Chapter 6 Lubrication

R.
SivaKrishna
CLASIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
 GASEOUS
 LIQUID
 PLASTIC
 SOLID
 GASOUS LUBRICANTS. AT PRESENT USED FOR LIGHTER BEARINGS.
IN GAS LUBRICATED BEARINGS μ APPROACHES TO ZERO.
 AIR, HELIUM, CO2
 LIQUID LUBRICNTS
 MINERAL OILS. PRODUCED FROM PETROLEUM CRUDES BY DISTILLATION AND
A SERIES OF REFINING PROCESSES. COMPLETE COMPOUND OF 83% TO 87% C
AND 11 TO 14% HYDROGEN.
 PARAFFINES
 NAPHTHENES
 ASPHALTENS
 AEROMATICS
 SYNTHETIC FLUIDS. MOST COMMONLY USED COMMRCIALLY ARE SILICONES,
POLYGLYCOLS, PHOSPHATE ESTERS, DIBASIC ESTERS AND SILICATE ESTERS.
CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
CLASIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
 LIQUID LUBRICNTS (CONTD)
 FIXED OILS. FATTY SUBSTANCES THAT ARE EXTRACTED FROM
ANIMALS, VEGETABLES AND FISH. THEY ARE CALLED FIXED
OILS BECAUSE THEY WILL NOT VOLATALISE WITHOUT
DECOMPSING. WHEN COOLED SUFFICIENTLY, FIXED OILS
BECOME FATS. THE LUBRICIY AND EMUSIFYING
CHARACTERISTICS MAKE THEM APROPRIATE FOR USE AS
ADDITIVE FOR MNERAL OILS.
 TALLO (ACIDLESS HARD OIL)
 CASTOR OIL
 PALM OIL
 PORPOISE JAW OIL
 LIQUID METAL LUBRICANTS. ASSOCIATED CHIEFLY WITH
CLOSED CYCLE SPACE POER SYSTEMS. TEMPERATURE VARY
FROM 400 TO 15000F. MERCURY, RABIDIUM, POTASSIUM, SODIUM,
LITHIUM, SODIUM – POTASSIUM.
 PLASTIC LUBRICANTS. ARE GREASE AND PETROLEUM,
WITH GREASE HAVING MUCH WIDER APPLICATION.
PLASTIC UNDER OPERATING CONDITION, BUT AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE, THEY MAY RANGE FROM LIQUID TO
PLASTICS.
PURPOSE OF LUBRICATION
 Reduces friction and prevents metal to metal contact between the
working parts of the engine
 Carries away the considerable amount of heat from the underside
of the piston crowns, the valve stems and connecting rod main
bearings
 It forms a sealing medium between the piston rings and the cylinder
walls preventing loss of compression.
 Protects working surface against corrosion.
 Removes gritty and carbonaceous deposits of the working surface
 Cushions the parts against impact and vibrations
 Reduces operation noise.
FUNCTIONS OF THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
 LUBRICATION. To lubricate the engine parts so that friction and
wear are reduced. Lubrication between two moving surface forms
an oil film that builds up to separate the surfaces and support the
load.
 COOLING. The lubricating oil carries away the heat from
the component, which is lubricated.
 CLEANING. The engine oil has an ability to clean all the
engine components, which are in contact with it.
 Sealing. The engine oil helps the piston rings to form a
tight seal between the rings and the cylinder walls.
PROPERTIES OF LUBRICATING OIL
 VISCOSITY. Viscosity is the resistance offered by the molecules in a
fluid against shear. This resistance is also named as internal friction.
Dependent on temperature.
 VISCOSITY INDEX. The viscosity index is the rate at which viscosity
decreases with the temperature. Another method of describing this
rate of change is the ASTM slope. This numerical expression is the
slope of viscosity temperature curve between two selected
temperature. High slope represent low viscosity indexes and larger
viscosity change with temperature.
 To alter VI, high molecular weight, long chain polymeric additives that are
soluble in the base lubricants are used.
 One disadvantage of VI improvers is the tendency to break down under high
shear stresses and in turn to lower the molecular weight.
 CLOUD POINT
 POUR POINT
 FLASH POINT. Lowest temperature at which combustible fumes
build upon the surface of the tested oil. The flame dies out
immediately at this temperature.
 FIRE POINT. Temperature at which the flame continuously burns by
itself. Fire point lies 400C to 500C higher than the flash point.
