Gle Manual 4.2.2

Professional Graphics Language

v4.2
Graphics Layout Engine
User Manual (v. 4.2.2)
C. Pugmire, St.M. Mundt, V.P. LaBella, J. Struyf
http://www.gle-graphics.org/
January 3, 2010
ii
Contents
1 Preface v
2 Tutorial 3
2.1 Installing GLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Running GLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Drawing a Line on a Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Drawing a Simple Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Primitives 7
3.1 Graphics Primitives (a summary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Graphics Primitives (in detail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 The Graph Module 23

4.1 Graph Commands (a summary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Graph Commands (in detail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3 Bar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4 3D Bar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5 Filling Between Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.6 Notes on Drawing Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.6.1 Importance of Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.6.2 Line Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5 The Key Module 41

5.1 Global Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.2 Entry Definition Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.3 Defining the Key in the Graph Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6 Programming Facilities 47
6.1 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2 Functions Inside Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.3 Using Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.4 Programming Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.5 If-then-else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.6 Subroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.6.1 Default Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.7 Forward Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.8 I/O Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.9 Device dependend Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7 Advanced Features 55
7.1 Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.1.1 Named Boxes and the Join Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.1.2 Object Blocks and Hierarchically Named Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.2 LATEX Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.2.1 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.2.2 Using LaTeX Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.2.3 Using UTF-8 Encoding in GLE Scripts with LaTeX Expressions . . . . . . . . . . 59
iii
iv CONTENTS
7.2.4 Import a GLE Figure in a LaTeX Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

7.2.5 The .gle Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.3 Filling, Stroking and Clipping Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.4 Colour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.5 GLE’s Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8 Surface and Contour Plots 63

8.1 Surface Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.1.2 Surface Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.2 Letz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.3 Fitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.4 Contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.5 Color Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
9 GLE Utilities 71
9.1 Fitls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
9.2 Manip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9.2.1 Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9.2.2 Manip Primitives (a summary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
9.2.3 Manip Primitives (in detail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
A Tables 79
A.1 Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
A.2 Functions and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
A.3 LATEX Macros and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
A.4 Installing GLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
A.5 Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
A.6 Font Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
A.7 Predefined Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
A.8 Wall Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Index 97
Chapter 1
Preface
Abstract
GLE (Graphics Layout Engine) is a graphics scripting language designed for creating publication quality
graphs, plots, diagrams, figures and slides. GLE supports various graph types (function plots, histograms,
bar graphs, scatter plots, contour lines, color maps, surface plots, ...) through a simple but flexible set of
graphing commands. More complex output can be created by relying on GLE’s scripting language, which
is full featured with subroutines, variables, and logic control. GLE relies on LATEX for text output and
supports mathematical formulea in graphs and figures. GLE’s output formats include EPS, PS, PDF,
JPEG, and PNG. GLE is licenced under the BSD license. QGLE, the GLE user interface, is licenced
under the GPL license.
Trademark Acknowledgements
The following trademarks are used in this manual.
Windows Microsoft Corporation.
TEX Donald E. Knuth, A Typesetting System.
LATEX Leslie Lamport, A Document Preparation System.
PostScript Page Description Language, Adobe Systems Inc.
Typographic Conventions
The following conventions will be used in command descriptions:
[option] Specifies an optional keyword or parameter, the brackets should
not be typed.
option1 | option2 Pick one of the options listed.
keyword Keywords are represented in a bold typewriter font.
exp,x,y,x1,y1 Represent numbers or expressions. E.g. 2.2 or 2*5. Parameters
to be entered by the user are given in italics.
Pathways
For those in a hurry:
1. Read Chapter 2, The GLE Tutorial (beginners only).
2. Examine the examples at http://www.gle-graphics.org/examples/.
3. Browse through Chapter 4, The Graph Module.
For those with time:
• Chapter 2, GLE Tutorial:
Covers installation and drawing a simple graph, highly recommended if you have never used GLE
before.
• Chapter 3, GLE Primitives:
Describes the commands used for creating diagrams and slides and for annotating graphs.
v
1
• Chapter 4, The Graph Module:

Describes the commands for drawing graphs.
• Chapter 5, The Key Module:

Describes the commands for producing keys for graphs.
• Chapter 7, Advanced Features of GLE:

Covers advanced features of GLE. This includes programming constructs, the LATEX interface, . . .
• Chapter 8, Surface and Contour Plots:

Describes the commands for drawing three-dimensional graphs.
• Chapter 9, GLE Utilities:

Describes FITLS and MANIP.
2 CHAPTER 1. PREFACE
Chapter 2
Tutorial
2.1 Installing GLE

This tutorial assumes that GLE is correctly installed. Information about how to install GLE can be
found at the following URLs. The GLE distribution also includes a README with brief installation
instructions.
• Installation on Windows: http://www.gle-graphics.org/tut/windows.html.
• Installation on Linux: http://www.gle-graphics.org/tut/linux.html.
• Installation on Mac OS/X: http://www.gle-graphics.org/tut/mac.html.
Feel free to post any questions or comments you might have about installing GLE on the GLE mailing
list, which is available here:
• Mailing list: https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/glx-general.
2.2 Running GLE

GLE is essentially a command line application; this tutorial will show you how to run it from the command
prompt. GLE can also be run from your favorite text editor or from QGLE, GLE’s graphical user interface.
More information about running GLE from a text editor is given in the installation instructions.
On Windows, you run GLE from the Windows Command Prompt. Normally the GLE installer should
have added an entry labeled “Command Prompt” to GLE’s folder in the start menu. On Unix-like
operating systems, GLE runs from an X-terminal, such as “konsole” on Linux / KDE.
Once you have opened the command prompt or terminal, try running GLE by entering the following
command.
gle
As a result, GLE displays the following message.
GLE version x.y.z

Usage: gle [options] filename.gle
More information: gle -help
If this message does not appear and you see an error message instead, then GLE is not correctly installed.
Refer to the installation instructions (Appendix A.4) for more information. In the following, we will show
how to construct a simple drawing with GLE.
2.3 Drawing a Line on a Page

Let’s start with drawing a line on the page. GLE needs to know the size of the drawing you wish to
make. This is accomplished with the size command:
3
4 CHAPTER 2. TUTORIAL
√
(1, 2)
Figure 2.1: Result of your first GLE script.
size 8 2
This specifies that the output will be 8cm wide and 2cm high. Next we define a “current point” by
moving to somewhere on the page:
amove 0.25 0.25
The origin (0,0) is at the bottom left hand corner of the page. Suppose we wish to draw a line from this
point 5 cm across and 1 cm up:
size 8 2
amove 0.25 0.25
rline 5 1
This is a relative movement as the x and y values are given as distances from the current point, alter-
natively we could have used absolute coordinates:
size 8 2
amove 0.25 0.25
aline 5.25 1.25
To draw some text on the page at the current point, use the write command:
write "Hi there"
Or, alternatively, you could include arbitrary LATEX expressions using the tex command:
tex "$(1,\sqrt{2})$"
Now we have constructed complete GLE script, which looks as follows:

size 8 2 box
amove 0.25 0.25
rline 5 1
tex "$(1,\sqrt{2})$"
Enter the above GLE script using a text editor and save it to disk (any editor that saves in UTF8 or ASCII
format will work). The following assumes that you have saved the file under the name “test.gle” in the
folder C:\GLE on Windows, or /home/john/gle on a Unix-like operating system. Now open a command
prompt and go to the folder where you saved the file. Then, run GLE on the file.
On Windows, you do this as follows (C:\> is the prompt):
C:\> cd C:\GLE
C:\GLE> gle test.gle
Or on Unix:
cd ~/gle
gle test.gle
GLE produces by default an Encapsulated PostScript (.eps) file:

GLE x.y.z [test.gle]-C-R-[test.eps]
Try viewing the resulting “test.eps” with a PostScript viewer such as GhostView, and compare it to
the output shown in Fig. 2.1. You can also preview it with QGLE, GLE’s graphical user interface. After
you’ve started QGLE, enter the following command at the command prompt.
2.4. DRAWING A SIMPLE GRAPH 5
gle -p test.gle
This will preview the output in the QGLE previewer window. GLE can also create PDF files. This is
accomplished by setting the output device to “pdf”.
gle -device pdf test.gle
Try viewing the resulting “test.pdf” with Acrobat Reader or similar. Other output formats supported
by GLE (eps, ps, pdf, svg, jpg, png, x11) can also be obtained with the -device command line option
(which can be abbreviated to -d). For example, to create a JPEG bitmap file, one can use:
gle -d jpg -r 200 test.gle
Help about the available command line options can be obtained with:
gle -help
and to obtain more information about a particular option, use:
gle -help option
The following command line options are supported by GLE:
-help Shows help about command line options

-info Outputs software version, build date, GLE_TOP, GLE_BIN, etc.
-verbosity Sets the verbosity level of GLE console output
-device Selects output device(s)
-resolution Sets the resolution for bitmap and PDF output
-fullpage Selects full page output
-output Specifies the name of the output file
-preview Previews the output with QGLE
-gs Previews the output with GhostScript
-version Selects a GLE version to run
-compatibility Selects a GLE compatibility mode
-calc Runs GLE in "calculator" mode
-tex Indicates that the script includes LaTeX expressions
-inc Creates an .inc file with LaTeX code
-texincprefix Adds the given subdirectory to the path in the .inc file
-mkinittex Creates "inittex.ini" from "init.tex"
-nocolor Forces grayscale output
-transparent Creates transparent output (with -d png)
-noctrl-d Excludes CTRL-D from the PostScript output
-nomaxpath Disables the upper-bound on the drawing path complexity
-safemode Disables reading/writing to the file system
-allowread Allows reading from the given path
-allowwrite Allows writing to the given path
2.4 Drawing a Simple Graph

This section shows how to go about drawing a simple graph. Enter the following data in a new file and
save it as “test.csv”. Note that you can export files in CSV (comma separated values) format with most
spread sheet programs.
1,2
2,6
3,2
4,5
5,9
The data is in two columns with a comma separating each column of numbers. The following commands
will draw a simple line graph of the data.
6 CHAPTER 2. TUTORIAL
Simple Graph
size 7 4 10
begin graph 8
Output
title "Simple Graph"
6
xtitle "Time"
ytitle "Output" 4
data "test.csv" 2
d1 line marker triangle color red 0
end graph 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Time
The commands title, xtitle, and ytitle specify the graph title and the axis titles. The command data loads
the data file and the d1 command specifies how the first curve on the graph should look like. These
commands are discussed in detail in Chapter 4. Possible values for the marker option can be found on
the GLE wall reference chart in Appendix A.8.
The axis ranges can be specified with “xaxis min v0 max v1 ” and “yaxis min v0 max v1 ”. A smooth line can
be drawn through the data points by changing the d1 command to: “d1 line smooth” as in the following
example.
size 7 4 Smooth Graph

10
begin graph
title "Smooth Graph" 8
Output
xtitle "Time" 6
ytitle "Output" 4
data "test.csv"
2
yaxis min 0 max 10
d1 line smooth color red 0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
end graph
Time
Note that the order of the commands is not important, except that circle is a parameter for the option
marker and therefore must come right after it. The same holds for line and smooth and color and blue in
the example “d1 marker circle line smooth color blue”.
It is simple to change to a bar graph and include last year’s measurements:
size 7 4 Bar Graph
begin graph 10
title "Bar Graph" Year 2000
8
Year 2001
Output
xtitle "Measurement"
6
ytitle "Output"
data "year-2000.csv" 4
data "year-2001.csv" 2
key pos tl 0
bar d1,d2 fill red,blue 1 2 3 4 5
end graph Measurement
Adding min and max values on the axis commands is highly recommended because by default GLE won’t
start from the origin unless the data happens to be very close to zero. It is also difficult to compare
graphs unless they all have the same axis ranges. More information about the graph module is available
in Chapter 4.
Chapter 3
Primitives
A GLE command is a sequence of keywords and values separated by white space (one or more spaces
or tabs). Each command must begin on a new line. Keywords may not be abbreviated, the case is not
significant. All coordinates are expressed in centimeters from the bottom left corner of the page.
GLE uses the concept of a current point which most commands use. For example, the command aline
2 3 will draw a line from the current point to the coordinates (2,3).
The current graphics state also includes other settings like line width, colour, font, 2d transformation
matrix. All of these can be set with various GLE commands.
3.1 Graphics Primitives (a summary)

! comment
@xxx
abound x y aline x y [arrow start] [arrow end] [arrow both] [curve α1 α2 d1 d2]
amove x y
arc radius a1 a2 [arrow end] [arrow start] [arrow both]
arcto x1 y1 x2 y2 rad
begin box [fill pattern] [add gap] [nobox] [name xyz] [round val]
begin clip
begin name name
begin object name
begin origin
begin path [stroke] [fill pattern] [clip]
begin rotate angle
begin scale x y
begin table
begin tex
begin text [width exp]
begin translate x y
bezier x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
bitmap filename width height [type type]
bitmap info filename width height [type type]
box x y [justify jtype] [fill color] [name xxx] [nobox] [round val]
circle radius [fill pattern]
closepath
colormap fct xmin xmax ymin ymax pixels-x pixels-y width height [color] [palette pal]
curve ix iy [x1 y1 x y x y ... xn yn]ex ey
define marker markername subroutine-name
draw name.point [arg1 ... argn] [name name]
ellipse dx dy [options]
elliptical arc dx dy theta1 theta2 [options]
for var = exp1 to exp2 [step exp3] command [...] next var
grestore
gsave
7
8 CHAPTER 3. PRIMITIVES
if exp then command [...] else command [...] end if

include filename
join object1.just sep object2.just [curve α1 α2 d1 d2]
local var1 , . . ., varn
margins top bottom left right
marker marker-name [scale-factor]
orientation o
papersize size
postscript filename.eps width-exp height-exp
print string$ . . .
psbbtweak
pscomment exp
rbezier x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
return exp
reverse
rline x y [arrow end] [arrow start] [arrow both] [curve α1 α2 d1 d2]
rmove x y
save objectname
set alabeldist d
set alabelscale s
set arrowangle angle
set arrowsize size
set arrowstyle simple — filled — empty
set atitledist s
set atitlescale s
set background it c
set cap butt — round — square
set color col
set dashlen dashlen-exp
set fill fill color/pattern
set font font-name
set fontlwidth line-width
set hei character-size
set join mitre — round — bevel
set just left | center | right | tl | etc...
set lstyle line-style
set lwidth line-width
set pattern fill pattern
set texscale scale | fixed | none
set titlescale s
set ticksscale s
sub sub-name paramter1 paramter2 etc
tex string [name xxx] [add val]
text unquoted-text-string
write string$ . . .
3.2 Graphics Primitives (in detail)

! comment
Indicates the start of a comment. GLE ignores everything from the exclamation point to the end
of the line. This works both in GLE scripts and in data files used in, e.g., graph blocks.
@xxx
Executes subroutine xxx.
abound x y
Update the current bounding box to include the point (x, y) without drawing anything. This
command is useful in combination with ‘begin box’, ‘begin name’, etc., e.g., to add empty space to
the box.
3.2. GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES (IN DETAIL) 9
aline x y [arrow start] [arrow end] [arrow both] [curve α1 α2 d1 d2]

Draws a line from the current point to the absolute coordinates (x,y), which then becomes the new
current point. The arrow qualifiers are optional, they draw arrows at the start or end of the line,
the size of the arrow is proportional to the current font height.
If the curve option is given, then a Bezier curve is drawn instead of a line. The first control point
is located at a distance d1 and angle α1 from the current point and the second control point is
located at distance d2 and angle α2 from (x,y).
amove x y
Changes the current point to the absolute coordinates (x,y).
arc radius a1 a2 [arrow end] [arrow start] [arrow both]
Draws an arc of a circle in the anti-clockwise direction, centered at the current point, of radius
radius, starting at angle a1 and finishing at angle a2. Angles are specified in degrees. Zero degrees
is at three o’clock and Ninety degrees is at twelve o’clock.
arc 1.2 20 45
The command narc is identical but draws the arc in the clockwise direction. This is important when
constructing a path.
amove .5 .5
rline 1 .5 arrow end
arc 1 10 160
arc .5 -90 0
arcto x1 y1 x2 y2 rad
Draws a line from the current point to (x1,y1) then to (x2,y2) but fits an arc of radius rad joining
the two vectors instead of a vertex at the point (x1,y1).
amove 1.5 .5
rline 1 0
set lwidth .1
arcto 2 0 -1 1 .5
set lwidth 0
rline -1 1
begin block name ... end block name

There are several block structured commands in GLE. Each begin must have a matching end.
Blocks which change the current graphics state (e.g. scale, rotate, clip etc) will restore whatever
they change at the end of the block. Indentation is optional but should be used to make the GLE
program easier to read.
begin box [fill pattern] [add gap] [nobox] [name xyz] [round val]
Draws a box around everything between begin box and end box. The option add adds a margin
of margin cm to each side of the box to make the box slightly larger than the area defined by the
graphics primitives in the begin box . . . end box group (to leave a gap around text for example).
The option nobox stops the box outline from being drawn.
The name option saves the coordinates of the box for later use with among others the join command.
If the round option is used, a box with rounded corners will be drawn.
begin box add 0.2

begin box fill gray10 add 0.2 round .3
text John
end box
end box
John
begin clip
This saves the current clipping region. A clipping region is an arbitrary path made from lines and
curves which defines the area on which drawing can occur. This is used to undo the effect of a
clipping region defined with the begin path command. See the example CLIP.GLE in appendix B
at the end of the manual.
begin name name

Saves the coordinates of what is inside the block for later use with among others the join command.
This command is equivalent to ‘begin box name . . . nobox’.
begin object name [arg1, . . . , argn]

Declares a new object (sub-figure) that can be drawn later with the ‘draw’ command. Section 7.1.2
explains in detail how this command works and how it can be used.
Object blocks can have arguments if they are not defined inside a subroutine. Such object blocks
are called ‘static objects’; they behave similar to subroutines. Object blocks can also be defined
inside a subroutine. In that case, they are called ‘dynamic objects’ and cannot have arguments.
They may, however, refer to all arguments and local variables of the surrounding subroutine.
begin origin
This makes the current point the origin. This is good for subroutines or something which has been
drawn using amove,aline. Everything between the begin origin and end origin can be moved as one
unit. The current point is also saved and restored.
begin path [stroke] [fill pattern] [clip]

