Ornamental Horticulture

Aquélis Armiliato Emer et. al

ISSN 2447-536X | https://ornamentalhorticulture.emnuvens.com.br/rbho

Scientific Article

Controlled release fertilizer used for the growth

of Campomanesia aurea seedlings
Aquélis Armiliato Emer1*, Mara Cíntia Winhelmann1, Marília Tedesco1,
Claudimar Sidnei Fior1, Gilmar Schafer1

Abstract
Campomanesia aurea is a sub-shrub species native to the Pampa Biome, popularly known as “guabirobinha-do-campo”. It has
an ornamental potential for use in pots or gardens due to its small size, irregular shape, intense flowering and aroma. One of the
main factors for production is an adequate use of fertilizers and balanced fertilizations. The objective was to evaluate the growth of
seedlings and nutrient leaf accumulation of C. aurea submitted to doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF). C. aurea seedlings were
transplanted to containers containing composted pinus bark and CRF doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g L-1. Height, chlorophyll index,
number of stems, base diameter, leaf area, Dickson Quality Index, shoot dry matter, root dry matter and nutrient leaf accumulation
were evaluated. For height, base diameter and number of stems, the point of maximum response was at the concentration 6.8, 6.6 and
6.9 g L-1 CRF, respectively. For shoot dry matter, leaf area and chlorophyll, we verified increase up to the concentration 8.1, 7.8 and
8.0 g L-1, respectively. There was a positive quadratic behavior for most nutrients, with the exception of Cu and Mn, which linearly
increased with the increase of fertilizer dose. The application of CRF on C. aurea seedlings between 7 and 8 g L-1 substrate promoted
an increase on the main growth characteristics of ornamental importance and provides superior results on nutrient leaf content.
Keywords: Myrtaceae, native ornamental, nutrient leaf accumulation.

Resumo
Fertilizante de liberação controlada no crescimento de mudas de Campomanesia aurea
Campomanesia aurea é uma espécie sub-arbustiva nativa do Bioma Pampa, conhecida popularmente com guabirobinha-do-campo.
Apresenta potencial ornamental para uso em vasos ou jardins devido ao seu pequeno tamanho, forma irregular, floração intensa e
aromática. Um dos principais fatores para a produção é o uso adequado de fertilizantes e adubações equilibradas. O objetivo foi
avaliar o crescimento de mudas e o conteúdo de nutrientes nas folhas de C. aurea submentidas a doses de fertilizante de liberação
controlada (FLC). Mudas de C. aurea foram transplantadas para embalagens contendo casca de pinus compostada e as dose de FLC
de: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0 g L-1. Avaliou-se a altura, índice de clorofila, número de ramificações, diâmetro de colo, área foliar, Índice
de Qualidade de Dickson, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raiz e acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas. Para altura, diâmetro
de coleto, número de hastes, o ponto de máxima resposta foi com a concentração de 6,8; 6,6; e 6,9 g L-1 de FLC, respectivamente.
Para a massa seca da parte aérea, área foliar e índice de clorofila verificaram-se aumentos até a concentração 8,1; 7,8 e 8,0 g L-1,
respectivamente. Houve comportamento quadrático positivo para a maioria dos nutrientes, com exceção de Cu e Mn, que foi
linear crescente com o aumento da dose de fertilizante. A aplicação de FLC em mudas de C. aurea entre 7 e 8 g de substrato L-1
promoveu um aumento nas principais características de crescimento de importância ornamental e proporciona resultados superiores
no acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas.
Palavras chave: Myrtaceae, Ornamental nativa, acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas.

Introduction has an ornamental potential for use in pots or gardens due

to its small size, irregular shape, intense flowering and
Campomanesia aurea O. Berg is a sub-shrub species aroma (Stumpf, 2009). Flowering extends from October to
native to the Pampa Biome belonging to the Myrtaceae January (Reitz, 1977; Lorenzi, 2006).
family, popularly known as “guabirobinha-do-campo”. The tendency of using and valuing native flora species
This species develops in clumps. It has several stems with as ornamental plants faces some obstacles, among them the
a height of usually less than one meter (Reitz, 1977). It lack of quality of seedlings available for commercialization.

