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    ECEG-4281-MDC-Lec 01 Fundamentals of Microelectronics

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    erena
    This document provides an overview of a course on microelectronic devices and circuits. It discusses learning outcomes which include microelectronics, Moore's law, and trends in the microelectronics world. It then defines microelectronics as being devoted to micron-sized low-powered devices and discusses its role in digital, computer, and communication revolutions. The document proceeds to describe the evolution of transistors from mechanical relays to vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, and how this allowed for increasing miniaturization and integration over time per Moore's law.

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    ECEG-4281-MDC-Lec 01 Fundamentals of Microelectronics

    Uploaded by

    erena
    29 views38 pages
    This document provides an overview of a course on microelectronic devices and circuits. It discusses learning outcomes which include microelectronics, Moore's law, and trends in the microelectronics world. It then defines microelectronics as being devoted to micron-sized low-powered devices and discusses its role in digital, computer, and communication revolutions. The document proceeds to describe the evolution of transistors from mechanical relays to vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, and how this allowed for increasing miniaturization and integration over time per Moore's law.

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    This document provides an overview of a course on microelectronic devices and circuits. It discusses learning outcomes which include microelectronics, Moore's law, and trends in the microelectronics world. It then defines microelectronics as being devoted to micron-sized low-powered devices and discusses its role in digital, computer, and communication revolutions. The document proceeds to describe the evolution of transistors from mechanical relays to vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, and how this allowed for increasing miniaturization and integration over time per Moore's law.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views38 pages

    ECEG-4281-MDC-Lec 01 Fundamentals of Microelectronics

    Uploaded by

    erena
    This document provides an overview of a course on microelectronic devices and circuits. It discusses learning outcomes which include microelectronics, Moore's law, and trends in the microelectronics world. It then defines microelectronics as being devoted to micron-sized low-powered devices and discusses its role in digital, computer, and communication revolutions. The document proceeds to describe the evolution of transistors from mechanical relays to vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, and how this allowed for increasing miniaturization and integration over time per Moore's law.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 38

    ECEG-4281 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MDC)

    Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAIT) School of Electrical and


    Computer Engineering
    Learning Outcomes

     At the end of the lecture, students should


    be able to know about:
     Microelectronics.
     Microelectronics Evolution.
     Moore’s Law.
     Trends in Microelectronics World.

    AAIT, School of Electrical 2 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    What is Microelectronics?

     Branch of electronics technology that is


    devoted to micron-sized low-powered devices.
     Design - Device or system levels.
     Development - Fabrication technology.
     It is the cornerstone of
     Digital revolution.
     Computer revolution.
     Communication revolution.

    AAIT, School of Electrical 3 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Transistors Evolution

    The Mechanical Relay


    (1835)

    It all started from this!!!!!!!!!!!


    AAIT, School of Electrical 4 Nebyu Yonas Sutri
    and Computer Engineering
    Relay Based Systems

    Z1 in Germany around 1938, unreliable operation


    AAIT, School of Electrical 5 Nebyu Yonas Sutri
    and Computer Engineering
    Vacuum Tubes

    AAIT, School of Electrical 6 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Vacuum Tube Circuits

    AAIT, School of Electrical 7 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Point-to-Point Wiring

    AAIT, School of Electrical 8 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    The First Automatic Calculator

    Difference Engine I
     25,000 Mechanical parts
     Cost £17,470 (in 1834)!

    AAIT, School of Electrical 9 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    First PC’s

    AAIT, School of Electrical 10 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Computers Based on Vacuum Tubes

    ENIAC (1946)
     18,000 tubes

     25 meters long

     3 meters high

     Requires own
    power plant

    Reliability problem and excessive power consumption


    AAIT, School of Electrical 11 Nebyu Yonas Sutri
    and Computer Engineering
    Tracing Defects

    AAIT, School of Electrical 12 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    First Transistor

    Bell Labs team made up of William Shockley, John Bardeen, and


    Walter Brattain created what would soon be named the world's
    first transistor.
    AAIT, School of Electrical 13 Nebyu Yonas Sutri
    and Computer Engineering
    PC’s in 1960’s

    AAIT, School of Electrical 14 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Why CMOS?
     Why CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)?
     Since they take small silicon area, require simpler
    manufacturing processes and consume little power,
    they are the most dominant devices used in analog and
    digital circuitry of IC technologies.
     Low cost of fabrication and possible to place both digital
    and analog circuits in the same chip.
     High performance and dense.
     Further, abundance of CMOS devices made them rule
    the IC fabrication, processes and applications.
     Using a single type substrate, either p-type or n-type, it is
    possible to fabricate both NMOS and PMOS devices.
    AAIT, School of Electrical 15 Nebyu Yonas Sutri
    and Computer Engineering
    CMOS structure
    S – Source
    G – Gate
    D – Drain

    AAIT, School of Electrical 16 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    CMOS Types
    Depletion NMOS Enhancement NMOS

    S G D S G D

    SiO2 SiO2

    n n n n n
    p-substrate p-substrate

     Enhancement type CMOS do not have no


    channel connecting the Drain and Source.
     Depletion type CMOS device is normally On.
    AAIT, School of Electrical 17 Nebyu Yonas Sutri
    and Computer Engineering
    Why Integrated?

