled by gradually stretching it, keeping ‘V’ constant, how will (i) drift speed of
electrons and (ii) resistance of the conductor be affected? Justify your answer. CBSE(F)-2012
Ans : (i) = τ 1/l
(ii) Now when the wire is stretched A X l = constant
As R= R2 = = =9 = 9 R1
Hence resistance will became 9 times
173. Two wires X and Y have the same resistivity but their cross sectional areas are in the ratio 2:3 and
lengths in the ratio 1:2. They are first connected in series and then in parallel to a d.c. source. Find
out the ratio of the drift speeds of the electrons in the two wires for the two cases.
CBSE(AI)-2008
Ans : Given : AX : AY = 2:3 & lx : ly = 1:2
(i) in series, lx = ly neAx ( )X = neAy ( )Y
= = 2/1
174. A potential difference is applied across a conductor of length and diameter .How is the drift
velocity , of charge carriers in the conductor is affected when (i) is halved (ii) is doubled and (iii) is
halved? CBSE(AI)-2015
Ans : = τ
(i) will become half as V (ii) will become half as 1/L
(iii) will remain same as it does not depend on diameter
175. Two cells of emf 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistances 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω respectively are
connected in parallel. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell.
CBSE(D)-2016,(AI)-2013
Ans : Given : E1 = 1.5 V, E2 = 2.0 V, = 0.2 Ω, = 0.3 Ω, Eeq = ? & = ?
Eeq = = = = 1.7 V
= = = = 0.12 Ω
176. Calculate the current drawn from the battery by the network of the resistors shown in figure.
CBSE(AI)-2015
Ans : Given network is a balanced Wheatstone bridge,
= + =
R=2Ω I= = =2A
177. In a meter bridge with R and S in the gaps, the null point is found at 40 cm from A. If the resistance
of 30 Ω is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at 50 cm from A. Determine the value or
R and S. CBSE(AI)-2016,(D)-2010
Ans : S=R
In Ist case, S = R = R R= S
nd
In II case, =R =R
=R= S 60 + 25 = 90 S = 15 Ω
= S = 15 = 10Ω

178. In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of l1 cm from A. If now a resistance of X is
connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at l2 cm from A. Obtain a formula for X in terms
of l1, l2 and S. CBSE (AI)-2017,2009,(D)-2010
Ans : S=R
In Ist case, S=R ----------- (1)

In IInd case, =R -------- (2)
Dividing (1) by (2), = =
1+ = = -1 X=
179. A resistance of R Ω draws current from a potentiometer. The potentiometer wire AB, has a total
resistance of R0 Ω. A voltage V is supplied to the potentiometer. Derive an expression for the voltage
across R when the sliding contact is in the middle of the potentiometer wire.
CBSE (D) -2017, (AI)-2014
Ans : Resistance between A and C
R1 = =
Effective resistance of the circuit
R2 = R1 +
current through potentiometer wire
I= = =
Required voltage,
V1 = I R1 = R1 = X = X =
180. In the circuit diagram given below, AB is a uniform wire of resistance 15Ω and length 1 m. It is
connected to a cell E1 of emf 2V and negligible internal resistance and a resistance R. The balance
point with another cell E2 of emf 75 mV is found at 30 cm from end A. Calculate the value or R.
[Ans : 105 Ω] CBSE (F) -2016, (AI)-2015
Ans : ɛ = K l
E2 = (IR’) l = R’ l
75 10-3 = 15 x 30 x 10-2
R + 15 = = 120
R = 120 – 15 = 105 Ω
181. In the following potentiometer circuit AB is a uniform wire of length 1 m and resistance 10 Ω.
Calculate the (i) potential gradient along the wire, [Ans : 0.8 V/m, 37.5 cm]
(ii) balance length AO (= l ). CBSE (D) -2016
Ans : (i) K = = = x = x
K= = 0.8 V/m

(ii) Current flowing in the circuit containing cell
I= =1A VAO = 0.3 x 1 = 0.3 V
Now, K = lAO = = = 0.375 m = 37.5 cm
CHAPTER – MAGNETISM AND MATTER
1. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. CBSE(AI)-2008

Ans : Magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the product of current (I) and the area (A)
enclosed by the current loop i.e. M = IA
2. Write the expression for the magnetic moment of a circular coil of area A, carrying current I, in a
vector form. CBSE(F)-2014,(AI)-2002
Ans : = NI
3. An electron in atom revolves around the nucleus in an orbit of radius r with frequency ν. Write the
expression for magnetic moment of the electron. CBSE(F)-2014
Ans : M = IA = = eν
4. What are S.I. units of pole strength and magnetic moment? CBSE(AI)-2003
Ans : S.I. unit of pole strength : Ampere-metre
S.I. unit of magnetic moment : Ampere-metre2
5. What is the direction of magnetic moment? CBSE(AIC)-2003

Ans : From south to north pole
6. How does the (i) pole strength and (ii) magnetic moment of each part of a bar magnet is change, if
it is cut into two equal pieces traverse to its length? CBSE(AI)-2003
Ans : (i) pole strength (m) will remain same
(ii) magnetic moment( M ) will be halved as M’ = m x = M/2
7. How does the (i) pole strength and (ii) magnetic moment of each part of a bar magnet is change, if
it is cut into two equal pieces along its length? CBSE(AIC)-2001
Ans : (i) pole strength (m) will be halved
(ii) magnetic moment( M ) will be halved as M’ = x 2l = M/2
8. Why is current loop considered as a magnetic dipole ? CBSE (AIC)-2001
Ans : Like a bar magnet, a current loop possesses magnetic moment (M =NIA) and experiences a torque
in magnetic field
9. Write two properties of a material suitable for making (a) a permanent magnet, and (b) an
electromagnet. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,(D)-2010,(F)-2009
Ans : For making permanent magnet :
(i) High retentivity (ii) High coercivity (iii) High permeability
For making electromagnet :
(i) High permeability (ii) Low retentivity (iii) Low coercivity
10. Mention the two characteristic properties of a material suitable for making core of a transformer.
CBSE (AI)-2012
Ans : (i) Low coercivity/Low retentivity (ii) High permeability
11. What are permanent magnets? Give one example. CBSE(D)-2013
Ans : Permanent magnets are the materials, which retain their magnetic properties at room temperature
for a long time.
For example : Magnets used in speakers made by steel
12. Which material is used in making permanent magnets and why? CBSE (AI)-2010
Ans : Steel/alnico, because it has high coercivity and high retentivity.
13. Why do we prefer to use the alloy alnico for making permanent magnets? CBSE (AI)-2004
Ans : because alnico has high coercivity and high retentivity.
14. Which material is used to make electromagnet and why? CBSE (AI)-2010
Ans : Soft iron, because it has low hysteresis loss/low coercivity and high permeability
15. Why is soft iron preferred for making the core of a transformer? CBSE (AIC)-2010
OR
Why is the core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials? CBSE (D)-2010
Ans : Because soft iron (ferromagnetic materials) has low hysteresis loss/ow retentivity and high
permeability
16. Which material is used for making the core of a moving coil galvanometer and why?
CBSE (DC)-2006
Ans : Soft iron, because it has low hysteresis loss/low retentivity and high permeability.
17. Name the three elements of Earth’s magnetic field. CBSE (F)-2011
Ans : Elements of Earth’s magnetic field :
(i) Magnetic declination (θ)
(ii) Angle of dip or magnetic inclination (δ)
(iii) Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (BH)
18. What is the angle of dip at equator? CBSE (AIC)-2010
Ans : Zero (0o)
19. What is the angle of dip at magnetic poles? CBSE (AIC)-2001
Ans : 90o
20. How does angle of dip varies from equator to poles? CBSE (F)-2009,2003
Ans : Angle of dip increases from zero to 90o on moving form equator to poles
21. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip zero? CBSE (AI)-2011
Ans : At equator
22. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip 90o ? CBSE (AI)-2011
Ans : At poles
23. Where on the Earth’s surface is the value of angle of dip (i) minimum (ii) maximum?
CBSE (D)-2003
Ans : (i) at equator (δ = 0o) (ii) at poles (δ = 90o)
24. Where on the surface of Earth is the vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field zero?
CBSE (AI)-2011,2003,(F)-2010
Ans : At equator
Reason : At equator, δ = 0o BV = Be sinδ = Be sin0 = 0
25. What will be the value of the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field at Earth’s
geometric pole?
Ans : Zero
Reason : At poles δ = 90o , BH = Be cos δ = Be cos 90o = 0
26. A small magnet is pivoted to move freely in the magnetic meridian. At what place on the surface of
the earth will the magnet be vertical? CBSE (F)-2012
Ans : At poles
27. A magnetic needle, free to rotate in a vertical plene, orients itself vertically at a certain place on
the earth. What are the values of (i) angle of dip at this place, and (ii) horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field. CBSE (F)-2012
Ans : (i) 90o (ii) BH = Be cos δ = Be cos 90o = 0
28. The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is BH and the angle of dip is 60o.
What is the value of vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at equator? CBSE (F)-2012
Ans : Zero Reason : at equator, δ = 0, so BV = BH tanθ = BH tan0 = 0
29. What is the angle of dip at a place where the horizontal and vertical components of the earth’s
magnetic field are equal? CBSE (F)-2012,(AI)-2011
o
Ans : As BV = BH tanδ = =1 δ=45
30. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is times the vertical component.
What is the value of angle of dip at this place? CBSE (DC)-2007
Ans : As BH = BV tanδ = = 1/ δ =30o
31. Vertical component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is times the vertical component. What is
the value of angle of dip at this place? CBSE (D)-2006
Ans : As BV = BH tanδ = = δ =60o
32. At a place the horizontal component of magnetic field is B and angle of dip is 60o. What is the
value of horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field at equator? CBSE (D)-2017
o
Ans : Given : In first case, BH = B, δ = 60 ,
BH = Be cos δ Be = = = = 2B
In second case, at equator, δ = 0o BH = Be cos δ = 2 B cos 0o = 2B
33. Which of the following substances are diamagnetic? CBSE (D)-2013,(AIC)-2009
Bi, Al, Na, Cu, Ca and Ni
Ans : Bi and Cu both are diamagnetic substances
34. Which of the following substances are paramagnetic? CBSE (D)-2013
Bi, Al, Cu, Ca, Pb and Ni
Ans : Al is a paramagnetic substance
35. Define the term intensity of magnetization. CBSE (AIC)-2006
Ans : Intensity of magnetization : It is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the material
when placed in a magnetization field
I=
36. Define the term magnetic susceptibility. CBSE (AIC)-2006
Ans : Magnetic susceptibility (Xm) : It is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetization (I) to the
magnetizing field intensity (H)
Xm =
37. What do you mean by the statement that “Susceptibility of Iron is more than that of copper”?
CBSE (AIC)-2003
Ans : It means that iron can be magnetized more easily than copper
38. Why do magnetic lines of force prefer to pass through ferromagnetic materials (e.g., Iron) than
through air?
Ans : It is because magnetic permeability & susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials is very high than
that of air.
39. What happens when a diamagnetic substance is placed in a varying magnetic field?
CBSE (F)-2009
Ans : Diamagnetic substance tends to move from stronger to the weaker parts of the varying magnetic
field.
40. What is the characteristic property of a diamagnetic material? CBSE (AIC)-2010
Ans : When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, it acquires a slight
magnetism in a direction opposite to that of the magnetic field.
41. What is Curie point? CBSE (AIC)-2001
Ans : Curie Point : It is the temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic.
42. States Curie Law. CBSE (AIC)-2001
Ans : Curie Law : The susceptibility of a paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature i.e. Xm =
43. The permeability of a magnetic material is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic material it
represents. CBSE (D)-2011
Ans : As μ < 1, so the given material is diamagnetic
44. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is - 4.2 10-6. Name the type of magnetic material it
Ans : As the susceptibility is negative, so the given material is diamagnetic.
45. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is – 1.9 10-5. Name the type of magnetic material it
Ans : As the susceptibility is positive, so the given material is paramagnetic.
46. How does the intensity of magnetization of a paramagnetic material vary with increasing applied
magnetic field? CBSE (AIC)-2006
Ans : For small magnetic field, intensity of magnetization increases with magnetic field (I B) but at
strong magnetic field, intensity of magnetization gets saturated and becomes independent of B.
47. How does the intensity of magnetization of a paramagnetic sample vary with temperature?
CBSE (AI)-2001
Ans : Intensity of magnetization decreases with increase in temperature I
Reason : on increasing the temperature, tendency to disrupt the alignment of atomic dipoles increases
48. Why does the magnetization of a paramagnetic sample increase on cooling? CBSE (AIC)-2006
Ans : Intensity of magnetization increases with decrease in temperature I
Reason : on decreasing the temperature, tendency to disrupt the alignment of atomic dipoles increases.
49. How does the magnetization of a diamagnetic material change on cooling? CBSE (AIC)-2006
Ans : No effect, because magnetism of a diamagnetic material does not depend on temperature
50. Why is diamagnetism independent of temperature? CBSE (AIC)-2001
Ans : The induced dipole moment in a diamagnetic material is always opposite to the magnetizing field.
It does not depend on the internal motion of atoms.
51. State Gauss’s law in magnetism. How is it different from Gauss’s law in electrostatics and why?
CBSE (AI)-2016
Ans : Gauss’s law in magnetism : The net magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero.
i.e. B= . =0
Gauss’s law in electrostatics : The net electric flux through any closed surface is times the net charge
enclosed
i.e. E= . =
It indicates that mono pole does not exists/magnetic poles always exists as unlike pairs of equal
strengths.
52. Draw the magnetic field lines distinguishing between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials.
Give a simple explanation to account for the difference in the magnetic behavior of these
materials.
Ans :

(i) Diamagnetic (ii) Paramagnetic
Explanation : When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atoms acquire net
magnetic moment opposite to field, and material acquires a slight magnetism in the opposite direction of
field. Hence, magnetic field lines are repelled or expelled.
When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atomic magnets align themselves
along the field direction and material acquires a slight magnetism in the direction of field. Hence,
magnetic field lines are attracted.
53. In what way is the behavior of a diamagnetic material different from that of a paramagnetic, when
kept in an external magnetic field. CBSE (AI)-2016
Ans : Behaviour of a diamagnetic and paramagnetic material in an external magnetic field.
S. No. Diamagnetic Paramagnetic
A diamagnetic specimen is A paramagnetic specimen is
1.
repelled by a magnet attracted by a magnet
A diamagnetic specimen would A paramagnetic specimen would
2. move towards the weaker region move towards the stronger region
of the magnetic field of the magnetic field
A diamagnetic rod aligned A paramagnetic rod aligned along
3.
perpendicular to the magnetic field the magnetic field
54. The Earth’s magnetic field at the Equator is approximately 0.4 G. Estimate the Earth’s magnetic
dipole moment. (Given : Radius of the Earth = 6400 km) CBSE (AI)-2015
Ans : B = = X
M= = 1.1 X 1023 Am2

55. An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section area A observes that a steady
current I in it flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the magnetic field lines due to the solenoid
specifying its
polarity and show that it
acts as a bar magnet of
magnetic moment M = NIA.
Ans :
The solenoid contains N loops, each carrying a current I. Therefore, each loop acts as a magnetic dipole
having dipole moment m = IA. The magnetic moments of all loops are aligned along the same direction.
Hence, net magnetic moment equals M = NIA

CHAPTER – EM WAVES
1. What is meant by displacement current? CBSE(AIC)-2010

Ans : Displacement current : A current which comes in to existence due to time varying electric
field, is known as displacement.
ID =
2. In which situation there is a displacement current but no conduction current?
CBSE(AI)-2016
Ans : Between the plates of capacitor during charging/discharging or in the regions of time varying
electric field.
3. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25A. What is the displacement current across its
plates? CBSE(F)-2016
Ans : Same as the convection current, i.e. ID = 0.25A
4. Why is the quantity is called displacement current? CBSE(AIC)-2001
Ans : Because the quantity has the dimensions of current and this current exists in a region
between the two plates of a capacitor when displacement of charges occurs there i.e. during charging
or discharging of capacitor.
5. How does Ampere-Maxwell law explain the flow of current through a capacitor when it is
being charged by a battery? Write the expression for displacement current in terms of the rate
of change of electric flux. CBSE(D)-2017
Ans : During charging, electric flux between the plates of capacitor keeps on changing, this results in
the production of a displacement current between the plates
ID =
6. Why does a galvanometer show a momentary deflection, at the time of charged or discharging
a capacitor? Write the necessary expression to explain this observation. CBSE(AI)-2017,2016
Ans : During charging or discharging of the capacitor, displacement current between the plates is set
up. Hence circuit becomes complete and galvanometer shows momentary deflection
ID =
7. A capacitor has been charged by a d.c. source. What are the magnitudes of conduction and
displacement currents, when it is fully charged? CBSE(D)-2013
Ans : When fully charged then both I = ID = 0 and during charging I = ID =
8. What does the displacement current ID = signify? CBSE(D)-2012
Ans : It signifies that the changing electric field can give rise to a magnetic field.
9. When an ideal capacitor is charged by a d.c. battery, no current flows. However, when an a.c.
source is used, the current flows continuously. How does one explain this, based on the concept
of displacement current? CBSE(AI)-2017,(D)-2012
Ans : In case of d.c. there is no change in electric flux and hence there is no displacement current.
Circuit remains incomplete and capacitor does not conduct and no current flows.
In case of a.c. source changing voltage causes change in electric flux and so displacement current
ID = is set up between the plates of capacitor. It completes the circuit and current flows
continuously.
10. A capacitor made of two parallel plates each of plate area A and separation d, is being charged
by an external a.c. source. Show that the displacement current inside the capacitor is same as
the current charging the capacitor. CBSE(AI)-2013
Ans : Let applied alternating voltage
V = V0 sin ωt
At any instant, the conduction current
I = = (CV) = (CV0 sin ) = CV0 (sin ) = = I0 cos
Displacement current,
ID = = (E A) = A = = I = I0 cos t
11. Write the expression for the generalized Ampere’s circuital law. Through a suitable example,
explain the significance of time dependent tem. CBSE(AI)-2015
Ans : Generalized Ampere’s circuital law : . = (I + )
Significance : Time dependent term i.e. is the displacement current and it signifies that the
changing electric field can give rise to a magnetic field.
12. What are electromagnetic waves? Are these waves transverse of longitudinal?
CBSE (AIC)-2011,(AI)-2001
Ans : The waves produced by accelerated charged particles, in which there are sinusoidal variations of
electric and magnetic field vectors at right angles to each other as well as at right angles to the direction
of propagation of wave, are called electromagnetic waves.
EM waves are transverse in nature.
13. (i) How are electromagnetic waves produced? Explain.
(ii) What is the source of energy of these waves? CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016,2015
Ans : (i) Production of em waves : em waves are produced by accelerated/oscillating charges
A charge oscillating with some frequency, produces an oscillating electric field in space, which
produces an oscillating magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field, which in turn is a
source of electric field, this process goes on repeating, producing em waves in space
perpendicular to both fields.
(ii) Source of energy of em waves is the energy of accelerated/ oscillating charge
14. What oscillates in electromagnetic waves? CBSE (D)-2010
Ans : Electric and magnetic vectors in an em wave
15. What is the phase relationship between oscillating electric and magnetic fields in an em wave?
CBSE (AIC)-2010
Ans : They are in the same phase.
16. What is the frequency of em waves produced by oscillating charge of frequency?
CBSE (AI)-2015,2010
Ans : Frequency of em wave = frequency of oscillating charge = ν
17. When can a charge acts as a source of em wave? CBSE (D)-2013,(AI)-2012,(AIC)-2004
Ans : When charge is either accelerated or oscillating.
18. Write the relation for the speed of electromagnetic waves in terms of the aplitudes of electric and
magnetic field vectors. CBSE (AI)-2017
Ans : Speed of em waves is given by the ratio of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic field vectors.
C=
19. Write the expression for speed of electromagnetic waves in a medium of electrical permittivity ɛ
and magnetic permeability μ. CBSE (F)-2017
Ans : C= =
20. What is meant by the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015
Ans : Transverse nature means & are perpendicular to each other as well as perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the wave.
21. How are the directions of the electric and magnetic field vectors in an em wave are related to each
other and to the direction of propagation of the em waves? CBSE (F)-2012
Ans : & are perpendicular to each other as well as perpendicular to the direction of propagation of
the wave.
22. In which directions of the electric and magnetic field cectors oscillate in an electromagnetic wave
propagating along the x-axis. CBSE (AI)-2017
Ans : along x-axis and along y-axis
(Alternatively along z-axis and along y-axis)
23. Write mathematical expression for electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave
propagating along z-axis.
Ans : = E0 sing (KZ - ) & = B0 sin (KZ - )
24. Draw a sketch of linearly polarized em waves propagating in the Z-direction. Indicate the
directions of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2010,(F)-2014,(D)-2009
Ans :
25. Write the expression for the energy density of an

electromagnetic wave propagating in free space.
CBSE (AI)-2016
Ans :
26. State any four properties of electromagnetic waves. CBSE (AI)-2016, 2015
Ans : (i) do not require any material medium for their propagation.
(ii) transversde in nature
(iii) do not get deflected by electric or magnetic fields
(iv) same speed in vacuum for all waves
27. Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum? CBSE (AI)-2017
Ans : Yes
28. How can we show that em waves carry momentum? CBSE (AI)-2016, 2015
1. Ans : Electric charges present on a plane, normal to the direction of propagation of an em wave can
be set and sustained in motion by the electric and magnetic fields of the electromagnetic wave. The
charges thus acquire energy and momentum from the waves.
If the total energy transferred to a surface in time t is U, then the magnitude of the total momentum
delivered to this surface (for complete absorption ) is, p = U/c
29. Why is the amount of the momentum transferred by the EM waves incident on the surface so
small? CBSE (D)-2014, (AI)-2009
Ans : Momentum transferred by the em waves = energy/speed of light = hν/c = 10-22, which is very
small.
30. An em wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify. CBSE (F)-2012
Ans : em waves carry momentum (p = U/c) energy (hν) hence they exert a radiation pressure
31. Figure shows a capacitor made of two circular plates. The capacitor is being charged by an
external source. The charging current is constant and equal to 0.15 A.
(a) What is the displacement current across the plates.
(b) Is Kirchhoff’s first rule (junction rule) valid at each plate of the capacitor? Explain.
NCERT-2017
Ans : (a) displacement current = charging current = 0.15 A
(b) As (I + ID) is continuous so Kirchhoff’s first rule (junction rule) valid at each
plate of the capacitor