1
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Agronomia, Departamento de Horticultura e Silvicultura, Porto Alegre-RS,
Brazil. *Corresponding author: aquelis_emer@hotmail.com

Received Feb 26, 2019 | Accepted Dec 16, 2019

Licensed by CC BY 4.0
https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v26i1.2020

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36 Controlled release fertilizer used for the growth of Campomanesia aurea seedlings

One of the main factors for production is an adequate use Materials and Methods
of fertilizers and balanced fertilizations, which allow a fast
development of plants and their technical and economic The experiment was conducted in an agricultural
viability (Floss, 2011). However, this information is scarce greenhouse. We used plants obtained from seeds collected
for most native species. in Barão do Triunfo, RS (30º18’136” S and 51º50’282”
The amount of nutrients added to the substrate for W), which has a Cfa climate (humid temperate) with hot
production is one of the main factors to be taken into account summers, according to the Köppen classification. The
at seedling early development (Lana et al., 2010). The most relief of the collection site varies from wavy to strongly-
common forms of fertilizer application in nurseries are by wavy.
using periodic fertigation or basic fertilization with solid The experimental design was randomized blocks,
fertilizers with a high solubility and/or controlled release. evaluating four doses of a controlled release fertilizer and
Some studies have demonstrated the greater efficiency of a control treatment, with four replications, and each plot
controlled release fertilizers when compared to soluble consisted of eight plants.
fertilizers for the production of seedlings of Bauhinia The fruits were collected from approximately 50
forficata (Behling, 2013), Guazuma ulmifolia, Croton matrices, and kept under laboratory conditions for about
floribundus, Peltophorum dubium, Gallesia integrifolia three days to soften the pulp and remove the seeds. Seeds
and Myroxylon peruiferum (Morais Neto, 2003). were removed from fruits manually, and washed under
Controlled release fertilizers have a varied longevity tap water to remove the pulp. Immediately after seeds
influenced by the coating material and mainly by extraction, 72-cell expanded polystyrene trays (50 cm3)
environment humidity and temperature, whose rise lead were seeded using commercial peat-based substrate. After
to an increase release of nutrients (Dole and Wilkins, approximately 60 days of sowing, seedlings containing 2 to
2005). This characteristic is relevant for the production 3 pairs of leaves were transplanted into black polyethylene
of seedlings, especially for slow-growing species. It packages with a 2 L capacity containing composted Pinus
guarantees nutrition and avoids nutrient loss during cycles, bark and different fertilization treatments.
since the nutrient absorption capacity of the plant, among The substrate had a dry density of 438 kg m-3, total
other factors, also varies according to temperature and porosity of 64.70%, electrical conductivity 1:5 (EC) of
water availability. Temperature affects permeability of 0.51 mS cm-1, and a pH (H2O) of 6.69. For the treatments,
cell membranes, which may be changed from a fluid to a we used the commercially available controlled release
gel-crystalline state, affecting ion absorption and cellular fertilizer covered by elastic polymer which, according to
respiration, while water availability is responsible for the manufacturer’s information, contains 16% of total N
solubilizing and transporting ions to roots (Kerbauy, 2013). (8.6% N in ammoniacal form and 7.4% N in the nitric
Nutritional requirements vary widely according to form), 8% of P2O5, 12% of K2O, 2% of MgO, 12% of
species. Nutrient concentration in plant tissues also varies, SO4, 0.02% of B, 0.05% of Cu, 0.4% of Fe, 0.06% of Mn,
among other factors, according to climatic conditions and 0.015% of Mo and 0.02% of Zn, with a particle size of 2-4
physiological stages. The leaf best represents the nutritional mm and an effective duration of 8-9 months.
state of the plant and may be used to verify whether the The doses were zero (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0
nutrient applied to the soil or substrate has been efficiently g L-1 mixed to the substrate before filling the containers.
absorbed by the plant (Floss, 2011). The fertilization mix in the substrate and the filling of
In this context, it is important to know the correct dose plastic packages were performed manually. No cover
for each species, avoiding phytotoxicity due to excessive fertilization was performed. The irrigation was performed
use and also decreases in seedling growth due to lack of by drip irrigation and managed throughout the experiment
available nutrients (Gomes and Paiva, 2013). Studies on according to the plants’ needs, visualized by monitoring
controlled release fertilizers have not been found for the daily the substrate humidity.
genus Camponanesia. Thus, the objective of this study is The average temperature during the conduction of the
to evaluate the growth of seedlings and the nutrients leaf experiment was obtained from Automatic Meteorological
accumulation of C. aurea submitted to doses of controlled Institute of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET)
release fertilizer. for the city of Porto Alegre (Figure 1).