Initialises the drawing of a filled shape. All the lines and curves generated until the next end path
command will be stored and then used to draw the shape. stroke draws the outline of the shape,
fill paints the inside of the shape in the given colour and clip defines the shape as a clipping region
for all future drawing. Clipping and filling will only work on PostScript devices.
begin rotate angle

The coordinate system is rotated anti-clockwise about the current point by the angle angle (in
degrees). For example, to draw a line of text running vertically up the page (as a Y axis label, say),
type:
This is
begin rotate 90
text This is
end rotate
begin scale x y
Everything between the begin and end is scaled by the factors x and y. E.g., scale 2 3 would make
the picture twice as wide and three times higher.
begin scale 3 1
begin rotate 30 is
text This is is
h
end rotate T
end scale
begin table
This module is an alternative to the TEXT module. It reads the spaces and tabs in the source file
and aligns the words accordingly. A single space between two words is treated as a real space, not
an alignment space.
With a proportionally spaced font columns will line up on the left hand side but not on the right
hand side. However with a fixed pitch font, like tt, everything will line up.
begin table
Here is my table
of text see how
Here is my table
22 44 55 33 of text see how
0.1 999 1 .2 22 44 55 33
3 33 2 33 0.1 999 1 .2
3 33 2 33
it lines up it lines up
end table
begin text [width exp]

This module displays multiple lines/paragraphs of text. The block of text is justified according to
the current justify setting. See the set just command for a description of justification settings.
If a width is specified the text is wrapped and justified to the given width. If a width is not given,
each line of text is drawn as it appears in the file. Remember that GLE treats text in the same way
that LATEX does, so multiple spaces are ignored and some characters have special meaning. E.g,
\ ^ _ & { }
To include Greek characters in the middle of text use a backslash followed by the name of the
character. E.g., 3.3\Omega S would produce “3.3ΩS”.
To put a space between the Omega and the S add a backslash space at the end. E.g., 3.3\Omega\ S
produces “3.3Ω S”
Sometimes the space control characters (e.g. \:) are also ignored, this may happen at the beginning
of a line of text. In this case use the control sequence \glass which will trick GLE into thinking it
isn’t at the beginning of a line. E.g.,
text \glass \:\: Indented text
set hei 0.25 just tl font tt

begin text width 5
This is my paragraph of text to see
if it wraps things at four cm as I have This is my paragraph of text to
told it to do. see if it wraps things at four cm
as I have told it to do.
end text
...
Now some text
begin text without a width
Now some text without specified
a width
specified
end text
There are several LATEX like commands which can be used within text. The complete list can be
found in Appendix A.3. A few examples are:
\ \’ \v \u \= \^ \. \H \~ \’’ Implemented TeX accents

^{} _{} Superscript, subscript
\\ \_ Forced Newline, underscore character
\, \: \; 0.5em, 1em, 2em space (em = width of the letter ‘m’)
\tex{expression} Any LaTeX expression
\char{22} Any character in current font
\glass Makes move/space work on beginning of line
\rule{2}{4} Draws a filled in box, 2cm by 4cm
\setfont{rmb} Sets the current text font
\sethei{0.3} Sets the font height (in cm)
\setstretch{2} Scales the quantity of glue between words
\lineskip{0.1} Sets the default distance between lines of text
\linegap{-1} Sets the minimum required gap between lines
{\rm ...}, {\it ...} Sets roman, and italic font
{\bf ...}, {\tt ...} Sets bold, and typewriter (monospaced) font
\alpha, \beta, ... Greek symbols
begin translate x y
Everything between the begin and end is moved x units to the right and y units up.
bezier x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
Draws a Bézier cubic section from the current point to the point (x3,y3) with Bézier cubic control
points at the coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). For a full explanation of Bézier curves see the
PostScript Language Reference Manual.
bitmap filename width height [type type]

Imports the bitmap filename. The bitmap is scaled to width×height. If one of these is zero, it is
computed based on the other one and the aspect ratio of the bitmap. GLE supports TIFF, JPEG,
PNG and GIF bitmaps (depending on the compilation options).
Bitmaps are compressed automatically by GLE using either the LZW or the JPEG compression
scheme.
bitmap info filename width height [type type]

Returns the dimensions in pixels of the bitmap in the output parameters width and height.
box x y [justify jtype] [fill color] [name xxx] [nobox] [round val]
Draws a box, of width x and height y, with its bottom left corner at the current point. If the justify
option is used, the box will be positioned relative to the specified point. E.g., TL = top left, CC
= center center, BL = bottom left, CENTER = bottom center, RIGHT = bottom right, LEFT =
bottom left. See set just for a description of justification settings.
If a fill pattern is specified, the box will be filled. Remember that white fill is different from no fill
pattern - white fill will erase anything that was inside the box.
If the round option is used, a box with rounded corners will be drawn.
circle radius [fill pattern]

Draws a circle at the current point, with radius radius. If a fill pattern is specified the circle will
be filled.
closepath
Joins the beginning of a line to the end of a line. I.e., it does an aline to the end of the last amove.
colormap fct xmin xmax ymin ymax pixels-x pixels-y width height [color] [palette pal]
Draws a colormap of the function fct(x, y), in which x ranges from xmin to xmax, and y ranges
from ymin to ymax. The size of the colormap is width by height centimeter and the resolution is
pixels-x by pixels-y pixels. A colormap is grayscale by default; it is drawn in color if the option
color is given. In the latter case, it is possible to specify a palette subroutine pal mapping the range
0 . . . 1 to a range of colors. This command is similar to the colormap command in a graph block
(Sec. 8.5).
curve ix iy [x1 y1 x y x y ... xn yn]ex ey

Draws a curve starting at the current point and passing through the points (x1,y1) . . . (xn,yn),
with an initial slope of (ix,iy) to (x1,y1) and a final slope of (ex,ey). All the vectors are relative
movements from the vector before.
amove 1 1
curve 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 -1 1 0
amove 3.6 1
curve 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 -1 0 -1
define marker markername subroutine-name

This defines a new marker called markername which will call the subroutine subroutine-name when-
ever it is used. It passes two parameters, the first is the requested size of the marker and the second
is a value from a secondary dataset which can be used to vary size or rotation of a marker for each
point plotted.
To define a character from the postscript ZapDingbats font as a marker you would use, e.g.
sub subnamex size mdata

gsave ! save font and x,y
set just left font pszd hei size
t$ = "\char{102}"
rmove -twidth(t$)/2 -theight(t$)/2 ! centers marker
write t$
grestore ! restores font and x,y
end sub
The second parameter can be supplied using the mdata command when drawing a graph, this gives
the marker subroutine a value from another dataset to use to draw the marker. For example the
marker could vary in size, or angle, with every one plotted.
d3 marker myname mdata d4
define markername fontname scale dx dy

This command defines a new marker, from any font, it is automatically centered but can be adjusted
using dx,dy. e.g.
defmarker hand pszd 43 1 0 0
draw name.point [arg1 ... argn] [name name]

Draws a named object block that has been previously defined using a “begin/end object” (p. 10)
construct. The object is drawn such that the point indicated by the first argument of the draw
command appears at the current position. The point can be any (hierarchically) named point on
the object and may include the justify options defined for the join command (p. 14).
If the object block has parameters (similar to a subroutine) then these parameters can be given as
arg1 . . . argn.
The “draw” command names the object using the same name as the name of the object block by
default. An alternative name can be supplied using its “name” option.
See Sec. 7.1.2 for a detailed explanation of this command with examples.
ellipse dx dy [options]
This command draws an ellipse with the diameters dx and dy in the x and y directions, respectively.
The options are the same as the circle command.
elliptical arc dx dy theta1 theta2 [options]
This command is similar to the arc command except that it draws an elliptical arc in the clockwise
direction with the diameters dx and dy in the x and y directions, respectively. theta1 and theta2
are the start and stop angle, respectively. The options are the same as for the arc command.
The command elliptical narc is identical but draws the arc in the clockwise direction. This is
important when constructing a path.
for var = exp1 to exp2 [step exp3] command [...] next var
The for ... next structure lets you repeat a block of statements a number of times.
GLE sets var equal to exp1 and then repeats the following steps.
• If var is greater than exp2 then GLE commands are skipped until the line after the next
statement.
• The value exp3 is added to var.
• The statements between the for and next statement are executed.
If exp1 is greater than exp2 then the loop is not executed.
for x = 1 to 4 step 0.5

amove x 1
aline 5-x 2
next x
Table 3.1: Include files distributed with GLE.

barstyles.gle Defines additional styles for bar plots.
color.gle Defines functions for working with colors.
colors-gle-4.0.12.gle Redefines all colors defined in GLE 4.0.12 and before.
contour.gle Subroutines for drawing contour plots
electronics.gle Subroutines for drawing electronical circuits
ellipse.gle Draw text in an ellipse
feyn.gle Subroutines for drawing Feynmann diagrams
graphutil.gle Subroutines for drawing graphs
piesub.gle Pie chart routines
polarplot.gle Polar plotting routines
shape.gle Drawing various shapes
simpletree.gle Draw simple trees
stm.gle Add labels to images
ziptext.gle Draw zipped text
grestore
Restores the most recently saved graphics state. This is the simplest way to restore complicated
transformations such as rotations and translations. It must be paired with a previous gsave com-
mand.
gsave
Saves the current graphics transformation matrix and the current point and the current colour, font
etc.
if expression then command [...] else command [...] end if

If expression evaluates to true, then execution continues with the statements up to the corresponding
else, otherwise the statements following the else and up to the corresponding end if are executed.
amove 3 3
if xpos()=3 then
text We are at x=3
else
text We are elsewhere
end if
Note: end if is not spelt endif.
include filename
Includes the GLE script “filename” into the current script. This is useful for including library scripts
with subroutines. GLE searches a number of predefined directories for include files. By default,
this includes the current directory and the “lib” or “gleinc” subdirectory of the root directory
(GLE TOP) of your GLE installation. The latter includes a number of subroutine files that are
distributed with GLE (Table 3.1). Additional include directories can be defined by means of the
environment variable GLE USRLIB.
join object1.just sep object2.just [curve α1 α2 d1 d2]

Draws a line between two named objects. An object is simply a point or a box which was given a
name when it was drawn.
The justify qualifiers are the standard GLE justification abbreviations: .br (bottom right), .bl
(bottom left), .bc (bottom centre), .tr (top right), .tc (top centre), .tl (top left), .cr (centre
right), .cc (centre centre), and .cl (centre left). In addition, .v and .h can be used to draw
vertical or horizontal lines connecting to the object, .c for drawing a line connecting to e circle or
ellipse, and .box for drawing a line to a rectangle. Fig. 3.3 shows examples of the different cases.
If sep is written as -, a line is drawn between the named objects e.g.
join fred.tr - mary.tl

triangle fcircle odot ❀ flower ✍ handpen

wtriangle diamond ominus ♣ club ✉ letter
ftriangle wdiamond oplus heart ☎ phone
square fdiamond otimes ♠ spade ✈ plane
wsquare cross star dag ❍ scircle
fsquare plus ✥ star2 ddag ❏ ssquare
circle
wcircle
minus
asterisk
✯ star3
❂ star4 . snake
dot
trianglez
diamondz
Figure 3.1: All markers supported by GLE. (The names that start with “w” are white filled.)
Arrow heads can be included at both ends of the line by writing sep as <->. Single arrow heads
are produced by <- and ->. Note that sep must be separated from object1.just and object2.just by
white space.
If the justification qualifiers are omitted, a line will be drawn between the centers of the two objects
(clipped at the edges of the rectangles which define the objects). This is the same as using the .box
qualifier on both objects.
The curve option is explained with the aline command. Fig. 3.3 shows an example where the “join”
command is used with the curve option.
Sec. 7.1.1 contains several examples of joining objects.
local var1 , . . ., varn
Defines a local variable inside a subroutine. It is possible to initialize the variable to a particular
value with, e.g., ‘local x = 3’, which defines the local variable ‘x’ and assigns it the value 3. You
can also define several local variables at once, e.g., ‘local x, y’ defines the local variables ‘x’ and
‘y’.
margins top bottom left right
This command can be used to define the page margins. Margins are only relevant for making
full-page figures (using the -fullpage command line option). See also the “papersize” command.
marker marker-name [scale-factor]
Draws marker marker-name at the current point. The size of the marker is proportional to the
current font size, scaled by the value of scale-factor if present. Markers are referred to by name, eg.
square, diamond, triangle and fcircle. Markers beginning with the letter f are usually filled variants.
Markers beginning with w are filled with white so lines are not visible through the marker. For a
complete list of markers refer to Fig. 3.1.
set just lc
amove 0.5 2.5
marker diamond 1
rmove 0.6 0; text Diamond
amove 0.5 2
marker triangle 1
rmove 0.6 0; text Triangle
...
orientation o
Sets the orientation of the output in full-page mode. Possible values are “portrait” and “landscape”.
Fig. 3.2 illustrates these two cases.
papersize size
papersize width height
Sets the paper size of the output. This is used only when GLE is run with the option “-fullpage” or
when the PostScript output device is used (i.e., “-d ps”). The command either takes one argument,
papersize a4paper papersize a4paper papersize a4paper papersize a4paper

size 10 10 orientation landscape margins 2 2 2 2 orientation landscape
size 10 10 margins 2 2 2 2
29.7 cm
29.7 cm
29.7 cm
29.7 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm 10 cm
21 cm 21 cm 21 cm 21 cm
Figure 3.2: Result of different combinations of the commands “papersize”, “margins”, “size”, and “ori-
entation” for fullpage graphics (gle -fullpage figure.gle).
GLE a
b
test.gle c
join b1.rc -> b2.tc curve 0 90 1.2 1 join a.c -> b.c
b
a
join b1.rc -> b2.h join a.c -> b.box
Figure 3.3: Different ways of joining objects.
which should be one of the predefined paper size names or two numbers, which give the width
and height of the output measured in cm. The following paper sizes are known by GLE: a0paper,
a1paper, a2paper, a3paper, a4paper, and letterpaper.
If a “size” command is given in the script, then the output is drawn centered on the page. If no size
command is included in the script, then the output will appear relative to the bottom-left corner of
the page, offset by the page margins (see “margins” command). Fig. 3.2 illustrates these two cases.
The paper size can also be set in GLE’s configuration file (Sec. 7.5).
postscript filename.eps width-exp height-exp
Includes an encapsulated postscript file into a GLE picture, the postscript picture will be scaled up
or down to fit the width given. On the screen you will just see a rectangle.
Only the width-exp is used to scale the picture so that the aspect ratio is maintained. The height
is only used to display a rectangle of the right size on the screen.
print string$ . . .
This command prints its argument to the console (terminal).
psbbtweak
Changes the default behavior of the bounding box. The default behavior is to have the lower corner
at (-1,-1), which for some interpreters (i.e., Photoshop) will leave a black line around the bottom
and left borders. If this command is specified then the origin of the bounding box will be set to
(0,0).
This command must appear before the first size command in the GLE file.
pscomment exp
Allows inclusion of exp as a comment in the preamble of the postscript file. Multiple pscomment
commands are allowed.
This command must appear before the first size command in the GLE file.
rbezier x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3
This command is identical to the BEZIER command except that the points are all relative to the
current point.
amove 0.5 2.8

rbezier 1 1 2 -1 3 1
amove 0.2 0.2
rbezier 1 1 2 1.2 1.8 0
return exp
The return command is used inside subroutines to return a value.
reverse
Reverses the direction of the current path. This is used when filling multiple paths in order that
the Non-Zero Winding Rule will know which part of the path is ‘inside’.
With the Non-Zero Winding Rule an imaginary line is drawn through the object. Every time a
line of the object crosses it from left to right, one is added to the counter; every time a line of the
object crosses it from right to left, one is subtracted from the counter. Everywhere the counter is
non-zero is considered to be the ‘inside’ of the drawing and is filled.
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0
rline x y [arrow end] [arrow start] [arrow both] [curve α1 α2 d1 d2]

Draws a line from the current point to the relative coordinates (x,y), which then become the new
current point. If the current point is (5,5) then rline 3 -2 is equivalent to aline 8 3. The optional
qualifiers on the end of the command will draw arrows at one or both ends of the line, the size of
the arrow head is proportional to the current font size.
The curve option is explained with the aline command.
rmove x y
Changes the current point to the relative coordinate (x,y). If the current point is (5,5) then rmove
3 -2 is equivalent to amove 8 3.
save objectname
This command saves a point for later use with the join command.
set alabeldist d
The spacing between the graph axis labels and the axis is set to d.
set alabelscale s
The graph axis label font size is set to ‘alabelscale’ times ‘hei’.
set arrowangle angle

Sets the opening angle of the arrow tips. (Actually, half of the opening angle.)
set arrowsize size

Sets the length of the arrow tips in centimeter.
Figure 3.4: Different arrow tip styles.
set arrowstyle simple — filled — empty

Sets the style of the arrow tips. There are three pre-defined styles: simple, filled, and empty (See
Fig. 3.4).
It is also possible to create user-defined arrow tip styles. To do so, create a subroutine ‘arrow xxxx
langle aangle asize’, with xxxx the name of the new style. The parameter langle is the angle of the
line on which the arrow tip is to be drawn and the parameters aangle and asize are the current
values of the settings arrowangle and arrowsize. The user-defined style can be enabled, in the same
way as the built-in ones, with ‘set arrowstyle xxxx’. Fig. 3.4 shows the three predefined styles and a
user-defined tip style that is defined by the following subroutine:
sub arrow_circle langle aangle asize
circle 0.1 fill red
end sub
More complex examples of user-defined arrow styles can be found in the GLE example repository.
set atitledist s
The spacing between the graph axis title and the axis labels is set to d.
set atitlescale s
The graph axis title font size is set to ‘atitlescale’ times ‘hei’.
set background it c
Set the background color for a pattern fill to c. (See ‘set fill’.)
set cap butt — round — square
Defines what happens at the end of a wide line.
set cap butt
set cap round
set cap square
set color col

Sets the current colour for all future drawing operations. GLE supports all SVG/X11 standard
color names. These are listed in Appendix A.7, and include the following: black, white, red, green,
blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, gray10, gray20, . . ., gray90. It is also possible to specify a gray scale as
a real number with 0.0 = black and 1.0 = white. Colors can also be set using the HTML notation,
e.g., #FF0000 = red. Finally, the functions rgb(red,green,blue) and rgb255(red,green,blue) may be
used to create custom colors. Fig. 3.5 gives some examples.
mm$ = "blue"
amove 0.5 0.5
for c = 0 to 1 step 0.05
box 0.2 2 fill (c) nobox
rmove 0.2 0
next c
amove 2 1
box 2 1 fill white nobox
rmove -0.2 0.2
box 2 1 fill mm$
set color black set color red

set color white set color #ADFF2F
set color gray50 set color rgb255(255,140,0)
set color 0.3 set color rgb(0.5,0.2,0.2)
Figure 3.5: Examples of setting the drawing color.
GRID GRID1 GRID2 GRID3 GRID4 GRID5
SHADE SHADE1 SHADE2 SHADE3 SHADE4 SHADE5
RSHADE RSHADE1 RSHADE2 RSHADE3 RSHADE4 RSHADE5
Figure 3.6: Patterns for painting shapes.
set dashlen dashlen-exp

Sets the length of the smallest dash used for the line styles. This command MUST come before the
set lstyle command. This may be needed when scaling a drawing by a large factor.
set fill fill color/pattern

Sets the color or pattern for filling shapes. This command works in combination with shapes such
as circles, ellipses, and boxes. If the argument is a color, then shapes are filled with the given color
(see “set color). If it is a pattern, then the shapes are painted with the given pattern in black ink.
Fig. 3.6 lists a number of pre-defined patterns. To paint a shape in a color different from black,
first set the color, then the pattern. That is,
set background yellow

set fill red
set pattern shade
box 2 2
will draw a box and paint is using the shade pattern and red ink on a yellow background. To draw
shapes that are not filled, use the command “set fill clear”. That is,
set fill clear

box 2 2
will draw an empty box.
set font font-name

Sets the current font to font-name. Valid font-names are listed in Appendix A.2.
There are three types of font: PostScript, LATEX and Plotter. They will all work on any device,
however LATEX fonts are drawn in outline on a plotter, and so may not look very nice. PostScript
fonts will be emulated by LATEX fonts on non-PostScript printers.
set fontlwidth line-width

This sets the width of lines to be used to draw the stroked (Plotter fonts) on a PostScript printer.
This has a great effect on their appearance.
set font pltr

amove .2 .2
text Tester
set fontlwidth .1
set cap round
rmove 0 1.5
text Tester
set hei character-size

Sets the height of text. For historical reasons, concerning lead type and printing conventions, a
height of 10cm actually results in capital letters about 6.5cm tall.
The default value of “hei” is 0.3633 (to mimic the default height of LATEX expressions).
set join mitre — round — bevel

Defines how two wide lines will be joined together. With mitre, the outside edges of the join are
extended to a point and then chopped off at a certain distance from the intersection of the two
lines. With round, a curve is drawn between the outside edges.
join mitre join round join bevel
set just left | center | right | tl | etc...