32. Which physical quantity, if any, has the same value for the waves belonging to the different parts
of the electromagnetic spectrum? CBSE (AI)-2012, (AIC)-2004
Ans : Velocity
33. Name the physical quantity which remains same for microwaves of wavelength 1mm and UV
radiations of 1600 Ao in vacuum. CBSE (D)-2012
Ans : Velocity C = 3 108 m/s
34. What is the ratio of the speed of infrared and ultraviolet rays in vacuum? CBSE (D)-2001
Ans : 1:1
35. Give the ratio of velocities of wavelengths 4000 Ao and 8000 Ao in vacuum? CBSE (AI)-2001
Ans : 1:1
36. Welders wear special goggles or face masks with glass windows to protect their eyes from
electromagnetic radiations. Name the radiations & write the range of their frequency.
CBSE (D)-2014, (AI)-2013, (F)-2010
Ans : Ultraviolet radiations, from 1014 Hz to 1016 Hz
37. Why are microwaves found useful for the radar systems in aircraft navigation?
OR
State the reason why microwaves are best suited for long distance transmission of signals?
CBSE (F)-2008
Ans : Due to short wavelength, microwaves have high penetrating power with respect to atmosphere and
are not diffracted by the obstacle in the path of their propagation.
38. Why is the thin ozone layer on the top of stratosphere is crucial for human survival ? Identify to
which part of electromagnetic spectrum does this radiation belong and write one important
application of the radiation. CBSE (AI)-2016, 2009, (AIC)-2015, (D)-2014
2. Ans : Because ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun and thus prevent these
radiations from reaching the earth which causes Cancer
Identification : Ultraviolet radiations
Application : Water purification/ forensics
39. How are infrared rays produced? Why are these referred to as “heat waves”? Write their three
important uses. Name the radiations which are next to these radiations in the electromagnetic
spectrum having (a) shorter wavelength (b) longer wavelength.
CBSE (AI)-2016, (D)-2014, 2011, (F)-2013, 2010
Ans : Production : Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies due to the vibrations of their
atoms/molecules. Infrared rays are called heat waves because they produce heat when they fall on any
object.
Uses : (i) in photography during fog (ii) treating muscular strain (iii) in remote controls of electronic
devices
Radiations : (a) Visible light (b) Microwaves
40. If the earth did not have atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or lower
than what it is now? Explain. CBSE (AI)-2015
Ans : Lower because of absence of green house gases
41. State clearly how a microwave oven works to heat up a food item containing water molecules?
CBSE (D)-2014, (AI)-2019
Ans : In a microwave oven, frequency of microwaves matches the resonant frequency of water
molecules for heating (about 3 GHz), so that the energy from the waves is transferred efficiently to the
kinetic energy of the molecules. This raises the temperature of any food containing water.
42. Which segment of electromagnetic waves has highest frequency? How are these waves produced?
Give one use of these waves. CBSE (F)-2016
Ans : ,
Production : These are produced by Radioactive decay of the nucleus,
Use : used in medicine to destroy cancer cells
43. Which em waves lie near the high frequency end of visible part of em spectrum? Give its one use.
In what way this component of light has harmful effects on humans? CBSE (F)-2016
Ans : Ultraviolet rays, used in LASIK eye surgery, UV lamps to kill germs in water (water purification)
UV rays causes Skin Cancer/Sunburn/harms eyes when exposed to direct UV rays.
44. Which of the following electromagnetic radiations has least frequency :
UV radiations, X-rays, Microwaves CBSE (AI)-2015
Ans. Microwaves
45. Which of the following has the shortest wavelength : Microwaves, Ultraviolet rays, X-rays?
CBSE (AI)-2010
Ans : X-rays
46. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in order of increasing frequency : rays, microwaves,
infrared rays and Ultraviolet rays CBSE (F)-2014, (D)-2009
Ans. Microwaves, infrared rays, Ultraviolet rays, rays
47. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in order of decreasing frequency : x-rays, rays,
microwaves, UV rays and infrared rays CBSE (F)-2014, (D)-2002
Ans : rays, x-rays, UV rays, infrared rays and Microwaves
48. Arrange the following em waves in order of their increasing wavelength : rays, Microwaves, X-
rays, U.V. rays and Radio waves CBSE (AI)-2015, (DC)-2001
Ans : rays < X-rays ,UV rays < Microwaves < Radio waves
49. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in decreasing order of wavelength : rays, infrared
rays, x -rays and microwaves CBSE (F)-2014
Ans : Microwaves, infrared rays, x-rays and
50. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which :
(i) are used in satellite communication/in radar and geostationary satellite CBSE (AI)-2014, 2005
(ii) are used for studying crystal structure of solids CBSE (D)-2010, 2004
(iii) are similar to the radiations emitted during decay of radioactive nuclei
CBSE (AI)-2005, (AIC)-2005
(iv) used for water purification/ are absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer
CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2005
Ans. (i) microwaves (ii) x- rays (iii) - rays (iv) UV rays
51. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which-
CBSE (AI)-2016,2005
(i) has its wavelength range between 390 nm to 770 nm CBSE (AI)-2005, (AIC)-2005
(ii) produce intense heating effect/ used in warfare to look through fog CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2005
(iii) are used for radar systems used in aircraft navigation CBSE (D)-2015,(F)-2012,(AI)-2007
Ans. (i) visible light (ii) Infrared rays (iii) microwaves
52. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which-
(i) are adjacent to the low frequency end of electromagnetic spectrum CBSE (F)-2010
(ii) produced by nuclear reactions/used to destroy cancer cells/treatment of cancer CBSE (F)-2010
(iii) produced by bombarding a metal target by high speed electrons. CBSE (AI)-2016, (F)-2009
(iv) maintains the earth’s warmth/ used in remote sensing CBSE (F) -2012 ,(AI) -2007
Ans. (i) microwaves (ii) - rays (iii) x- rays (iv) Infrared rays
53. Which constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum is used –
(i) in Radar CBSE (F)-2004
(ii) in photographs of internal parts of human body/as a diagnostic tool in medicine
CBSE (D) -2015
(iii) for taking photographs of sky, during night and fog conditions CBSE (D)-2004
(iv) has the largest penetrating power CBSE (D)-2010, 2004
Give reason for your answer in each case.
Ans : (i) microwaves because they go straight and are not absorbed by the atmosphere
(ii) x- rays because they can penetrate light elements (flesh)
(iii) Infrared rays, because they penetrate fog and are not absorbed by the atmosphere
(iv) as they have the highest frequency and hence highest energy
54. Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths- CBSE (Sample Paper)-2009
(i) are used to treat muscular strain CBSE (D) -2015
(ii) are used by a F.M. radio station for broadcasting
(iii) are used to detect fractures in bones CBSE (D) -2015
(iv) are absorbed by ozone layer of the atmosphere CBSE (D) -2010, 2004
Identify the name and part of electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiations belong. Arrange
these wavelengths in order of magnitude.
Ans : (i) Infrared rays (ii) radio waves (iii) x - rays (iv) UV rays,
55. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength vary as and also write one use for each.
(i) 10-12 m < λ < 10-8 m (ii) 10-3 m < λ < 10-1 m CBSE (AI)-2017
Ans : (i) X-rays/ -rays used for medical purposes/ nuclear reactions
(ii) Microwaves used for radar systems
56. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength vary as and also write one use for each.
(i) 10-11 m < λ < 10-14 m (ii) 10-4 m < λ < 10-6 m CBSE (AI)-2017
Ans : (i) X-rays/ -rays used for medical purposes/ nuclear reactions
(ii) Infrared / visible used for muscular treatment/vision
57. Show that in the process of charging a capacitor, the current produced within the plates of the
capacitor is CBSE (D)-2016
where is the electric flux produced during charging of the

capacitor plates.
Ans : Electric field between the plates of capacitor , E =
electric flux, =EA= A=
= =
=
58. Show that in the process of charging a capacitor, displacement current is always equal to
conduction current. CBSE (AIC)-2010
Ans : Displacement current between the plates of capacitor, during charging
= (E A) = A = =I
59. Why does a galvanometer when connected in series with a capacitor show a momentary deflection,
when it is being charged or discharged? How does this information lead to modify the Ampere’s
circuital law? Hence write the generalized expression of Ampere’s circuital law.
CBSE (F)-2015, (AI)-2014, 2011
Ans : During charging or discharging of the capacitor, displacement current between the plates is set up .
Hence circuit becomes complete and galvanometer shows momentary deflection.
By Ampere’s circuital law :
Applying it to surface P,
Applying it to surface S,
This is in contradiction to Ampere’s circuital law. Hence it needs modification.

In fact, during charging/ discharging of capacitor electric flux between the plates changes which
produces current known as displacement current. Hence, there is a need to include displacement
current. Therefore, modified Ampere’s circuital law is
Now for surface P,
For surface S,
60. Write the generalized expression for Ampere’s circuital law in terms of the conduction current
and displacement current. Mention the situation when there is : CBSE (F)-2013
(i) only conduction current and no displacement current
(ii) only displacement current and no conduction current
Ans : Generalized Ampere’s circuital law :
(i) In case of a steady current in conducting wire, electric field does not change with time, conduction
current exists but displacement current is zero.
(ii) During charging of a capacitor displacement current flows in the space between the plates of
capacitor but conduction current is zero.

61. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in free space along the x-direction. At a
particular point in space and time, = 6.3 V/m. What is at this point ? NCERT-2017
Ans : =C
B= = = 2.1 × Tesla
62. In an electromagnetic wave the oscillating electric field having a frequency of 3 × HZ and an
amplitude of 30 V/m propagates in the positive x-direction. CBSE (F)-2008
(i) what is the wavelength of electromagnetic wave ?
(ii) write down the expression to represent the corresponding magnetic field.
Ans : (i) (ii) T
ω=2 f=2 = 6 × 1010 rad/s & K= = = 2 × 10-2 m-1
B = B0 sin(ωt - Kx) = 10-7 sin(6 × 1010 t - 2 102 x)
63. In an electromagnetic wave propagating along x- direction, the magnetic field oscillates at a
frequency of 3 × 1010 Hz and has an amplitude of 10-7 Tesla acting along the y-direction.
(i) what is the wavelength of electromagnetic wave ? CBSE (F)-2008
(ii) write the expression representing the corresponding oscillating electric field.
Ans : (i) (ii) E0 = B0 c = 10-7 × 3 × 108 = 30 V/m

ω=2 f=2 = 6 × 1010 rad/s & K= = = 2 × 10-2 m-1
E = E0 sin(ωt - Kx) = 30 sin(6 × 1010 t - 2 102 x) V/m

64. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by
By = 8 X 10-6 sin (2 x 1011 t + 300 ) T CBSE (D)-2008
(i) calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic wave?
(ii) write down the expression for the oscillating electric field.
Ans : By = 8 X 10-6 sin (2 x 1011 t + 300 ) T Comparing with By = B0 sin(ωt - Kx)
B0 = 8 X 10-6 T, ω = 2 x 1011 rad/s and K = 300
(i) K = = 300 = m= cm = cm
(ii) =C E0 = B0 c = 8 x 10-6 x 3 x 108 = 2400 V/m
Ez = E0 sin(ωt - Kx) = 2400 sin(2 x 1011 t + 300 ) V/m
65. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by

Ey = 30 sin(2 x 1011 t + 300 ) V/m CBSE (D)-2008
(i) obtain the value of the wavelength of electromagnetic wave?
(ii) write down the expression for the oscillating magnetic field.
Ans : Ey = 30 sin(2 x 1011 t + 300 ) V/m Comparing with Ey = E0 sin(ωt + Kx)
E0 = 30 V/m, ω = 2 x 1011 rad/s and K = 300
(i) K = = 300 = m= cm = cm
(ii) =C B0 = = = 10-7 T
Bz = B0 sin(ωt + Kx) = 10-7 sin(2 x 1011 t + 300 ) T
66. In a plane em wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a frequency of 2.0 X 1010 HZ and
amplitude 48 V/m. NCERT- 2017,CBSE (AI)-2001,(AIC)-2002
(i) what is the wavelength of the wave ?
(ii) what is the amplitude of oscillating magnetic field ?
(iii) show that the average energy density of the field equals the average energy density of the
field.
Ans : (i) (ii) =C B0 = = = 1.6 × 10-7 T
(iii) =

CHAPTER – WAVE OPTICS
1. Define a wavefront. How is it different from a ray ? CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,2015,2010,(D)-2013,2011

Ans : Wavefront : Continuous locus of all the particles of a medium vibrating in the same phase is
called wavefront
Difference from a ray :
(i) A ray is always normal to the wavefront at each point.
(ii) A ray gives the direction of propagation of light wave while the wavefront is the surface of constant
phase.
2. State Huygen’s principle. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2010,2006,(D)-2013,2011,2008
Ans : Huygen’s Principle :
(i) Each point on the wave front acts as a fresh source of new
disturbance, called secondary wavelets, which spread out in all
directions with the same velocity as that
of the original wave.
(ii) The forward envelope of these secondary
wavelets drawn at any instant, gives the shape and position of new
wave front at that instant
3. (i) Sketch the wavefront that will emerge from a distance source of light like a star.
CBSE (F) -2010,(D)-2009,(AI)-2001,(AIC)-2004,2003
(ii) Sketch the shape of wavefront emerging/diverging from a point source of light and also mark
the rays. CBSE (F) -2009,2002,(D)-2009,2005, (AI)-2003,2001
(iii) Sketch the wavefront that will emerge from a linear source of light like a slit.
CBSE (D)-2009,(F)-2002,(AI)-2001
Ans : (i) Plane wavefront (ii) Spherical wavefront (iii) Cylindrical Wavefront

4. Sketch the reflected wavefront emerging from a (i) concave mirror (ii) convex mirror, if plane
wavefront is incident normally on it. CBSE (AI)-2015,2006, (Sample Paper)-2011
Ans : (i) reflected wavefront from a concave mirror
(ii) reflected wavefront from a convex mirror
5. Sketch the refracted wavefront emerging from a convex/concave lens/prism, if plane wavefront is
incident normally on it.
Ans : (a) refracted wavefront from a convex/concave lens (b) refracted wavefront from a prism
6. What is interference of light ? Give one example of interference in daily life.

Ans : Interference of light : It the phenomenon of non-uniform distribution of resultant intensity when
two light waves from two coherent sources superimpose on each other
Example in daily life : colours in bubbles of soap solution/ in thin oil films in white light
7. What are coherent sources of light? Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained
interference pattern?
Ans : Coherent sources : Two sources producing light waves of same frequency and zero or constant
initial phase difference are called coherent sources of light
Necessity : Coherent sources produce waves with constant phase difference, due to which positions of
and minima does not change with time and a sustained interference pattern is obtained
8. What are the essential conditions for two light sources to be coherent?
Ans : (i) Two sources must produce waves of same frequency/ wavelength, and
(ii) phase difference between the waves must be zero or constant
9. What happens to the interference pattern if phase difference between two light sources varies
continuously?
Ans : Positions of bright and dark fringes would change rapidly hence the interference pattern shall not
be sustained.
10. Why cannot two independent monochromatic sources produce sustained interference pattern?
Ans : Two independent sources do not maintain constant phase difference, therefore the interference
pattern will also change with time.
11. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are illuminated by two different lamps having
same wavelength of light. Explain with reason, whether interference pattern will be observed on
the screen or not? CBSE (AIC)-2017
Ans : Interference pattern will not be observed as two independent lamps are not coherent sources.
12. Does the appearance of bright and dark fringes in the interference pattern violate, in any way, law
of conservation of energy? Explain.
Ans : No , Appearance of the bright and dark fringes is simply due to a redistribution of energy.

13. Why does a soap bubble show beautiful colours when illuminated by white light? Explain.
Ans : Due to Interference of light :
Reason : Light waves reflected from outer and inner surfaces of soap bubble interfere. For different
wavelengths, conditions for constructive interference are satisfied at different positions. This is why
beautiful colours are seen.
14. In Young’s double slit experiment, plot a graph showing the variation of fringe width versus the
distance of the screen from the plane of the slits keeping other parameters same. What
information can one obtain from the slope of the curve?
Ans :
Slope = = λ = (Slope) × d
15. How would the angular separation of interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment
change when the distance between the slits and screen is doubled/halved?
Ans : Angular separation (θ=λ/d) remains unchanged as it does not depend on D.
16. In the Young’s double slit experiment, how does the fringe width get affected if the entire
experimental apparatus is immersed in water?
Ans : Fringe width will decrease, Reason : & = =
17. In the Young’s double slit experiment, how does the fringe width get affected if the entire experimental
apparatus is immersed in water (refractive index )?
Ans : = = = , so fringe width decrease to ¾ times
18. Two identical coherent waves each of intensity I0 are producing interference pattern. What are the
values of resultant Intensity at a point of (i) constructive interference (ii) destructive interference
pattern?
Ans : (i) Imax = = = = 4I0
(ii) Imin = = =0
19. What is diffraction of light ? State the essential condition for diffraction of light?
Ans : Diffraction : The phenomenon of bending of light round the corners of small obstacles or
apertures is called diffraction of light.
Essential condition : Size of slit/aperture must be of the order of wavelength of light
i.e. a λ
20. Why do secondary maxima get weaker in intensity with increasing the order? Explain.
OR
Explain how the intensity of diffraction pattern changes as the order (n) of the diffraction band
varies.
Ans : Intensity of diffraction pattern drops rapidly with order because every higher order maxima gets
intensity only from part of the slit. The central maxima gets intensity from the whole slit (n=0)
st
1 secondary maxima gets its intensity only from 1/3 of slit
2nd secondary maxima gets its intensity only from 1/5 of slit and so on.
21. Why do we not encounter diffraction effects of light in everyday observations ?
OR
Diffraction is common in sound but not common in light waves why?
Ans : This is because objects around us are much bigger in size as compared to the wavelength of visible
light ( 10-6)
22. How would the width of central maximum in diffraction pattern due to a single slit be affected,
when the width of the slit is doubled?
Ans : = 2Dλ/a Width of central maximum will be halved
23. How is the width of central maxima in diffraction pattern due to a single slit affected if the entire
apparatus is immersed in water. Justify your answer.
Ans : = 2Dλ’/a = =
24. If the width of the slit is made double to original width in diffraction at a single slit, how does it
affect the size and intensity of the central band?
Ans : = 2Dλ/a & I a2
25. How would the diffraction pattern due to a single slit be affected when the width of the slit is
decreased?
Ans : θn = nλ/a
On decreasing a, θn will increase hence, diffraction pattern is spread out.
26. How would the width of central maximum in diffraction pattern due to a single slit be affected, If
the wavelength of the light used is increased?
Ans : = 2Dλ/a Width of central maximum will be increased
27. How does the angular separation between fringes in single slit diffraction experiment change when
the distance of separation between the slit and screen is doubled?
Ans : θn = nλ/a, remains unchanged as it does not depend on D.
28. How would the diffraction pattern due to a single slit be affected when the monochromatic source
of light is replaced by white light?
Ans : (i) The diffraction pattern is coloured. As λ so red fringe is wider than violet fringe
(ii) the central maxima is bright
(iii) more dispersion is obtained for higher order spectra, it causes an overlapping of different colours
29. Show that the fringe pattern on the screen in Young’s double slit experiment is actually a
superposition of single slit diffraction from each slit.
Ans : It is shown in figure, there is a broader diffraction peak in which
there appear several fringes of smaller width due to double slit
Interference pattern. In the limit of slit width ‘a’ becoming very small,
the diffraction pattern become very flat and will observe the two slit
interference pattern.
30. What is polarization of light?
Ans : Polarization of light : The phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of electric vectors in a plane
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light, is known as polarization of light.
31. Define the term ‘linearly polarised light’ and ‘unpolarised light’.
Ans : Linearly Polarised light : The light having vibrations of electric field vector in only one
direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is called plane or linearly polarised light.
Unpolarised light : The light having vibrations of electric field vector in all possible directions
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is called unpolarised light or ordinary light.
32. Which special characteristic of light is demonstrated only by the phenomenon of polarization?
Ans : Transverse nature of light
33. Which type of waves show the property of polarization?
Ans : Transverse waves
34. Name the phenomenon which proves transverse wave nature of
Ans : Polarization
35. Good quality sun-glasses made of polaroids are preferred over ordinary coloured glasses. Why?
Justify your answer.
Ans : Because they are more effective in reducing the glare due to reflections from horizontal
surfaces/provide better protection to our eyes/more effective I cutting off harmful UV rays of sun.
36. (i) State law of Malus.
(ii) Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity (I) of polarized light transmitted by an
analyser with angle (θ) between polarizer and analyser.
Ans : Law of Malus : When a beam of completely plane polarised light is incident on an analyser,
intensity of transmitted light varies as the square of cosine of angle between plane of transmission of
analyser and polarizer
i.e. I cos2θ
or I = I0 cos2θ

