NOJA-7475-00

NOJA Power

Application Note
Admittance Protection

www.nojapower.com.au
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Revision History

Rev Author Date Comment

0 OA 28/04/2017 Initial Release

NOJA Power® and OSM® are registered trademarks of NOJA Power Switchgear Pty Ltd. This document is
copyright and is intended for users and distributors of NOJA Power Switchgear product. It contains information
that is the intellectual property of NOJA Power Switchgear and the document, or any part thereof, should not
be copied or reproduced in any form without written permission from NOJA Power Switchgear.
NOJA Power® and OSM® are registered trademarks of NOJA Power Switchgear and should not be
reproduced or used in any way without written authorisation.
NOJA Power Switchgear applies a policy of ongoing development and reserves the right to change product
without notice. NOJA Power Switchgear does not accept any responsibility for loss or damage incurred as a
result of acting or refraining from action based on information in this User Manual.

© NOJA Power Switchgear Pty Ltd 2002 - 2017

www.nojapower.com.au
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Table of Contents

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Calculation ............................................................................................................................................. 1
2.1. Basic Settings .................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Operation and Directional Mode .............................................................................................................. 3
4. Sample Faults ........................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1. Gn Reverse Direction fault ................................................................................................................ 7
4.2. Gn Reverse and Bn Forward ............................................................................................................. 8
5. Simulation ............................................................................................................................................. 9
5.1. Running the simulation .................................................................................................................. 10
5.2. Close/Open Log ............................................................................................................................. 11
5.3. Event Log...................................................................................................................................... 12
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1. INTRODUCTION
Admittance Protection can be applied in networks where earth fault limiting techniques have been used such as
high impedance earthing, Petersen Coils and active compensation.
When inductance is introduced at the neutral point of a system, the capacitive earth-fault current of the network
can be reduced close to zero and thus most arcing earth-faults become self-extinguished. Such devices are
today called Petersen coils, compensation coils or arc-suppression coils.
In recent years, compensated networks have become more popular over solidly earthed networks. The main
reason for this popularity is that reducing the earth fault currents increases safety.
Since the earth fault levels are reduced in compensated networks, alternative techniques must be used to detect
the presence of a fault. In this instance admittance protection can be used.
This document describes how admittance protection is calculated, its operation and basic settings.
Admittance protection is available from firmware 1.16 onwards.

2. CALCULATION
Neutral admittance is calculated as follows:

In
Yn   
Un
  I n / U n ( I n  U n )

  I n / U n A0
o

Converting from polar to rectangular co-ordinates:

Yn   I n / U n  (Cos( A0 )  jSin( A0 ))

 Gn  jBn
where
 Gn is the real part, defined as Conductance,  I n / U n  (Cos ( A0 )

 Bn is the imaginary part, defined as Susceptance,  I n / U n Sin( A0 )

 I n is the absolute rms value of residual current I n  3  I 0
 U n is the absolute rms value of residual voltage ( U n  3  U 0 )
o
 A0 is the angle between zero sequence voltage and zero sequence current.

In order for Yn to operate, Un ≥ 1.5 kV and In ≥ 1 A.

The above equation is based on the power flow direction set to “ABC - > RST”. If the power flow direction is set
to “RST - > ABC”, then Yn phasor will be shifted by 180 degrees.

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2.1. BASIC SETTINGS

Title Designation Range Resolution Factory Default

Yn Mode Yn ratio operation D/L/A/R/S/C - D
“Yn” / “Gn” / “Bn”
Operational mode Operational mode - “Yn”
/ “Gn & Bn”
“Forward” /
(1)
Directional Mode Directional Mode “Reverse” / - “Bidirectional”
“Bidirectional”
Tripping Time (s) Tdt min, s 0 – 120.00 0.01 1.00
Minimum residual voltage multiplier to be
multiplied by the phase to ground voltage.
Min Un Multiplier 0.01 – 1 0.01 0.10
Phase to ground voltage = U_rated / √3;
“U_rated” is the rated system voltage
Minimum residual current threshold for Yn
Minimum In (A) 1 – 1280 0.5 10.0
to be operational, (A)
Fault Reset Time (s) Fault Reset Time, s 0.00-10 0.01 0.05
Forward Susceptance
The forward Susceptance, (milliSiemens) -327.00 to 327.00 0.01 1.00
(mSi)
Reverse Susceptance
The reverse Susceptance, (milliSiemens) -327.00 to 327.00 0.01 -1.00
(mSi)
Forward Conductance
The forward Conductance, (milliSiemens) -327.00 to 327.00 0.01 1.00
(mSi)
Reverse Conductance
The reverse Conductance, (milliSiemens) -327.00 to 327.00 0.01 -1.00
(mSi)
Circle Conductance (mSi)
(2) The circle centre Conductance (milliSiemens) 327.00 to 327.00 0.01 0
Circle Susceptance (mSi)
(2) The circle centre Susceptance (milliSiemens) 327.00 to 327.00 0.01 0
(2)
Circle Radius (mSi)
The circle radius (milliSiemens) 0.05 to 654.00 0.01 1

Notes
1. Directional Mode only applies when the operating mode is set to “Gn”, “Bn” or “Gn & Bn”.
2. Circle admittance will be supported in later versions of firmware.