Sets the justification which will be used for text commands.
amove 0.5 3
set just left Justify left Justify bl
box 1.5 0.6 tl tc tr
text Justify left
rmove 2 0 lc cc rc
set just bl
box 1.5 0.6
text Justify bl bl bc br
set lstyle line-style

Sets the current line style to line style number line-style. There are 9 predefined line styles (1–9).
When a line style is given with more than one digit the first digit is read as a run length in black,
the second a run length in white, the third a run length in black, etc.
set just left
for z = 0 to 4 0 5
set lstyle z 1 6
rline 2 0 2 7
rmove 0.1 0 3 8
write z 4 9
rmove -2.1 -0.4
next z 9229
set lwidth line-width

Sets the width of lines to line-width cm. A value of zero will result in the device default of about
0.02 cm, so a lwidth of .0001 gives a thinner line than an lwidth of 0.
set pattern fill pattern

Specifies the filling pattern. A number of pre-defined patterns is listed in Fig. 3.6. See the description
of “set fill” for more information.
set texscale scale | fixed | none

This setting controls the scaling of LATEX expressions (Sec. 7.2): ‘scale’ scales them to the value of
‘hei’, ‘fixed’ scales them to the closest LATEX default size to ‘hei’, and ‘none’ does not scale them.
With ‘none’, the font size in your graphics will be exactly the same as in your main document.
set titlescale s
The graph title font size is set to ‘titlescale’ times ‘hei’.
set ticksscale s
The size of the graph axis ticks is set to ‘ticksscale’ times ‘hei’.
sub sub-name parameter1 parameter2 etc.

Defines a subroutine. The end of the subroutine is denoted with end sub. Subroutines must be
defined before they are used.
Subroutines can be called inside any GLE expression, and can also return values. The parameters
of a subroutine become local variables. Subroutines are re-entrant.
sub tree x y a$
amove x y
rline 0 1
write a$
return x/y
end sub
tree 2 4 "mytree" (Normal call to subroutine)

slope = tree(2,4,"mytree") (Using subroutine in an expression)
tex string [name xxx] [add val]

Draw a LATEX expression at the current point using the current value of ‘justify’. See Sec. 7.2 for
more information. Using the name option, the LATEX expression can be named, just like a box. The
size of the virtual named box can be increased with the add option.
text unquoted-text-string
This is the simplest command for drawing text. The current point is unmodified after the text is
drawn so following one text command with another will result in the second line of text being drawn
on top of the first. To generate multiple lines of text, use the begin text . . . end text construct.
text "Hi, how’s tricks", said Jack!
write string$ . . .
This command is similar to text except that it expects a quoted string, string variable, or string
expression as a parameter. If write has more than one parameter, it will concatenate the values of
all the parameters.
a$ = "Hello there "

xx = sqrt(10)
t$ = time$()
c$ = a$+t$
write a$+t$ xx Hello there 16:02:32 3.16228
The built in functions sqrt() and time$() are described in Appendix A.2.
Chapter 4
The Graph Module
A graph should start with begin graph and end with end graph. The data to be plotted are organised into
datasets. A dataset consists of a series of (X,Y) coordinates, and has a name based on the letter “d” and
a number between 1 and 99, e.g. d1
The name dn can be used to define a default for all datasets. Many graph commands described below
start with dn. This would normally be replaced by a specific dataset number e.g.,
d3 marker diamond
For each xaxis command there is a corresponding yaxis, y2axis and x2axis command for setting the top left
and right hand axes. These commands are not explicitly mentioned in the following descriptions.
4.1 Graph Commands (a summary)

center
colormap fct pixels-x pixels-y [color] [invert] [zmin z1 ] [zmax z2 ] [palette pal]
data filename [d1 d2 d3 ...] [d1=c1,c3] [ignore n] [comment char]
dn [deresolve m] [average] line
dn err d5 errwidth width-exp errup nn% errdown d4
dn herr d5 herrwidth width-exp herrleft nn% errright d4
dn key ”Dataset title”
dn line [impulses] [steps] [fsteps] [hist] [bar]
dn lstyle line-style lwidth line-width color col
dn marker marker-name [msize marker-size] [mdata dn]
dn nomiss
dn smooth — smoothm
dn svg smooth [m]
dn xmin x-low xmax x-high ymin y-low ymax y-high
dn file “all.dat,xc,yc” [marker mname] [line]
fullsize
hscale h
key pos tl nobox hei exp offset xexp yexp
let ds = exp [from low] [to high] [step exp] [where exp]
let ds = x-exp, y-exp [from low] [to high] [step exp] [where exp]
let dn = [routine] dm [options]
let ds = hist dm [from x1] [to x2] [bins n] [step n]
let ds = . . . [nsteps n]
let ds = . . . [range dn]
math
nobox
scale h v
scale auto
size x y
title ”title” [hei ch-hei] [color col] [font font] [dist cm]
under call
23
24 CHAPTER 4. THE GRAPH MODULE
vscale v
x2labels on
xaxis — yaxis — x2axis — y2axis
xaxis angle α
xaxis base exp-cm
xaxis color col font font-name hei exp-cm lwidth exp-cm
xaxis dsubticks sub-distance
xaxis format format-string
xaxis grid
xaxis log
xaxis min low max high
xaxis nofirst nolast
xaxis nticks number dticks distance dsubticks distance
xaxis ftick x0 dticks distance
xaxis off
xaxis shift cm-exp
xlabels font font-name hei char-hei color col
xnames ”name” ”name” ...
xnames from dx
xnoticks pos1 pos2 pos3 ...
xplaces pos1 pos2 pos3 ...
xside color col lwidth line-width off
xsubticks lstyle num lwidth exp length exp off
xticks lstyle num lwidth exp length exp off
xtitle ”title” [hei ch-hei] [color col] [font font] [dist cm] [adist cm]
y2title ”text-string” [rotate]
yaxis negate
bar dx,... dist spacing
bar dn,... fill f pattern p
bar dx,... from dy,...
bar dn,... horiz
bar dn,... width xunits,... fill col,... color col,...
fill x1,d3 color green xmin val xmax val
fill d4,x2 color blue ymin val ymax val
fill d3,d4 color green xmin val xmax val
fill d4 color green xmin val xmax val
4.2 Graph Commands (in detail)

center
Centers the graph (including the title and axis labels) in the graph box. (The command ‘scale auto’
implicitly performs ‘center’.)
The colormap command is discussed in Section 8.5.
data filename [d1 d2 d3 ...] [d1=c1,c3] [ignore n] [comment char]

Specifies the name of a file to read data from. By default, the data will be read into the next free
datasets unless the optional specific dataset names are specified.
A dataset consists of a series of (X,Y) coordinates, and has a name based on the letter d and a
number between 1 and 99, e.g. d1 or d4. Up to 99 datasets may be defined.
From a file with 3 columns the command ‘data "data.csv"’ would read the first and second columns
as the x and y values for dataset 1 (d1) and the first and third columns as the x and y values for
dataset 2 (d2). The next data command would use dataset 3 (d3).
Such a data file looks like this:
4.2. GRAPH COMMANDS (IN DETAIL) 25
begin graph Age, John, Mary, Ken

xtitle "Age" 15, 73, 65, 77 85
ytitle "Weight" 20, 80, 68, 77
data "age.csv" 30, 82, 76, 80 80
Weight
key pos br compact 40, 85, 77, 82
75
d1 line color red marker circle John
d2 line color blue marker triangle 70 Mary
d3 line color green marker square
end graph 65
Ken
15 20 25 30 35 40
Age
Figure 4.1: Line graph with key taken from the column labels in the first data row. Left: the graph
block; middle: the dataset “age.csv”; right: the resulting graph.
1, 2.7, 3
2, 5, *
3, 7.8, 7
4, 9, 4
The first point of dataset d1 would then be (1, 2.7) and the first point of dataset d2 would be (1,
3). The data values can be space, tab, comma, or semi-colon separated.
Missing values can be indicated with “*”, “?”, “-”, or “.”.
The option d3=c2,c3 allows particular columns of data to be read into a dataset. In this example,
d3 would read its x-values from column 2 and y-values from column 3.
size 7 3.5 Simple Graph

10
begin graph
size 6 3 8
Output
title "Simple Graph" 6

xtitle "Time" 4
ytitle "Output"
2
data "data.csv"
d1 line marker triangle color red 0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
end graph
Time
Comments: Comments can be included with the symbol “!”. All characters from “!” until the
end of the line of the data file are ignored. It is possible to change the symbol that indicates a
comment with the option ‘comment’. E.g., with ‘data "data.csv" comment #’, lines starting with
# will be treated as comments.
Ignore header: The option ignore n makes GLE ignore the first n lines of the data file. This is
useful if the first n lines do not contain data.
Auto key: If the first row of a data file does not contain actual data but instead contains column
labels, then these labels are used by GLE to create a key for the graph (Chapter 5). GLE auto-
matically detects this case by checking if all fields in the first row are valid numbers or not. If not,
then GLE assumes that the first row contains column labels. Column labels that include a space
or that could be incorrectly interpreted as a number should be double quoted. Fig. 4.1 illustrates
this with an example.
Auto x-labels: If the first column of a data file does not contain numeric data, but instead contains
symbolic labels, then these labels are used to label the horizontal axis. For example, if the data file
contains
Mon, 1
Tue, 4
Wed, 3.5
Thu, 2
Fri, 1
Sat, 5
Sun, 4
then GLE creates an x-axis with one label for each day of the week, similar to that of the graph in
Fig. 4.11.
dn [deresolve m] [average] line

The ‘deresolve’ option sub-samples a dataset. Given the parameter m > 1, it keeps only 1 out of
every m points (starting with the first point). If the option ‘average’ is given, then it will compute
the average of the y-values of every window of m points. This average value will be plotted at the
middle (x-value) of the window. The ‘deresolve’ option never removes the first and last point in a
dataset if it is used in conjunction with ‘dn line’.
dn err d5 errwidth width-exp dn errup nn% errdown d4

For drawing error bars on a graph. The error bars can be specified as an absolute value, as a
percentage of the y value, or as a dataset. The up and down error bars can be specified separately
e.g.,
d3 err .1
d3 err 10%
d3 errup 10% errdown d2
d3 err d1 errwidth .2
Error Bars
begin graph 30
title "Error Bars"
dn lstyle 2 msize 1.5 20
d1 marker circle errup 30% errdown 1
d2 marker square err 30% errwidth .1 10
end graph
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
dn herr d5 herrwidth width-exp dn herrleft nn% errright d4

These commands are identical to the error bar commands above except that they will draw bars in
the horizontal plane.
dn key ”Dataset title”

If a dataset is given a title like this a key will be drawn. Use the key command (below, after hscale)
to set the size and position of the key. Use the key module (Chapter 5) to draw more complex keys.
dn line [impulses] [steps] [fsteps] [hist] [bar]

This tells GLE to draw lines between the points of the dataset. By default GLE will not draw lines
or markers, this is often the reason for a blank graph.
If a dataset has missing values GLE will not draw a line to the next real value, which leaves a gap
in the curve. To avoid this behavior simply use the nomiss qualifier on the dn command used to
define the line. This simply throws away missing values so that lines are drawn from the last real
value to the next real value.
The options impulses, steps, fsteps, hist, and bar draw lines as shown in Figure 4.2.
• impulses: connects each point with the xaxis.

• steps: connects consecutive points with two line segments: the first from (x1,y1) to (x2,y1)
and the second from (x2,y1) to (x2,y2).
• fsteps: connects consecutive points with two line segments: the first from (x1,y1) to (x1,y2)
and the second from (x1,y2) to (x2,y2).
• hist: useful for drawing histograms: assumes that each point is the center of a bin of the
historgram.
• bar: similar to ‘hist’, but now also separates the bins with vertical lines.
dn lstyle line-style lwidth line-width color col

These qualifiers are all fairly self explanatory. See the lstyle command in Chapter 3 (Page 20) for
details of specifying line styles.
‘d1 line impulses’ ‘d1 line steps’ ‘d1 line fsteps’ ‘d1 line hist’
100 100 100 100
80 80 80 80
60 60 60 60
40 40 40 40
20 20 20 20
0 0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Figure 4.2: The impulses, steps, fsteps, and hist options of the line command.
Noisy Sine svg smooth 1 svg smooth 5

1.5 1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-2 - 0 2 -2 - 0 2 -2 - 0 2
deresolve 10 deresolve 10 average deresolve 10 average smooth

1.5 1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-2 - 0 2 -2 - 0 2 -2 - 0 2
Figure 4.3: Various smooth options.
dn marker marker-name [msize marker-size] [mdata dn]

Specifies the marker to be used for the dataset. There is a set of pre-defined markers (refer to
Appendix A.1 for a list) which can be specified by name (e.g., circle, square, triangle, diamond, cross,
...). Markers can also be a user-defined subroutine (See the define marker command in Chapter
2). The mdata option allows a secondary dataset to be defined which will be used to pass another
parameter to the marker subroutine, this allows each marker to be drawn at a different angle,size
or colour.
The msize qualifier sets the marker size for that dataset. The size is a character height in cm, so
that the actual size of the markers will be about 0.7 of this value.
dn nomiss
If a dataset has missing values, GLE will not draw a line to the next real value, which leaves a gap
in the curve. To avoid this behavior simply use the nomiss qualifier on the dn command used to
define the line. This simply ignores missing values.
Ignore missing values (nomiss)

begin graph 10
title "Ignore missing values (nomiss)" 8
xtitle "Time"
Output
ytitle "Output" 6
data "tut.dat" 4
d1 lstyle 2 2
d2 nomiss lstyle 1 marker diamond msize .2
end graph 0
1 2 3 4 5
Time
dn [smooth] [smoothm] line
This will make GLE draw a smoothed line through the points. A third degree polynomial is fitted
piecewise to the given points.
The smoothm alternative will work for multi valued functions, i.e., functions which have more than
one y value for each x value.
dn [svg smooth] [m] line

The option svg smooth performs a quadratic or cubic and 7 point Savitsky Golay smoothing on
the data. The parameter m specifies the number of iterations of smoothing, that is, the smoothing
algorithm is run m times on the dataset. Fig. 4.3 shows an example.
dn xmin x-low xmax x-high ymin y-low ymax y-high

These commands map the dataset onto the graph’s boundaries. The data will be drawn as if the
X axis was labelled from x-low to x-high (regardless of how the axis is actually labelled). A point
in the dataset at X = x-low will appear on the left hand edge of the graph.
dn file “all.dat,xc,yc” [marker mname] [line]

The ‘file’ option specifies a file from which the dataset is to be loaded. This option is an alternative
to the “data” command (p. 24).
By default the first two columns of the data file will be read in, but other columns may be specified.
E.g., "all.dat,3,2" would read x-values from column 3 and y-values from column 2. Or, to read
the 4th dataset, specify the file as "all.dat,1,5".
If the x column is specified as ’0’ then GLE will generate the x data points. E.g., 1,2,3,4,5...
The file option also accepts variables in place of the file name, e.g.:
x$ = "test.dat,2,3"
d1 file x$ line color red
fullsize
This is equivalent to scale 1 1, noborder. It makes the graph size command specify the size and
position of the axes instead of the size of the outside border. See Fig. 4.8 (right) for an example.
hscale h
Sets the length of the xaxis to h times the size of the graph box (default is 0.7). h can also be set
to ‘auto’. See scale for more details.
key pos tl nobox hei exp offset xexp yexp

This command allows the features of a key to be specified. The pos qualifier sets the position of
the key. E.g., tl=topleft, br=bottomright, etc.
let ds = exp [from low] [to high] [step exp] [where exp]
This command defines a new dataset as the result of an expression on the variable x over a range
of values. For example:
let d1 = sin(x)+log(x) from 1 to 100 step 1
NOTE: The lack of spaces inside the expression are necessary.