37. Why does unpolarised light from a source show a variation in intensity when viewed through a
Polaroid which is rotated?
Ans : By the law of Malus, I = I0 cos2 θ
Hence the transmitted intensity will show a variation as per cos2θ
38. Does the intensity of polarized light emitted by a Polaroid depend on its orientation? Explain
briefly.
Ans : Yes, by Malus’ law transmitted intensity I = I0 cos2 θ
39. The vibrations in a beam of polarised light make an angle of 60o with the axis of the Polaroid
sheet. What percentage of light is transmitted through the sheet?
Ans : I = I0 cos2 θ = cos2 60 = I0 (1/2)2 =
× 100 = 25%
40. Unpolarised light of intensity I is passed through a Polaroid. What is intensity of light transmitted
by the Polaroid?
Ans : , as it will get polarized
41. Unpolarized light is incident on a polaroid. How would the intensity of transmitted light change
when the Polaroid is rotated?
Ans : It will not changed and remain I0/2.
42. State Brewster’s law.
Ans : Brewster’s law : The refractive index of a refracting medium is numerically equal to the tangent
of angle of polarization, i.e. = tan
43. What is Brewster’s angle/Polarising angle?
Ans : Brewster’s Angle ( ) : The angle of incidence of unpolarised light falling on a transparent
surface, at which the reflected light is completely plane polarized light, is called Brewster’s angle or
polarizing angle .
44. The value of Brewster angle for a transparent medium is different for light of different colours.
Give reason.
Ans : We have μ = tan = tan-1 μ
Since μ is different for different colours, hence Brewster’s angle ( ) is different for different colours.
45. Show that the Brewster angle for a given pair of transparent media, is related to the critical
angle ic through the relation, ic = sin-1 (cot )
Ans : μ = tan = Also μ =
sin = cot = sin-1 (cot )

46. When unpolarised light passes from air to a transparent medium, under what condition does the
reflected light get plane polarized?
Ans : When unpolarized light is incident at Brewster’s angle
47. What is the value of refractive index of a medium of polarizing angle 60o?
Ans : μ = tan = tan 60 =
48. What is the value of polarizing angle of a medium of refractive index ?
-1 o
Ans : μ = tan = tan = tan = 60
49. Unpolarised light is incident on a plane glass surface. What should be the angle of incidence so
that the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?
OR
Find the Brewster angle for air – glass interface, when the refractive index of glass = 1.5.
Ans : μ = tan = tan-1 μ = tan-1 1.5 = 56.3o
50. A ray of light falls on a transparent slab of μ = 1.732, if reflected and refracted rays are mutually
perpendicular, what is the angle of incidence?
Ans : μ = tan = tan-1 μ = tan-1 1.732 = 60o
51. The refractive index of a material is . What is the angle of refraction if the unpolarised light is
incident on it at the polarizing angle of incidence?
Ans : μ = tan = tan-1 = 60o but r + = 90o

r = 90o - = 90o - 60o = 30o
52. A partially plane polarised beam of light passed through a Polaroid. Show graphically the
variation of the transmitted light intensity with angle of rotation of Polaroid.
Ans :
53. If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and analyser is, write the ratio of intensities of
original light and the transmitted light after passing through the analyzer.
Ans : Ioriginal = I0 & Ipolariser = I1 = I0 = I0/2
Itransmitted = I1 cos2 45 = = I0 /4 = = 4:1
54. Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a plane wavefront
reflecting at a plane surface. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Ans : Explanation of reflection on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory
Let a plane wavefront AB is incident on a reflecting surface XY as shown. By the Huygens’s
principle, in the time disturbance reaches from B to C, secondary wavelets from A must have spread
over a hemisphere of radius AD = BC = ct. Hence tangent CD be the reflected wavefront
In ∆ ABC & ∆ ADC,
AC = common
∠ B = ∠ D= 900
AD = BC = c t
∆ ABC ∆ ADC
∠i=∠r
55. Use Huygens’ principle to verify the laws of refraction.
OR
Derive Snell’s law on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory when light is travelling from a rarer to a
denser medium/ denser to rarer medium.
Ans : Explanation of refraction on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory
Let a plane wavefront AB is incident on a refracting surface XY as shown. By the Huygens’s principle,in the
time disturbance reaches from B to C, secondary wavelets from A must have spread over a
hemisphere of radius AD = t. Hence tangent CD be the refracted wavefront.
Obviously, = = = = = constant
This is Snell’s law of refraction.
56. Two harmonic waves of monochromatic light
and
and superimposed on each other. Show that the maximum intensity in interference pattern is four
times the intensity due to each slit. Hence write the condition for constructive and destructive
interference in terms of the phase angle .
Ans : and
Y = Y1 + Y2 = + a = 2a cos ( ) cos

A = 2a cos ( ) Result intensity,

I = 4 a cos ( ) = 4 I0 cos2( )
2 2
where I0 = a2 is the intensity of each monochromatic wave
Obviously, Imax = 4 I0 = 4 × intensity due to one slit
For constructive interference, cos2 =0
= (2n-1) or = (2n-1) where n = 1,2,3, ------ and Imin = 0
57. Derive an expression for path difference in Young’s double slit experiment and obtain the
conditions for Constructive and destructive interference at a point on the screen. Hence find the
expression for fringe width. Also draw a graph having the variation of intensity in the interference
pattern.
Ans : Let ‘S ‘ be a monochromatic source of light of wavelength λ
The path difference
∆x = S2P – S1P
Now, S2P2 – S1P2 = D2 + (y + )2 – D2 + –
(S2P – S1P)( S2P + S1P) = D2 – y2 + 2y = 2yd
∆x =
If point P is very close to point O then
S2P S1P D
∆x = = =
For constructive, interference at P
∆x = nλ where n = 0,1,2,3, ------
= nλ
for nth bright fringe, yn =
For destructive, interference at P
∆x = (2n-1)λ/2 where n = 0,1,2,3, ------
= (2n-1)λ/2
for nth bright fringe, yn =
Fringe width
Width of a dark fringe
= yn - yn-1 = – = - + = =
Width of a bright fringe
= yn - yn-1 = – – = –
= - + = =
58. What is sustained interference pattern? Write the necessary conditions to obtain sustained
interference fringes.
Ans : Sustained interference pattern:
An interference pattern, in which the positions of maximum and minima on the screen
does not change with time, is called sustained interference.
Conditions : (i) Two sources must be coherent
(ii) Waves emitted by two sources should have same frequency and equal or nearly equal amplitude
(iii) Two sources should be quite narrow and the separation between them (d) should be small
(iv) Distance of screen (D) from the sources should be large
59. What is the effect on interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment when the
monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light? Explain.

Ans : The interference pattern consists of a central white fringe having on both sides a few coloured
fringes and then a general illumination.
Reason : Due to zero path difference, all the waves of different colour produce bright fringes at the
centre which overlap and we get central white fringe.
As, Dλ/d, so closest fringe on either side of the central white fringe is violet and the farthest fringe
is red. After a few fringes, the interference pattern is lost due to large overlapping of the fringes and
uniform white illumination is seen on the screen.
60. When a parallel beam of monochromatic source of light of wavelength is incident on a single slit of
width , show how the diffraction pattern is formed at the screen by the interference of the
wavelets from the slit.
(i) Show that, besides the central maximum at θ = 0, secondary maxima are observed at
θn =
(ii) Show that angular width of central maximum is twice the angular width of secondary
maximum and hence find the relation for linear width of central maximum.
Ans : When a parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on a single slit, By the Huygen’s
principle, secondary wavelets from each point on the slit superpose on each other and diffraction pattern
is obtained on the screen.
Central maximum : Wavelets from any two corresponding points of the two halves of the slit reach the
central point in the same phase to produce maxima (θ = 0). The entire incident wavefront contributes to this
central maxima.
Positions of minima :
Path difference, ∆x = BN =AB sinθ = a sin θ
Wavelets from upper half of the slit and the corresponding points in the lower half is received with path
difference at P.
Thus destructive interference takes place and we get first minimum.
i,e, for first secondary minimum
a = sin θ1 = =λ
for nth secondary minimum,

a sin θn = nλ where n = 1,2,3, ------
If θ is very small then for nth secondary minima
θn = nλ/
Positions of secondary maxima :
Dividing the slit in to three equal parts, wavelets from two parts will meet with phase difference
each and produce destructive interference and the wavelets from third part will produce first secondary
maximum
i,e, for first secondary maximum
a = sin θ1 =
th
for n secondary maximum
a = sin θn = λ where 1,2,3, -------
th
If θ is very small hen for n secondary maxima
θn = λ/
Width of central maxima :
for the first minima, θ1 = λ/
& for the second minima, θ2 = 2λ/
linear width of first minimum, = D θ1 = Dλ/
Angular width of central maxima θ0 = θ1 – θ-1 = = = 2θ1
Angular width of secondary maxima = θ2 – θ1 = - = = X Angular width of central maxima
linear width of central maxima = D(2θ1) = 2D λ/
= 2D λ/
61. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference.
Ans : Interference Diffraction
62. State two differences between interference and diffraction patterns.

Ans :
S.No. Interference Diffraction
Diffraction
1. It is due to superposition of two It is due to superposition of secondary wavelets
wavesfrom two coherent sources from different parts of the same wavefront
2. Width of fringes/ bands is equal Width of fringes/bands is not equal
Maxima have different intensity and intensity
3. All maxima have same intensity
decreases rapidly with the order of maxima
63. Explain with reason, how the resolving power of an astronomical telescope will change when -
(i) frequency of the incident light on the objective lens is increased
(ii) the focal length of the objective lens is increased?
(iii) aperture of the objective lens is halved
(iv) the wavelength of the incident light is increased? Justify your answer in each case.
Ans : R.P. of a Telescope = =
(i) R.P. increases as R.P. ν
(ii) R.P. does not change as it does not depend on focal length of the objective lens
(iii) R.P. is halved as R.P. D
(iv) R.P. decreases as R.P. 1/ λ
64. How does the resolving power of a microscope change when
(i) the diameter/aperture of the objective lens is decreased,
(ii) the wavelength of the incident light is increased ?
(iii) refractive index of the medium between the object and the objective lens increases
(iv) the focal length of the objective lens is increased ? Justify your answer in each case.
Ans : R.P. =
(i) R.P. decreases because as D decreases, θ also decreases and R.P.
(ii) R.P. decreases as R.P. 1/λ
(iii) R.P. increases as R.P. μ
(iv) R.P. does not change as it does not depend on focal length of the objective lens.
65. Why is no interference pattern is observed when two coherent sources are- CBSE (AI)-2001
(i) infinitely close to each other (ii) far apart from each other
Ans :
(i) when sources are placed infinitely close to each other, d  0 
Even a single fringe may occupy the entire screen. Hence no interference pattern will be observed

(ii) when the distance d becomes too large, fringe width becomes too small to be detected. Hence no
interference pattern will be observed
66. Two slits are made 1 mm apart and the screen is placed 1 m away. What should be the width of
each slit to obtain 10 maxima of the double slit pattern within the central maximum of the single
slit pattern?
Ans : & =
Given, = 10 = 10 a = = mm = 0.5 mm
67. (i) What is a Polaroid? What does a polaroid consist?
(ii) How does one demonstrate, using a suitable diagram, that unpolrised light when passed
through a polaroid gets polarized?
(iii) How will you use it to distinguish between unpolarised light and plane polarised light?
Ans : (i) Polaroid : A Polaroid is a thin commercial sheet which makes use of the property of selective
absorption to produce an intense beam of plane polarised light
A Polaroid consists of a long chain of molecules aligned in a particular direction
(ii) Plane Polarized light from Polaroid :
When an unpolarised light falls on it, the electric vectors oscillating
along the direction of aligned molecules get absorbed and those
oscillating in the direction perpendicular to the direction of alignment
of molecules are passed through it. Hence the emergent light is plane
polarised or linearly polarized
(iii) Distinction :
When unpolarised light is seen through a rotating Polaroid, intensity of transmitted light does not
change, it remains /2.
When plane polarised light is seen through a rotating Polaroid, the intensity of transmitted light varies. It
becomes twice maximum and twice zero in each rotation
68. When unpolarised light is incident on the boundary separating the two transparent media,
explain, with the help of a suitable diagram, the conditions under which the reflected light gets
polarised. Hence derive the relation of Brewster’s angle in terms of the relative index of the two
media.
Ans : Polarization of light by reflection
When unpolarised light falls on a transparent surface, both the reflected
and refracted light are found partially polarised. It is observed that, the
degree of polarization of reflected light varies with
angle of incidence. At Brewster’s angle , reflected light is completely
plane polarised when the refracted and reflected rays make a right angle
with each other.
i.e. when i = , + r = 90 r = 90 -
By Snell’s law, μ = = = tan

= tan This equation is called Brewster’s law.
69. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, how unpolarized sunlight gets polarized due to
scattering?
Ans : Polarization of sunlight due to scattering
Scattered light is found to be plane polarized perpendicular to the original
direction.
Under the influence of electric field of incident wave, the electrons in the
air molecules acquire components of motion in both the directions,
parallel as well as perpendicular to the plane of paper ( ↨ as well as).
Charges accelerating parallel to ↨ , do not radiates energy towards
observer since their acceleration has no transverse component. Hence the
radiation, scattered towards the observer gets linearly polarized.
70. The light from a clear blue portion of the sky shows a rise and fall in intensity when viewed
through a Polaroid which is rotated. Why?
Ans : It is due to polarization of sunlight by scattering
Reason : When unpolarized sunlight falls on air molecules, it gets scattered and is found to be plane
polarized to the original direction hence shows rise & fall in intensity when viewed through a rotating
polaroid.
71. Unpolarised light is passed through a Polaroid P1. When this polarised beam passes through
another Polaroid P2 and if the pass axis of P2 makes angle θ with the pass axis of P1, then write the
expression for the polarised beam passing through P2.
Ans : I = cos2θ
72. Find an expression for intensity of transmitted light when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two
crossed polaroids. In which position of the polaroid sheet will the transmitted intensity be
maximum?
Ans : Let I0 = Intensity of polarised light passing through P1
Intensity of light after passing through second polarizer P2
I2 = I0 cos2θ Now, Intensity of light after passing through third polarizer P3
I3 = I2 cos2 (90 - θ) = I0 cos2θ cos2(90 – θ)
I3 = I0 cos2θ sin2θ = (2 sinθ cosθ)2
I3 = (sin 2θ)2
Transmitted intensity will be –

(i) minimum when sin 2θ = 0 or θ = 0o (ii) maximum when sin2θ = 1 or 2θ = 90o or θ = 45o
73. A narrow beam of unpolarised light of intensity I0 is incident on a Polaroid P1. The light
transmitted by it then incident on a second Polaroid P2 with its pass axis making an angle of 600
with relative to the pass axis of P1. Find the intensity of light transmitted by P2.
Ans : Intensity through P1, I1 = I0 = Intensity through P2, I2 = I1 cos2 60 = =
74. Two Polaroids P1 and P2 are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised
light of intensity I0 is incident on P1. A third Polaroid P3 is kept in between P1 and P2 such that its
pass axis makes an angle of 600 with that of P1. Determine the intensity of light transmitting
through P1, P2 and P3.
Ans : Intensity through P1, I1 = I0 =
Intensity through P3, I3 = I1 cos260 = =
Intensity through P2,
I2 = I3 cos2(90 - 60) = cos230 = =
75. Light waves from two coherent sources arrive at two points on a screen with path differences of 0
and /2. Find the ratio of intensities at these points.
Ans : (i) ∆x = 0 =0 (ii) ∆x = =
I1 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 = 2I0
I2 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 = I0

76. Find the intensity at a point on a screen in Young’s double slit experiment where the interfering
waves of equal intensity have a path difference of (i) λ/4 , and (ii) λ/3.
Ans : (i) ∆x = λ/4 = = (ii) ∆x = λ/3 = =
I1 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 = 2I0
I2 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 = I0
77. In Young’s double slit experiment, using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the intensity of
light at a path on the screen where path difference is λ, is K units. Find out the intensity of light at
a point where path difference is λ/3.
Ans : (i) ∆x = λ = =2
I1 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 cos2 = 4I0 = 4I0 = K (given)
(ii) ∆x = λ/3 = /3 = 2
2 2
I2 = 4I0 cos = 4I0 cos = 4I0 = I0 = K/4 (given)
78. Two coherent sources have intensities in the ratio 25:16. Find the ratio of intensities of maxima to
minima after interference of light occurs.
Ans : Given : = = = =?
= = = = 81:1
79. In Young’s double slit experiment, two slits are 1 mm apart and the screen is placed 1 m away
from the slits. Calculate the fridge width when light of wavelength 500 nm is used.
Ans : Given : d = 1 mm = 1x 10-3, D = 1 m, λ = 500 nm = 5—x 10-9 m, = ?
fringe width = = =5x m = 0.5 mm
80. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 800 nm and 600 nm, is used to obtain the
interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment on a screen is placed 1.4 m away. If two slits
are separated by 0.28 mm, calculate the least distance from the central bright maximum where the
bright fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.
Ans : Given : λ1 = 800 nm = 800 x 10-9m, D 1.4 m, d = 0.28 mm = 0.28 x 10-3m,
Least distance of coincide y = ?
condition for coincide is
n 1 = (n+1) 2 n = (n+1) n λ1 = (n+1)λ2
-9 -9
n x 800 x 10 = (n+1) x 600 x 10
n x 8 = 6n + 6 n = 3 Required least distance
y=n =3 =3x = = 1.2 xm10-2 m

81. A slit of width ‘a’ is illuminated by red light of wavelength 6500 Å. For what value of ‘a’ will -
(i) the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30o
(ii) the first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30o
Ans : Given : λ = 6500 Ao = 6500 x 10-10m
(i) a sinθ1 = λ
a= = = = 2 x 6500 x 10-10 = 1.3 x 10-6 m
(ii) a sinθ1 = 3λ/2
a= = = = 3 x 6500 x 10-10 = 1.95 x 10-6 m
82. The wavelengths of two sodium lights of 590 nm and 596 nm are used in turn to study the
diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 x 10-6. The distance between the slit and the
screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of first maxima of the diffraction
pattern observed in the two cases.
Ans : λ1 = 590 nm = 590 x 10-9m, λ1 = 596 nm = 596 x 10-9m, D = 1.5 m, a = 2 x 10-6m, =?
for first maxima, =
= ( )= = = 6.5 x 10-3 m

CHAPTER – SEMICONDUCTOR
1. Give the ratio of the number of holes and number of conduction electrons in an intrinsic
semiconductor. CBSE (F)-
2003
Ans :
2. What is meant by the term doping of an intrinsic semiconductor ? How does it affect the
conductivity of a semiconductor?
CBSE (AIC)-2001
Ans : Doping : Deliberate adding of desired impurity to a semiconductor to increase its conductivity is
called doping. Conductivity of a semiconductor increases due to doping.
3. How does the energy gap of an intrinsic semiconductor vary, when doped with a trivalent
impurity/ pentavalent impurity?
Ans : Decreases
4. How does the forbidden energy gap of an intrinsic semiconductor vary with increase in
temperature?
Ans : No effect
5. Name the two factors on which electrical conductivity of a pure semiconductor at a given
temperature depends.
Ans : (i) The width of the forbidden band
(ii) Intrinsic charge carrier concentration
6. The diagram shows a piece of pure semiconductor ‘S’ in series with variable resistor R and a
source of constant voltage V. Would you increase or decrease the value of R to keep the reading of
ammeter (A) constant when semiconductor ‘S’ is heated ? Give one reason.
Ans : Increase the value of R
Reason : on heating, conductivity of the semiconductor increases
7. Give reason, why, a p-type semiconductor crystal is electrically

neutral, although .
Ans : because impurity atoms added to the semiconductor are electrically neutral

8. An n-type semiconductor has a large number of electrons but still it is electrically neutral. Explain
the reason.
Ans : because impurity atoms added to the semiconductor are electrically neutral
9. Is the ratio of the number of holes and number of electrons in a p-type semiconductor more than,
less than or equal to 1?
Ans :
10. Why is the conductivity of n-type semiconductor greater than that of the p-type semiconductor
even when both of these have same level of doping?
Ans : because mobility of electrons is higher than that of holes
11. How does the conductivity of a semiconductor change with the rise in its temperature ?
Ans : Conductivity of a semiconductor increases exponentially with the temperature
12. Why does the conductivity of a semiconductor increase with the rise in its temperature ?
Ans :
On increasing the temperature & decreases (due to increase in the collision frequency). But
& increases (as n ). Since & is so large that decrease of & does not affect too
much. So overall conductivity of the semiconductor increases.
13. What are energy bands? How are these formed?
Ans : Energy bands : A group of large number of closely spaced energy levels spread in a very
short energy range, is called an energy band.
Formation of energy bands : Due to interaction of electrons in outermost orbits of atoms in a
crystal, different energy levels with continuous energy variation splits and energy bands are formed.
14. What is a valance band & conduction band?
Ans : Valence Band : The highest energy band filled with valence electrons is called the valence band
Conduction Band : The lowest unfilled allowed energy band above the valence band is called
conduction band
15. Define forbidden energy gap?
Ans : Forbidden energy gap ( : The energy gap between the valence band and the conduction
band in which no allowed energy levels can exists is called the energy band gap (
16. Draw the energy band diagram of an intrinsic semiconductor.
Ans : Energy band diagrams of an intrinsic semiconductor
(a) at T = 0 K (b) at T > 0 K
17. Draw the energy band diagram of n-type & p-type semiconductor.
Ans : n-type semiconductor ( > 1) p-type semiconductor ( < 1)
18. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.