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3. OPERATION AND DIRECTIONAL MODE

Yn operates based on the configured operational mode and directional mode.
When the operating mode is set to “Gn”, “Bn” or “Gn & Bn”, Yn operates when the limits defined by the configured
values of Conductance (Gn) and/or Susceptance (Bn) are exceeded.
When the operating mode is set to “Yn”, Yn operates based on the configured values of “Circle Conductance
(Gnc)”, “Circle Susceptance (Bnc)” and “Circle Radius (ryn)” as follows:

if (Gn  Gnc )2  ( Bn  Bnc )2  rYn

2
then Yn operates

where Gn is the measured conductance and Bn is the measured susceptance.

Below are some examples for the different operating modes.
In the diagram below, when the operational mode is set to “G n” and the directional mode is set to “Forward”
then Yn operates only on the “Forward Conductance” being above the user defined threshold.

Figure 1: Operational Mode: Gn, Directional Mode: Forward

In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “Gn” and the directional mode is set to “Reverse”. In this
instance Yn operates only on the “Reverse Conductance” being above the user defined threshold.

Figure 2: Operational Mode: Gn, Directional Mode: Reverse

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In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “G n” and the directional mode is set to “Bidirectional”. In
this instance Yn operates on the “Forward Conductance” or the “Reverse Conductance” being above the user
defined threshold.

Figure 3: Operational Mode: Gn, Directional Mode: Bidirectional

In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “B n” and the directional mode is set to “Forward”. In this
instance Yn operates only on the “Forward Susceptance” being above the user defined threshold.

Figure 4: Operational Mode: Bn, Directional Mode: Forward

In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “B n” and the directional mode is set to “Reverse”. In this
instance Yn operates only on the “Reverse Susceptance” being above the user defined threshold.

Figure 5: Operational Mode: Bn, Directional Mode: Reverse

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In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “B n” and the directional mode is set to “Bidirectional”. In
this instance Yn operates on the “Forward Susceptance” or the “Reverse Susceptance” being above the user
defined threshold.

Figure 6: Operational Mode: Bn, Directional Mode: Bidirectional

In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “Gn & Bn” and the directional mode is set to “Forward”. In
this instance Yn operates on the “Forward Conductance” or the “Forward Susceptance” being above the user
defined threshold.

Figure 7: Operational Mode: Gn & Bn, Directional Mode: Forward

In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “G n & Bn” and the directional mode is set to “Reverse”. In
this instance Yn operates on the “Reverse Conductance” or the “Reverse Susceptance” being above the user
defined threshold.

Figure 8: Operational Mode: Gn & Bn, Directional Mode: Reverse

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In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “Gn & Bn” and the directional mode is set to “Bidirectionall”.
In this instance Yn operates on the “Forward Conductance” or “Reverse Conductance” or the “Forward
Susceptance” or the “Reverse Susceptance” being above the user defined threshold.

Figure 9: Operational Mode: Gn & Bn, Directional Mode: Bidirectional

In the diagram below, the operational mode is set to “Y n” and the directional mode does not apply. In this
instance Yn operates based on the configured values of “Circle Conductance (Gnc)”, “Circle Susceptance (Bnc)”
and “Circle Radius (ryn)” as follows:
if (Gn  Gnc )2  ( Bn  Bnc )2  rYn
2
then Yn operates

where Gn is the measured conductance and Bn is the measured susceptance.

Im(Yn)

Operating Circle Operating

Conductance
Zone Zone

Re(Yn)
Circle
Susceptance
No
Operation
Operating Operating
Zone Zone

Figure 10: Operational Mode: Yn, Directional Mode: N/A

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4. SAMPLE FAULTS

4.1. GN REVERSE DIRECTION FAULT

For a 38kV distribution system where we have voltages and currents during fault as follows:
In = 102.5 -157.70
Ua = 17 -70
Ub = 21.9 -1200
Uc = 21.9 1200

U0= 1.81 -157.600 therefore Un =5.43 -157.600

We can calculate Yn as follows:

Yn   I n / U n ( I n  U n )

=-102.5/5.43 -0.10
=18.88 179.90
=-18.88 + j0.03

Fault

Figure 11: Gn Reverse Direction Fault

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4.2. GN REVERSE AND BN FORWARD

For a 38kV distribution system where we have voltages and currents as follows:
In = 51 140.40
Ua = 18 30
Ub = 21.9 -1200
Uc = 21.9 1200

U0= 1.35 166.500 therefore Un =4.05 166.500

We can calculate Yn as follows:

Yn   I n / U n ( I n  U n )

=-51/4.05 -26.10
= 12.6 153.900
=-11.32 + j5.54

Fault

Figure 12: Gn Reverse and Bn Forward Fault

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5. SIMULATION
Below is a sample simulation sequence for admittance protection which includes various fault scenarios.

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5.1. RUNNING THE SIMULATION

To run the simulation follows the steps below:

1. Create simulation using simulation sequence provided above.
2. Set system voltage to 38kV
3. Set Yn to R R R L.
4. Set Prot On, AR On, Yn On.
5. Leave Yn settings as default (shown below)

6. Download settings to the device.

7. Run the simulation.
8. Check the Close/Open Log and Event Log.

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5.2. CLOSE/OPEN LOG

The Close/Open Log should indicate the open/close entries as per simulation sequence (as shown below).

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5.3. EVENT LOG

Event log should indicate the faults as per simulation sequence (as shown below).

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