     Why integrated?
     Placing many components and electronic devices
    on the same substrate. (millions and billions of
    electrical components in a single simple chip)
     Saves power consumption, Greater mobility,
    minimizes size, possibility of batch fabrication,
    reduced silicon area usage, lower price/cost,
    reduced leakage, reduced noise ++++

    AAIT, School of Electrical 18 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Integration Evolution
    Complexity Gates per chip
    Small-scale integration (SSI) < 12

    Medium-scale integration (MSI) 12 to 99

    Large-scale integration (LSI) 100 to 9999

    Very large-scale integration (VLSI) 10,000 to 99,999

    Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) 100,000 to 999,999

    Giga-scale integration (GSI) 1,000,000 or more

    AAIT, School of Electrical 19 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Why CMOS?

    AAIT, School of Electrical 20 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Transistors/Die vs Year

    AAIT, School of Electrical 21 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Chip Complexity

    AAIT, School of Electrical 22 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Moore’s Law
     Moore’s Law: On The Growth of Semiconductor
    Industry
     Moore’s law (Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, 1965):
     Empirical rule which predicts that the number of
    components per chip doubles every 18-24 months.
     Moore’s Law turned out to be valid for more than 30
    years (and still is!).

    AAIT, School of Electrical 23 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Transistor counts and Moore’s law

    AAIT, School of Electrical 24 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Transistor Count VS Cost

    AAIT, School of Electrical 25 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Market Projection

    AAIT, School of Electrical 26 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Transistor Fabrication Technology

    AAIT, School of Electrical 27 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Microprocessors in 1971

     Intel 4004
     10 μm Si gate PMOS process
     Clock speed:
     0.108 MHz
     Die size ~ 13.5 mm2
     ~ 2300 transistors

    AAIT, School of Electrical 28 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Microprocessors in 1982

     Intel 80286
     1.5 μm Si gate NMOS
    Process
     Clock speed:
     6 ~ 12 MHz
     Die size ~ 68.7 mm2
     ~ 134,000 transistors

    AAIT, School of Electrical 29 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Microprocessors in 2000

     Pentium IV
     0.18 μm Si gate CMOS
    process
     Clock speed:
     1,400 ~ 1,500 MHz
     Die size ~ 224 mm2
     ~ 42,000,000 transistors

    AAIT, School of Electrical 30 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Microprocessors in 2006

     Core 2 Duo Conroe


     65 nm Si gate CMOS
    process
     Clock speed:
     1.2 GHz to 3.0 GHz
     Die size ~ 143 mm2
     ~ 291,000,000 transistors

    AAIT, School of Electrical 31 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Microprocessors in 2008

     Core i7 (Quad)
     45 nm Si gate CMOS
    process
     Clock speed:
     2.4 GHz
     Die size ~ 263 mm²
     ~ 731,000,000 transistors

    AAIT, School of Electrical 32 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Microprocessors in 2015

     Duo-core + GPU Core i7


    Broadwell-U
     14 nm Si gate CMOS process
     Clock speed:
     3.1 GHz
     Die size ~ 133 mm²
     ~ 1,900,000,000 transistors

    AAIT, School of Electrical 33 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Microprocessors in 2015
     IBM z13 Storage Controller
     22 nm Si gate CMOS process
     Clock speed:
     5.2 GHz
     Die size ~ 678 mm²
     ~ 7,100,000,000 transistors

    AAIT, School of Electrical 34 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    IC and Human Hair

    IBM - Ring oscillator made up of


    12 transistors from 2 different
    metals and 1 carbon nanotube

    AAIT, School of Electrical 35 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Transistor Integration
     Exponential improvement
     System performance
     Cost-per-function
     Power-per-function
     System reliability

    AAIT, School of Electrical 36 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    Keys For the Success

     Semiconductor, i.e., Si, as the main material


     MOSFET
     MOSFET Scaling
     CMOS Technology
     Fabrication Technology
     Circuit Engineering

    AAIT, School of Electrical 37 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering
    What to Do This Week?

     Reading assignment
     Read about Energy bands, Carrier concentrations, and
    carrier transport phenomenon on, “Semiconductor
    devices physics and technology”, Chapter 1 and 2. S.
    M. Sze and M. K. Lee

    AAIT, School of Electrical 43 Nebyu Yonas Sutri


    and Computer Engineering

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