Ans :
S.No. Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductor
1. It is a pure semiconductor It is a semiconductor with added impurity.
2.
3. Low conductivity at room temperature High conductivity at room temperature
4. Its electrical conductivity depends on Its electrical conductivity depends on
temperature only. temperature and the amount of doping

19. Distinguish between intrinsic and a p-type semiconductor.
Ans :
S.No. n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor
1. It is obtained by adding controlled amount of It is obtained by adding controlled amount of
pentavalent impurity to a pure semiconductor. trivalent impurity to a pure semiconductor.
2.
3. Its electrical conductivity is due to free Its electrical conductivity is due to holes
electrons
20. Name the two important processes that occur during the formation of a p-n junction.
Ans : (i) Diffusion (ii) drift
21. What happens when a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction?
Ans : p-n junction conducts current when a forward bias is applied to it
22. Name any semiconductor device which operates under the reverse bias in the breakdown region.
Ans : Zener diode
23. Name the p-n junction diode, which emits spontaneous radiation when forward biased.
Ans : Emitting Diode (LED)
24. Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential up to a critical
voltage ?
Ans : As the number of minority charge carriers is very small, so the current is almost independent of
the applied voltage up to reverse breakdown voltage
25. Why does the reverse current shows a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
Ans : At the critical voltage, i,e, reverse breakdown voltage, the applied voltage is large enough to break
covalent bonds producing more minority charge carriers which conduct causing a sudden increment in
the current.
26. Explain how the width of depletion region in a p-n junction diode change, when the junction is-
(i) forward biased (ii) reverse biased
Ans : (i) decreases (ii) increases
27. In the following circuit diagram, is the junction diode forward biased or reverse biased?
Ans :
(i) reverse bias (ii) reverse bias (iii) Forward bias (iv) forward bias (v) forward bias
28. Two semiconductor materials X and Y shown in given figure are made by doping germanium
crystal with Indium and Arsenic respectively. The two are joined end to end and connected to a
battery as shown.
(i) Will the junction be forward biased or reverse biased?
(ii) sketch V-I graph for this arrangement
Ans : (i) Reverse bias
29. Two semiconductor materials X and Y shown in given figure are made by doping germanium
crystal with Arsenic and Indium respectively. The two are joined end to end and connected to a
battery as shown.
(iii)Will the junction be forward biased or reverse
biased?
(iv) sketch V-I graph for this arrangement
Ans : (i) Forward bias
30. Draw and explain the output wave forms across the
load resistor R, if the input waveform is as shown in the figure.
Ans :

31. Determine the currents through the resistance R of the circuits (i) and (ii), when similar diodes D 1
and D2 are connected as shown:
Ans : (i) 0.1 A (ii) zero
32. The circuit shown in the figure has two oppositely connected ideal diodes connected in parallel.
Find the current flowing through each diode in the circuit.
Ans : through D1, I=0, through D2, I = 2A
33. The circuit shown in the figure consists of two diodes each with a forward resistance of 50 Ω and
infinite backward resistance. Find the current through 100 Ω resistance.
Ans : 6/300 A, 6/350 A
34. Distinguish between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor on the basis of energy band
diagrams.
Ans : Distinction between Conductors (metals), insulators and semiconductors on the basis of
Energy bands
1. Conductors (Metals) : In conductors either conduction and valence band partly overlap each other
or the conduction band is partially filled. Forbidden energy gap does not exists ( ). This
makes a large number of free electrons available for electrical conduction. So the metals have high
conductivity.
2. Semiconductors : In semiconductors, conduction band is empty and valance band is totally filled. is
quite small ( 3 eV). At , electrons are not able to cross this energy gap and semiconductor behaves as
an insulator. But at room temperature, some electrons are able to jump to conduction band and
semiconductor acquires small conductivity.
3. Insulators : In insulators, conduction band is empty and valance band is totally filled. is very
large ( 6 eV). It is not possible to give such large amount of energy to electrons by any means.
Hence conduction band remains total empty and the crystal remains as insulator.
35. What is p-n junction? Explain briefly, with the help of suitable diagram, how a p-n junction is
formed. Define the term Potential barrier and depletion region.
Ans : p-n junction : When a semiconductor crystal is so prepared that, it’s one half is p-type and other is
n-type then the contact surface dividing the two halves, is called p-n junction
Formation of p-n junction : potential barrier & depletion region
Diffusion and drift are the two important processes involved during the formation of a p-n junction
Due to different concentration gradient of the charge carriers on two sides of the junction, electrons
from n - side starts moving towards p – side and holes start moving from to p – side to n - side. This
process is called Diffusion.
Due to diffusion, positive space charge region is created on the n – side of the junction and negative
space charge region is created on the p – side of the junction. Hence an electric field called Junction field
is set up from to which forces the minority charge carriers to cross the junction. This process is called
Drift.

The potential difference developed across the p-n junction due to diffusion of majority charge carriers,
which prevents the further movement of majority charge carriers through it, is called potential barrier.
For Si, VB = 0.7 V and for Ge, VB =0.3 V
The small space charge region on either side of the p-n junction, which becomes depleted from mobile
charge carriers is known as depletion region (10-6m)
36. What is meant by forward and reverse biasing of a p-n junction? Draw the circuit diagram of a
forward and reverse biasing of a p-n junction?
Ans : (i) Forward biasing : When the positive
terminal of external battery is connected to p-side
and negative terminal to the n-side, then the p-n
junction is said to be forward biased.
(ii) Reverse biasing : When the positive terminal of external battery is connected to n-side and negative
terminal to the p-side, then the p-n junction is said to be reverse biased.
37. Describe briefly: (i) ‘minority carrier injection’ in forward bias (ii) ‘Breakdown voltage’ in reverse
bias.
Ans : (i) Minority carrier injection in forward bias: During forward bias, electrons from n-side cross
the junction and reach p-side. (where they are minority carries). Similarly, holes from p-side cross the
junction and reach the n-side (where they are minority carries). This process is known as minority
carrier injection.
(ii) Breakdown voltage in reverse bias : At very high reverse voltage, the current suddenly increases
and becomes independent of applied voltage. This critical voltage is called breakdown voltage.
38. Define the terms ‘depletion region’ and ‘potential barrier’ in a p-n junction. Explain how the
width of depletion region in a p-n junction diode change, when the junction is- (i) forward biased
(ii) reverse biased.
Ans : Depletion region : The small space charge region on either side of the p-n junction which
becomes depleted from mobile charge carriers. is known as depletion region
Potential barrier : The potential difference developed across the p-n junction due to diffusion of
majority charge carriers, which prevents the further movement of these charge carriers through it, is
called potential barrier.
(i) Width of depletion region decreases in forward bias
Reason : In the forward bias, external battery pushes the majority charge carriers towards the junction.
(ii) Width of depletion region increases in reverse bias
Reason : In the reverse bias, external battery attracts the majority charge carriers away from the
junction.
39. Draw the circuit diagram for studying the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (i) forward
bias and (ii) reverse bias. Draw the typical V-I characteristics of a silicon diode.
Ans : V-I characteristics : A graph showing the variation of current through a p-n junction with the
voltage applied across it, is called the voltage – current (V-I) characteristics of that p-n junction.
For different values of voltages, the value of the current is noted. A graph between V and I is obtained as
in fig.
This V-I graph shows that –
(i) At a certain forward bias voltage, current increases rapidly showing the linear variation. This voltage
is known as knee voltage or threshold voltage or cut-in voltage.
(ii) The ratio of change in forward voltage to the change in forward current is called dynamic resistance
(rd)
i.e. Ω

(iii) Under reverse bias, the current is very small (~μA) and remains almost constant. However, when
reverse bias voltage reaches a high value, reverse current suddenly increases. This voltage is called
Zener breakdown voltage.
40. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of p-n junction diode as half wave rectifier.
Ans : Half wave rectifier
During the positive half cycle of ac input signal, the diode is forward biased and it conducts. Hence,
there is current in the load resistance and we get an output voltage.
During the negative half cycle of ac input signal, diode is reverse-biased and it does not conduct.
Hence, there is no current in the load resistance and there is no output.
Thus, we get the output only for half cycle of a.c. input signal.
41. Draw a labelled circuit diagram of a junction diode as a full wave rectifier. Explain its underlying
principle and working. Depict the input and output wave forms.
Ans : Full wave rectifier
During the positive half cycle of a.c. input signal, diode D1 gets forward biased and conducts while
D2 being reverse biased does not conducts. Hence, there is a current in RL due to diode D1 and we get an
output voltage.
During the negative half cycle of ac input signal, diode D1 gets reverse biased and does not conduct
while D2 being forward biased conducts. Hence, now there is a current in RL due to diode D2 and again
we get an output voltage.
Thus, we get output voltage for complete cycle of a.c. input signal in the same direction.
42. Which characteristic property makes the junction diode suitable for rectification?
Ans : A p-n junction diode allows current to pass only when it is forward biased
43. Frequency of an a.c. input signal is 50 Hz. What is the output frequency of a –
(i) Half Wave Rectifier (ii) Full wave rectifier
Ans : (i) 50 Hz (ii) 100 Hz
44. Describe the role of a capacitor in filtering.
Ans : A capacitor connected across the output terminals of a rectifier offers a low resistance path for a.c.
and blocks dc. So all dc will pass through load resistance RL and we get steady current.
45. How are the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode made use of in rectification?
Ans : It is obvious from V-I characteristics that diode allows the current to pass only when it is forward
biased. So, when an alternating voltage is applied across a junction diode, the current will flow only in
that part of the cycle when diode is forward biased. This property is used to rectify the alternating
voltages.

46. What is a light emitting diode? How is a light emitting diode fabricated? Draw a circuit
diagram showing the biasing of a LED. Explain briefly the process of emission of light by a
light emitting diode (LED).
Ans : Light Emitting Diode (LED) : It is a special heavily doped p-n junction diode, which emits
spontaneous light, when forward biased. It converts electrical energy in to light energy.
LED is fabricated by-
(i) heavily doped p-n junction made from a semiconductor like GaAs having Eg 1.8 eV.
(ii) Providing a transparent cover so that light can come out.
Working : When p-n junction is forward biased, electrons and holes moves across the junction from n
to p and p to n- side respectively. As a result, the concentration of minority carriers increases rapidly at
the junction. These excess minority carriers on either side of the junction, recombine with majority
carriers and energy is released in the form of photons (hν = Eg)
47. Give two advantages of using LEDs over conventional incandescent lamps.
Ans : Low operational voltage/less power consumption/Long life/ fast on-off switching capability/no
warm-up time required
48. Mention two uses of LEDs.
Ans : In remote controls/in electronic watches & calculators /in burglar alarm systems/ in optical
communication.
49. Which semiconductors are preferred to make LEDs and why?
Ans : GaAs and GaAsP
Reason: These materials have energy gap Eg 1.8 eV which is suitable to produce visible light of desired
wavelengths.
50. What criterion is kept in mind while choosing the semiconductor material for a LED?
Ans : semiconductor used must have an energy band gap of 1.8 eV
51. The band gap of the semiconductor used for fabrication of visible LED’s must at least be 1.8 eV.
Why?
Ans : The photon energy of visible light photons varies about 1.8 eV to 3 eV. Hence for visible LED’s
the semiconductor used must have a band gap of at least 1.8 eV.
52. State the factor which controls (i) wavelength/frequency of light (ii) intensity of light emitted by
LED.
Ans : (i) nature of material of diode/band gap (ii) forward biasing of LED
53. What is Photodiode? How is photodiode fabricated? Describe the working of photodiode by
drawing the circuit diagram. Also draw the characteristics of a photodiode for different
illumination intensities.
Ans : Photodiode : It is a reverse biased p-n junction diode, in which current carriers are generated by
photons through photoconduction by light
Fabrication of Photodiode : It is a special reverse biased p-n junction diode fabricated with a
transparent window to allow the light of suitable frequency (hν > Eg) to fall on the junction of diode.
Working : (i) when light of energy (hν > Eg) falls on photodiode, electron-holes pairs are
generated in the depletion region due to absorption of photons
(ii) due to electric field at the junction, electrons and holes are separated before they recombine
(iii) electrons are collected on n-side and holes are collected at p-side, giving rise to an emf and
current flows in the load. Photocurrent is proportional to the incident light intensity

54. Give any two uses of photodiode.
Ans : in detection of optical signals / in light operated switches / in electronic counters
55. A photodiode is operated under reverse bias although in the forward bias the current is known to
be more than the current in the reverse bias. Explain giving reason.
Ans : The fractional change, due to photo effects, in the reverse bias current, is much more than the
fractional change in the forward bias current. Hence, photodiode is used in reverse bias.
Explanation : Let us consider n- type semiconductor (n >> p).
When illuminated with light, both type of carriers increase equally in number.
n’ = n + ∆n & p’ = p + ∆p
Now as n >> p & ∆n = ∆p, <<
56. Write briefly how a photodiode can be used as a photo detector to detect optical signals.
Ans : It is easier to observe change in the current, with change in the light intensity, when reverse bias
is applied. Hence photodiode can be used as a photo detector to detect optical signals.
57. A photodiode is fabricated from a semiconductor with a band gap of 2.8eV.Can it detect a
wavelength of 6000nm? Justify.
Ans : E = = = 0.207 eV
As E < Eg , photo diode cannot detect the radiation of wavelength 6000 nm.
58. What is a Solar Cell ? How a solar cell is fabricated ? State the working principle of a solar cell.
Mention three basic processes involved in the generation of emf.
Ans : Solar Cell : It is a p-n junction diode, which converts light energy in to electrical energy.
Principle : It is based on the principle of photovoltaic effect
Fabrication : A simple p-n junction solar cell consists of a very thin p-Si wafer. On one side of this
wafer, a thin layer of n-Si is grown by diffusion process and on the other side there is a metal coating
which acts as back contact. On the top of n-Si layer, metallic grid is deposited, which acts as a front
contact.
Solar cell Circuit diagram Symbol characteristic curve

Working : Generation of emf by a solar cell, when light falls on, it is due to the following three basic
processes:
(i) generation of electron hole pairs due to incident light (with hν > Eg) close to the junction
(ii) separation of electrons and holes due to electric field of the depletion region
(iii) the electrons reaching the n-side are collected by the front contact and holes reaching p-side are
collected by the back contact. Thus p-side becomes positive and n-side becomes negative giving
rise to photo voltage.
59. Write any two uses of solar cells.
Ans : (i) to power electronic devices in satellites and space vehicles
(ii) in power supply for watches, calculators
(iii) in charging solar batteries
60. Why are Si and GaAs preferred materials for solar cells?
Ans : Solar radiation has maximum intensity of photons of energy = 1.5 eV. Hence, semiconducting
materials Si and GaAs, with Eg 1.5 eV, are preferred materials for solar cell.
61. Write two important criteria required for the selection of a material for solar cell fabrication.
Ans. (i) Band energy gap must be of range 1.0 to 1.8 eV
(ii) strong electrical conductivity
(iii) high optical absorption ( 104 cm-1)
(iv) availability and low cost of the raw material
62. What is Zener diode? How is a Zener diode fabricated? What causes the setting up of high
electric field even for small reverse bias voltage across the diode? With the help of a circuit
diagram explain the use of a Zener diode as a voltage stabilizer.
Ans : Zener Diode: It is a heavily doped p-n junction diode specially designed to operate in the
reverse breakdown region Continuously
Principle : At reverse breakdown voltage, the voltage across Zener diode remains constant for a
large change in reverse current.
Fabrication : Zener diode fabricated by heavily doping both p and n- side of the junction. Heavy
doping makes the depletion region very thin. This makes the electric field of the junction extremely
high ( 5 X 106 V/m), even for a small reverse voltage ( 5V). This in turn helps the Zener diode to act
as voltage regulator.
Zener diode as a Voltage stabilizer
Working : If input voltage increases/ decreases, current through Zener diode will also increase/
decreases. It increases/ decreases voltage drop across Rs without any change in voltage across RL as
potential across Zener diode does not change in breakdown region giving the regulated output voltage.
63. Draw the circuit diagram to study the characteristic curves of a Zener diode and draw its typical
I-V characteristics.
Ans : Circuit diagram to draw characteristic curves : I-V characteristic curves
64. Write two important considerations used while fabricating a Zener diode.
Ans : (i) heavily doping of both p and n-sides of the junction
(ii) Proper breakdown voltage under reverse biasing
65. Why Zener diode is called a special purpose diode?
Ans : Because operates in reverse breakdown region and acts as a voltage regulator
66. Why is Zener diode fabricated by heavily doping both p and n- side of the junction?
OR
How is a Zener diode fabricated? What causes the setting up of high electric field even for small
reverse bias voltage across the diode?
Ans : Zener diode fabricated by heavily doping both p and n- side of the junction. Heavy doping makes
the depletion region very thin . This makes the electric field of the junction extremely high (5 X 106
V/m), even for a small reverse voltage (5V). This in turn helps the Zener diode to act as voltage
regulator.
67. Zener diodes have higher dopant densities as compared to ordinary p-n junction diodes. How
does it affect the –
(i) width of depletion layer (ii) junction field?
Ans : (i) width of depletion layer decreases (ii) junction field increases
68. How the reverse current suddenly increases at the breakdown voltage? Explain.
Ans : At V = Vz, electric field is high enough (106 V/m) to pull valence electrons from the host atoms
on the p-side which are accelerated to n-side. These electrons account for high current observed
at the breakdown. The emission of electrons from the host atoms due to the high electric field is
known as internal field emission or field ionization. The breakdown of diode due to internal field
emission is called Zener breakdown.

CHAPTER – DUAL NATURE & RADIATION
1. What is Photoelectric effect ?

Ans. Photoelectric effect : When an electromagnetic radiation (such as U.V rays, x-rays etc.) of suitable
frequency is incident on a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the surface. This phenomenon is
called photoelectric effect.
2. Define the term Work function of a photoelectric surface.