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 Aquélis Armiliato Emer et. al 37

Figure 1. Average temperature (°C) of Porto Alegre, RS, obtained from the station of the National Institute of
Meteorology (INMET), during the conduction the experiment in agricultural greenhouse.

At 270 days (9 months) after transplantation, seedling Results and Discussion

height, number of stems, base diameter, leaf area, Dickson
quality index (DQI), chlorophyll index, root dry matter and We verified by regression analysis that, for the height
shoot dry matter were evaluated. To determine plant height, of C. aurea seedlings, the maximum response point was
a millimeter ruler was used, measuring the distance from the concentration of 6.8 g L-1 of the controlled release fertilizer,
base to the apical bud. The Falker chlorophyll index (FCI) with a height estimated at just over 25 cm (Figure 2A). For
was measured using a ClorofiLOG® CFL1030 chlorophyll Eugenia uniflora, a species of the same family, seedling
meter, with four readings distributed at different plant heights height increased further when the doses 3 and 9 g L-1 of
in fully expanded leaves, using the central part the leaves. slow release fertilizer were used (Elli et al., 2013). For
The stems originating from the main stem were E. involucrata, there was a response in height up to the
considered ramifications, and the diameter was determined highest dose of the tested controlled release fertilizer, 12 g
at the base of the plant using a digital caliper (0.01 mm). L-1 (NPK 18:05:09) (Rorato et al., 2016).
Leaf area was determined by separating all leaves from of For the genus Eucaliptus, also belonging to the family
the all stems presents in the plants, using the equipment Myrtaceae, the responses to the application of controlled
LI-3100C. For the determination of dry matter, shoots were release fertilizer vary according to species. For the seedling
separated from the root system, packed separately in paper height of E. dunnii, the maximum technical efficiency
bags for oven drying at 65°C until constant weight, and concentration was 5.26 g L-1 (NPK 19:06:10) for 110
then weighed in a semi-analytical balance. cm3 controlled release fertilizer tubes (Navroski et al.,
The Dickson Quality Index (DQI) was calculated using 2016). This was similar to that observed for E. urophylla
the following formula: × E. grandis, which complied with the quality standard
stipulated for the genus, between 20-35 cm high, from the
dose of 4 g L-1 of fertilizer (NPK 19:06:10), regardless
of the substrate used (Silva et al., 2013). However, for
Eucaliptus saligna, concentrations between 1.6 and 1.8
Where: g L-1 (NPK 15:10:10) were sufficient to reach the highest
TDMW - Total Dry Matter Weight (g) heights (Lana et al., 2010).
H - Shoot Height (cm) Shoot height is considered one of the most important
BD - Base Diameter (mm) parameters to estimate the initial growth of seedlings in the
SDMW - Shoot Dry Matter Weight field, but it may present variations depending on the species
RDMW - Root Dry Matter Weight and the production methods used in the nursery. Therefore,
it should be combined with other parameters, such as base
After determining dry matter, all leaves were sent to the diameter and production of dry matter, to better estimate
laboratory to determine the concentrations of nitrogen (N) their quality (Gomes and Paiva, 2013).
(Kjeldahl), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), For the number of stems and base diameter, the
magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron maximum response point was reached at the concentrations
(Fe), manganese (Mn) (nitro-perchloric wet digestion), and 6.9 and 6.6, respectively, producing 4.5 stems with a mean
boron (B) (dry digestion), using the equipment ICP-OES as base diameter of 3.7 mm (Figure 2B and 2C). In the case of
described in (Tedesco et al., 1995). C. aurea, number of stems and base diameter are relevant
The data were submitted to analysis of variance because they result in a more compact and maintain the
(ANOVA) and, when significant (p<0,05), the means were stems erects, respective, providing a more interesting
analyzed by regression (p<0,05). visual effect to plants for ornamental use.