Here are some further examples:
begin graph
... Calculating Formulas
5
let d1 = 1/x from 0.2 to 10
let d2 = sin(x)*2+2 from 0 to 10 4
Output
let d3 = 10*(1/sqrt(2*pi))* & 3

exp(-2*(sqr(x-4)/sqr(2)))) & 2
from 0.2 to 10 step 0.1
1
dn line
d2 lstyle 2 color red 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
d3 lstyle 3 color blue
Time
end graph
The let command also allows the use of other datasets. E.g., to generate an average of two datasets:
data "file.csv" d1 d2
let d3 = (d1+d2)/2
More precisely, this command creates a dataset with as x-values the union of the x-values from d1
and d2, and as y-values the average of the y-values of d1 and d2. That is, the let command first
computes the set of x-values by taking the union of the sets of x-values of all datasets that appear in
the expression together with the x-values generated by the from/to/step construct. Then it iterates
over these x-values. In each iteration, it assigns the x-value to the variable ‘x’, and, for each dataset
included in the expression, it assigns its corresponding y-value to the dataset identifier. Then it
evaluates the given expression exp and adds the resulting point (x,exp) to the target dataset. If the
let expression includes more than one dataset, and the x-ranges of these datasets are different, then
linear interpolation is used to compute the missing y-values.
If the xaxis is a ‘log’ axis then the ‘step’ option is read as the number of steps to produce rather
than the size of each step. The “from”, “to”, and “step” parameters are optional. The values of
“from” and “to” default to the horizontal axis’ range.
This command can also be used to modify the values in a data set, e.g., ‘let d1 = 2*d1’, will multiply
all y-values in dataset d1 by 2.
The option ‘where exp’ can be used to select values from a dataset, e.g., ‘let d1 = d2 where ((x >
10) and (x < 20))’ will select all points from d2 for which the x-value is between 10 and 20; ‘let d1
= d2 where d2 < 10’ will select all points for which the y-value is below 10.
let ds = x-exp, y-exp [from low] [to high] [step exp] [where exp]
This syntax for the ‘let’ command is similar to the previous one, but now two expressions can be
given: x-exp is used to compute the x-values of the points in the target dataset ‘ds’ and y-exp is
used to compute the y-values. The parameter that is modified by the from/to/step construct is
still the variable ‘x’.
This syntax can be used to perform transformations on both the x and the y-values of the points
in a dataset. For example,
let d1 = 2*x, d1+4
will multiply the x-values of d1 by 2 and add 4 to the y-values.

This syntax can also be used to define datasets that are not functions. The following example
defines a circle:
let d1 = sin(x), cos(x) from 0 to 2*pi
let dn = [routine] dm [options] [slopevar] [offsetvar] [rsqvar]

GLE includes several fitting routines that allow an equation to be fit to a data series. These routines
can be included in a ‘let’ expression as shown above, where dn will contain results of fitting routine
to the data in dm.
The following routines are available :
• linfit: fits the data in dm to the straight line equation y = m · x + b.
• logfit: fits the data in dm to the equation y = a · exp(b · x).
• log10fit: fits the data in dm to the equation y = a · 10b·x .
• powxfit: fits the data in dm to the equation y = a · xb .
The value for a is stored in ‘slopevar’ and the value for b is stored in ‘offsetvar’. The r2 value of
the fit is stored in ‘rsqvar’. Note that these variables are optional.
The following options are available :
• from xmin to xmax The range of the data in dn extends from the xmin to xmax as specified
by the user.
• step xstep Specifies the x-resolution of the fitted equation. Similar to the step option of the
let command.
• rsq var The r2 value of the fit will be stored in var.
• xmin x1, xmax x2, ymin y1, ymax y2 Only use data points from dm in the given window to
fit the equation. That is, only data points (x, y) from dm are used for which x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 and
y1 ≤ y ≤ y2 .
slope = 0; offs = 0; rsquare = 0
set texlabels 1 Linear fit

begin graph
title "Linear fit" 10
xtitle "$x$" 8
y = ax + b
ytitle "$y = ax + b$"
data "data.csv" 6
let d2 = linfit d1 from 0 to 10 slope offset rsquare 4
d1 marker circle color blue y = 0.76x + 2.04
2
d2 line color red r2 = 0.73
end graph 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
begin key x
pos br nobox
text "$y = "+format$(slope,"fix 2")+"x + "+format$(offset,"fix 2")+"$"
text "$r^2 = "+format$(rsquare,"fix 2")+"$"
end key
Figure 4.4: Fitting linear equations ‘let d2 = fitlin d1’.
• limit data x The range of the data in dn extends from the minimum x value in dm to the
maximum x value in dm.
• limit data y The range of the data in dn extends from the x value of the minimum y value
in dm to the x value of the maximum y value in dm.
• limit data The range of the data in dn extends from the greater of the x value of the minimum
y value or the minimum x value in dm to the greater of the x value of the maximum y value
or the maximum x value in dm.
let dn = fit dm with eqn [options]

Fit the coefficients of a given equation so that it best fits the data in dataset dm. Fig. 4.5 shows an
example. The equation to fit is given by the ‘with’ option. In this example, it is a sin(bx) + cx2 + d.
GLE will search for values for the coefficients a, b, c, and d such that the given equation fits dm
best. Note that all used coefficients must be initialized to zero before the graph block (see figure).
The fit command has the same options as the linfit command. In addition, it has the following
settings.
• with eqn Gives the equation to fit.

• eqstr strvar$ Sets the string variable in which the string representation of the fitted equation
is to be stored.
• format fmt$ Sets the numeric format to use while converting the fitted equation into its string
representation. See the documentation of format$ on page 48 for a description of the syntax.
let ds = hist dm [from x1] [to x2] [bins n] [step n]

Computes a histogram for the values in ‘dm’ and store the result in ‘dn’. E.g., if the file ‘normal.csv’
contains a single column with samples from the standard Gaussian distribution, then the graph block
begin graph
...
data "normal.csv"
let d2 = hist d1 step 0.5
d2 line bar color red
end graph
will result in the histogram shown in Fig. 4.6.
let ds = . . . [nsteps n]
The ‘nsteps’ options is an alternative to the ‘step’ option of the ‘let’ command. It specifies the total
number of steps rather than the step width. The default value for ‘nsteps’ is 100.
a = 0; b = 0; c = 0; d = 0; r = 0
set texlabels 1
begin graph f (x) = a sin(bx) + cx2 + d
14
xtitle "$x$"
ytitle "$f(x)$" 12
title "$f(x) = a\sin(bx)+cx^2+d$" 10
data "data.csv" 8
let d2 = fit d1 with a*sin(b*x)+c*x^2+d rsq r
f (x)
6
d1 marker circle color blue
4
d2 line color red
end graph 2
0
f (x) = 2.81 sin(0.64x) + 0.14x2 + 1.12
fct$ = "$f(x) = "+format$(a,"fix 2")+ & -2 r2 = 0.844
"\sin("+format$(b,"fix 2")+"x)+"+ & -4
format$(c,"fix 2")+"x^2+"+ & 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
format$(d,"fix 2")+"$" x
begin key
pos br nobox
text fct$
text "$r^2$ = "+format$(r,"fix 3")
end key
Figure 4.5: Fitting arbitrary curves ‘let d2 = fit d1 with . . .’.
1000 samples of N (µ = 0, σ = 1)
100
80
Frequency
60
40
20
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Value
Figure 4.6: An example of ‘let dn = hist dn’.
let ds = . . . [range dn]

Takes the x-values for this ‘let’ expression from dataset ‘dn’. This is useful if you need to define a
function for the same x-values as the ones you have in a given dataset.
math
Use this option to create a math mode graph, with the axis crossing at point (0, 0). Fig. 4.7 shows
an example. The corresponding GLE code is as follows:
begin graph
math
title "f(x) = sin(x)"
xaxis min -2*pi max 2*pi ftick -2*pi dticks pi format "pi"
yaxis dticks 0.25 format "frac"
let d1 = sin(x)
d1 line color red
end graph
nobox
This removes the outer border from the graph.
size x y
Defines the size of the graph in cm. This is the size of the outside box of a graph. The default size
of the axes of the graph will be 70% of this, (see scale). If no size command is given, then the size
of the graph is initialized to the size of the figure (pagewidth() by pageheight()).
f(x) = sin(x) f (x) = 1/x + 1/(x − 1)

1
3/4
1/2
1/4
-2 - -1/4 2 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.0

-1/2
-3/4
-1
Figure 4.7: Left: math mode graph. Right: graph illustrating the ‘origin’ option of ‘xaxis’.
scale 0.7 0.7 scale auto fullsize

1.0 1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0

0 /2 3 /2 2 0 /2 3 /2 2 0 /2 3 /2 2
Figure 4.8: Different axis scaling options: default, automatic, and ‘fullsize’. The blue dot indicates the
origin (x, y) of the graph, that is, the graph is generated with ‘amove x y’ followed by ‘begin graph’ ...
‘end graph’. The xaxis is labeled using the option ‘format pi’.
scale h v
Sets the length of the xaxis to h times the width of the graph box, and the length of the yaxis to
v times the height of the graph box. For example, with ‘size 10 10’ and ‘scale 0.7 0.7’, the length
of the x and y axis will be 7 centimeter. ‘scale 1 1’ makes the xaxis (yaxis) the same length as the
width (height) of the graph box, which is useful for positioning some graphs (see ‘fullscale’). The
default value for h and v is 0.7.
If h or v is set to the keyword auto, then the graph is scaled automatically in that direction to fill
the entire box. The command ‘scale auto’ automatically scales the graph in both directions. Note
that autoscale also moves the graph, similar to the command ‘center’.
This size command is equivalent to the two commands ‘hscale h’ and ‘vscale v’ and allows one to
specify the two scale factors with one command.
Fig. 4.8 shows examples of the different axis scaling options: default, automatic, and ‘fullsize’.
title ”title” [hei ch-hei] [color col] [font font] [dist cm]
This command gives the graph a centered title. The list of optional keywords specifies features of
it. The dist command is used for moving the title up or down. The default title font size is the
value of the ‘hei’ setting multiplied by the setting ‘titlescale’ (default 1.16).
vscale v
Sets the length of the yaxis to v times the size of the graph box (default is 0.7). v can also be set
to ‘auto’. See scale for more details.
under call
Executes subroutine ‘call’ before drawing the graph. The output is clipped to the graph window
and the subroutine can use the functions ‘xg()’, ’yg()’, and variables ‘xgmin’, ‘ygmin’, etc. This is
useful for drawing a custom graph background. It is also possible to include subroutine calls in the
graph block without the ‘under’ keyword. In that case, they are executed after the graph is drawn
and can be used to draw on top of the graph.
x2labels on
This command ‘activates’ the numbering of the x2axis. There is a corresponding command ‘y2axis
on’ which will activate y2axis numbering.
xaxis — yaxis — x2axis — y2axis

A graph is considered to have four axes: The normal xaxis and yaxis as well as the top axis (x2axis)
and the right axis (y2axis).
Any command defining an xaxis setting will also define that setting for the x2axis.
The secondary axes x2 and y2 can be modified individually by starting the axis command with the
name of that axis. E.g.,
X2-axis
begin graph 10
size 6 3 8
xtitle "X-axis"
Y2-axis
Y-axis
ytitle "Y-axis" 6
x2title "X2-axis" 4
y2title "Y2-axis"
x2ticks length 0.6 2
x2subticks color red 0
end graph 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X-axis
xaxis angle α
Rotate the labels by α degrees. Fig. 4.12 gives an example.
xaxis base exp-cm

Scale the axis font and ticks by exp-cm. The default value of the ‘base’ setting is the value of ‘hei’.
xaxis color col font font-name hei exp-cm lwidth exp-cm

These axis qualifiers affect the colour, lstyle, lwidth, and font used for drawing the xaxis (and the
x2axis). These can be overridden with more specific commands. E.g., ‘xticks color blue’ would
override the axis colour when drawing the ticks. The subticks would also be blue as they pick up
tick settings by default.
xaxis dsubticks sub-distance

See xaxis nticks below.
xaxis format format-string

Specifies the number format for the labels. See the documentation of format$ on page 48 for a
description of the syntax. Example:
xaxis format "fix 1"
xaxis grid
This command makes the xaxis ticks long enough to reach the x2axis and the yaxis ticks long
enough to reach the y2axis. When used with both the x and y axes this produces a grid over the
graph. Use the xticks lstyle command to create a faint grid.
xaxis log
Draws the axis in logarithmic style, and scales the data logarithmically to match (on the x2axis or
y2axis it does not affect the data, only the way the ticks and labeling are drawn)
Be aware that a straight line should become curved when drawn on a log graph. This will only
happen if you have enough points or have used the smooth option.
xaxis min low max high

Sets the minimum and maximum values on the xaxis. This will determine both the labeling of the
axis and the default mapping of data onto the graph. To change the mapping see the dataset dn
commands xmin, ymin, xmax, and ymax.
xaxis nofirst nolast

These two switches simply remove the first or last (or both) labels from the graph. This is useful
when the first labels on the x and y axis are too close to each other.
xaxis nticks number dticks distance dsubticks distance

nticks specifies the number of ticks along the axis. dticks specifies the distance between ticks and
dsubticks specifies the distance between subticks. For example, to get one subtick between every
ylabels log off ylabels log l1 ylabels log l25 ylabels log l25b
3 3
10 10 10 100
9
8 5
7 50
6 2
2 5 2
10 10 20
4
5
3 10
2
10
1
10
1 5
2
5
2
2
0 0
10 1 10 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.9: Possibilities for the ‘log’ option of ‘ylabels’.
main tick with main ticks 3 units apart, simply specify dsubticks 1.5. Alternatively, one can also
use nsubticks.
By default ticks are drawn on the inside of the graph. To draw them on the outside use the
command:
xticks length -.2

yticks length -.2
xaxis ftick x0 dticks distance nticks number

Labels the xaxis starting from position ‘x0’, with distance ‘distance’ between the ticks. This will
result in a tick at the positions x0 + i × distance, with i ranging from 0 to (number − 1).
xaxis off
Turns the whole axis off — labels, ticks, subticks and line. Often the x2axis and y2axis are not
required, they could be turned off with the following commands:
x2axis off
y2axis off
xaxis shift cm-exp

This moves the labeling to the left or right, which is useful when the label refers to the data between
the two values.
xlabels [font font-name] [hei char-hei] [color col] [dist dis] [on] [off] [log lgmode]
This command controls the appearance of the axis labels. The default label font size is the value of
the ‘hei’ setting multiplied by the setting ‘alabelscale’ (default 0.8). The default value for dist
is controlled by the setting ‘alabeldist’.
The command ‘xlabels off’ turns the labels for the xaxis off. Similarly, ‘xlabels on’ turns them
on (the default for the x and y axis, but not for the x2 and y2 axis).
Possible values for lgmode are: ‘off’, ‘l1’, ‘l25’, and ‘l25b’. These control the subticks for a log
scale axis. The value ‘off’ means no subticks (i.e., only main ticks at 10k ), ‘l1’ means 10 subticks,
and ‘l25’ means two subticks at the positions 2 · 10k and 5 · 10k . The value ‘l25b’ is identical to
‘l25’ except that now the format function (given with the ‘format’ option of the ‘xaxis’ command)
is used to label the subticks. In the other case, the subticks are labeled with the values ‘2’ and ‘5’
in a small font (0.7 times the size of the main tick labels). These settings are illustrated in Fig. 4.9.
xnames ”name” ”name” ...

This command replaces the numeric labeling with text labels. Given data consisting of seven
measurements, taken from Monday to Sunday, one per day then
xnames "Mon" "Tue" "Wed" "Thu" "Fri" "Sat" "Sun"

xaxis min 0 max 6 dticks 1
2 2
1 2 5 10 2 5 10 1 10 10
add ‘xlabels log off’ add ‘xsubticks off’ add ‘xsubticks on’ add ‘xlabels log l25’
2 2 2 2
1 10 10 1 10 10 1 10 10 1 2 5 10 2 5 10
also turns off sublabels also turns on subticks
Figure 4.10: How log subticks and log sublabels interact.
Names & Places

begin graph 20
ytitle "Happyness"
16
Happyness
title "Names \& Places"
xnames "Mon" "Tue" "Wed" "Thu" 12
xnames "Fri" "Sat" "Sun" 8
xaxis min 0 max 6 dticks 1
... 4
end graph 0
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Figure 4.11: Example illustrating the “xnames” command.
would give the desired result (Fig. 4.11). Note it is essential to define a specific axis minimum,
maximum, dticks, etc., otherwise the labels may not correspond to the data.
If there isn’t enough room on the line for all the names then simply use an extra xnames command.
xnames from dx
Takes the labels for the xaxis from dataset dx. For example, if the data file contains:
0, Mercury, 0.382
1, Venus, 0.949
2, Mars, 0.532
3, Jupiter, 11.21
4, Saturn, 9.449
5, Uranus, 4.007
6, Neptune, 3.883
then ‘ynames from d1’ uses the data from the second column as labels for the yaxis (Fig. 4.12).
xnoticks pos1 pos2 pos3 ...

Disables the axis ticks at the given positions.
xplaces pos1 pos2 pos3 ...