Ans. (i) Work function (W) : The minimum energy required to by an electron to just eject out from the
metallic surface is called work function of that surface
W = hν0 =
3. Define the term (i) cut off frequency & (ii) Threshold wavelength in photoelectric emission.
Ans. (i) Cut off frequency (ν0) : The minimum frequency of incident radiation, below which
photoelectric emission is not possible, is called cut off frequency or threshold frequency
(ii)Threshold Wavelength (λ0): The maximum wavelength of incident radiation, above which
photoelectric emission is not possible, is called threshold wavelength.
4. Define the term ‘intensity of radiation’ in photon picture and write its S.I. unit.
Ans. Intensity of radiation : Number of photons incident per unit area per second normal to the surface,
is defined as the intensity of radiation. Its S.I. unit is Watt/m2
5. Define the term “stopping potential” or “Cut-off Potential” in relation to photoelectric effect.
Ans : Stopping potential or Cut-off Potential (V0) : The minimum negative potential of anode at
which photoelectric current becomes zero is called stopping potential
6. Name the phenomenon which shows the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation.
Ans : Photoelectric effect
7. What is the stopping potential applied to a photocell if the maximum kinetic energy of a
photoelectron is 5 eV.
Ans : V0 = -5V
8. The stopping potential in an experiment is 1.5 V. What is the maximum K.E. of photoelectrons
emitted?
Ans : = 1.5 eV
9. Two metals A and B have work functions 4 eV and 10 eV respectively. Which metal has the
highest threshold wavelength?
Ans : Metal A has highest threshold wavelength as W=
10. Two metals X and Y, when illuminated with appropriate radiations emit photoelectrons. The work
function of X is higher than that of Y. Which metal will have higher value of cut off frequency & why ?
Ans. Metal X has the higher cut off frequency because ν0 = W/h & WX > WY
11. A photosensitive surface emits photoelectrons when red light falls on it. Will the surface emit
photoelectrons when blue light is incident on it ? Give reason.
Ans : Yes, Reason : νBlue = νRed (hν)Blue = (hν)Red

12. For a photosensitive surface, threshold wavelength is λ0, does photoemission occur, if the
wavelength (λ) of the incident radiation is (i) more than λ0 (ii) less than λ0. Justify your answer.
Ans : (i) No (ii) Yes as for photoelectric emission hence
13. Electrons are emitted from a photosensitive surface when it is illuminated by green light but does
not take place by yellow light. Will the electrons be emitted when the surface is illuminated by (i)
red light, and (ii) blue light?
Ans : (i) No (ii) Yes as is for wavelength of green light
14. Red light however bright is it, cannot produce the emission of electrons from a clean zinc surface
but even a weak Ultraviolet radiation can do so. Why?
Ans : The energy of photon of red light is less than work function of zinc surface and the energy of
photon of Ultraviolet radiation is more than the work function of zinc surface.
15. Work function of sodium is 2.3 eV. Does sodium show photoelectric emission for light of
wavelength 6800 A0?
Ans : E = = eV = 1.8 eV
E < W, Hence photoelectric emission will not take place
16. If the intensity of the incident radiation on a photosensitive surface is doubled, how does the
kinetic energy of emitted electrons get affected?
Ans : No change does not depend on intensity
17. Ultraviolet light is incident on two photosensitive materials having work functions W1 and W2 (W1
> W2). In which case will the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons be greater? Why?
Ans : K.E. of electrons emitted by the metal having work function W2 will be greater as = hν-W
18. Ultraviolet radiations of different frequencies ν1 and ν2 are incident on two photosensitive
materials having work functions W1 and W2 (W1 > W2) respectively. The kinetic energy of the
emitted electrons is same in both the cases. Which one of the two radiations will be of higher
frequency and why?
Ans : ν1 and ν2 as hν = +W
19. The threshold frequency of a metal is f. When the light of frequency 2f is incident on the metal
plate, the maximum velocity of photo-electrons is ν1. When the frequency of the incident radiation
is increased to 5f, the maximum velocity of photo-electrons is ν2 . Find ν1 : ν2.
Ans : = hν-W & W = hf
= = = =
= ν1:ν2 = 1 : 2
20. The graph below shows variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different
frequencies of incident radiation.
(i) Which physical parameter is kept constant for the three curves?
(ii) Which frequency (v1, v2 or v3) is the highest?
Ans : (i) Intensity (ii) v1 is the highest
21. The given graph shows the variation of photoelectric current (I) with applied voltage (V) for two
different materials and for two different intensities of the incident radiations. Identify the pair of
curves that corresponds to -
i. different materials but same intensity of incident
radiation
ii. different intensities but same material.
Ans : (i) (1,2) and (3,4) (ii) (1,3) and (2,4)

22. Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current with intensity of light.
i. Show the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different intensity but
same frequency of incident radiation
ii. Show the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different frequency but
same intensity of incident radiation
Ans : (i) (ii) (iii)
23. Two monochromatic beams, one red and other blue, have the same intensity. In which case-
(i) the number of photons per unit area per second is larger,
(ii)the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is more ? Justify your answer.
Ans : (i) number of photons per unit area per second is same because both red and blue light has the
same intensity
(ii) blue light, because = - W & λblue < λred
24. How does the stopping potential in photoelectric emission depends upon-
(i) intensity of the incident radiation
(ii) frequency of incident radiation
(iii) distance between light source and cathode in a photocell?
Ans : (i) stopping potential does not depend on intensity
(ii) stopping potential frequency
(iii)stopping potential does not depend on the distance between the light source and the cathode in a
photocell.
25. A beam of monochromatic radiation is incident on a photosensitive surface. Answer the following
questions giving reasons :-
(i) Do the emitted photoelectrons have the same kinetic energy?
(ii) Does the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depend on the intensity of incident radiation?
(iii) On what factors does the number of emitted photoelectrons depend?
Ans : (i) No, all the emitted photoelectrons do not have same K.E. The reason is that different electrons
are bound with different forces in different layers of metals. More tightly bound electron will emerge
with less K.E.
(ii) No, kinetic energy of the emitted electrons does not depend on the intensity of incident radiation.
(iii) number of emitted photoelectrons depends on intensity of incident radiation provided that energy
hν > W
26. Write two characteristic features observed in photoelectric effect which support the photon
picture of electromagnetic radiation.
Ans : (i) number of photoelectrons emitted is proportional to the intensity of incident radiation
(ii) maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons increases with frequency of incident radiation
27. State three important properties of photon which are used to write Einstein’s photoelectric
equation.
Ans : (i) for a radiation of frequency v, the energy of each photon is hv.
(ii) During the collision of a photon, with an electron, the total energy of photon gets absorbed by the
electron
(iii) Intensity of light depends on the number of photons crossing per unit area per unit time
28. Write three characteristic features in photoelectric effect which cannot be explained on the basis of
wave theory of light, but can be explained only using Einstein’s equation.
Ans : (i) Instantaneous emission of photoelectrons
(ii)Existence of threshold frequency
(iii) Maximum Kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons is independent of intensity of incident light

29. Sketch the graphs showing variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiations
for two Photosensitive materials A and B having threshold frequencies νA > νB.
(i) in which case is the stopping potential more and why ?
(ii) Does the slope of graph depend on the nature of material used ?
Explain.
Ans : (i) V0 is more for material B
Reason : eV0 = h(ν – ν0)
V0 = (ν – ν0)
V0 is more for lower value of ν0
(ii) No, slope = h/e, which is constant
30. The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation for two
photosensitive metals A and B. Which of the two has higher value of work function? Justify your
answer.
Ans : Metal A has higher work function
Justification : As (ν0)A > (ν0)B
(hν0)A > (hν0)B
WA > W B
31. State de-Broglie hypothesis.

Ans : de-Broglie hypothesis : Whenever a material particle such as electron, proton etc is in motion, a
wave is always associated with it, known as de-Broglie wave or matter wave and has the wavelength
λ=
32. What reasoning led de-Broglie to put forward the concept of matter waves?
Ans : Nature is symmetrical and that the two basic physical entities, matter and energy, must have
symmetrical character So, if radiation shows dual nature, matter should also show it
33. Name the two quantities which determine the wavelength and frequency of de-Broglie wave
associated with moving electron.
Ans : Energy and momentum
34. Draw a schematic diagram of a localized wave describing the wave nature of moving electron.
Ans :
35. Why are de-Broglie waves associated with a moving football not visible?
Ans : Since mass of a football is quite large, hence de-Broglie wave length associated with it is
quite small and is not visible.
36. In what manner wave velocity of matter waves is different from that of light?
Ans : Wave velocity of matter waves (νw = ) depends upon the wavelength even if the particle is
moving in vacuum. But light waves which moves in vacuum with the same velocity regardless of
wavelength.
37. de-Broglie waves are also called matter waves. Why?
Ans : because to be associated with a de-Broglie wave, a particle need not have a charge
38. de-Broglie waves cannot be electromagnetic waves. Why?
Ans : because de-Broglie waves are associated with every moving material particle whether charged or
uncharged, whereas electromagnetic waves are associated with accelerated charged particles only
39. In what way wave nature of electrons helps us to increase the resolving limit of electron
microscope?
Ans : An electron accelerated through a potential difference of 50KV will have a de-Broglie wavelength
of 0.0055nm, which is about 105 times smaller than that of visible light. In this way wave nature of
electron helps us to increase the resolving limit of electron microscope up to 0.0055 nm

40. (i) Name an experiment which shows wave nature of electrons.
(ii)Which phenomenon was observed in this experiment using electron beam?
(iii) Also name the important hypothesis that was confirmed by this experiment.
Ans : (i) Davison – German experiment
(ii) Diffraction
(iii) de-Broglie hypothesis
41. Write briefly the underlying principle used in Davison-Germer experiment to verify wave nature
of electrons experimentally.
Ans : Diffraction effects are observed for beams of electrons scattered by the crystals using Bragg’s
diffraction law.
42. Mention the significance of Davisson and Germer experiment.
OR
With what purpose was famous Davisson- Germer experiment with electrons performed.
Ans : This experiment proves existence of de-Broglie waves associated with electrons in motion. Which
proves the wave nature of material particles.
43. Write the expression for the de-Broglie wavelength associated with a charged particle having
charge q and mass m, when it is accelerated by potential V.
Ans : λ =
44. If the potential difference used to accelerate electrons is doubled, by what factor does the de-
Broglie wavelength associated with the electron changed?
Ans : becomes times as λ = λ
45. (i) Show on a graph the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength ( ) associated with an electron with
the square root of accelerating potential V.
(ii) Show graphically the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength () with the potential (V) through
which an electron is accelerated from rest.
Ans : (i) (ii)
46. Plot a graph showing variation of de-Broglie wavelength λ versus , where V is accelerating
potential for two particles and carrying same charge but of masses m1, m2 (m1 > m2)
(ii) Which one of the two graphs represents a particle of smaller mass and why?
Ans : (ii) B represents small mass (m2) because its slope is more.
Slope = =λ =
slope
47. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100 Volts. What is the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of
wavelength corresponds?
Ans : = = 1.227 , X-rays
48. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron with kinetic energy (K.E.) 120 eV?
Ans : Ek = 120 eV V = 120 volts
= = 1.12
49. An are accelerated from rest through the same potential difference . Find the ratio
of their de-Broglie wavelengths associated with them.
Ans : & V = same

= = =
50. A proton and electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie wavelength
and why?
Ans : & Ek = same
λ as me < mp hence λe > λp
Thus electron will have the greatest de-Broglie wavelength
51. An electron, an alpha particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which one of these
particles has the largest/shortest de-Broglie wavelength?
Ans : & Ek = same
λ as me < mp < mα hence λe > λp > λα

Thus electron will have the largest de-Broglie wavelength & alpha particle has shortest de-Broglie
wavelength.
52. An electron and alpha particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength associated with them. How are
the kinetic energies related to each other?
Ans : & λ = same
Ek as me < mα hence >
53. Matter waves are associated with the material particles only if they are in motion. Why?
Ans : If v = 0, λ = , it means, matter waves are associated with the material particles only if they are in
motion
54. State the laws of photoelectric emission.
Ans : (i) For a given photosensitive surface, photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity
of incident light
(ii) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons does not depend on intensity but it depends on
frequency of incident radiation and is directly proportional to it
(iii) For a given photosensitive surface, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation,
called threshold frequency (ν0) below which no photoelectric emission takes place, whatever may be the
intensity of incident radiation.
(iv) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.
55. Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light ? Give reasons.
Ans : (i) According to wave theory, Kinetic energy of photoelectrons must increase as the intensity of
light is increased. But, experimental observations show that, K.E. of photoelectrons does not depend on
intensity of incident light
(ii) According to wave theory, if the intensity of incident radiation is sufficient photoelectron emission
should take place, whatever may be the frequency. But, experimental observations shows that, if , no
emission of photo electrons takes place, whatever may be the intensity
(iii) According to wave theory, the electron should take appreciable time before it acquires sufficient
energy to come out from the metal surface. But, experimental observations show that, there is no time
lag between the
incidence of radiation and emission of photoelectrons
56. (i) Using photon picture of light, show how Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be established.
(ii) Write three salient features observed in photoelectric effect which can be explained using this
equation.
Ans : (i) In the photon picture, energy of light is assumed to be in the form of photons, each carrying an
energy Einstein assumed that-
(a) Photoelectric emission is the result of interaction of a photon of incident radiation and a bound
electron of metal surface
(b) When a photon falls on a metal surface, the energy of a photon is completely absorbed by an electron
and is partly used as work function and rest is carried as its kinetic energy.
hν = W +
= hν – W = hν – hν0 [W = hν0]
= h(ν- ν0) This is the Einstie’s photoelectric equation

(ii) Three salient features explained by the Einstein’s photoelectric equation
(a) Existence of threshold frequency
In the equation = h(ν- ν0)
If ν < ν0, will be negative, which is not possible. Hence ν must be greater than ν0
(b) The K.E. of photoelectrons is independent of intensity of incident light.
(c) The K.E. of photoelectrons increases with the frequency of incident light
57. (i) Plot a graph showing the variation of photocurrent versus collector potential for three different
intensities I1 > I2 >I3, two of which ( I1 and I2 ) have the same frequency ν and the third has
frequency ν1 > ν2.
(ii) Explain the nature of curves on the basis of Einstein’s
equation
Ans : (i) graph is shown below
(ii) as per the Einstein’s equation
eV0 = h(ν- ν0) which includes
(a) the stopping potential is same for I1 and I2 as they have the same
frequency.
(b) the saturation currents are shown, because I1 > I2 >I3
58. The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation for two
photosensitive metals A and B. Which of the two has higher threshold frequency? Justify your
answer.
Ans : Metal A has higher threshold frequency
Justification : eV0 = hν – W
= ν-
= Intercept on y-axis
But, (Intercept)A > (Intercept)B

W A > WB (hν0)A > (hν0)B
(ν0)A > (ν0)B
59. In a photoelectric effect experiment, the graph between the stopping potential (V0 ) and frequency
(ν) of the incident radiation on two different metal plates P & Q are shown in figure. Explain.
(i) Which of the metal plates P & Q has greater value of work function?
(ii) What does the slope of lines depict?
Ans : (i) Metal Q has greater work function
Reason : As, (ν0)Q > (ν0)P
(hν0)Q > (hν0)P
W Q > WP
(ii) slope =
Reason : eV0 = hν – W
= ν-
On comparing with y = mx + c slope =
60. The following graph shows the variation of stopping potential (V0) with frequency (ν) of the
incident radiation for two photosensitive surfaces X and Y.
(i) Which of the metals has larger threshold wavelength? Give reason.
(ii) Explain giving reason, which metal gives out electrons having larger kinetic energy, for the
same wavelength of incident radiation If the distance between the light source and metal X is
halved, how will the kinetic energy of emitted from it change? Give reason.
Ans : (i) Metal X has larger threshold wavelength
Reason : (ν0)X < (ν0)Y
(λ0)X > (λ0)Y

(ii) Metal X will emit electrons of larger kinetic energy
Reason : (ν0)X < (ν0)Y
(hν0)X > (hν0)Y
W X < WY
Hence from,
metal X will emit electrons of larger kinetic energy
(iii) K.E. will not change as it does not depend on the distance between light source and metal surface
61. An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential V. Obtain the expression for the de-
Broglie wavelength.
Ans : As the electron is accelerated through potential V
Ek = eV = ½ mv2
v= =
de-Broglie wavelength,
λ= = =
λ= = =
λ= A0
62. Describe briefly how Davisson-Germer experiment demonstrated the wave nature of electrons.
Ans : Davisson – Germer experiment : It provides first experimental proof of concept of wave nature
of electrons
Principle : Electron beam can be diffracted through crystal lattice, using Bragg’s diffraction condition,
2d sinθ = nλ
Working : Maximum intensity of scattered electron beam is obtained at 54 V and . This is due to the
constructive interference of electron beams scattered from different layers of the regularly spaced atoms
of the crystals.
We have,
θ + ϕ + θ = 180o
θ = ½ (180o - ϕ) = ½ (180o – 50o) = 65o
From Bragg’s diffraction condition,
2d sinθ = nλ
2 x 0.91 x sin65o = 1 λ
λ = 1.65 Ao ----- (1)
Now the de-Broglie wavelength

λ= = = 1.66 Ao ----- (2)
From (1) & (2) it is obvious that theoretical and the experimental value of λ are
same. Hence, this experiment confirms the wave nature of electrons and the de
Broglie hypothesis.
63. The wavelength λ of a photon and the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron have the same value.
Show that the energy of a photon is (2λmc/h) times the kinetic energy of electron. Where m, c and
h have their usual meaning.
Ans : Energy of photon, E = hν =
de-Broglie wavelength of electron, λ = p=
Kinetic energy of electron Ek =
=
E= Ek

64. X-rays of wavelength ‘λ’ fall on a photo sensitive surface, emitting electrons. Assuming that the
work function of surface can be neglected, prove that the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons
emitted will be
OR
An electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ is incident on a photosensitive surface of negligible work
function. If the photoelectrons emitted from this surface have the de-Broglie wavelength λ1 . Prove
that λ =
Ans : As, W is negligible
Now de-Broglie wavelength,
65. A proton and an α-particle accelerated through the same potential difference. Which one of the
two has –
(i) greater de-Broglie wavelength, and
(ii) less kinetic energy? Justify your answer.
Ans : (i) λ = & V = same
= = =2 λproton = λα-particle
(ii) Ek = qV Ek q
As qproton < qα-particle
66. A deuteron and an α-particle are accelerated with the same accelerating potential. Which one of
the two has –
(i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with in it and
(ii) less kinetic energy? Explain.
= = = 2:1 λdeutron = λα-particle

(ii) Ek = qV Ek q
As qdeutron < qα-particle
67. A proton and an α-particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength. Determine the ratio of-
(i) their accelerating potentials, and (ii) their speeds.
Ans : (i) λ = V= & λ = same
= = = 8:1
(ii) λ = ν= ν 1/m
= = = 4:1
68. A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the same accelerating potential. Which one of
the two has –
(i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(ii) less momentum? Give reason to justify your answer.
= = =2 λproton = λdeutron
thus proton has the greater de-Broglie wavelength

(ii)
As λproton > λdeutron hence pproton < pdeutron
Thus proton has less momentum.
69. Two metals X and Y have work functions 2 eV & 5 eV respectively. Which metal will emit
electrons, when it is radiated with light of wavelength 400 nm & why?
Ans : Metal X, as
70. Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 X 1014 Hz is produced by a laser. The power emitted is
2.0 X 10-3 W.
(a) What is the energy of a photon in the light beam?
(b) Estimate the number of photons emitted per second on an average by the source.
Ans : (a) E = hν = 6.6 X 10-34 X 6 X 1014 = 3.98 x 10-19 J
(b) number of photons,
71. The work function for the following metals is given :

Na : 2.75 eV and Mo : 4.175 eV
(i) Which of these will not give photoelectron emission from a radiation of wavelength 3300 Ao
from a laser beam?
(ii) What happens if the source of laser beam is brought closer?
Ans : (i) for λ = 3300 Ao , energy of photon, = = 3.75 eV < 4.175 eV
Hence Mo will not give photoelectric emission as < W
(iii) In case of Na, photocurrent will increase but in case of Mo no effect
72. The work function of Cesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6.0 X 10 14 Hz is incident on
metal surface, photoemission of electron occurs. What is the
(i) maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons
(ii) stopping potential, and
(iii) maximum speed of emitted photoelectrons
Ans : (i) = hν – W = 6.6 X 10-34 X 6 X 1014 – 2.14 = 1.6x10-19 (2.48 - 2.14) J = 0.34
eV
(ii) eV0 = = 0.34 eV V0 = 0.34 V
(iii) ½ m = = 0.34 eV = 0.34x1.6x10-19 J Vmax = 345.8 x 103 m/s
73. Light of wavelength 2000 Ao falls on a metal surface of work function 4.2 eV.
What is the kinetic energy (in eV) of the (a) fastest and (b) slowest electrons emitted from the
surface?
What will be the change in the energy of the emitted electrons if the intensity of light with same
wavelength is doubled?
If the same light falls on another surface of work function 6.5 eV, what will be the energy of
emitted electrons?
Ans : (i) (a) K.E. of fastest electron
(b) K.E. slowest electron = 0 eV (ii) No change in the energy of emitted electrons as it does not depend
on intensity
(iii) no emission as E(6.2 eV) < W(6.5 eV)
74. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271 A0 from a 100W mercury source irradiated a photocell made
of Molybdenum metal. If the stopping potential is -1.3 V, estimate the work function of the metal.
How would the photocell respond when the source is replaced by another source of high intensity
(105 W/m2) red light of wavelength 6328 A0. Justify your answer.
Ans : eV0 =
Also, W =

As λ (=6328 A0) > λ0 (=2977 A0)

Hence, photocell will not respond to source of high intensity (105 W/m2) red light of wavelength 6328
A0
75. Calculate the –
(a) momentum, and
(b) de-Broglie wavelength of the electrons accelerated through a potential difference of 56 V.
Ans : (a) p = = = = 4.04
(b) λ =
76. The wavelength of light from the spectral emission line of Sodium is 589 nm. Find the kinetic
energy of electron for which it would have the same de-Broglie wavelength.
Ans : λ = EK = = 6.96 x 10-25 J
CHAPTER – ATOMS & NUCLEI
1. Define the distance of closest approach.