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38 Controlled release fertilizer used for the growth of Campomanesia aurea seedlings

Figure 2. Height (A), base diameter (B), number of stems (C) and Dickson Quality Index (DQI) (D) of seedlings of
Campomanesia aurea subjected to different doses of controlled release fertilizers, at 270 days after transplantation.

For Eugenia uniflora, the dose 3 g L-1 provided the best For shoot dry matter, the concentration 8.1 g L-1 provided
results for base diameter (Elli et al., 2013). Already to E. highest results, whereas for root dry matter, the fertilizer
involucrata, there was a greatest growth in stem diameter presented increase up to 6.2 g L-1 (Figure 3A and 3B). A
when using the dose 9 g L-1 of controlled release fertilizer similar result was observed for Eucaliptus urophylla ×
(Rorato et al., 2016). For Eucaliptus urophylla x E. grandis, E. grandis, where the highest shoot and root dry matter
the greatest base diameter was found at a controlled release production occurred at the concentrations 8.0 and 5.4 g L-1
fertilizer concentration of approximately 6 g L-1 (Silva et of slow release fertilizer, respectively (Silva et al., 2013),
al., 2013), similar to that found for E. dunnii, where the and for E. dunnii, where concentrations greater than 5 g L-1
maximum technical efficiency dose was 5.42 g L-1 for the caused a reduction in root length (Navroski et al., 2016).
110 cm³ tube and 6.63 g L-1 for the 55 cm³ tube (Navroski Similarly, another study on this same species reported an
et al., 2016). increase of up to 53% in shoot dry matter by increasing the
The use of controlled release fertilizer also provided fertilizer dose from 2 to 8 g L-1, and by only 33% for root
increase on the shoot and root dry matter of C. aurea. dry matter (Silva et al., 2014).

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 Aquélis Armiliato Emer et. al 39

Figure 3. Shoot dry matter (A) and root dry matter (B) of seedlings of Campomanesia aurea subjected to different
doses of controlled release fertilizers, at 270 days after transplantation.

Roots are the organs in direct contact with the substrate respiration and accumulation of dry matter by plants. The
and fertilizers incorporated into the soil. They are more interception of light has an almost linear increase due to
predisposed to be affected by this environment than plant the increase in leaf area, to the point that mutual shading
shoots (Silva et al., 2013) in case of a nutritional imbalance becomes limiting (Kerbauy, 2013).
or over-fertilization. This information corroborates with the The photosynthetic capacity of plants, besides leaf area,
results found in this study, in which the dose of maximum also depends on the chlorophyll content, which is the main
efficiency for the growth of shoots was higher than that photosynthetic pigment responsible for the absorption
verified for the root system. However, it is important to of light photons, mainly of blue and red wavelengths
emphasize that, in case of nutritional imbalance, lack or (Kerbauy, 2013). Plants with a low chlorophyll a/b ratio
excess of nutrients; both the shoot and the root systems are are more efficient in capturing light, since this ensures that
impaired. the plant may better take advantage of solar radiation at
The combination of height, base diameter and production moments when it is not so intense, possibly resulting in a
of dry matter provides information on the quality standard higher photosynthetic rate (Cancellier et al., 2011).
of seedlings (Gomes and Paiva, 2013). Thus, DQI data are In this sense, we observed that the chlorophyll a/b ratio
similar between these variables: doses higher than 7 g L-1 was close to 3, regardless of treatment, which suggests
cause a decrease in development (Figure 2D). a proportional increase in both chlorophylls with the
For leaf area, we verified increase up to the estimated addition of fertilizer up to approximately 8.0 g L-1, when
dose of 7.8 g L-1 (Figure 4A), close to that verified for shoot the values of 28.8 for chlorophyll a, 10.1 for chlorophyll
dry matter (8.1 g L-1). Leaf area may be used as a parameter b and 38.9 for total chlorophyll were estimated (Figure
to estimate plant growth, as it is related to photosynthesis, 4B, 4C and 4D).