This is similar to the xnames command but it specifies a list of points which should be labelled.
This allows labeling which isn’t equally spaced. For example:
xplaces 1 2 5 7
xnames "Mon" "Tue" "Fri" "Sun"
If there isn’t enough room on the line for all the places then simply use an extra xplaces command.
xside color col lwidth line-width off

This command controls the appearance of the axis line, i.e. the line to which the ticks are attached.
xsubticks lstyle num lwidth exp length exp off

This command gives fine control of the appearance of the axis subticks.
xticks lstyle num lwidth exp length exp off

This command gives fine control of the appearance of the axis ticks. Note: To get ticks on the
outside of the graph, i.e. pointing outwards, specify a negative tick length:
xticks length -.2
yticks length -.2
xtitle ”title” [hei ch-hei] [color col] [font font] [dist cm] [adist cm]
This command gives the axis a centered title. The list of optional keywords specify features of
it. The dist option is used for controlling the distance between the title and the axis labels. The
default font size is the value of the ‘hei’ setting multiplied by the setting ‘atitlescale’ (default
1.0). The default value for dist is controlled by the setting ‘atitledist’. The ‘adist’ option is an
alternative to ‘dist’, but specifies the distance between the title and axis itself. This option is useful
for perfectly aligning, e.g., the y-axis titles of multiple graphs (if the graphs are in one vertical
column, but their y-axis labels have a different width).
xaxis negate
This is reversed the numbering on the y axis. For use with measurements below ground, where you
want zero at the top and positive numbers below the zero.
y2title ”text-string” [rotate]
By default the y2title is written vertically upwards. The optional rotate keyword changes this
direction to downwards. The rotate option is specific to the y2title command.
begin graph
xaxis min 0 max 9 nofirst nolast
xaxis hei 0.4 nticks 6 dsubticks 0.3
xaxis lwidth 0.05 color red 4
10 10
xticks length 0.2
Y2title rotated
ytitle "Log Yaxis" 10
3
Log Yaxis
5
yaxis log min 1 max 10
yticks length 0.2 2
10
y2axis min 1 max 10000 format "sci 0 10"
2 1
y2side color blue 10
y2title "Y2title rotated " hei 0.3 rotate
0
x2axis off 1 10
1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5
y2labels on
let d1 = sin(x)*4+5 from 0 to 9
dn line color blue
end graph
4.3 Bar Graphs

Drawing a bar graph is a subcommand of the normal graph module. This allows bar and line graphs to
be mixed. The bar command is quite complex as it allows a great deal of flexibility. The same command
allows stacked, overlapping and grouped bars.
For stacked bars use separate bar commands as in the first example below:
bar d1 fill black
bar d2 from d1 fill gray10
For grouped bars put all the datasets in a list on a single bar command:
bar d1,d2,d3 fill gray10,gray40,black
Bean stalk data

begin graph 6
title "Bean stalk data" dist 0.1
Height of stalk
xtitle "Year measured"

4
ytitle "Height of stalk"
xaxis dticks 1
yaxis min 0 max 6 dticks 2 2
data "gc_bean.dat"
bar d1,d2,d3 fill blue,orange,red 0
end graph 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
Year measured
4.3. BAR GRAPHS 37
Planet sizes
ne
ptu
Ne us
an
Ur n
tur
Sa r
e
pit
Ju
rs
Ma
u s
n
Ve y
r
rcu
Me
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Size relative to Earth
Figure 4.12: Illustration of the ‘horiz’ and ‘pattern’ keywords of the ‘bar’ command, and of the ‘angle’
option of the ‘yaxis’ command.
bar dx,... dist spacing

Specifies the distance between bars in dataset(s) dx,.... The distance is measured from the left hand
side of one bar to the left hand side of the next bar. A distance of less than the width of a bar
results in the bars overlapping.
bar dx,... from dy,...

This sets the starting point of each bar in datasets dx,... to be at the value in datasets dy,..., and is
used for creating stacked bar charts. Each layer of the bar chart is created with an additional bar
command.
bar d1,d2
bar d3,d4 from d1,d2
bar d5,d6 from d3,d4
Note 1: It is important that the values in d3 and d4 are greater than the values in d1 and d2.
Note 2: Data files for stacked bar graphs should not have missing values, replace the * character
with the number on its left in the data file.
Bean stalk data
5
Height of stalk
begin graph 4
...
3
data "gc_bean.dat"
bar d1 fill gray20 2
bar d2 from d1 fill white 1
end graph
0
85 86 87 88 89 90 91
Year measured
bar dn,... width xunits,... fill col,... color col,...

The rest of the bar qualifiers are fairly self explanatory. When several datasets are specified, separate
them with commas (with no spaces between commas).
bar d1,d2 width 0.2 dist 0.2 fill gray10,gray20 color red,green
bar dn,... fill f pattern p

The ‘pattern’ option specifies the pattern used for filling the bars. Fig. 3.6 gives an overview of the
predefined patterns that can be used here. Fig. 4.12 shows an example of the command ‘bar d2
horiz fill red pattern shade2’.
bar dn,... horiz

The option ‘horiz’ makes the bars horizontal instead of vertical (Fig. 4.12).
4.4 3D Bar Graphs

3d Bar graphs are now supported, the commands are:
bar d1,d2 3d .5 .3 side red,green notop

bar d3,d4 3d .5 .3 side red,green top black,white
Take note of comma’s.
bar dx,... 3d xoffset yoffset side color list top color list [notop]
3d xoffset yoffset
Specifies the x and y vector used to draw the receding lines, they are defined as fractions of the
width of the bar. A negative xoffset will draw the 3d bar on the left side of the bar instead of the
right hand side.
side color list

The color of the side of each of the bars in the group.
top color list

The color of the top part of the bar
notop
Turns off the top part of the bar, use this if you have a stacked bar graph so you only need sides
on the lower parts of each stack.
Bean stalk data

6.0
begin graph
Height of stalk
5.0
...
data "gc_bean.dat" 4.0
bar d1,d2,d3 dist 0.25 width 0.15 3d 1 0.25 & 3.0
fill red,blue,forestgreen & 2.0
side orange,dodgerblue,green 1.0
end graph 0.0
86 87 88 89 90
Year measured
4.5 Filling Between Lines

fill x1,d3 color green xmin val xmax val
Fills between the xaxis and a dataset, use the optional xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax qualifiers to clip the
filling to a smaller region
fill d4,x2 color blue ymin val ymax val

This command fills from a dataset to the x2axis.
fill d3,d4 color green xmin val xmax val

This command fills between two datasets.
fill d4 color green xmin val xmax val

This command treats the dataset as a polygon and fills it. The dataset should be a closed polygon.
begin graph
title "Shading areas of the graph" dist 0.1 Shading areas of the graph
xtitle "Height of stalk" 6
Year measured
ytitle "Year measured" 5

xaxis min 86 max 90 4
yaxis min 0 max 6 3
data "gc_fill.dat" 2
fill d2,x2 color gray40 1
fill x1,d1 color gray10 xmin 85 xmax 88
0
fill x1,d1 color gray90 xmin 88 xmax 91 86 87 88 89 90
dn line Height of stalk
end graph
4.6. NOTES ON DRAWING GRAPHS 39
4.6 Notes on Drawing Graphs

4.6.1 Importance of Order
Most of the graph commands can appear in any order, but in some cases order is significant.
As some let commands operate on data which has been read into datasets, the data commands should
precede the let commands.
The wildcard dn command should appear before specific d1 commands which it will override.
By default xaxis commands also change the x2axis, and xlabels commands also change x2labels, so to
specify different settings for the x and x2 axes, put the x2 settings after the x settings.
begin graph
size 10 10
data a.dat
let d2 = d1*3
dn marker square lstyle 3 ! sets d1 and d2
d2 marker dot
xaxis color green
xticks color blue
x2axis color black
end graph
4.6.2 Line Width

When scaling a graph up or down for publication the default line width may need changing. To do this
simply specify a set lwidth command before beginning the graph.
size 10 10
set lwidth .1
begin graph
...
end graph
Chapter 5
The Key Module
The key module is used for drawing keys. The key can be either specified through a separate key block or
directly in the graph block (by prefixing the key commands with the keyword “key”). This chapter first
discusses how to define the key using a key block. Section 5.3 shows how to include the key commands
directly in a graph block.
The key block usually comes directly after the graph block as follows:
begin graph
...
end graph
begin key
position tr
offset 0.2 0.2
text "Blue" marker circle fill blue
text "Red" marker triangle fill red lstyle 2
text "Orange" marker square fill orange lstyle 3
end key
10.0
Blue
7.5 Red
Green
5.0
2.5
0.0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
The key block consists of two parts: (a) global commands, and (b) the definitions of the entries. Global
commands appear at the beginning of the key and define, e.g., the position of the key. In the example,
“position” and “offset” are global commands. Multiple global commands are allowed on a given line. The
entry definitions start after the global commands. All commands relevant to a given entry must appear
on the same line. In the example, there are three entry definitions and each definition starts with the
“text” command. Entries can be organized into columns using the “separator” command.
There are two possible ways to set the position of a key: (a) the key can be positioned relative to the
graph, and (b) it can be positioned at given coordinates. To position the key relative to the graph, use
the commands “position” and (optionally) “offset”. For example,
position tr
offset 0.2 0.2
41
42 CHAPTER 5. THE KEY MODULE
Various key positions

1.0
0.9 position tl position tr
0.8
offset -0.1 0
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 position br
0.1 offset 0.25 0.25
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
justify bc
absolute pagewidth()/2 0.1
Figure 5.1: Various positions for the key.
places the key at the top-right corner of the graph 0.2 cm from each side. To position the key at given
coordinates use the “justify” and “absolute” commands. For example,
justify bc
absolute 5 0.1
places the bottom-center of the key at position (5 cm, 0.1 cm). Fig. 5.1 gives some examples of positioning
the key.
5.1 Global Commands

Global commands appear at the start of the key block. They control the position of the key and various
other properties of the key. Several global key commands may appear on one line in the script.
absolute x y
Places the key at position (x, y) on the figure. The anchor point of the key is specified with the
“justify” command.
base h or row h
Sets the base scale of the entries. The sizes of all components are initialized based on this. E.g., to
change the size of the filled box in an entry, use this command.
boxcolor c
Set the background color of the key to c.
coldist d
Sets the distance between columns. (To obtain a key with multiple columns, use the “separator”
command.)
compact
Creates a more compact key by combining the “line” and “marker” fields into one field. The effect
of this is shown in Fig. 5.3.
dist d
Sets the distance between the different components of an entry (the marker, the line, the fill, and
the text).
hei h
Sets the height of the text in the entries of the key. If this command is not given, then the current
height is used. (To set the current height, use “set hei”, see page 20.)
5.2. ENTRY DEFINITION COMMANDS 43
justify x
Sets the anchor point of the key. Possible values: tl, bl, tr, br, tc, bc, lc, rc, cc. These stand for
top-left, bottom-left, top-right, bottom-right, top-center, bottom-center, left-center, right-center,
and center. Use this command in combination with the “absolute” command. Fig. 5.1 gives some
examples.
llen x
Sets the length of the line in the entries.
lpos x
Sets the vertical position of the line in the entries. (This is normally set automatically.)
margins x y
Sets the margins of the key block. (The space between the border and the entries.)
nobox
Do not draw a border around the key.
off
Disable this key.
offset x y
Specifies the distance in cm between the position specified with the “position” or “pos” command
and the actual key. A negative offset places the key outside of the graph (Fig. 5.1).
position x or pos x
Specifies the position of the key on the graph. Possible values: tl, bl, tr, br, tc, bc, lc, rc, cc. These
stand for top-left, bottom-left, top-right, bottom-right, top-center, bottom-center, left-center, right-
center, and center. Optionally, the “offset” command can be combined with this command. Fig. 5.1
gives some examples.
5.2 Entry Definition Commands

Each entry in the key is represented by one line in the key block, and all commands for a given entry
must appear on that line. The following commands can be used to define key entries.
color c
Sets the color of the line and marker. The other components of the key are drawn in the default
color. (To set the default color, use “set color”, see page 18.)
fill p
Sets the fill color or pattern.
line
Shorthand for “lstyle 1”.
lstyle s
Sets the line style.
lwidth
Sets the width of the line.
marker m
Sets the marker.
mscale x
Sets the scale of the marker.
msize x
Sets the size of the marker.
pattern x
Sets the filling pattern. Fig. 3.6 shows examples of filling patterns.
Red Orange
Green Purple
Blue Black
Figure 5.2: Defining a key with multiple columns.
Implicitly defined key

1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
Sine
Cosine
-1.0
0 /2 3 /2 2
Figure 5.3: Defining the key together with the graph block.
separator [lstyle s]
Use this command to divide the key into multiple columns. If the “lstyle” option is given, then a
line is drawn between the columns in the given style. Possible values are given with the description
of the “set lstyle” command on page 20. The “separator” command should be inserted between the
key entries that should go in different columns. For example,
begin key
position bl
line color red text "Red"
line color green text "Green"
line color blue text "Blue"
separator
line color orange text "Orange"
line color purple text "Purple"
line color black text "Black"
end key
will result in the key shown in Fig. 5.2.
text s
The text for the entry.
5.3 Defining the Key in the Graph Block

It is also possible to define the key in the graph block itself. This is accomplished by prefixing global key
commands with the keyword “key”. The entries are in this case defined with the “dn” commands and
the labels are set with the “key” option to these commands.
The following presents an example:
begin graph
title "Implicitly defined key"
let d1 = sin(x)
let d2 = cos(x)
xaxis min 0 max 2*pi dticks pi/2 format "pi"
key compact pos bl
d1 line color red marker triangle mdist 1 key "Sine"
5.3. DEFINING THE KEY IN THE GRAPH BLOCK 45
d2 line color blue marker circle mdist 1 lstyle 2 key "Cosine"

end graph
Fig. 5.3 shows the result.

If you plot data from a data file, and the first row of the file contains column labels, then these labels
will be used automatically to construct the key. However, if you prefer to construct the key manually
instead by defining a key block, then you can override this behavior by making GLE ignore the row with
the labels using the “ignore” option of the “data” command. E.g., data "myfile.csv" ignore 1 (see
p. 25). Alternatively, you can accomplish the same by adding the command “key off” to the graph block
to disable the automatically generated key.
Chapter 6
Programming Facilities
6.1 Expressions
Wherever GLE is expecting a number it can be replaced with an expression. For example
rline 3 2
and
rline 9/3 sqrt(4)
will produce the same result.

An expression in GLE is delimited by white space, so it may not contain any spaces - ‘rline 3*3 2’ is valid
but ‘rline 3 * 3 2’ will not work.
Or ‘let d2 = 3+sin(d1)’ will work and ‘let d2= 3 + sin(d1)’ won’t.
Expressions may contain numbers, arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, ^ (to the power of)), relational
operators (>, <, =>, <=, =, <>) Boolean operators (and, or), variables and built-in functions.
When GLE is expecting a colour or marker name (like ‘green’ or ‘circle’) it can be given a string variable,
or an expression enclosed in braces.
6.2 Functions Inside Expressions

eval(str)
Evaluates the given string as if it was a GLE expression and returns the result. E.g., eval("3+4")
returns 7.
arg(i), arg$(i), nargs()

Provide access to the command line arguments that are passed to GLE. This is useful for gener-
ating multiple similar plots from a single script. arg(i) returns the i-the argument (as a number),
arg$(i) returns the i-the argument as a string, and nargs() returns the number of arguments. Only
arguments that come after the name of the GLE script are counted. For example, if GLE is run as:
gle -o graph-1.eps graph.gle "Title" 0.5
then nargs() returns 2, arg$(1) returns “Title”, and arg(2) returns 0.5.
The typical use of these functions is to create a script “graph.gle” as follows:
size 10 10
begin graph
title arg$(1)
data arg$(2)
d1 line color red
end graph
and then creating different graphs by running GLE multiple times:
47
48 CHAPTER 6. PROGRAMMING FACILITIES
eng 3 append g
0.00 g 500 g 1.00 kg 1.50 kg 2.00 kg
eng 3 10 num
-6 -6 -3 0 0 3 6
1.00 10 100 10 10.0 10 1.00 10 100 10 10.0 10 1.00 10
eng 3 append
1.00 100 10.0 m 1.00 100 10.0 k 1.00 M
sci 0 10 expdigits 2 expsign

-06 -04 -02 +00 +02 +04 +06
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
pi
0 /2 3 /2 2
frac
-1 -3/4 -1/2 -1/4 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1
fix 2
-1.00 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Figure 6.1: Examples of number formatting options.
gle -o beans.eps graph.gle "Beans" "beans.csv"

gle -o peas.eps graph.gle "Peas" "peas.csv"
This will create two graphs: “beans.eps” and “peas.eps”. The arg() functions can be used at all
places in the script where an expression is expected. They can even be used in place of GLE
commands in a graph block by means of the \expr() function. For example,
data "file.csv"
d\expr{arg(1)} line color red
in the graph block will allow one to draw different datasets from a single file on multiple graphs.
To do so, run:
gle -o d1.eps graph.gle 1

gle -o d2.eps graph.gle 2
dataxvalue(ds,i), datayvalue(ds,i), ndata(ds)

These functions can be used to retrieve the data values from a given dataset. They only work after
data has been loaded by means of a graph block (Ch. 4).
A dataset is specified with a dataset identifier ds (a string of the form “di”, with i an integer).
The function ‘ndata’ returns the number of points in the dataset, and the functions ‘dataxvalue’ and
‘datayvalue’ return the x and y values of point i, where i ranges from 1 to ndata(ds).
The following example shows how these functions can be used to compute the maximum of a dataset:
sub dmaxy ds$

local crmax = datayvalue(ds$,1)
for i = 2 to ndata(ds$)
crmax = max(crmax, datayvalue(ds$,i))
next i
return crmax
end sub
This subroutine together with other subroutines for computing the minimum, mean, area, etc. of
a dataset are defined in the include file ‘graphutil.gle’, which is distributed together with GLE.
format$(exp,format)
Returns a string representation of exp formatted as specified in format.
Basic formats:
• append s: appends the string s after the formatted number. This can be used to add a unit.
6.2. FUNCTIONS INSIDE EXPRESSIONS 49
• dec, hex [upper—lower], bin: format as decimal, hexadecimal (upper-case or lower-case), or

binary.
• fix places: format with places decimal places.
• sci sig [e,E,10] [expdigits num] [expsign]: format in scientific notation with sig significant digits.
Use ‘e’, ‘E’, or ‘10’ as notation for the exponent. With the option expdigits the number of
digits in the exponent can be set and expsign forces a sign in the exponent.
• eng digits [e,E,10] [expdigits num] [expsign] [num]: format in engineering notation. The options
are similar to ‘sci’. If the option ‘num’ is given, then numeric notation is used instead of, e.g.,
µ, m, k, M.
• round sig: format a number with sig significant digits.
• frac: format the number as a fraction.
• pi: format the number as a fraction times π (E.g., xaxis labels of Fig. 4.8).
Options for all formats:
• nozeroes: remove unnecessary zeroes at the end of the number.
• sign: also include a sign for positive numbers.
• pad nb [left] [right]: pad the result with spaces from the left or right.
• prefix nb: prefix the number with zeroes so that nb digits are obtained.
• prepend s: prepends the string s before the formatted number.
• min val: use format for numbers ≥ val.
• max val: use format for numbers ≤ val.
Examples:
• format$(3.1415, “fix 2”) = 3.14
• format$(3756, “round 2”) = 3800
• format$(3756, “sci 2 10 expdigits 2”) = 3.8 · 1003
Several formats can be combined into one string: ”sci 2 10 min 1e2 fix 0” uses scientific notations
for numbers above 102 and decimal notation for smaller numbers. See Fig. 6.1 for more examples.
pagewidth(), pageheight()
These functions return the width and height of the output. These are the values set with the ‘size’
command.
pointx(), pointy()
These functions return the x and y values of a named point.
begin box add 0.1 name mybox

write "Hello"
end box
amove pointx(mybox.bc) pointy(mybox.bc)
rline 0 -2 arrow end
twidth(str), theight(str), tdepth(str)