Ans : Distance of closest approach : The minimum distance up to which an α-particle can approach the
nucleus just before retracing its path, is known as distance of closest approach
r0 =
= 2.5 x 10-14 m
2. The K.E. of α-particle incident on gold foil is doubled. How does the distance of closest approach
change?
Ans : r0 = r0

3. In the Rutherford’s scattering experiment the distance of closest approach for an α-particle is d0. If α-
particle is replaced by a proton, how much kinetic energy in comparison to α-particle will it
require to have the same distance of distance of closet approach d0?
Ans : &
4. Determine the distance of closest approach when an alpha particle of kinetic energy 4.5 MeV
strikes a nucleus of Z=80, stops and reverses its direction.
Ans : r0 = = 9 x 109 x
5. (i) What is Impact parameter?

(ii) What is the significance of impact parameter?
Ans : (i) Impact parameter (b) :
It is the perpendicular distance of the initial velocity vector of the α-particle from the
(ii) Significance : It gives an estimate of size of nucleus
6. The trajectories, traced by different α-particles, in Geiger-Marsden experiment figure.

(a) What names are given to the symbols ‘b’ and ‘θ’ shown here?
(b) What can we say about values of for (i) θ = 0o (ii) θ =
radians?
Ans : (a) symbol ‘b’ represents impact parameter & ‘θ’
represents scattering angle
(c) b =
(i) when θ = 0o , b is maximum & represent nuclear size

(ii) when θ = radians, b is minimum & represent nuclear size
7. State Bohr’s quantization condition for defining stationary orbits.
Ans : Bohr’s quantization condition : electrons can revolve only in those orbits in which their angular
momentum is an integral multiple of
i.e. m v r = n where n = 1,2,3, ----
These orbits are called stationary orbits and electrons do not radiate energy while revolving in these
orbits.
8. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted
photon in a transition.
OR
State Bohr’s postulate of hydrogen atom which successfully explains emission lines in the spectrum
of hydrogen atom.
Ans : Bohr’s postulate of transition : When an electron makes a transition from higher (E2) to lower
energy level (E1), a photon is emitted which have the energy equal to the energy difference of two levels.
i.e. hν = E2 – E1. This equation is called Bohr’s frequency condition.
9. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies
of electron in this state?
Ans : EK = +13.6 eV & P.E. = 2 x (-13.6) = -27.2 eV
10. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of
hydrogen atom is -3.4 eV. What is the kinetic and potential
energy of the electron in this state?
Ans : Ek = +3.4 eV & P.E. = 2 x (-3.4) = -6.8 eV
11. Given the value of the ground state energy of hydrogen atom as -13.6 eV. Find out its kinetic and
potential energy in the ground and second excited states.

Ans : En = & For ground statge n=1
E1 = -13.6 eV
Ek = +13.6 eV & P.E. = 2 x (-13.6) = -27.2 eV
and for second excited state n=3
E3 =
Ek = +1.51 eV & P.E. = 2 x (-1.51) = -3.02 eV
12. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
(i) What does the negative sign signify ?
(ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this atom from the ground state to the
first excited state?
Ans : (i) Negative sign shows that electron is bound with the nucleus by electrostatic force
(ii) En = & for ground state n=1 and for first excited state n=2
∆E = E2 – E1 =
13. Write the expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom.
Ans : r0 =
14. What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and ground state in a
hydrogen atom?
Ans : 4:1 as r n2
15. What is radioactivity?

Ans : Radioactivity : The phenomenon of spontaneous and continuous emission of radiations such as α
or β and γ – rays from the nucleus of heavy elements is called radioactivity.
16. When a radioactive radiation is placed in an electric or magnetic field it divides in to three parts.
Why?
Ans : Radioactive decay occurs in series where daughter product give rise to grand daughter product and
so on. Some of thememit α-particles while others emit β-particles. If after α - emission or β - emission,
nucleus is left in the excited state it may emit γ-rays. Therefore radioactive sample give out α-particle, β-
particles and γ-rays together.
17. Why do α-particles have high ionising power?
Ans : Because of their large mass & large nuclear cross section particles have highest ionizing power.
18. Which of the following radiations α-rays, β-rays, γ-rays
(i) are similar to X-rays
(ii) are easily absorbed by the matter
(iii) travel with greatest speed
(iv) are similar in nature to cathode rays.
Ans : (i) γ-rays (ii) α-rays (iii) γ-rays (iv) β-rays
19. What is the difference between an electron and a β-particle?
Ans : Both are essentially the same. In fact an electron of nuclear origin is called β-particle.
20. A nucleus contains no electrons, yet it ejects them. How?
Ans : A neutron in a nucleus decays in to a proton and an antineutrino. It is this electron which is
emitted as β-particle.
n p+ +
21. A nucleus undergoes β-decay. How does its (i) mass number (ii) atomic number change ?
Ans : During β-decay (i) mass number remains same (ii) atomic number increases by one
22. What is β-decay?
Ans : β-decay : The process of spontaneous emission of particle from a radioactive nucleus is called β-
decay.
23. (i) Write the nuclear decay process of β–decay.
(ii) Write the β– decay of tritium in symbolic form.
Ans :

24. Write the basic nuclear process involved in the emission of (a) β- decay and (b) β+ decay in a
symbolic form, by a radioactive nucleus.
Ans : β- decay, n p+ +
β+ decay, p n+ +
25. Why is the detection of neutrinos found very difficult?

Ans : Because neutrinos have no charge, almost no mass and their interaction with matter is very weak.
26. Why the mass number of a nuclide undergoing -decay does not change?
OR
In both β-decay process, the mass number of the nucleus remains same, whereas the atomic
number Z increases by one in β- decay and decreases by one in β+ decay. Explain giving reason
Ans : In both β-decay process, the conversion of neutron to proton or proton to neutron inside the nuleus.
These nucleons have nearly equal masses. Hence mass number does not change and
In β- decay n p+ +
or + +
In β+ decay p n+ +
or + +
27. Write the nuclear reactions for the following-
(i) α-decay of (ii) β-decay of (iii) β+ decay of (iv) α-decay of
Ans : (i)
(ii) +
(iii) +
(iv) +
28. In the reactions given below, find the values of x, y & z and a, b & c?
Ans : (a) +x +
(b) +
29. In the following nuclear reaction assign the value of Z and A.

Ans : n +
30. Identify the nature of the radioactive radiations emitted in each step of the decay process given
below:
Ans :
31. Give the mass number and atomic number of elements on the right hand side of the decay process.
Po + He
Ans :
32. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes series of decays shown in the following scheme:
α β γ
A A1 A2 A3
If mass number and atomic number of A3 are 176 and 69 respectively, find the mass number and
atomic number of A.
α β γ
Ans :

33. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes series of decays shown in the following scheme:
A A1 A2 A3 A3
If the mass number and atomic number of A are 180 & 72 respectively, what are these numbers
for A4?
α β α γ
Ans :
34. A radioactive isotope D decays according to the sequence –

α
D D1 D2
If the mass number & atomic number for are 176 & 71 respectively, find the mass number and
atomic number of D.
α
Ans :
35. The sequence of stepwise decays of a radioactive nucleus is –

α β-
D D1 D2
If the atomic number and mass number of D2 are 71 & 176 respectively, what are their
corresponding values for D?
α β-
Ans :
36. (a) Write two important limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom.
(b) How these were explained in Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom?
Ans : (a) Limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom: (i) Electron moving in a circular
orbit around the nucleus would get accelerated. Therefore it looses its energy and hence it would spiral
into the nucleus.
(ii) Due to continuously changing radii of orbits, electron will emit em waves of all frequencies.
Hence atom should emit continuous spectrum
(b) Explanation according to Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom : (i) Electron in an atom can revolve in
certain stable orbits without the emission of radiant energy, in which
Where n = 1,2,3,--------
(ii) Energy is released/ absorbed only, when an electron jumps from one stable orbit to another stable
orbit. This results in a discrete spectrum
37. How does de-Broglie explain the stationary orbits for revolution of electrons using Bohr’s
quantization condition?
Ans : d e - Broglie’s explanation of Stationary orbits :
According to de-Broglie hypothesis,
λ= p=
But for circular orbits,
where rn is the radius of quantized orbits
[L = ]
Circumference of permitted orbits are integer multiples of wavelength λ

38. Derive the Bohr’s quantization condition for angular momentum of the orbiting of electron in hydrogen atom.
Using de-Broglie’s hypothesis.
Ans : de-Broglie wavelength
λ=
For electron moving in nth orbit,
2
2
This is Bohr’s postulate of quantization of angular momentum.

39. Use de-Broglie’s hypothesis to write the relation for the nth radius of Bohr orbit interms of Bohr’s
quantization condition of orbital angular momentum.
Ans : de-Broglie wavelength associated with electron in its orbit
λ= =
Only those waves survive which form standing waves. For electron moving in nth circular orbit of radius
rn
where n = 1,2,3, ---
40. (i) Define Ionization energy. What is its value for hydrogen atom?
(ii) How would the ionization energy change when electron in hydrogen atom is replaced by a
particle of mass 200 times that of the electron but having the same charge?
Ans : (i) Ionization Energy : It is the minimum energy required to just remove an electron from the
atom
for H-atom ionization is E0 =
(ii) As E0 m, hence ionization energy become 200 times
41. Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger – Marsden experiment for studying α-particle
scattering by a thin foil of gold. Describe briefly, by drawing trajectories of the scattered α-
particles, how this study can be used to estimate the size of the nucleus? Draw a plot showing the
number of particles scattered versus scattering angle θ.
Ans : Geiger-Marsden experiment (Rutherford’s α–particle scattering experiment):
High energetic collimated beam of –Particles is allowed to fall on a very thin gold foil as shown. The
scattered α–particles are observed through a rotating detector consisting of ZnS screen and microscope.
Observations & Calculations:
(i) most of the α-particles passed un-deflected through the foil. It
indicates that most of the space in an atom is empty.
(ii) some α–particles were deflected through small angles and only a
few (1 in 8000) were deflected through large angles ( > 900) to
return back. It concludes that whole of the positive charge and
almost whole mass is concentrated in a tiny central core known as
nucleus.
(iii)The number of –Particles at a scattering angle is
N(θ)
It is due to the fact that, scattering of α-particles are in accordance with Coulomb’s force.
Size of nucleus : It can be estimated by distance of closest approach

42. In Geiger- Marsden experiment, why is the most of the –Particles go straight through the foil and
only a small fraction gets scattered at large angles?
Ans : for most of the α–Particles, impact parameter is large, hence they suffer very small repulsion due
to nucleus and go straight (right) through the foil
43. In Geiger-Marsden experiment, draw the trajectories traced by α–particles in the Coulomb’s field
of target.
Ans : Trajectories traced by α–Particles
44. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separations.
(i) Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from the graph.
(ii) What is the significance of negative potential energy in the graph drawn?
Ans : Graph :
(i) Conclusion :
(a) For r < r0, P.E. increases rapidly with the decrease in r.
This indicates strong repulsion between the nucleons
(b) For r > r0, P.E. is negative which falls to zero for a separation more
than a few Fermi. It indicates attractive force between the nucleons
(ii) Significance :
Negative potential energy shows that binding force
between the nucleons is strong.
45. Draw a plot of binding energy per nucleon (B.E/A) as a function of mass number A.
a. Write salient features of this curve.
b. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
c. Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fission and
fusion.
Ans : Binding energy curve :
(a) Salient features :
(i) BE per nucleon (Ebn) is practically
constant (independent of A) for the nuclei
of middle mass number (30 < A < 170),
(ii) Maximum is about 8.75 MeV for thus is
most stable. For A = 238 Ebn drops to 7.6
MeV.
Average B.E . per nucleon is very small for
both light nuclei and heavy nuclei , so these
nuclei are less stable.
(b) Conclusions/Importance of BE curve :
(i) Nuclear force is attractive and sufficiently strong to produce BE of a few MeV per nucleon
(ii) Constancy of BE curve in the range 30 < A < 170 is a due to the fact that nuclear force is short –
ranged.
(c) Release of energy in fission & fusion :
(i) When a heavy nucleus undergoes nuclear fission, the BE per nucleon of product nuclei is more
than that of the original nucleus. This means that the nucleons get more tightly bound. Hence, there
is release of energy.
(ii) When two very light nuclei (A 10) undergoes nuclear fusion, the BE per nucleon of product
nucleus becomes more than that of the original lighter nuclei. This means that the nucleons in the
final nucleus get more tightly bound. Hence, there is release of energy.
46. What characteristic property of nuclear force explains the consistency of binding energy per
nucleon (BE/A) in the range of mass number ‘A’ lying 30< A< 170?
Ans : Nuclear force is short ranged or saturated

47. Give the reason for the decrease of binding energy per nucleon for nuclei with high numbers.
Ans : This is due to increase in Coulomb repulsive force between protons
48. The figure shows the plot of binding energy (BE) per nucleon as a function of mass number A.
Point out, giving energy reasons, the two processes (in terms of A,B,C,D and E) , one of which can
occur due to nuclear fission and the other due to nuclear fusion.
Ans : (i) Nuclear fission of E in to D and C,
as there is increase in binding energy per nucleon
(ii) Nuclear fusion of A and B in to C,
as there is an increase in binding energy per nucleon
49. State the law of radioactive decay.
(i) Derive the mathematical expression for law of radioactive decay for a sample of radioactive
nucleus.
(ii) Plot a graph showing the number (N) of un-decayed nuclei as a function of time (t) for a given
radioactive sample having half-life T.
Ans : Law of radioactive decay : The rate of decay of a given radioactive sample is directly
proportional to the total number of un-decayed nuclei present in the sample.
i.e. –
------ (1)
Where λ is constant of proportionality & is called decay constant

Let, when t=0, N=N0, Integrating (1) on both sides
N = N0 e-λt
50. Define the terms half-life period & decay constant of a radioactive substance. Write their S.I.
units. Establish the relation between them.
Ans : Half-life (T) : It is defined as the time taken to decay one-half of the initial number of nuclei
present in a radioactive sample. Its S.I. unit is second (s)
Decay constant (λ) : It is defined as the reciprocal of the time in which the number of nuclei left
undecayed reduces to times of its initial value. Its S.I. unit is second (s-1)
Relation : We have, N = N0 e-λT
But when t = T, N =
= N0 e-λT
e-λT
λT = loge 2
λ=
51. Define the term MEAN LIFE of a radioactive nuclide. How is the mean life of a given radioactive
nucleus related to the decay constant and Half -life?
Ans : Average or Mean life ( ) : mean life of a radioactive substance is defined as the sum of life time
of all the nuclei divided by the number of all nuclei
i.e. Mean life ( ) =
Relation :

CHAPTER – RAY OPTICS
1. When a wave is propagating from a rarer to a denser medium, which characteristic of the wave
does not change and why?
Ans : frequency, as frequency is a characteristic of the source of waves
OR
When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another, its wavelength changes but its
frequency remains same. Why?
Ans : frequency is a characteristic of the source of waves. That is why it remains the same. But
wavelength is characteristic of medium. So wavelength and velocity both change.
2. When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the reflected and
refracted light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency. Why?
Ans : Reflection and refraction arise through interaction of incident light with atomic constituents of
matter which vibrate with the same frequency as that of incident light. Hence frequency remains
unchanged.
3. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease in
speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the wave?
Ans : No. Energy carried out by a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave, not on the speed of wave
propagation.
4. In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined by the square of the amplitude of the
wave. What determine the intensity in the photon picture of light?
Ans : In photon picture, intensity is determined by the number of photons incident normally on a unit
area per unit time
5. When light comes from air to glass, the refracted ray is bent towards the normal. Why?
Ans : μ =
sin i < sin r r < i hence, refracted ray is bent towards the normal
6. For the same angle of incidence, the angle of refraction into two media A and B are 25o and 35o
respectively. In which medium is the speed of light less?
Ans : In medium A speed of light is less
Reason : μ =
[angle of incidence is same]
But rA < rB vA < vB

7. Define refractive index of a transparent medium. What is the minimum and maximum value of
refractive index?
Ans : Refractive index : Refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of velocity of light in
vacuum to the velocity of light in that medium.
i.e. Minimum value of refractive index is 1 for air and maximum is 2.42 for diamond
8. What is the ratio of the velocity of the wave in the two media of refractive indices μ1 and μ2?
Ans :
9. How does the refractive index of a transparent medium depend on wavelength of light used?
Ans :
10. When a glass slab is placed on an ink dot, ink dot appears to be raised. Why?
Ans : due to refraction of light
11. By how much would an ink dot appear to be raised, when covered by a glass plate of thickness 6.0
cm. Refractive index of glass is 1.5.
Ans :
12. The line AB in the ray diagram represents a lens. State whether the lens is convex or concave?
(i) (ii)
Ans : (i) Convex lens, Reason : refracted ray is bending towards the principal axis
(ii) Concave lens, Reason : refracted ray is bending away from the principal axis
13. What is total internal reflection of light?
Ans : Total internal reflection : When a ray of light travelling from denser to a rarer medium is
incident on the interface at an angle greater than the critical angle, it is totally reflected back in to the
denser medium. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection of light.
14. State the conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur.
Ans : Conditions for TIR :
(i) light ray must travel from denser to a rarer medium
(ii) angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle (i > ic)
15. Name one phenomenon which is based on total internal reflection.
Ans : Mirage/ sparkling of diamond/ optical fibre/ totally reflecting prisms
16. Can total internal reflection occur when light goes from rarer to a denser medium?
Ans : No
17. Define critical angle. What is the relation between refractive index & critical angle for a given pair
of optical media?
Ans : Critical Angle : The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in
the rarer medium is 90o is called critical angle.
Relation :
18. When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, why does the critical
angle of incidence depend on the colour/wavelength of light?
Ans : ic =
As . Hence critical angle would also be different for different colours/wavelengths of light.
19. What is the critical angle for a material of refractive index ?
Ans : ic = 45o
20. Velocity of light in glass is 2x108 m/s and in air 3 x 108 m/s. If the ray light passes from glass to air,
calculate the value of critical angle.
Ans :

21. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30o.
Ans : μ =
Now,
22. In the following ray diagram, calculate the speed of light in the liquid of unknown refractive index.
Ans :
23. Draw a ray diagram to show how a right angled isosceles prism can
be used to-
(i) deviate a light ray through (i) 90o,
(ii) deviate a light ray through 180o / to obtain the inverted image
(iii) to invert an image without the deviation of the rays?
Ans : (i) (ii) (iii)
24. Why does a diamond sparkle?