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 CARBON RESIDUE
 OILINESS
 OXIDATION STABILITY
 CLEANLINESS
 COLOUR
 ACIDITY AND NUTRALISATION NUMBER. This number gives
information about the content of free mineral and organic acids in
the lubricants. Determined with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and
alcoholic blue in the titration process. The change of colour takes
place from blue to red. The result is expressed as mg of KOH / gm of
oil.
 Penetration & consistancy. Measure to represent the softness or
hardness of lubricant fatt. One measures the depth of penetration
of a standard sheet metal cone in a standard fatt after a prescribed
time. Dependent on temperature and load.
 Emulsion strength. The ES of oil is the resistance against
emulsification with water. As oil – water emulsions always disturb
VAROUS TYPES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM
MIST LUBRICATION SYSTEM.
USED IN 2 STROKE ENGINES. THE OIL IS MIXED IN THE FUEL BY 2 TO
3% IN THE FUEL TANK. THE OIL AND THE FUEL MIXTURE IS
INDUCTED THROUGH THE CARBURETTOR. THE GASOLINE IS
VAPORISED AND THE OIL IN ITS FORM OF MIST GOES VIA
CRANKCASE INTO THE CYLINDERS. THE OIL WHICH IMPINGES ON
THE CRANKCASE WALLS LUBRICATES THE MAIN AND CONNECTING
ROD BEARINGS, AND THE REST OF THE OIL WHICH PASSES ON TO
THE CYLINDER DURING CHARGING AND SCAVANGING PERIODS
LUBRICATES THE PISTON, PISTON RINGS AND THE CYLINDER.
ADVANTAGE:
 SIMPLICITY AND LOW COST
 NO OIL PUMP OR FILTERS ARE REQUIRED
MIST LUBRICATION SYSTEM.
DRAWBACKS:
 SOME OF THE LUBRICATING OIL INVARIABLY BURNS IN THE
COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND LEADS TO HEAVY EXHAUST
EMMISSION AND FORMATION OF HEAVY DEPOSITS ON PISTON
CROWN, RING GROOVES AND EXHAUST PORT WHICH INTERFERES
WITH THE ENGINE OPERATIONS.
 SINCE OIL COMES IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH ACIDIC VAPOURS
PRODUCED DURING COMBUSTION, IT RAPIDLY LOOSES ANTI –
CORROSION PROPERTY RESULTING IN CORROSION OF BEARINGS.
 OIL STARVATION WHEN THROTTLE IS CLOSED. THE PROLONGED
ABSENCE OF OIL MAY RESULT IN OVERHEATING AND PISTON
SEIZURE.
 5 TO 15% HIGH LUBRICANT CONSUMPTION.
WET SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM.
THE BOTTOM PART OF THE CRANK CASE CALLED SUMP CONTAINS THE
OIL FROM WHICH OIL IS SUPPLIED TO VARIOUS PARTS
 SPLASH SYSTEM
 MODIFIED SPLASH SYSTEM
 FULL PRESSURE SYSTEM
SPLASH SYSTEM. USED FOR SMALL ENGINES.
 THE OIL LEVEL IN THE SUMP IS SO MAINTAINED THAT WHEN THE
CONNECTING ROD BIG END IS AT ITS LOWEST POSITION, THE
DRIPPER ON THE CONNECTING ROD END STRIKE THE OIL IN THE
TROUGHS.
 THE TROUGHS ARE SUPPLIED OIL BY OIL PUMP.
 Oil splashes over various engine parts.
 Modified splash system. If bearing loads are high, modified splash
system is used.
 The main and cmashaft bearings are lubricated by oil under pressure pumped
by an oil pump.
 The other engine parts are lubricated by splash.
 Full pressure system. An oil pump is used to lubricate all part of the
engine.
 Drilled passages are used to lubricate connecting rod bearings.
 The cylinder walls, piston and piston rings are lubricated by the spray thrown
from the crank shaft
Dry sump lubrication system. No oil in the sump. The oil tank is out
side the engine. Oil is pumped to the crank shaft by the pump fitted
in the sump. The oil coming out after lubrication is sent back by
scavange pump.
SPLASH LUBRICATION SYSTEM
MODIFIED SPLASH LUBRICATION SYSTEM
FULL PRESSURE SYSTEM
FORCED FEED LUBRICATION SYSTEM

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