These functions return the width, depth and height of a string, if it was printed in the current font
and size.
width(obj), height(obj)
These functions return the width and height of a named object.
xend(), yend()
These functions return the end point of the last thing drawn. This is of particular interest when
drawing text.
text abc
set color blue
text def
This would draw the def on top of the abc. To draw the def immediately following the abc simply
do the following (Note that absolute move is used, not relative move):
set just left

text abc
set color gray20
amove xend() yend()
text def
abcdef
xg(), yg()
With these functions it is possible to move to a position on a graph using the graph’s axis units.
To draw a filled box on a graph, at position x=948, y=.004 measured on the graph axis:
begin graph
xaxis min 100 max 2000
yaxis min -.01 max .01
...
end graph
amove xg(948) yg(.004)
box 2 2 fill gray10
xpos(), ypos()
Returns the current x and y points.
See Appendix A.2 for an overview of all functions provided by GLE.
6.3 Using Variables

GLE has two types of variables, floating point and string. String variables always end with a dollar sign.
A string variable contains text like “Hello, this is text”, a floating point variable can only store numbers
like 1234.234.
name$ = "Joe"
height = 6.5 ! Height of person
shoe = 0.05 ! shoe adds to height of person
amove 1 1
box 0.2 height+shoe
write name$
6.4 Programming Loops

The simple way to draw a 6 × 8 grid would be to use a whole mass of line commands:
amove 0 0
rline 0 8
amove 1 0
rline 1 8
...
amove 6 0
rline 6 8
this would be laborious to type in, and would become impossible to manage with several grids. By using
a simple loop this can be avoided:
for x = 0 to 6
amove x 0
rline x 8
next x
for y = 0 to 8
amove 0 y
rline 6 y
next y
6.5. IF-THEN-ELSE 51
Besides for-next loops, GLE also supports while and until loops:
i = 0
while i <= 10
print "Value: " i
i = i + 1
next
i = 0
until i > 10
print "Value: " i
i = i + 1
next
6.5 If-then-else
GLE supports if-then-else statements as follows:
if a < 1 then print a "is smaller than 1"

else if a < 2 then print a "is smaller than 2 but larger than 1"
else if a < 3 then print a "is smaller than 3 but larger than 2"
else print a "is larger than 3"
to create blocks of code for the ‘then’ and ‘else’ branches, instead use:
if a < 1 then
print a "is smaller than 1"
...
else
...
end if
More complex conditions can be created with the logic connectives ‘and’, ‘or’, and ‘not’ (note the paren-
thesis around the logical expressions):
if (a >= 1) and (a <= 10) then print "a is between 1 and 10"
6.6 Subroutines
To draw lots of grids all of different dimensions a subroutine can be defined and then used again and
again:
sub grid nx ny
local x, y
begin origin
for x = 0 to nx
amove x 0
aline x ny
next x
for y = 0 to ny
amove 0 y
aline nx y
next y
end origin
end sub
amove 2 4
grid 6 8
amove 2 2
grid 9 5
Inside a subroutine, the keyword ‘local’ can be used to define local variables. E.g., ‘local x = 3’,
defines the local variable ‘x’ and assigns it the value 3. It is also possible to define several local variables
at once, as is shown in the ‘grid’ example above.
The keyword ‘return’ can be used to return a value from a subroutine. E.g.,
sub gaussian x mu sigma

return 1/(sigma*sqrt(2*pi))*exp(-((x-mu)^2)/(2*sigma^2))
end sub
The main GLE file will be much easier to manage if subroutine definitions are moved into a separate file:
include "griddef.gle"
amove 2 4
grid 2 4
amove 2 2
grid 9 5
More information about the “include” command can be found on page 14.
6.6.1 Default Arguments

Given the following subroutine definition:
sub mysub x y color$ fill$

default color "black"
default fill "clear"
print "Color: " color$
print "Fill: " fill$
end sub
the following calls are valid:
mysub 1 0
mysub 1 0 red
mysub 1 0 red green
mysub 1 0 fill blue
mysub 1 0 color red
mysub 1 0 color red fill blue
6.7 Forward Declarations

A forward declaration of a subroutine is possible with:
declare sub mysub x y
Forward declarations are required for declaring mutually recursive subroutines.
6.8 I/O Functions

The following I/O functions are available:
fopen name file [read|write]

Open the file “name” for reading or for writing. The resulting file handle is stored in variable “file”
and must be passed to all other I/O functions.
fclose file
Close the given file.
fread file x1 . . .
freadln file x1 . . .
Read entries from “file” into given arguments x1 . . .
6.9. DEVICE DEPENDEND CONTROL 53
fwrite file x1 . . .
Write given arguments to “file”.
fwriteln file x1 . . .
Write given arguments to “file” and start a new line.
fgetline file line$

Read an entire line from “file” and store it in the string “line$”.
ftokenizer file commentchar spacetokens singletokens

Sets up the parameters of the tokenizer that controls the reading of “file”. The commentchar
parameter specifies the characters that are to be interpreted as line comments. It is a string, but
each character of the string is assumed to be a separate comment character. The default is “!”. If
one would write “!%”, then both “!” and “%” would be comment indicators. The fread functions
skip everything after a comment character to the end of the line. The spacetokens string represents
the set of characters that are interpreted as spaces or delimiters. The default value is “ ,\t\r\n”, i.e.,
space, comma, tab, carriage return, and newline are delimiters by default. Finally, the singletokens
string identifies characters that should be returned as separate tokens, even if they are glued to
other tokens. For example, if “@” would be a single char token, then the string “me@myself.com”
would be returned in three tokens: “me”, “@”, and “myself.com”.
For example:
fopen "file.dat" f1 read

fopen "file.out" f2 write
until feof(f1)
fread f1 x y z
aline x y
rline x z
fwriteln f2 x*2 "y =" y
next
fclose f1
fclose f2
6.9 Device dependend Control

A built in function which returns a string describing the device is available.
e.g. DEVICE$() = "HARDCOPY, PS,"
on the postscript driver.
This can be used to use particular fonts etc on appropriate devices. E.g.:
if pos(device$(),"PS,",1)>0 then
set font psncsb
end if
Chapter 7
Advanced Features
This chapter covers the advanced features of GLE.
7.1 Diagrams
7.1.1 Named Boxes and the Join Command
GLE can name objects using the “begin/end name” (p. 10), “begin/end box” (p. 9), and “begin/end
object” (p. 10) constructs, and using the “name” option supported by some drawing commands. The
name is always associated with the rectangular region on the figure that corresponds to the bounding
box of the object (the smallest rectangle that surrounds all points of the object). The following example
shows how to create a blue rectangle named “square” and a box with the text “Title” named “titlebox”.
amove 1 1
box 1 1 fill blue name square
amove 5 5
begin box add 0.1 name titlebox
write "Title"
end box
The “join” command (p. 14) can now be used to draw lines or curves (optinally with arrows) between
designated points of the named objects. The following example shows how to draw an arrow from
the top-right (“.tr”) point of the blue square to the bottom-centre point (“.bc”) of the object named
“titlebox”.
join square.tr -> titlebox.bc
The “->” in the join command indicates that the arrow should go from the first object towards the
second. The symbol “<-” is used to draw the arrow in the opposite direction. A bidirectional arrow is
obtained with “<->” and a line without an arrow is obtained with “-”. The join command can also create
Bezier curves instead of straight lines. See the command’s description on p. 14 for more information.
join square.tr -> titlebox.bc

join square.tr <- titlebox.bc
join square.tr <-> titlebox.bc
join square.tr - titlebox.bc
The named points (corners, centre points, ...) on each named object are indicated as defined in Table 7.1.
“.box” clipping is the default and can be omitted.
It is also possible to name an individual point (instead of an object). To do so, simply move there and
save that point as a named object.
amove 2 3; save apoint

join apoint - square
55
56 CHAPTER 7. ADVANCED FEATURES
Table 7.1: Justify options for the join command.

.tr Top right
.tc Top centre
.tl Top left
.bl Bottom left
.bc Bottom centre
.br Bottom right
.rc Right centre
.lc Left centre
.cc Centre
.v Vertical line
.h Horizontal line
.c Circle/ellipse clipping (for drawing lines to, e.g., a circle)
.box Box clipping
The functions “pointx” (abbreviated to “ptx”, see p. 49), “pointy” (abbreviated to “pty”), “width”, and
“height” (p. 49) apply to named points and objects. They retrieve the “x” respectively “y” coordinate
of a named point, and the width and height of a named object. For example:
print ptx(square.tr)
print pty(square.tr)
print width(square)
print height(square)
Complete Example
Below is a complete example that makes use of the constructs described above. The resulting figure is
shown in Fig. 7.1.
begin name line

amove 8 18
rline 0 -6
end name
begin name main

amove 9.5 6.5
ellipse 2 0.8
write "Main"
end name
amove 3 16
begin box name grv add 0.3 round 0.3 fill lightcyan
write "GRV"
end box
amove 12.5 16.5

begin box name cheese add 0.3 fill lightcyan
write "Cheese"
end box
amove 15.5 11.5

begin box name chv add 0.3 fill lightcyan
write "CHV"
end box
amove 3 10
begin box name goats add 0.3 fill lightcyan
write "Goats"
7.1. DIAGRAMS 57
Cheese
GRV
CHV
Goats
Main
Hi there
Figure 7.1: Joining named points.
end box
amove 13 1.5
begin box name hi add 0.3 fill lightcyan
write "Hi there"
end box
join chv -> goats ! ".box" is default and can be omitted

join grv -> line.h ! ".h" means to join horizontally
join line.h <-> cheese.tl
join cheese.rc -> chv.tc curve 0 90 1.5 1
join main.c <- hi ! ".c" is used for circles
join main.c <- chv
join main.c <- goats
7.1.2 Object Blocks and Hierarchically Named Points

The “begin/end name” (p. 10) construct names the object that results from the drawing commands in
this block. The “begin/end object” (p. 10) is similar, but it does not actually draw the object. It rather
defines an object that can be drawn later by means of the “draw” command (p. 13). An object block
is therefore very similar to a subroutine. It actually works in the same way as a subroutine, but it is
‘executed’ by the “draw” command rather than by a regular subroutine call. An object block can also
have parameters. Here is an example of an object block that defines a house.
begin object house

! draw a house with a named door and window
set join round
! draw the roof
begin path stroke fill lightsalmon
amove 0 1.625
aline 1.25 2.5
aline 2.5 1.625
closepath
end path
! draw the brick wall
amove 0 0
box 2.5 1.625 fill cornsilk
! draw the door

amove 1.5 0
box 0.75 1.375 fill burlywood name door
! draw the window
amove 0.25 0.625
box 1 0.75 fill skyblue name window
end object
To draw the house defined by the above block, one uses the following draw command. The first argument
of the command is the name of the object followed by a dot followed by a justify option (Table 7.1). The
justify option is used to position the object. In this case, the house is drawn such that its bottom-centre
point is horizontally in the middle of the figure and at a height of 1.5 cm.
amove pagewidth()/2 1.5
draw house.bc
The “draw” command names the object using the same name as the name of the object block by default.
An alternative name can be given using its “name” option. In this example, the resulting object on the
figure will be called “house”. Note that the object definition for the house also includes names for the
sub-objects “door” and “window”. These names can be accessed using the “dot” notation as follows:
print ptx(house.door.cc)
print pty(house.door.cc)
These so-called hierarchical object names can also be used to position the object. The following example
draws the house such that its door’s centre point is at position (5, 5).
amove 5 5
draw house.door.cc
By using the “draw” command inside an object’s definition, names can be arbitrary nested. For example,
if “door” would be defined as an object block that includes the name “handle”, and if the object block
defining “house” would include a draw command to draw the object “door”, then the global name of the
door’s handle becomes “house.door.handle”.
The hierarchical object names can be used to refer to points on the object. The following example shows
how these can be used with the pointx and pointy function to draw labels on the figure.
set just lc
amove pointx(house.rc)+0.5 pointy(house.door.cc)
begin name doorlabel add 0.05
write "house.door.cc"
end name
set just rc
amove pointx(house.lc)-0.5 pointy(house.window.cc)
begin name windowlabel add 0.05
write "house.window.cc"
end name
join windowlabel.rc -> house.window.cc

join doorlabel.lc -> house.door.cc
The resulting figure is shown in Fig. 7.2. The file “shape.gle” that is distributed with GLE contains
object block definitions for many useful shapes.
7.2 LATEX Interface

7.2.1 Example
GLE files can include arbitrary LATEX expressions using the LATEX interface. There are two ways to
include a LATEX expression. The first one is by using the ‘tex’ primitive. The second one is by using the
‘\tex{}’ macro in a string.
7.2. LATEX INTERFACE 59
house.window.cc
house.door.cc
amove pagewidth()/2 1.5

draw house.bc
Figure 7.2: Drawing objects and hierarchically named points.
set texlabels 1
begin graph √
x− 5
... Plot of f (x) = (x−1)·(x−4)
6
title "Plot of $f(x) =
\frac{x-\sqrt{5}}{(x-1)\cdot(x-4)}$" 4 √
xtitle "$x$" 5
2
y = f (x)
ytitle "$y = f(x)$"
... 0
end graph
-2
set just bc -4
amove xg(sqrt(5)) yg(2.5)
tex "$\sqrt{5}$" add 0.1 name sq5b -6
0 1 2 3 4 5
x
amove xg(sqrt(5)) yg(0); save sq50
join sq5b.bc -> sq50
LATEX expressions are drawn on top of all other graphics and cannot clipped (Sec. 7.3).
LATEX expressions respect the ‘just’ setting and, depending on the value of ‘texscale’, also the ‘hei’
setting (the font size). If ‘set texscale scale’ is used, then LATEX expressions are scaled to the value
of ‘hei’. If ‘set texscale none’ is used, then LATEX expressions are not scaled. As a result, the font
sizes in your graphics will be exactly the same as in your main document. To obtain different font sizes,
use the font size primitives provided by LATEX (e.g., \large, . . .). Finally, if ‘set texscale fixed’ is
used, then the default LATEX size that most closely matches the value of ‘hei’ is selected.
7.2.2 Using LaTeX Packages

If your LATEX expressions require special LATEX packages, these can be loaded using the texpreamble
block. E.g., put the following near the beginning of your GLE file:
begin texpreamble
\documentclass{llncs}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\R}{\mathbin}{AMSb}{"52}
end texpreamble
7.2.3 Using UTF-8 Encoding in GLE Scripts with LaTeX Expressions

If you save your .gle files in Unicode (UTF-8) encoding, then you can type accented characters (such
as é, ü, ž, . . . ) directly into your GLE script. In order to also allow such encoded characters in LATEX
expressions, add the following ‘texpreamble’ to your GLE script:
size 4 4
begin texpreamble
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
end texpreamble
amove 1 2; tex "éüž"
7.2.4 Import a GLE Figure in a LaTeX Document

There are two methods for importing the output of a GLE file with TEX expressions in your LATEX
document. The most obvious one is by just importing the .eps/.pdf file generated by GLE with
\includegraphics. E.g., if you have a GLE script ‘sin.gle’ and you run ‘gle -d eps -d pdf sin.gle’
to produce the .eps/.pdf output, then you could include this in a LaTeX document as follows:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphics}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{sin}
\caption{\label{sin}The sine function.}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
An alternative method is by using GLE’s command line option ‘-inc’. If this option is supplied, then
GLE will create besides the usual .eps or .pdf file also an .inc file. This .inc file can be imported in a
LATEX document as follows.
\input{myfile.inc}
The .inc file tells latex (or pdflatex) to include the .eps/.pdf output file created by GLE. It also
includes TEX draw commands for drawing the LATEX expressions on top of the GLE output. Note that
the .eps/.pdf file created by GLE does not include these if -inc is used (you can check this by viewing
it with GhostView).
To be able to include .inc files, the following must be included in the preamble of your LATEX document.
\usepackage{graphics}
\usepackage{color}
If you place your .gle files in a subdirectory of the directory where your LATEX document resides, the .inc
file created by GLE should include the path to this subdirectory in the ‘\includegraphics’ primitive
it uses for including the .eps/.pdf file generated by GLE. To add this path, use the ‘-texincprefix’
command line option of GLE. For example, if your GLE files are in a subdirectory called ‘plots’ then one
should run GLE as follows.
gle -texincprefix "plots/" -inc myfile.gle
GLE can color and rotate LATEX expressions (use ‘set color’ and ‘begin rotate’). Note however that
‘xdvi’ does not support these effects, so you will not be able to see them if you use this viewer. In the
final PostScript or PDF output, they will of course be displayed correctly.
The main advantage of using the -inc method is that the resulting file size will be smaller because the
LATEX fonts are not included in the .eps/.pdf file generated by GLE.
7.2.5 The .gle Directory

If your source includes LATEX expressions, then GLE will construct a subdirectory called ‘.gle’ for storing
temporary files (e.g., used for measuring the printed size of the LATEX expressions). After you are finished
you can safely delete the .gle directory. GLE will recreate it automatically if required.
7.3 Filling, Stroking and Clipping Paths

It is possible to set up arbitrary clipping regions. To do this draw a shape and make it into a path by
putting a begin path clip ... end path, around it. Then draw the things to be clipped by that region. To
clear a clipping path surround the whole section of GLE commands with begin clip ... end clip
Characters can be used to make up clipping paths, but only the PostScript fonts will currently work for
this purpose.
7.4. COLOUR 61
size 10 5
begin clip ! Save current clipping path
begin path clip stroke ! Define new clipping region
amove 2 2
box 3 3
amove 6 2
box 3 3
end path
amove 2 2
set hei 3
text Here is clipped text
end clip ! Restore original clipping path
Here is
7.4 Colour
Internally GLE treats color and fill identically, they are simply an intensity of red, green and blue. Each
of the predefined color names (yellow, grey20, orange, red) simply define the ratio of red, green and blue.
A sample of the predefined color names is included in Appendix A.7.
There are two ways to use variables to show color, one is for shades of grey:
for i = 0 to 10
box 3 .2 fill (i/10)
rmove 0 .2
next i
The other is for passing a color name as a variable:
sub stick c$
box .2 2 fill c$
end sub
stick "green"
A color can also be defined based on its RGB values with the rgb255 primitive.
mycolor$ = "rgb255(38,38,134)"
Remember a fill pattern completely obscures what is behind it, so the following command would produce
a box with a shadow:
amove 4 4
box 3 2 fill grey10
rmove -.1 .1
box 3 2 fill white
rmove .4 .4
text hellow
7.5 GLE’s Configuration File