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40 Controlled release fertilizer used for the growth of Campomanesia aurea seedlings

Figure 4. Leaf area (A), Falker chlorophyll index a (B), b (C) and total (D) of Campomanesia aurea seedlings subjected
to different doses of controlled release fertilizers, at 270 days after transplantation.

For Eugenia uniflora, the chlorophyll content increased Chlorophyll synthesis depends on genetic, light and
with the increase in doses of slow release fertilizer (Elli nutritional factors, especially N, Mg and Fe, since the first
et al., 2013). However, for Apuleia leiocarpa, there was two are part of its molecule and the latter is a constituent
a quadratic behavior; concentrations above 6.32 g L-1 of the enzyme that acts on the metabolism of N (Floss,
exerted negative effects on the chlorophyll index (Pias 2011). There was an increasing quadratic behavior of N in
et al., 2013). Chlorophyll deficiency results in a decrease plants with an increasing concentration of fertilizer up to
in photosynthetic intensity, which contributes to the 8.2 g L-1, similar to that verified for chlorophyll content
results observed in this study, in which concentrations of (8.0), although no correction was found between these
controlled release fertilizer close to 8 g L-1 were the most factors (Figure 5A). Mg and Fe had a behavior similar to
efficient for C. aurea seedling growth, since they provided that observed for N, however, the maximum accumulation
a greater shoot dry matter, a greater leaf area and greater were observed at estimated doses at 5.9 and 6.5 g L-1,
indexes of chlorophyll a and b. respectively (Figure 5E and 6C).

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 Aquélis Armiliato Emer et. al 41

Figure 5. Macronutrients leaf content in Campomanesia aurea seedlings subjected to different doses of controlled
release fertilizers, at 270 days after transplantation. Nitrogen (A), phosphorus (B), potassium (C), calcium (D),
magnesium (E), sulfur (F).

For the other elements, the maximum accumulation for shoot dry matter, leaf area and chlorophyll content.
in plants for P (7.2 mg L-1) (Figure 5B), K (8.9 mg The growth rate of plants in function of any chemical
L-1) (Figure 5C), Ca (7.9 mg L-1) (Figure 5D), S (7.9 element basically follows the same pattern: the zone of
mg L-1) (Figure 5F), Zn (8.3 mg L-1) (Figure 6B) and B deficiency, by which plant growth increases considerably
(7.1 mg L-1) (Figure 6E) were similar to those observed as the element is supplied in a greater quantity; the

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42 Controlled release fertilizer used for the growth of Campomanesia aurea seedlings

adequate zone, by which the increase in nutrient does broad range for macronutrients and more restricted for
not significantly affect growth, represents the luxury micronutrients; and the toxic zone, by which a great
consumption by the plant, by which storage occurs in increase in any element leads to toxicity and reduces
the vacuoles of the element, comprising a relatively growth (Salibury and Ross, 2012).

Figure 6. Micronutrients leaf content in Campomanesia aurea seedlings subjected to different doses of controlled
release fertilizers, at 270 days after transplantation. Copper (A), zinc (B), iron (C), manganese (D) and boron (E).

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 Aquélis Armiliato Emer et. al 43

Thus, based on the data obtained in this study, Cu and Mn Acknowledgements

(Figure 6A and 6D) would be the only nutrients that could exist
at higher concentrations in the leaf tissue if they are available The authors are grateful to Capes (Coordenação de
at high concentrations in the substrate, since they present an Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), CNPq (Conselho
increasing linear behavior. However, Mn, independent of the Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) and
applied dose, is at a concentration in the leaf tissue considered FAPERGS (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio
suitable for the majority of crops, unlike Cu, which was below Grande do Sul) for the funding for the research.
the necessary concentration (Floss, 2011; Salisbury and Ross,
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