Ans : The brilliance of diamond is due to total internal reflection of light. Refractive index of diamond is
very large (2.42) so its critical angle is small (24.40). The faces of diamond are cut in such a manner that
light entering diamond from any face suffers multiple total internal reflections and remains within the
diamond but it comes out through only a few faces. Hence the diamond sparkles.
25. Find the relation between critical angle and refractive index.
Ans : By Snell’s law,
But when i = , r = 90o
26. What is an optical fibre? Name the phenomenon on which working of an optical fibre is based.
Give any two uses optical fibres.
Ans : Optical fibre : An optical fibre is a fine strand of quality glass/quartz surrounded by a glass
coating of slightly lower refractive index called cladding.
Phenomenon : Total internal reflection of light
Uses : (a) in transmission of optical signals as light pipe in medical examination of stomach etc.
27. Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre. Explain how light propagates through the optical
fiber.
Ans : Phenomenon : Total internal reflection
Working : When a signal in the form of light enters at one
end of the fibre at suitable angle, it undergoes repeated total
internal reflections and finally comes out at the other end.
28. What is scattering light ? What is the condition for Rayleigh scattering to occur?
Scattering of light : This is the phenomenon in which light is deflected from its path due to its
interaction with the particles of the medium through which it passes.
Condition : size of scatterer
29. Why cannot we see clearly through fog ? Name the phenomenon responsible for it.
Ans. Some light gets deviated/ scattered/ absorbed
Phenomenon- Scattering of light
30. Why does bluish colour predominate in the sky?
Ans. due to most scattering of blue light
as blue light has the smallest wavelength and as per Rayleigh’s law of scattering, intensity of scattered
light

31. Why does Sun appears red at sunrise and sunset?
Ans. due to least scattering of red light
as red light has the longest wavelength and as per Rayleigh’s law of scattering, intensity of scattered
light
32. Clouds appear white. Why?
Ans. due to equal scattering of all colours of light
Large particles such as dust, raindrops, ice particle do not scatter light in accordance with
Raleigh’s law but scatters light of all colours almost equally
33. Give reasons for the following observations on the surface of the moon :
(a) Sunrise and sunset are abrupt b) Sky appears dark (c) a rainbow is never formed.
Ans : (a) Moon has no atmosphere. There is no scattering of light. Sunlight reaches the moon straight
covering the short distance. Hence sunrise and sunset are abrupt.
(b) Moon has no atmosphere. There is nothing to scatter sunlight towards the moon. No skylight reaches
moon surface. Hence sky appears black in the day time as it does at night.
(c) No water vapours are present at moon surface. No clouds are formed. There are no rains on the
moon, so rainbow is never formed.
34. Why is aperture of objective lens of a telescope is taken large?
Ans : to increase the light gathering capacity and hence brightness of the image
35. State two main considerations taken into account while choosing the objective in optical telescopes
with large diameters.
Ans : (i) better light gathering power
(ii) high resolving power
36. The objective of a telescope is of larger focal length and of larger aperture (as compared to eye
piece). Why?
Ans : (i) Objective of larger focal length increases magnification ( )
(ii) Objective of larger aperture has large light gathering capacity and hence increases the brightness of
image/ have a high resolving power
37. Why is eye piece of a telescope is of short focal length, while objective of large focal length?
Explain.
Ans :
for large angular magnification, fo >> fe
Hence, focal length of objective should be large, while focal length of eye piece should be small
38. State the condition under which a large magnification can be achieved in an astronomical
telescope.
Ans :
(i) By increasing fo / decreasing fe or fo >> fe
(ii) Distance between two lenses L > fo + fe
39. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an
objective to construct an astronomical telescope? Give reason.
Ans : Objective lens : Lens L1

Eye piece : Lens L2
Reason :
for higher magnification & brighter image, objective should have large aperture and large focal length &
eye piece should have small aperture and small focal length.
40. You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a telescope. Which lenses should
you use as an objective and eyepiece of an astronomical telescope? Justify your answer.
Ans : Objective lens : 0.5 D
Eye piece : 10 D
Justification :

for higher magnification, objective should have large focal length & eye piece should have small focal
length
41. Write two main limitations of refracting telescopes. Explain how these can be minimized in a
reflecting telescope.
Ans : Limitations of refracting telescope:
Suffers from spherical aberration . It can be corrected by using parabolic mirror objective
Suffers from chromatic aberration. It can be corrected by using mirror objective instead of spherical lens
Image is less bright/ small magnifying power/small resolving power
In reflecting telescope image is bright due to reflection and has high resolving power due to large
aperture
42. Give two reasons to explain why a reflecting telescope is preferred over a refracting telescope.
OR
State the advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope.
Ans : (i) No chromatic/spherical aberration as mirror is used as objective in reflecting telescope
(ii) Brighter image/ high resolving power as mirror of large aperture is used as objective in reflecting
telescope
43. (i) Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope. State the advantages of reflecting telescope
over refracting telescope.
(ii) What is its magnifying power?
Ans : Advantages of reflecting telescope
(i) No chromatic aberration
(ii) No spherical aberration
(iii)Brighter image
(iv) large magnifying power
(v) High resolving power
44. Does the magnifying power of a microscope depend on the colour of the light used ? Justify your
answer.
Ans : Yes, Justification : & focal length depends on colour/μ
45. Explain, why is the objective of a compound microscope be of short aperture?
Ans : to increase magnifying power both the objective and the eye piece must have short focal lengths
46. Explain, While viewing through a compound microscope, why should our eyes be positioned not
on the eye piece but a short distance away from it for best viewing?
Ans : To collect complete light refracted by the objective and to increase field of view
47. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an
objective to construct a compound microscope? Give reason.
Ans :
Objective lens : Lens

Eye piece : Lens
Reason : Objective of a microscope should have small aperture and smallest focal length eye piece of a
microscope should have small aperture and small focal length (but longer focal length than aperture)
48. What is dispersion of light? What is its cause?
Ans : Dispersion of light : When a ray of white light is incident on a glass prism, it splits into its seven
constituent colours. This phenomenon is called dispersion of light.
Cause of dispersion : Refractive index of material of prism is different for different colours of light.
Hence from δ=(μ-1)A, different colour will deviate through different angles
49. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is
replaced by red light? Give reason.
Ans : Decreases, Reason : δ=(μ-1)A & or
50. Violet colour is seen at the bottom of the spectrum when white light is dispersed by a prism. Give
reason.
Ans : δ=(μ-1)A &
Hence, Violet colour is seen at the bottom of the spectrum when white light is dispersed by a prism
652. O ut of blue and red ligh t whic h is m ore devia te by p rism ? Give reason . CBS E (D)-2 0 10

51. Out of blue and red light which is more deviate by prism? Give reason.
Ans : δ=(μ-1)A &
Hence, blue light deviates more than red light by a prism.
52. For which colour the refractive index of prism material is maximum and minimum?
Ans : &
Hence refractive index of prism material is maximum for violet and minimum for red colour.
53. How is the focal length of a spherical mirror affected, when the wavelength of light used is
increased?
Ans. No change : as focal length of a spherical mirror does not depend on wavelength
54. How is the focal length of a spherical mirror is affected, when it is immersed in water/Glycerin?
Ans. No change as focal length of a spherical mirror does not depend on medium
55. How is the focal length of a spherical lens affected, when the wavelength of light used is increased?
Ans : Focal length of the lens increases
Reason :
56. How does focal length of a convex lens change, if violet light is used instead of red light?
Ans : Focal length of the lens decreases
Reason :
As
57. Explain with reason, how the power of a diverging lens changes when incident red light is replaced
by violet light.
Ans : Power of the lens will increases
Reason :
As
58. What happens to the focal length of a convex lens when it is immersed in water? Refractive index
of the material of lens is greater than that of water.
Ans : Focus length will increase hence power will decrease
As increases f increases ( )
59. A lens of glass is immersed in water. What will be its effect on the power of lens?
Ans : Power of the lense will decrease
As increases P decreases ( )
60. Draw a plot showing the variation of power of lens with the wavelength of incident light.
Ans : Power of the lens decrease with increase in wavelength
Reason :
61. A glass lens of refractive index 1.45 disappears when immersed in a liquid. What is the value of
refractive index of the liquid?
Ans : The refractive index of the liquid should be equal to that of the lens, i,e, 1.45
62. What should be the value of the refractive index of the medium in which the lens should be placed
so that it acts as a plane sheet of glass?
OR
Under what condition does a biconvex lens of glass having a certain refractive index acts as a plane
glass sheet when immersed in a liquid?
Ans : The refractive index of the medium/liquid should be equal to that of the lens
63. Explain with reason, how the power of a diverging lens changes when it is kept in a medium of
refractive index greater than that of the lens.
Ans : Power will become positive, i,e, lens will behave as Converging lens.
Reason :
As

64. A biconcave lens made of transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of
refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave a converging or diverging lens? Give reason.
Ans : Converging lens :
Reason :
As
65. Derive expression for the lens maker’s formula using necessary ray diagrams.
Also state the assumptions in deriving the above relation and the sign conventions used.
Ans : For the refraction at the interface ABC,
------------ (1)
For the refraction at ADC, image will act as an imaginary object and if the lens is very thin, then
------------ (2)
on adding (1) & (2) we get
But when
Assumption used :
(i) lens used is very thin.
(ii) Aperture of the lens is very small
(iii) Object is a point object placed at the principal axis.
(iv) All the rays are paraxial.
New Cartesian sign conventions used :

(i) All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens
(ii) Distances measured in the direction of incident ray are positive.
(iii)Distances measured in the opposite direction of incident ray are negative.
66. Two thin convex lenses and of focal lengths and respectively, are placed coaxially in contact. An
object is placed at a point beyond the focus of lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the image
formation and hence derive the expression for the focal length of the combined system.
Ans : For the refraction by lens L1 we have
------- (1)
For the refraction by lens, will act as an imaginary object,
------- (2)
On adding equation (1) and (2) we get
Let F be the focal length of this lens combination then we have
From (3) and (4),

67. Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Hence derive the
relation.
Ans : Refraction through a glass prism:

Let a light ray is incident on the principal section ABC of a glass prism as shown
In quadrilateral ANQR,
------ (1)
In triangle QNR,
r1 + r2 + = 180o ------ (2)
From (1) and (2)
r1 + r2 = A ------ (3)
Now, total deviation
δ = (i-r1)+(e-r2) = (i + e) - (r1 + r2)
δ = i + e –A ----- (4)
But when δ = δm , i = e hence r1 = r2
from (3), 2r = A r = A/2
From(4), δm = 2i – A I = (A + δm)/2
68. A ray of light incident on an equilateral glass prism propagates parallel to the base line of the
prism inside it. Find the angle of incidence of this ray. Given refractive index of material of glass
prism is .
Ans : Given : A = 60o , I = ?
If the ray moves parallel to the base line, it means that, r1 = r2 = r
As r1 + r2 = A 2 r =60o r =30o
sin i = i = 60o
69. Determine the value of the angle of incidence for a ray of light travelling from a medium of
refractive index into the medium of refractive index = 1, so that it just grazes along
the surface of separation.
Ans : From Snell’s law,
i = 45o
70. A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum deviation
when the angle of incidence is 3/4 th of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the prism.
Ans : Given : A = 60o, & i = i=
At minimum deviation,
But,
71. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope in
normal adjustment.
(ii) Define magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment (i,e, when the
final image is formed at infinity).
(iii) Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment.

Ans :
Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the
angle subtended at the eye by the object, when both are at infinity
72. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final image is formed at
least distance of distinct vision.
(ii) Define its magnifying power and deduce the expression for the magnifying power of telescope.
Ans :
Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image at the least
distance of the distinct vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the object at infinity, when seen directly
------ (1)
But for eye lens,
73. Write the main considerations required in selecting the objective and eye piece lenses in order to
have large magnifying power and high resolution of the telescope
Ans :
(i) to have large magnifying power fo >> fe
Hence, focal length of objective should be large, while focal length of eye piece should be small
(ii) to have high resolving power D should be large. Hence aperture of objective should be large
74. Draw a labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope in normal
adjustment.
Define magnifying power of a compound
microscope in normal adjustment and
derive an expression for it.
Ans : Ray diagram of a compound
microscope when the final image is at
least distance of distinct vision :
Magnifying Power : It is defined as the
ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the
image to the angle subtended at the eye by
the object, when both lie at the least distance
of distinct vision.
------- (1)
But for eye lens,
from (1),
75. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope in normal
adjustment.
(ii) Define magnifying power of a compound microscope in normal adjustment and derive an
expression for it.
Ans : ray diagram of a compound microscope in
normal adjustment
Ans : Mgnifying power : Magnifying power of a
compound microscope is defined as the angle subtended at
the eye by the final image to the angle subtended (at the un
aided eye) by the object
When the object is very close to fo, and the image formed is very close to eye lens, then u0 f0 and v0
L
CHAPTER – EMI & AC
1. Define magnetic flux. Write its S.I. unit. Is it a scalar or vector quantity?

Ans : Magnetic flux : It is defined as the total number of magnetic lines of force passing normally
through a given surface
It’s S.I. is Weber (Wb). It is a scalar quantity.

2. What is electromagnetic induction?
Describe, with the help of a suitable diagram, how one can demonstrate that emf can be induced in
a coil due to the change of magnetic flux.
Ans : (i) Electromagnetic Induction : Whenever magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit is changed,
an emf and hence a current is induced in the circuit. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic
induction.
(ii) Demonstration : When a bar magnet is either pushed towards or pulled away from coil as shown,
magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and galvanometer shows deflection. This shows that emf is
induced.
3. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
Ans : Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic Induction:
(i) Whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf is induced in the circuit. The
induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.
(ii) The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to time rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with the circuit.
i.e.
4. When a bar magnet is pushed towards or away from the coil connected to a galvanometer, pointer
in galvanometer deflects. Identify the phenomenon causing this deflection and write the factors on
which the amount and direction of the deflection depends.
Ans : Phenomenon : Electromagnetic induction
(i) Amount of deflection depends on the speed of movement of the magnet
(ii) Direction of deflection depends on the sense (towards or away) of the movement of the magnet
5. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field region to a
field-free region with a constant velocity V. In which loop do you expect the induced emf to be
constant during the passage out of the field region? The field is normal to the loops.
Ans : In rectangular loop

Reason : In the case of circular loop, the rate of change of area of the loop during its passage out of the
field region is not constant, hence induced emf will vary accordingly.
6. State Lenz’s law.
Ans : Lenz’s law : The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux
responsible for its production.
7. Illustrate by giving an example, how Lenz’s law helps in predicting the direction of the current in
a loop in the presence of a changing magnetic flux?
Ans : Illustration : When north pole is moved towards loop, due to Lenz’s
Law loop will repel it by inducing current in anticlockwise direction. Similarly, when north pole is taken
away current will be induced in clockwise direction.
8. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described

below:
Ans : A – positive
B – negative

9. A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD.
Predict the direction of the induced current in each coil.
Ans : Q to P through ammeter and D to C through ammeter

Alternatively: Anticlockwise as seen from left in coil PQ clockwise as seen from left in coil CD
10. The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the
direction of the induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wire as shown.
Ans : Clockwise
11. A conducting loop is held above a current carrying wire PQ as shown in the figure. Depict the
direction of the current induced in the loop when the current in the wire PQ is constantly
increasing.
Ans : Clockwise
12. A conducting loop is held below a current carrying wire PQ as shown in the figure. Predict the
direction of the induced current in the loop when the current in the wire PQ is constantly
increasing.
Ans : Anti-clockwise
13. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 when current I in the wire is
increasing steadily?
Ans : Clockwise in loop 1, anticlockwise in loop 2
14. The closed loop (PQRS) of wire is moved in to a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the plane
of the paper as shown in figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in the loop.
Ans : Anti-clockwise
15. A long straight current carrying wire passes normally through the centre of circular loop. If the
current through the wire increases, will there be any induced emf in the loop? Justify.
Ans : No,
Reason : As the magnetic field due to current carrying wire will be in the plane of the
circular loop, so magnetic flux will remain zero/ Magnetic flux does not change with
the change of current
16. A bar magnet falls from height ‘h’ through a metal ring as shown in figure.
(i) Will its acceleration be equal to ‘g’?
(ii) What will happens if the ring in the above case is cut so as not to form a
complete loop? Justify your answer.
Ans : (i) acceleration will be less than g (a < g)
Reason : as the magnet falls, magnetic flux inked with the metal ring increases. By the Lenz’s law,
induced current in the ring opposes the downward motion of the magnet
(ii) acceleration will be equal to g (a = g)
Reason : when the ring has a cut, emf will be induced but no induced current flows through it. Hence
motion of the magnet is not opposed. Magnet will fall with acceleration equal to g

17. Figure shows two identical rectangular loops (1) and (2), placed on a table along with a straight
long current carrying conductor between them.
(i) What will be the direction of induced currents in the loops when they are pulled away from
the conductor with the same velocity?
(ii) Will the emfs induced in the two loops be equal? Justify your answer.
Ans : (i) in loop (1) - Anticlockwise
in loop (2) – Clockwise
(ii) No, emf will not be equal because the rate of change of magnetic flux in the two loops are different
18. What are eddy currents? How are they produced?
Ans : Eddy currents : The induced circulating currents produced in the bulk piece of a conductor, when
it is subjected to a changing magnetic flux, are known as eddy currents
Eddy currents are produced when a bulk conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field
19. Give two uses of eddy currents.
Ans : (i) magnetic braking in electric trains
(ii) to produce heat in induction furnaces
(iii) electro magnetic damping
20. Why eddy currents are considered undesirable?
Ans. Because (i) they heat up the metallic core and dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat.
(ii) they always oppose the motion.
21. How are eddy currents minimized?
Ans : (i) using laminating iron core
(ii) using slotted iron blocks
22. The motion of a copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of a
magnet. What is the cause of this damping?
Ans : It is due to eddy currents produced in the plate
23. The motion of a copper plate is damped when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of a
magnet. If the slots are cut in the plate, how will the damping be affected?
Ans : The damping is due to eddy currents produced in the plate. Slots reduce eddy current hence
damping will be less.
24. A light metal disc on the top of an electromagnet is thrown up as the current is switched on. Why?
Give reason.
Ans : Due to eddy currents set up in the disc
Reason : As the current is switched on, eddy currents are set up in metal disc due to increasing magnetic
flux. By Lenz’s law lower face of the disc will have the same polarity as that on the top end of the
Electromagnet, resulting in a repulsive force. Hence, it is thrown up
25. What is meant by self induction?
Ans : Self induction : When a changing current is passed through a coil, an emf is induced in the coil
due to change in magnetic flux passing through it. This phenomenon is called self-induction.
26. Define self-inductance of a coil. Write its S.I. unit.
Ans : Self inductance : It is defined as the total magnetic flux linked with the coil, when unit current
flows through it.
Its S.I. unit is Henry (H)
27. What is meant by back emf? When current in a coil changes with time, how is the back emf
induced in the coil related to it?
Ans : Back emf :The self - induced emf in a coil due to changing current flowing through it, is called
the back emf as it is opposes any change in the current in a circuit ( )
28. A plot of magnetic flux ( ) versus current (I) is shown in the figure for two inductors A and B,
which of the two has larger value of self-inductance and why?
Ans : Inductor A
Reason :
As (slope)A > (slope)B
(L)A = (L)B
29. Figure shows an inductor I and a resistor R connected in parallel to a battery through a switch.
The resistance R is same as that of coil that makes L. Two identical bulbs are put in each arm
of the circuit.
(i) Which of the bulbs lights up earlier when S is closed?
(ii) Will the two bulbs be equally bright after some time?
Give reason for your answer.
Ans : (i) Bulb B2 lights up earlier
Reason : induced emf across L opposes growth of current in B1
(ii) yes, after some time both bulbs will be equally bright
Reason : after some time current reached its maximum value in and self-
induction plays no role
30. What is meant by mutual induction?
Ans : Mutual induction : When a changing current is passed through a coil, an emf is induced in the
neighbouring coil due to change in magnetic flux passing through it. This phenomenon is called mutual-
induction.
31. Define Mutual inductance of a coil. Write its S.I. unit.
Ans : Mutual inductance : Mutual inductance of two coils may be defined as the total magnetic flux
linked with one coil, when unit current flows through the other coil. Its S.I. unit is Henry (H)
32. The circuit arrangement given in the figure shows that when an a.c. passes through the coil , the
current starts Flowing in the coil.
(i) Name the underlying principle involved
(ii) Mention two factors on which the current produced in the
coil depends.
Ans : (i) Principle : Mutual induction
(ii) factors : (a) mutual inductance of two coils
(b) rate of change of current in coil A
(c) resistance of coil B
33. Figure given below shows an arrangement by which current flows through the bulb (X) connected
with coil , when a.c. is passed through coil A. Explain the following observations:
(i) Bulb lights up
(ii) Bulb gets dimmer if coil B is moved upwards
(iii) If a copper sheet is inserted in the gap between the coils
how the brightness of the bulb will change?
Ans : (i) bulb lights up due to induced current in coil B because of
mutual induction
(ii) when coil B is moved upwards, flux linked with it decreases,
induced current decreases so the bulb gets dimmer
(iii) eddy currents will be set up in the copper sheet, which will oppose the passage of magnetic flux.
Induced emf in coil B de creases hence brightness s of bulb will decrease
34. An a.c. source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt is connected one by one, to three circuit elements X, Y and
Z. It is observed that the current flowing in them,
(i) is in phase with the applied voltage for element X
(ii) lags the applied voltage in phase by , for element Y
(iii)leads the applied voltage in phase by , for element.
Ans : (i) X-Register (ii) Y-Inductor (iii) Z-capacitor
35. Write the principle of which a transformer works.
Ans : It is based on the principle of mutual induction
i,e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring
coil
36. Why cannot a transformer works on d.c.?
OR
Why can not a transformer be used to step up d.c. voltage?
Ans : d.c. cannot produce a changing magnetic flux in the primary and hence no emf will be induced in the secondary
37. Why is the use of a.c. voltage is preferred over d.c. voltage? Give two reasons.
Ans : 1. A.C. voltage can be steeped up & stepped down using a transformer, but same is not true for
d.c. voltage
2. A.C. voltage can be converted in to d.c. voltage by using rectifier but d.c. voltage cannot be
converted in to a.c. voltage
38. These days most of the electrical devices we use require a.c. voltage. Why?
Ans : (a) It can be stepped up / stepped down
(b) It can be converted in to d.c. (c) line loss can be minimized
39. In India, domestic power supply is at 220V,50Hz, while in U.S.A. it is 110V,50Hz. Give one
advantage and one disadvantage of 220V supply over 110V supply.
Ans : Advantage : power loss at 220V supply is less than that at 110V.
Disadvantage : 220V is more dangerous than 110V because its peak value (311V) is more than peak
value (155.5V) for 110V supply
40. Why is the core of a transformer is laminated?
Ans : to minimize the energy losses due to eddy current
41. Mention the two characteristic properties of a material suitable for making core of a transformer.
Ans : (i) Low coercivitiy/Low retentivity (ii) High permeability
Why is the core of a transformer made of a magnetic material of high permeability?
Ans : to increase the magnetic flux in the core, due to which flux leakage decreases & efficiency
increases
42. Does a step up transformer violets the principle of conservation of energy?
Ans : No, in an ideal transformer input power is always equal to output power, due to which if voltage
increases, current is reduced in same proportion
43. What is the source of energy generation in an ac generator?
Ans : Mechanical energy used in rotating the armature coil is the source of energy generation in an ac
generator
44. Can the current produced by an ac generator be measured with a moving coil galvanometer?
Ans : No
45. Show a plot of variation of (i) magnetic flux and (ii) alternating emf versus time generated by a
loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field in an ac generator.
Ans : (i) (ii)
46. Explain, with the help of a suitable example, how we can show that Lenz’s law is a consequence of
the principle of conservation of energy.
Ans : Lenz’s is a consequence of law of conservation of
energy :
A bar magnet experiences a repulsive force when brought near
a closed coil and attractive force when moved away from the
coil, due to induced current. Therefore external work is
required to be done in the process, which appears in the form
of electrical energy.
In the absence of Lenz’s law, no opposition by induced current and we would be obtaining electrical
energy without doing any work, which is impossible. Thus, Lenz’s law is in accordance with the
principle of conservation of energy.
47. What is motional electromotive force (motional emf)?
A rod of length is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity in a direction perpendicular to
its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically downward.
Derive the expression for the emf induced across the ends of the rod.
Ans : Motional emf : The emf induced across the ends of a conductor due to its motion in a magnetic
field is called motional emf
Expression for motional emf :
Magnetic flux enclosed by loop PQRS
Since X is changing with time, the rate of change of magnetic flux

will induce an emf given by
–
where – because velocity v is in decreasing
direction of x.

48. Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQSR in which arm RS of length ‘l’ is movable. The
loop is kept in a uniform magnetic field ‘B’ directed downwards perpendicular to the plane of the
loop. The arm RS is moved with a uniform speed ‘v’. Deduce the expression for the :
(a) emf induced across the arm ‘RS’
(b) external force required to move the arm, and
(c) power dissipated as heat.
Ans : (i) Induced emf :
Magnetic flux enclosed by loop PQSR
Since X is changing with time, the rate of magnetic flux will induce an emf given by
|e| =
|e| = Blv
(ii) External force required to move the arm RS:
Induced current,
External force required,
(iii) Power dissipated as heat:
49. An a.c. voltage V0=V is applied across a pure capacitor of capacitance. Find an expression for the
current flowing in the circuit and show mathematically that the current flowing through it leads
the applied voltage by a phase angle of . Also draw (a) phasor diagram (b) graphs of V and I
versus ωt for the circuit.
Ans : We have the applied a.c. voltage
V = V0 sin ωt ----- (1)
By Kirchhoff’s loop rule
------------- (2)
Where, ------------ (3)
Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit
known as capacitive reactance (XC) given by
From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit Leads the voltage in phase by
50. When an a.c. source is connected to an ideal inductor show that the average power supplied by the
source over a complete cycle is zero. Also plot a graph showing the variation of voltage, current,
power and flux in one cycle.
Ans : We have, V = V0 sin ωt
& I = I0 sin(ωt - ) = - I0 cos ωt
Average power per cycle

51. When an a.c. source is connected to a pure capacitor show that the average power supplied by the
source over a complete cycle is zero. Also plot a graph showing the variation of voltage, current,
power and flux in one cycle.
Ans : We have, V = V0 sin ωt
& I = I0 sin(ωt + ) = I0 cos ωt
Average power per cycle
52. An alternating voltage V = V0 is applied to a series combination of a resistor and an inductor.

Using phasor diagram, derive expressions for impedance, instantaneous current and its phase
relationship to the applied voltage. Also draw graphs of and versus for the circuit.
Ans : AC through LR circuit : We have the applied voltage
V = V0 sin ωt ------- (1)
From phasor diagram
Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known as impedance

is given by
Obviously, ------- (2)

Where,
From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit lags
behind the voltage in phase by .
53. An alternating voltage V = V0 is applied to a series combination of a resistor and a capacitor.

Using phasor diagram, derive expressions for impedance, instantaneous current and its phase
relationship to the applied voltage. Also draw graphs of V and I versus ωt for the circuit.
Ans : AC through CR circuit : We have the applied voltage
V = V0 sin ωt ----- (1)
From phasor diagram
Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known as impedance is given by
Obviously, ------- (2)

Where,
From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit lags behind the voltage in phase by .

54. Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle and working of an ac generator and
obtain expression for the emf generated in the coil.
Draw a schematic diagram showing the nature of the alternating emf generated by the rotating
coil in the magnetic field during one cycle.
Ans. AC generator : It is a device which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
Principle : It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, i,e, whenever there is change in
magnetic flux linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the coil
Working :
When the armature coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, effective area of coil changes
continuously due to which magnetic flux linked with it changes. Hence an emf is induced in the circuit
and a current flows through the coil.
At any instant the magnetic flux linked with the coil
Induced emf in the coil
Obviously, when sin ωt = 1
&
55. In a series LCR circuit connected to an a.c. source of variable frequency and voltage = V0 sin ωt,
draw a plot showing the variation of amplitude of circuit current with angular frequency of
applied voltage for two different values of resistance R1 and R2 (R1 > R2). Write the condition
under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs.
Answer the following using this graph:
(a) In which case the resonance is sharper and why?
(b) In which case the power dissipation is more and why?
(c) Which one would be better suited for fine tuning in a receiver set?
Ans : Resonance condition : XL = XC or VL or VC
(a) Sharper for R2 Reason : Sharpness of resonance =
(b) More power dissipation for R2
Reason : At resonance, power dissipation =
(c) for larger value of Q = , resonance will be sharper hence circuit with resistance R2 would
be better suited for tuning the receiver set
56. In a series LR circuit XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P1. When capacitor with capacitance
C such that XL = XC is put in series, the power factor becomes P2. Calculate P1/P2.
Ans : For LR circuit power factor
When XL = XC is put in series, for LCR circuit power factor

CHAPTER – MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM
1. State the Lorenz’s magnetic force and express it in vector form. Which pair of vectors are always
perpendicular to each other?
Ans : Lorentz’s magnetic force : It is the force experienced by a charged particle of charge ‘q’ moving
in magnetic field with velocity
Perpendicular pairs : (i) (ii)
2. Write the expression, in vector form, for the Lorentz magnetic force due to a charge moving
with velocity in a magnetic field . What is the direction of the magnetic force?
Ans :
The direction of magnetic force is perpendicular to the plane containing velocity and magnetic field
vectors.
3. Under what condition is the force acting on a charge moving through a uniform magnetic field
minimum?
Ans : When it moves perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field
Reason : when θ = 90o, F = Fmax
4. Under what condition is the force acting on a charge moving through a uniform magnetic field
minimum?
Ans : Reason : when θ = 0o or θ = 180o, F= 0 = Fmin
5. State the condition under which a charged particle moving with velocity v goes undeflected in a
magnetic field B.
Ans :
The charge will go undeflected when Fm = 0 i.e. If is parallel or antiparallel to , i.e. either θ = 0o or θ
= 180o

6. An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region of uniform magnetic
field. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
Ans : The magnetic field is parallel or antiparallel to velocity of electron i,e, either θ = 0o or θ =
180o.
Then
7. Define one Tesla using the expression for the magnetic force acting on a particle of charge ‘q’
moving with velocity in a uniform magnetic field .
Ans :
If
Hence one Tesla is the magnetic field in which a charge of 1 Coulomb moving with velocity 1 m/s,
normally to the magnetic field, experiences a force of 1 N
8. A beam of projected along + x-axis, experiences a force due to magnetic field along
the + y-axis. What is the direction of magnetic field?
Ans :
towards +z-axis
9. A beam of electrons projected along +x-axis, experiences a force due to magnetic field along the
+y-axis. What is the direction of magnetic field?
Ans :
towards z-axis
10. A beam of protons projected along +x-axis, experiences a force due to magnetic field along the
y-axis. What is the direction of magnetic field?
Ans :
towards z-axis
11. Two particles A and B of masses m and 2m have charges q and 2q respectively. Both these
particles moving with velocities v1 and v2 respectively in the same direction enter the same
magnetic field B acting normally to the direction of their motion. If the two forces FA and FB acting
on them are in the ratio of 1:2, find the ratio of their velocities.
Ans :
12. When a charged particle moving with velocity is subjected to a magnetic field , the force
acting on it is non zero. Would the particle gain any energy?
Ans : As is perpendicular to , work done = 0
Hence the particle does not gain any energy
13. In a certain region of space, electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.
An electron enters in the region perpendicular to the direction of both and and moves
undeflected. Find the velocity of electron.
Ans : As electron moves undeflected Fe = Fm
14. A long straight wire carries a steady current I along the positive y-axis in a coordinate system. A
particle of charge +Q is moving with a velocity along the x-axis. In which direction will the
particle experience a force?
Ans : towards y-axis
15. What will be the path of a charged particle moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field?
Ans : Circular path
16. What will be the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field at any arbitrary
angle?
Ans : Helical path or helix
17. What can be the cause of helical motion of a charged particle?
Ans : Charged particle enters magnetic field at any arbitrary angle other than or 0/
Component of , parallel to , is not zero

18. State Biot – Savart law and express this law in the vector form.
Ans : Biot-Savart’s law : It states that magnetic field , due to a current element, , at a point,
having a position vector relative to the current element, is found to depend
(i) directly on the current element,
(ii) nversely on the square of the distance,
(iii) irectly on the sine of angle between the current
(iv) element and the position vector ,
i.e.
In vector form,
19. A current I flows in a conductor placed perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Indicate the
direction of the magnetic field due to a small element at point P situated at a distance from
the element as shown in figure.
Ans :
magnetic field will be in the negative x-direction
20. Write, using Biot – Savart’s law, the expression for the magnetic field due to an element
carrying current I at a distance from it in a vector form.
Ans : Biot-Savart’s law in vector form
State Ampere’s circuital law.

Ans : Ampere’s circuital law : “The line integral of the magnetic field, around a closed loop, equals
times the total current passing through the surface enclosed by that loop.”
i.e.
21. What is the source of magnetic field (or magnetism)?
Ans : The electrons revolving in atoms behave as current loops. These current loops give rise to
magnetism
22. Does a magnetic monopole exists? Justify your answer.
Ans : No, a magnetic monopole does not exist. The reason is that magnetic field is produced by a current
loop and not by monopole of a magnet.
23. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular wire carrying current.
Ans :
24. How are the magnetic field lines different from the electrostatic field lines?
Ans : The magnetic field lines form closed loops while the electrostatic field lines originate from
positive charges and end at negative charges
25. Why do magnetic field lines for continuous closed loops?
Ans : Because a magnet is always a dipole and as a result, net magnetic flux is always zero
26. Can two magnetic lines of force intersect each other. Justify your answer.
Ans : No, because if they do so then at the point of intersection two tangents can be drawn which would
represent two directions of magnetic field which is not possible.

27. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a straight
solenoid. Why ?
Ans : Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid because toroid has no
ends. But a straight solenoid has two ends. If the entire magnetic flux were confined between these ends,
the magnetic field lines will no longer be continuous.
28. Depict magnetic field lines due to two straight, long, parallel conductors carrying steady currents
I1 and I1 in the (i) same direction (ii) opposite direction
Ans : (i) (ii)
29. Using the concept of force between two infinitely long parallel current carrying conductors, define
one ampere of current.
Ans : Definition of 1 Ampere : One Ampere is the current which when flowing through each of the
two infinite long straight parallel conductors placed one meter apart from each other in free space will
exert a force of 2 X 10-7per meter of their length
30. How is the magnetic field inside a given solenoid made strong?
Ans : (i) by increasing number of turns in the solenoid
(ii) by increasing current flowing through the solenoid
(iii) by inserting soft iron core inside the solenoid
31. An α-particle and a proton moving with the same speed, enter the same magnetic field region at
right angles to the direction of the field.
Show the trajectories followed by the two particles in the region of the magnetic field. Find the
ratio of the radii of the circular paths which the two particles may describe.
Ans : (i) trajectories
32. An electron and a proton moving parallel to each other in the same direction with equal momenta,
enter in to a uniform magnetic field which is at right angles to their velocities. Trace their
trajectories in the magnetic field.
OR
An electron and a proton moving with the same speed, enter the same magnetic field region at
right angles to the direction of the field.
(i) Show the trajectories followed by the two particles in the region of the magnetic field.
(ii) Find the ratio of the radii of the circular paths which the two particles may describe.
Ans : (i) trajectories
As mp >> me rp >> re
33. A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform
magnetic field going Into the plane of the paper as shown. Trace their paths in the field and justify
your answer.
Ans : Justification : Direction of force experienced by the particle will be according to the Fleming’s
left hand rule.

34. A proton and deuteron having equal momenta, enters a region of uniform magnetic field at right
angles to the direction of field. Find the ratio of the radii of curvature of the paths of the particles.
OR
A narrow beam of protons and deuterons, each having the same momentum, enters a region of
uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to their direction of momentum. What would be the
ratio of the circular paths described by them?
Ans :
35. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a cyclotron. State the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Show
that time period of ions in cyclotron is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of circular
path. Also obtain an expression for maximum kinetic energy gained by the particle.
Ans : Cyclotron : It is a device used to accelerate charged particles or ions to very high energies.
Principle : A charged particle can be accelerated to very high energy, by making it to pass through a
small region of oscillating electric field again and again with the help of a strong perpendicular magnetic
field.
Working :
Due to electric field particle enters in a Dee where it moves along a circular path due to normal magnetic
field. At the moment particle comes out of a Dee, polarities of the Dees get reversed and particle is
further accelerated to enter in another Dee and follows a circular path of larger radius with higher speed.
This process goes on continuously, till the particle acquires sufficient speed and is taken out with the
help of a deflection plate
t
fc =
Hence, time period or cyclotron frequency is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of circular path
Maximum K.E. : for maximum velocity we have,
36. Explain clearly the role of crossed electric and magnetic field in accelerating charge in a cyclotron
Ans : Electric field : It is used to accelerate the charged particle
Magnetic field : It is used to restrict the particle to move in circular path
Where do the electric and magnetic fields exist in a Cyclotron. Write about their nature.
Electric field : It exists between the Dees an d it is alternating /oscillating in nature
Magnetic field : It exists both inside and outside the Dees and it is constant/uniform in nature
37. What is resonance condition in a cyclotron ? How is it used to accelerate charged particles?
Ans : Resonance condition : “The frequency of oscillating electric field must be equal to the frequency
of revolution of charged particle”
Due to it, charged particles remain in phase with frequency of the applied voltage and accelerated to high
speeds
38. What is the requirement of the frequency of the applied voltage so as to ensure that the ions get
accelerated across the gap of the Dees in a cyclotron?
Ans : “The frequency of oscillating electric field must be equal to the frequency of revolution of charged
particle”
39. In a cyclotron, the time period of ions is independent of both the speed of ion and radius of
circular path. What is the ignificance of this property?
Ans : It helps in achieving resonance condition/Due to it, particle remains in phase with frequency of the
applied voltage
40. Is there an upper limit on the energy acquired by the particle? Give reason
Ans : When the charged particle moves in a path of radius equal to that of Dees, it gains maximum
speed and hence maximum energy which cannot be further increased . Hence, there is an upper limit on
the energy acquired by the charged particle in a cyclotron
41. Can we accelerate neutrons by a Cyclotron? Give reason to your answer.
Ans : No, neutrons cannot be accelerated by using Cyclotron
Reason : Being neutral, neutrons will not experience electric or magnetic force
42. Why is a Cyclotron not suitable for accelerating electrons? Give reason.
Ans : Electrons cannot be accelerated by using Cyclotron. The device which can accelerate electrons is
called Betatron
Reason : They are very light particles and acquire very high speed quickly. As a result their mass
) and consequently time spend in a Dee ( ) increases and they get out of resonance very
quickly.
43. Explain briefly, at very high speeds charged particle in a cyclotron can be thrown out of
resonance. How this drawback can be overcome?
Ans : At very high speeds mass of the charged particle increases due to which frequency of
revolution decreases. It will throw the particle out of resonance with the electric field and it
cannot be accelerated further. This drawback can be overcome in two ways-
(i) either by increasing magnetic field accordingly as is done in a ‘Synchrotron’, or
(ii) by decreasing the frequency of alternating electric field as is done in a device ‘Synchro-cyclotron.’
44. State any two limitations and two uses of a cyclotron.
Ans : limitations : (i) neutrons cannot be accelerated being neutral
(ii) electrons cannot be accelerated being light particle
Uses : (i) to accelerate charged particles, which are used to bombard nuclei
(ii) to implant ions in to solids and modify their properties or even synthesize new materials
45. An α-particle/deutron and a proton are released from the centre of the cyclotron and made to
accelerate.
(i) Can both be accelerated at the same cyclotron frequency ? Give reason to justify your answer.
(ii) When they are accelerated in turn, which of the will have higher velocity at the exit slit of the
dees ?
Ans : (i) No,
Reason :
& charge/mass of both the particles is different
(ii) Proton will have higher velocity at the exit of Dees
Reason : for the same B & r0
46. Write any two important points of similarities and differences each between Coulomb’s law for the
electrostatic field and Biot - Savart’s law for the magnetic field.
Ans : According to Coulomb’s law, electric field due to a point charge dq
According to Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field due to a current element
S.No. Similarities Differences

Electric field is produced by a scalar source (charge
Both electric field and magnetic field q) while magnetic field is produced by a vector
1. obey inverse square law
source (I )
Both electric field and magnetic field Electric field is produced along while magnetic
2.
obey principle of superposition field is produced along the direction of (I )
Electric field does not depend on angle between q
Both electric field and magnetic field are and while magnetic field depends on angle θ
3.
long range fields
between I &

47. Derive the expression for the force acting on a current carrying conductor of length L in a uniform
magnetic field ‘B’.
Ans : Force on each free electron in the conductor
F’ = B e vd sin θ
Let n be the number density of electrons then force experienced by
the conductor
F = Force on each electron total number of electrons
F = B e vd sin θ nAL
F = B(neAvd)L sinθ
F = BIL sinθ = I( )
Derive the expression for the force acting on a current carrying conductor of length L in a uniform
magnetic field ‘B’.
Ans : Force on each free electron in the conductor
F’ = B e vd sinθ
48. Let n be the number density of electrons then force experienced by the conductors. Hence define
S.I. unit of current.
Ans : Magnetic field due to conductor ‘1’ at any point on conductor ‘2’
B1 =
By right hand rule will act perpendicular to conductor ‘2’ and into
the plane of the paper
Due to this magnetic field force on length l of wire ‘2’
F21 = B1 I2 l sin 90 = (
F21 =
F21 =
Similarly, force on length l of wire ‘1’
F12 = B2 I1 l sin 90 = (
F21=F12=
Hence force per unit length
------- (1)
By Fleming’s left hand rule will act towards conductor ‘1’ and
will act towards conductor ‘2’. Obviously the two conductors
will attract each other.
If the current are in opposite directions, then there will be repulsion
between the two conductors.
49. In the figure given below, wire PQ is fixed while the square loop ABCD is free to move under the
influence of currents flowing in them. State with reason, in which direction does the loop begin to
move or rotate?
Ans : Loop ABCD will move towards wire PQ
Wires PQ and AD will attract each other as currents are in same
direction, while wires PQ and BC will repel each other as the currents are in
opposite direction
Contribution due to currents in AB and CD nullify each other
Since from wire PQ, AD is nearer than BC so net force on the loop is
attractive. Therefore, the loop will move towards the wire PQ

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION AISSCE-2020

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

GURU NANAK MODERN SCHOOL

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ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

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1. State Coulomb’s Law in electrostatics. CBSE(F)-2003,(AIC)-2001

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ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

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51. (i) Define an equipotential surface?

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ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

direction of is along the direction of dipole moment

| |=| |= ----------- (1)

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Obviously, if r >> a, then r

(ii) Electric potential energy of a system of three point charges :

81. (i) What is a dielectric? Give one example.

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ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

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W=9 109 = 2.304 10-8

CHAPTER – CURRENT ELECTRICITY

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124. State Ohm’s law. CBSE(AI)-2013

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& Q has less potential gradient (K = )

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ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

ADESH PATEL – PGT PHYSICS G.N.M.S. adesh311@gmail.com

In Ist case, S=R ----------- (1)

Dividing (1) by (2), = =

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(ii) Current flowing in the circuit containing cell

I= =1A VAO = 0.3 x 1 = 0.3 V

Now, K = lAO = = = 0.375 m = 37.5 cm

CHAPTER – MAGNETISM AND MATTER

1. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. CBSE(AI)-2008

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M= = 1.1 X 1023 Am2

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1. What is meant by displacement current? CBSE(AIC)-2010

25. Write the expression for the energy density of an

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where is the electric flux produced during charging of the

This is in contradiction to Ampere’s circuital law. Hence it needs modification.

Now for surface P,

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Ans : (i) (ii) E0 = B0 c = 10-7 × 3 × 108 = 30 V/m

E = E0 sin(ωt - Kx) = 30 sin(6 × 1010 t - 2 102 x) V/m