GLE reads two configuration files during initialization. The first configuration file is the file “glerc”
located in the root of your GLE installation. This location is usually referred to as $GLE TOP. To
find out where your $GLE TOP is, run “gle -info”. The second configuration file is the file “.glerc”
located in your home directory (Unix and Mac OS/X only). The commands in this second file override
the commands in $GLE TOP/glerc.
The configuration files can be used to set various options, such as the paper size and margins.
To set the paper size and margins, add the following block to the configuration file.
begin config paper

size = letterpaper
margins = 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.54
end config
The supported paper sizes are listed with the description of the “papersize” command on page 15.
The configuration file can also be used to override default locations of external tools such as GhostScript
and LaTeX.
begin config tools

ghostscript = $HOME/bin/gs
pdflatex = /usr/bin/pdflatex
latex = /usr/bin/latex
dvips = /usr/bin/dvips
dvips_options = "-j0"
end config
Note that GLE expands environment variables in the tool locations. If I’m john, then GLE will search
for GhostScript in /home/john/bin/gs in the above example. It is also possible to specify additional
command line options to be passed to the tools by means of ghostscript_options, pdflatex_options,
latex_options, and dvips_options. In the above example, the option “-j0” will be passed to dvips.
As a result, it will not subset fonts.
Chapter 8
Surface and Contour Plots
8.1 Surface Primitives

8.1.1 Overview
Surface plots three dimensional data using a wire frame with hidden line removal.
The simplist surface code would look like this.
begin surface
data "myfile.z" 5 5
end surface
The surface block can contain the following commands:
size x y
cube [off] [xlen v ] [ylen v ] [zlen v ] [nofront] [lstyle l ] [color c ]
data myfile.z [xsample n1 ] [ysample n2 ] [sample n3 ] [nx n1 ] [ny n2 ]
harray n
xlines — ylines [off]
xaxis — yaxis — zaxis [min v ] [max v ] [step v ] [color c ] [lstyle l ] [hei v ] [off]
xtitle — ytitle — ztitle ”title” [dist v ] [color c ] [hei v ]
title ”main title” [dist v ] [color c ] [hei v ]
rotate θ φ x
view x y p
top — underneath [off] [lstyle n ] [color c ]
back [zstep v ] [ystep v ] [lstyle l ] [color c ] [nohidden]
base [xstep v ] [ystep v ] [lstyle l ] [color c ] [nohidden]
right [zstep v ] [xstep v ] [lstyle l ] [color c ] [nohidden]
skirt on
points myfile.dat
marker circle [hei v ] [color c ]
droplines — riselines [color c ] [lstyle n ]
zclip [min v1 ] [max v2 ]
8.1.2 Surface Commands

size x y
Specifies the size in cm to draw the surface. The 3d cube will fit inside this box. The default is
18cm x 18cm e.g. size 10 10
cube [off] [xlen v ] [ylen v ] [zlen v ] [nofront] [lstyle l ] [COLOR c ]
Surface is drawing a 3d cube.
off Stops GLE from drawing the cube.
xlen The length of the cubes x dimension in cm.
nofront Removes the front three lines of the cube.
lstyle Sets the line style to use drawing the cube.
color Sets the color of lines to use drawing the cube.
63
64 CHAPTER 8. SURFACE AND CONTOUR PLOTS
300
begin surface 250
size 7 7 200
data "jack.z"
150
cube zlen 13
100
top color orange
50
underneath color red
0
end surface 0
5
10
18 20
15 14 16
20
8 10 12
25 6
30 2 4
data myfile.z [xsample n1 ] [ysample n2 ] [sample n3 ] [nx n1 ] [ny n2 ]

Loads a file of Z values in. The NX and NY dimensions are optional, normally the dimensions of
the data will be defined on the first line of the data file. e.g.
! nx 10 ny 20 xmin 1 xmax 10 ymin 1 ymax 20

1 2 42 4 5 2 31 4 3 2 4
1 2 42 4 5 2 31 4 3 2 4 etc...
y1,x1, y1,x2 ... y1,xn

y2,x1, y2,x2 ... y2,xn
.
.
.
yn,x1, yn,x2 ... yn,xn
Data files can be created using LETZ or FITZ. LETZ will create a data file from an x,y function.
FITZ will create a data file from a list of x,y,z data points.
xsample Tells surface to only read every n’th data point from
the data file. This speeds things up while you are
messing around.
(see also POINTS)
ysample Tells surface to only read every n’th line from the
data file.
sample Sets both xsample and ysample
begin surface 1.8
size 5 5 1.6
xtitle "X-axis"
1.4
ytitle "Y-axis"
data "surf1.z" 1.2
end surface
1
1
2 4
X-a3 4 3
xis 2
5 Y-axis
harray n
The hidden line removal is accomplished with the help of an array of heights which record the
current horizon, the quality of the output is proportional to the width of this array. (also the speed
of output)
To get good quality you may want to increase this from the default of about 900 to 2 or 3 thousand.
e.g. harray 2000
xlines off
Stops SURF from drawing lines of constant X.
8.1. SURFACE PRIMITIVES 65
ylines off
Stops SURF from drawing lines of constant Y.
xaxis [min v ] [max v ] [step v ] [color c ] [lstyle l ] [hei v ] [off]
zaxis [min v ] [max v ] [step v ] [color c ] [lstyle l ] [hei v ] [off]
yaxis [min v ] [max v ] [step v ] [color c ] [lstyle l ] [hei v ] [off]

min,max Set the range used for labelling the axis.
step The distance between labels on the axis.
color The color of the axis ticks and labels.
lstyle The line style used for drawing the ticks.
ticklen The length of the ticks.
hei The height of text used for labelling.
off Stops GLE from drawing the axis.
begin surface 3
size 5 5 2.5
data "surf1.z" 2
zaxis min -1 max 3 1.5
base xstep 0.5 ystep 0.5 1
back ystep 1 zstep 1 0.5
right xstep 0.5 zstep 0.5 lstyle 2 0

-0.5
xtitle "X-axis" hei 0.3
-1
ytitle "Y-axis" hei 0.3 1
2 4
end surface X-a3 4 3
xis 2
5 Y-axis
xtitle ”x title” [dist v ] [color c ] [hei v ]
ytitle ”y title” [dist v ] [color c ] [hei v ]
ztitle ”z title” [dist v ] [color c ] [hei v ]

dist Moves the title further away from the axis.
color Sets the color of the title.
hei Sets the hei in cm of the text used for the title.
title ”main title” [dist v ] [color c ] [hei v ]

dist Moves the title further away from the axis.
color Sets the color of the title.
hei Sets the hei in cm of the text used for the title.
rotate θ φ x rotate 10 20 3
Imagine the unit cube is sitting on the front of your terminal screen, x along the bottom, y up the
left hand side, and z coming towards you.
The first number (10) rotates the cube along the xaxis, ie hold the right hand side of the cube and
rotate your hand clockwise 10 degrees.
The second number (20) rotates the cube along the yaxis, ie hold the top of the cube and rotate it
20 degrees clockwise.
The third number is currently ignored.
The default setting is 60 50 0.
view x y p
Sets the perspective, this is where the cube gets smaller as the lines dissappear towards infinity.
x and y are the position of infinity on your screen. p is the degree of perspective, 0 = no perspective
and with 1 the back edge of the box will be touching infinitiy. Good values are between 0 and 0.6
1
View point 0
begin surface
-1
size 5 5
2
data "surf1.z"
3
zaxis min -1
rotate 85 85 0
4
view 0 5 0.7
end surface
4
3
2
5
1
top [off] [lstyle n ] [color c ]

Sets the features of the top of the surface. By default the top is on.
(see also UNDERNEATH, XLINES, YLINES)
underneath [off] [lstyle n ] [color c ]
Sets the features of the under side of the surface. By default the underneath is off.
(see also TOP, XLINES, YLINES)
back [zstep v ] [ystep v ] [lstyle l ] [color c ] [nohidden]
Draws a grid on the back face of the cube.
By default hidden lines are removed but NOHIDDEN will stop this from happenning.
base [xstep v ] [ystep v ] [lstyle l ] [color c ] [nohidden]
Draws a grid on the base of the cube.
right [zstep v ] [xstep v ] [lstyle l ] [color c ] [nohidden]
Draws a grid on the right face of the cube.
skirt on
Draws a skirt from the edge of the surface to ZMIN.
begin surface
size 5 5 3
data "surf1.z" 2.5
zaxis min -1 max 3
2
xtitle "X-axis" 1.5
Z-axis
ytitle "Y-axis" 1
ztitle "Z-axis" 0.5
points "surf3.dat" 0
-0.5
riselines lstyle 2
-1
is 4
marker fcircle 1
2
3
skirt on 3
ax
2
X-a 4
Y-
rotate 60 35 0 xis 5
1
view 2.5 3 0.6

end surface
points myfile.dat
Reads in a data file which must have 3 columns (x,y,z)
This is then used for plotting markers and rise and drop lines.
marker circle [hei v ] [color c ]
Draws markers at the co-ordinates read from the POINTS file.
droplines [color c ] [lstylen ]
Draws lines from the co-ordinates read from the POINTS file down to zmin.
riselines [color c ] [lstyle n ]
Draws lines from the co-ordinates read from the POINTS file up to zmax.
8.2. LETZ 67
zclip [min v1 ] [max v2 ]

ZCLIP goes through the Z array and sets any Z value smaller than MIN to v1 and sets any value
greater than MAX to v2.
8.2 Letz
LETZ generates a data file of z values given an expression in terms of x and y.
begin letz
data "jack.z"
z = x+sin(y^2)/pi+10.22
x from 0 to 30 step 1
y from 0 to 20 step 1
end letz
The file jack.z now contains the required data. The resulting file can be used to generate surface plots
with the begin/end surface block discussed in the previous section.
8.3 Fitz
FITZ fits smooth curves based on a set of 3D data points. E.g., given some data points (note that each
line has three values: an x, y, and z coordinate):
x y z
---- data file testf.dat -----
1 1 1
1 2 1
2 2 1
2 1 1
1.5 1.5 2
------------------------------
Fitz creates a ”.z” file that can be used in a surface block, a colormap or contour plot. The following
example illustrates this.
begin fitz
data "fitz.dat"
x from 0 to 5 step 0.2
y from 0 to 5 step 0.2
2.5
ncontour 6
end fitz 2
begin surface 1.5

size 7 7
1
data "fitz.z"
top color blue 0.5
xaxis min 0 max 5 step 1
0
yaxis min 0 max 5 step 1 0
1
points "fitz.dat" 2 5
4
3 3
droplines lstyle 1 4 2
1
marker circle 5 0
view 2.5 3 0.3

harray 5000
end surface
8.4 Contour
The contour block produces contour lines of a function z = f (x, y).
The function f (x, y) is given by a .z file. The .z file format is discussed on page 64. Recall that a .z file
can be created from sample data points, that is (x, y, z) tuples, with the fitz block (Section 8.3), or from
an implicit definition of f (x, y) with a letz block (Section 8.2).
include "contour.gle" Saddle Plot Contour Lines

20 1.5 2.0 1.0
begin contour 0.5
data "saddle.z"
values 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 15 1.5
end contour 1.0 2.0
3.0
begin graph 10
0.5
title "Saddle Plot Contour Lines"
data "saddle-cdata.dat" 5
0.5
d1 line color blue
end graph
0 1.5 3.0 2.0 1.0
contour_labels "saddle-clabels.dat" "fix 1" 0 2 4 6 8 10
The contour block can contain the following commands:
data file$
Specifies the name of the .z file.
values v1 , . . . , vn
Specifies the z-values to contour at.
values from v1 to vn step s

Specifies the z-values to contour at by means of from/to/step.
smooth integer
Specifies the smoothing parameter.
The contour block creates the files “data-clabels.dat” and “data-cdata.dat” with the prefix “data” the
name of the .z file. The file “data-clabels.dat” contains information for drawing labels on the contour
plot. This is done by the subroutine contour labels defined in the library “contour.gle” in the example
above. The file “data-cdata.dat” contains the (x, y) values of the contour lines. This file can be used as
input to a graph block and plotted with the “d1 line” command as shown in the example above.
8.5 Color Maps

Color maps plot a function z = f (x, y) by mapping z to a color range. The following example combines
a color map with a contour plot.
begin contour Auckland’s Maunga Whau Volcano

data "volcano.z" 20
values from 130 to 190 step 10 18
end contour 16
14
begin graph 12
title "Auckland’s Maunga Whau Volcano" 10
data "volcano-cdata.dat" 8
xaxis min 0 max 20 6
yaxis min 0 max 20 4
d1 line color black
2
colormap "volcano.z" 100 100
0
end graph 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
The options to the colormap command are as follows:
• fct specifies the function to map. This can either be the name of a .z file, or it can be a function
definition f (x, y).
8.5. COLOR MAPS 69
• pixels-x, pixels-x specify the dimension of the color map. A color map is a stored as a bitmap
image and (pixels-x, pixels-x) are the resolution of this bitmap. A larger resolution yields more
detail, but at the cost of longer computation time and a larger file size.
• color is an optional argument and indicates that the color map should be drawn in color (as
opposed to grayscale).
• invert is an optional argument that inverts the color map. That is, large function values will
be drawn in black and small function values in white.
• zmin, zmax are optional arguments that specify the range of the function.
• palette is an optional argument that specifies the palette to use. A palette is a subroutine that
maps z values to colors. A number of example palette subroutines are included in the library
“color.gle”.
The following example is a color map of a two dimensional Gaussian.

include "color.gle" 2D Gaussian
2.0 1.0
sub gauss x y
1.5 0.9
s = 0.75
return exp(-(x^2+y^2)/(2*s^2)) 0.8
1.0
end sub 0.7
0.5 0.6
begin graph
title "2D Gaussian" 0.0 0.5
xaxis min -2 max 2 -0.5 0.4
yaxis min -2 max 2 0.3
colormap gauss(x,y) 200 200 zmin 0 zmax 1 color -1.0
0.2
end graph
-1.5 0.1
amove xg(xgmax)+0.3 yg(ygmin) -2.0 0.0
color_range_vertical 0 1 0.1 format "fix 1" -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Chapter 9
GLE Utilities
9.1 Fitls
The FITLS utility allows an equation with n unknown constants to be fitted to experimental data.
For example to fit a simple least squares regression line to a set of points you would give FITLS the
equation: a*x+b
FITLS would then solve the equation to find the best values for the constants a and b.
FITLS can work with non linear equations, it will ask for initial values for the parameters so that a
solution around those initial guesses will be found.
FITLS writes out a GLE file containing commands to draw the data points and the equation it has fitted
to them.
Here is a sample FITLS session:
$ fitls
Input data file (x and y columns optional) [test.dat,1,2] ? fitls.dat
Loading data from file, fitls.dat, xcolumn=1, ycolumn=2
Valid operators: +, -, *, /, ^ (power)
Valid functions:
abs(), atn(), cos(), exp(), fix(), int()
log(), log10(), not(), rnd(), sgn(), sin()
sqr(), sqrt(), tan()
Enter a function of ’x’ using constants ’a’...’z’

e.g. a + b*x (standard linear least squares fit)
sin(x)*a+b
a + b*x + c*x^2 + d*x^3
log(a*x)+(b+x)*c+a
Equation ? sin(a*x)*b+c*x^2+d
Output file name to write gle file [fitls.gle] ?

Precision of fit required, [1e-4] ?
Initial value for constant a [1.0] ?
Initial value for constant b [1.0] ?
Initial value for constant c [1.0] ?
Initial value for constant d [1.0] ?
0 evaluations, 1 1 1 1 , fit = 1355.36
20 evaluations, 1.97005 1 1 1 , fit = 1281.95
40 evaluations, 1.97005 10.228 0.151285 1 , fit = 54.7694
60 evaluations, 2.01053 10.228 0.151285 1.06365 , fit = 54.1771
.
.
.
440 evaluations, -0.640525 -2.81525 0.13997 1.13871 , fit = 0.940192
460 evaluations, -0.638055 -2.82934 0.140971 1.10502 , fit = 0.93842
71
72 CHAPTER 9. GLE UTILITIES
480 evaluations, -0.63808 -2.82357 0.140993 1.10452 , fit = 0.938389

a = -0.638262 b = -2.81719 c = 0.140722 d = 1.11256
10 Iterations, sum of squares devided by n = 0.938389

y = sin(-0.638262*x)*-2.81719+0.140722*x^2+1.11256
2
y = sin(-0.638262*x)*-2.81719+0.140722*x +1.11256, fit = 0.938389
12
. .
11
10
9
8
. . . . .
7
6
5
4
3
2 . .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9.2 Manip
Manip is a data manipulation package. It reads in a text file of numbers and displays them like a
spreadsheet. You can then do simple operations on the columns and write them out in any format you
like.
9.2.1 Usage
MANIP infile.dat -recover -step -commands c.log -single -size x y
–recover
Manip logs everything you type to a file called MANIP_.J1 When you use the -RECOVER option on
the manip command it then reads keys from that file as if they were typed at the keyboard.
This will restore you to the point just before your pc crashed. The last three journal files are stored
(.j1 .j2 .j3) simply copy the one you want to (.j1) to use it.
–step
Used with recover, press a space for each key you want to read from the journal file, press any other
key to stop reading the journal.
–commands filename.man
This reads the commands in filename.man as if they were typed at the keyboard.
–single
This makes MANIP use single precision arithmetic and doesn’t store strings at all, this enables three
times as much data in the same amount of memory
–size x y
Sets the initial size of the spreadsheet. Use this with large datasets as it prevents the heap from
becoming fragmented and thus lets you use much larger datasets.
Range
Most manip commands accept a range as one or more of there parameters. A range is a rectangular
section of your spreadsheet. A range can ether start with a ’c’ or an ’r’ and this will affect how the
command operates.
If your spreadsheet has 5 columns and 10 rows then.
9.2. MANIP 73
c1 == c1c1r1r10 == 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 ...

r1 == r1r1c1c5 == 1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,1
c1c2 ==c1c2r1r10 == 1,1 2,1 1,2 2,2 3,1 3,2 ...
r1r2c3=r1r2c3c5 == 3,1 3,2 4,1 4,2 5,1 5,2
Arrows
The arrow keys normally move the data cursor, however if you are half way thru typing a command then,
the left and right arrow keys allow you to edit the command. Use the PAGE-UP and PAGE-DOWN keys
to recall your last command.
SHIFT arrow keys will jump 7 cells at a time for fast movement.
Further help is available on the following toppics via the HELP command e.g. ”HELP COPY”
9.2.2 Manip Primitives (a summary)

@mycmds
Arrows
BLANK
CLEAR
CLOSE
COPY [range] [range] IF [exp]
DATA [range]
DELETE [range] IF [exp]
EXIT filename [range] –TAB –SPACE –COMMA
FIT c3
Functions
GENERATE [pattern] [destination]
GOTO x y
INSERT [Cn] or [Rn]
LOAD filename [range] –0
LOAD filename [range]
LOGGING mycmds.man
MOVE [range] [range] IF [exp]
NEW
PARSUM [range1] [range2]
PROP [range] [range]
QUIT
Recover (recovering from power failure or crash)
SAVE filename [range] –TAB –SPACE –COMMA
SET SIZE ncols nrows
SET BETWEEN ” ”
SET COLTYPE
SET COLWIDTH
SET NCOL n
SET DPOINTS n
SET DIGITS n
SET WIDTH n
SHELL
SORT [range] on [exp]
SUM [range]
SWAP CnCn — RnRn
9.2.3 Manip Primitives (in detail)

COPY [range1] [range2] if [exp]
For copying a section to another section. They do not have to be the same shape. The pointers to
both rangers are increased even if the number is not coppied e.g.
"% COPY r4r2 r1r2"

"% COPY c1c3r6r100 c6c8 if c1<c2"
"% COPY C1 C2 IF C1<4"

c1 c2
1 1
2 2
5 -
3 3
9 -
DELETE [range] IF [exp]

For deleteing entire rows or columns. e.g.
"% DELETE c1c3 IF r1>3.and.r2=0

"% DELETE r1"
Numbers are shuffled in from the right to take the place of the deleted range.
DATA [range]
Data entry mode is usefull for entering data. After typing in "% DATA c1c3" or "% DATA C2" you
can then enter data and pressing ¡cr¿ will move you to the next valid data position. In this mode
text or numbers can be entered. Press ESC to get back to command mode.
FIT c3
"FIT C3" will fit a least squares regression line to the data in columns c3 and c4 (x values taken
from c3) and print out the results.
EXIT
EXIT saves the data in your input file spec and exits to DOS. You can optionally specify an output
file as well. eg. "% EXIT myfile.dat"
The command "EXIT myfile.dat c3c5r1r3" will write out that range of numbers to the file.
By default manip will write columns seperated by spaces.
The command "EXIT myfile.dat -TAB" will put a single tab between each column of numbers
and "EXIT myfile.dat -COMMA" will put a comma and a space between each number. (these two
options are usefull if your data file is very big and you don’t want to waste diskspace with the space
characters.) Note: The settings stay in effect for future saves and exits.
You can make it line up the columns on the decimal point by typing in the command.
"SET DPOINTS 3"
You change the width of each column or completely remove the spaces between columns with the
command. "SET WIDTH 10" (or set width 0)
You can change the number of significant digits displayed with the command "SET DIGITS 4"
SAVE myfile.dat
Saves all or part of your data. The command "SAVE myfile.dat c3c5r1r3" will write out that
range of numbers to the file.
By default manip will write columns seperated by spaces.
The command "SAVE myfile.dat -TAB" will put a single tab between each column of numbers
and "SAVE myfile.dat -COMMA" will put a comma and a space between each number. (these two
options are usefull if your data file is very big and you don’t want to waste diskspace with the space
characters).
Further options are the same like EXIT
GOTO
For moving the cursor directly to a point in your array. e.g. "% GOTO x y"
CLEAR
"% CLEAR C2C3" Clears the given range of all values
9.2. MANIP 75
BLANK
"% BLANK C2C3" Clears the given range of all values
NEW
Clears the spread sheet of all data and frees memory.
INSERT
Inserts a new column or row and shifts all others over. e.g."% INSERT c5" or "% INSERT r2".
LOAD
Load data into columns. eg. "% LOAD filename" loads all data into corresponding columns.
"% LOAD filename c3" load first column of data into c3 etc.
"LOAD myfile.dat c3 -LIST" This commmand will load the the data into a single column or
range (even if it is several columns wide in the data file)
MOVE [range1] [range2] if [exp]

For copying a section to another section. They do not have to be the same shape. The pointer to
the destination is only increased if the line or column is coppied e.g.
"% MOVE c1 c2c3"

"% MOVE r4r2 r1r2"
"% MOVE c1c3r6r100 c6c8 if c1<c2"
"% MOVE C1 C2 IF C1<4"

c1 c2
1 1
2 2
5 3
3 -
9 -
(See COPY command)
SORT [range] ON [exp]

Sort entire rows of the data based on the data in a particular column. e.g.
"% SORT c8 on c9"

"% SORT c1c8 on -c8"
"% SORT c1c3 on c2 " !for sorting strings
This command works out how to sort the column (or exp) specified in the ON part of the command.
It then does that operation to the range specified. e.g. "SORT C1 ON C1" will sort column one.
Use the additional qualifier -STRINGS if you want to sort a column with strings in it. e.g.
"sort c1 on c2 -strings"
SWAP
Swap over two columns or rows. e.g.
"% SWAP c1c2"

"% SWAP r3r1"
SET SIZE ncols nrows

"SIZE 3 4" Truncates the spreadsheet to 3 columns and 4 rows. This also sets the values to use
for default ranges.
SET BETWEEN ” ”
"SET BETWEEN "##" Defines the string to be printed between each column of numbers when written
to a file. This is normally set to a single space.
SET COLWIDTH
Set the width of each column when displayed. e.g. "% SET COLWIDTH 12"
SET COLTYPE [n] DECIMAL — EXP — BOTH — DPOINTS n
This commands allows all or individual columns to be set to different output types. If colnumber
is missing then that setting is applied to all columns.
SET COLTYPE Ccolnumber TYPE Where TYPE is one of:
DECIMAL produces 123.456

EXP produces 1.23456e02
BOTH produces whichever is more suitable
DPOINTS n produces a fixed number of decimal places.
e.g.
SET COLTYPE c2 DECIMAL
SET COLTYPE c1 EXP
SET COLTYPE c3 DPOINTS 4
Would print out: 1.2e02 1.2 1.2000
SET COLTYPE EXP (column number missed out)
Would print out: 1.2e02 1.2e02 1.2e02

SET NCOL n
Set the number of columns to display. e.g."% SET NCOL 3"
SET DPOINTS n
Sets the number of decimal places to print. This is used for producing columns which line up on
the decimal point. e.g. with DPOINTS 3.
2.2 -> 2.200

234 -> 234.000
(See also SET COLTYPE)

SET DIGITS n
Sets the number of significat digits to be displayed, e.g. with DIGITS 3.
123456 becomes 123000

0.12345 becomes 0.123
SET WIDTH n
Sets the width of padding to use for the columns when they are written to a file. The columns
usually one space wider than this setting as the BETWEEN string is usually set to one space by
default.
LOGGING
For creating command files. e.g.
"% LOG sin.man"

"% c2=sin(c1)
"% c3=c2+2
"% close"
Then type in "@sin" to execute these commands.

PROPAGATE [source] [destination]
This command has the same format as move. The difference is that the source is coppied as many
times as possible to fill up the destination. e.g. "% PROP c1r1r7 c2"
SUM [range]
Adds up all the numbers in a range and displays the total and average. e.g. "% SUM C1C3"
9.2. MANIP 77
PARSUM [range1] [range2]

Adds up one coloumn, putting the partial sum’s into another coloumn. e.g. 1,2,3,4 becomes
1,3,6,10.
GENERATE [pattern] [destination]

For generating a patter of data e.g. 1 1 2 2 5 5 1 1 2 2 5 5 etc.
"% GEN 2(1,2,5)30 c4" !1 1 2 2 5 5 repeated 30 times

"% GEN (1:100:5)5 c1" !1 to 100 step 5, 5 times
"% GEN (1,2,*,3:5)5 c1" !missing values included
Functions
Calculations can be performed on rows or columns. eg "% C1=C2*3+R" where ”R” stands for row-
number and C1 and C2 are columns. They can also be performed on ROWS. eg
r1=sin(r2)+log10(c)
c1 = cell(c+1,r)+cell(c+2,r)
cell(1,3) = 33.3
3+4*COS(PI/180)^(3+1/30)+C1+R
Valid operators and functions:
, + − ^ ∗ / <=
>= <> < > = )AND( )OR(
ABS( ATN( COS( EXP( FIX( INT( LOG(
LOG10( SGN( SIN( SQR( TAN( NOT( RND(
SQRT( .NE. .EQ. .LT. .GT. .LE. .GE.
.NOT. .AND. .OR.
QUIT
Abandon file.
SHELL
Gives access to DOS.
Appendix A
Tables
A.1 Markers
triangle fcircle odot ❀ flower ✍ handpen
wtriangle diamond ominus ♣ club ✉ letter
ftriangle wdiamond oplus heart ☎ phone
square fdiamond otimes ♠ spade ✈ plane
wsquare cross star dag ❍ scircle
fsquare plus ✥ star2 ddag ❏ ssquare
circle
wcircle
minus
asterisk
✯ star3
❂ star4 . snake
dot
trianglez
diamondz
A.2 Functions and Variables

Function name Returns . . .
abs(exp) absolute value of expression
acos(exp) arccosine
acosh(exp) inverse hyperbolic cosine
acot(exp) 1/atan(exp)
acoth(exp) 1/atanh(exp)
acsc(exp) 1/asin(exp)
acsch(exp) 1/asinh(exp)
arg(i) i-th command line argument
arg$(i) i-th command line argument
asec(exp) 1/acos(exp)
asech(exp) 1/acosh(exp)
asin(exp) arcsine
asinh(exp) inverse hyperbolic sine
atan(exp) arctan
atanh(exp) inverse hyperbolic tangent
atn(exp) same as ATAN(exp)
cos(exp) cosine
cosh(exp) hyperbolic cosine
cot(exp) 1/tan(exp)
coth(exp) 1/tanh(exp)
csc() 1/sin(exp)
79
80 APPENDIX A. TABLES
csch(exp) 1/sinh(exp)
dataxvalue(ds,i) x-value of i-th point in ds (p. 48)
datayvalue(ds,i) y-value of i-th point in ds (p. 48)
date$() current date e.g. “Tue Apr 09 1991”
device$() available devices e.g. “HARDCOPY, PS”
eval(str) evaluates given GLE expression
exp(exp) exponent
\expr(exp) substitute result of evaluating “exp”
file$() returns GLE file name (without extension)
fix(exp) exp rounded towards 0
format$(exp,format) format exp as specified in format (p. 48)
height(name$) the height of the object name$
int(exp) integer part of exp
left$(str$,exp) left exp characters of str$
len(str$) the length of str$
log(exp) log to base e of exp
log10(exp) log to base 10 of exp
nargs() number of command line arguments
ndata(ds) number of points in data set ds (p. 48)
not(exp) logical not of exp
num1$(exp) as above but with no spaces
num$(exp) string representation of exp
pageheight() the height of the page (from size command)
pagewidth() the width of the page (from size command)
path$() returns the directory where the script is located
pointx(pt) the x value of named point pt
pointy(pt) the y value of named point pt
pos(str1$,str2$,exp) position of str2$ in str1$ from exp
ptx(pt) the x value of named point pt (abbreviation for pointx)
pty(pt) the y value of named point pt (abbreviation for pointy)
rgb(red,green,blue) create color given RGB values
rgb255(red,green,blue) create color given RGB values
right$(str$,exp) rest of str$ starting at exp
rnd(exp) random number between 0 and exp
sdiv(x,y) return x/y or 0 if y = 0
sec(exp) 1/cos(exp)
sech(exp) 1/cosh(exp)
seg$(str$,exp1,exp2) str$ from exp1 to exp2
sgn(exp) returns 1 if exp is positive, -1 if exp is negative
sin(exp) sine of exp
sinh(exp) hyperbolic sine
sqr(exp) exp squared
sqrt(exp) square root of exp
tan(exp) tangent of exp
tanh(exp) hyperbolic tangent
tdepth(str$) the depth of str$ assuming current the font, size
theight(str$) the height of str$ assuming current font, size
time$() current time e.g. “11:44:27”
todeg(exp) convert from radians to degrees
torad(exp) convert from degrees to radians
twidth(str$) the width of str$ assuming current font, size
val(str$) value of the string str$
A.2. FUNCTIONS AND VARIABLES 81
width(name$) the width of the object name$

xbar(x,i) the absolute x coordinate of the i-th bar at point x on the graph
xend() the x end point of a text string when drawn
xg(xexp) converts units of last graph to abs cm.
xpos() the current x point
xy2angle(dx,dy) convert rectangular coordinates to polar angle (in degrees)
yend() the y end point of a text string when drawn
yg(yexp) converts units of last graph to abs cm.
ypos() the current y point
Variable name Returns . . .
pi 3.14...
xgmin the minimum x-coordinate of the graph
xgmax the maximum x-coordinate of the graph
xg2min the minimum x2-coordinate of the graph
xg2max the maximum x2-coordinate of the graph
ygmin the minimum y-coordinate of the graph
ygmax the maximum y-coordinate of the graph
yg2min the minimum y2-coordinate of the graph
yg2max the maximum y2-coordinate of the graph
A.3 LATEX Macros and Symbols

There are several LATEX like commands which can be used within text, they are:
\ \’ \v \u \= \^ Implemented TeX accents

\. \H \~ \’’
^{} Superscript
_{} Subscript
\\ Forced Newline
\_ Underscore character
\, .5em (em = width of the letter ‘m’)
\: 1em space
\; 2em space
\tex{expression} Any LaTeX expression
\char{22} Any character in current font
\chardef{a}{hello} Define a character as a macro
\def\v{hello} Defines a macro
\movexy{2}{3} Moves the current text point
\glass Makes move/space work on beginning of line
\rule{2}{4} Draws a filled in box, 2cm by 4cm
\setfont{rmb} Sets the current text font
\sethei{.3} Sets the font height (in cm)
\setstretch{2} Scales the quantity of glue between words
\lineskip{.1} Sets the default distance between lines of text
\linegap{-1} Sets the minimum required gap between lines
[ \lbrack ß \ss ≥ \geq † \dag ‡ \ddag
§ \S ¶ \P c \copyright α \alpha β \beta
γ \gamma δ \delta \epsilon ζ \zeta η \eta
θ \theta ι \iota κ \kappa λ \lambda µ \mu
ν \nu ξ \xi π \pi ρ \rho σ \sigma
τ \tau υ \upsilon φ \phi χ \chi ψ \psi
ω \omega ε \varepsilon ϑ \vartheta $ \varpi % \varrho
ς \varsigma ϕ \varphi ℵ \aleph ı \imath  \jmath
` \ell ℘ \wp < \Re = \Im ∂ \partial
∞ \infty 0 \prime ∅ \emptyset ∇ \nabla > \top
⊥ \bot 4 \triangle ∀ \forall ∃ \exists ¬ \neg
[ \flat \ \natural ]` \sharp ♣
W \clubsuit ♦
V \diamondsuit
♥
U \heartsuit ♠
T \spadesuit S \coprod Q \bigvee P \bigwedge
N \biguplus L \bigcap J \bigcup F \prod \sum
R \bigotimes H \bigoplus \bigodot \bigsqcup ∫ \smallint
\intop \ointop / \triangleleft . \triangleright 4 \bigtriangleup
5 \bigtriangledown ∧ \wedge ∧ \land ∨ \vee ∨ \lor
∩ \cap ∪ \cup ‡ \ddagger † \dagger u \sqcap
t \sqcup ] \uplus q \amalg \diamond • \bullet
o \wr ÷ \div \odot \oslash ⊗ \otimes
\ominus ⊕ \oplus ∓ \mp ± \pm ◦ \circ
\bigcirc \ \setminus · \cdot ∗ \ast × \times
? \star Å \AA
A.4. INSTALLING GLE 83
A.4 Installing GLE

A.5 Fonts
rm Roman pstr Times-Roman

rmb Roman Bold pstb Times-Bold
rmi Roman Italic psti Times-Italic
ss Sans Serif pstbi Times-BoldItalic
ssb Sans Serif Bold psc Courier
ssi Sans Serif Italic pscb Courier-Bold
tt Typewriter psco Courier-Oblique
ttb Typewriter Bold pscbo Courier-BoldOblique
tti Typewriter Italic psh Helvetica
pshb Helvetica-Bold
psho Helvetica-Oblique
texcmr pshbo Helvetica-BoldOblique
texcmb pshc Helvetica-Condensed
texcmti pshcb Helvetica-Condensed-Bold
texcmmi pshcdo Helvetica-Condensed-Oblique
texcmss pshn Helvetica-Narrow
texcmssb pshnb Helvetica-Narrow-Bold
texcmssi pshno Helvetica-NarrowOblique
texcmtt pshnbo Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique
texcmitt psagb AvantGarde-Book
psagd AvantGarde-Demi
psagbo AvantGarde-BookOblique
plsr psagdo AvantGarde-DemiOblique
pldr psbl Bookman-Light
pltr psbd Bookman-Demi
plti psbli Bookman-LightItalic
plcr psbdi Bookman-DemiItalic
plci psncsr NewCenturySchlbk-Roman
plss psncsb NewCenturySchlbk-Bold
plcs psncsi NewCenturySchlbk-Italic
plsa psncsbi NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic
plba pspr Palatino-Roman
plge pspb Palatino-Bold
plgg pspi Palatino-Italic
plgi pspbi Palatino-BoldItalic
plsg pssym ΠοστΣχριπτ Σψµβολ
pszcmi Z apfChancery-M edium Italic
pszd ✺❁❐❆✤❉■❇❂❁▼▲
A.6 Font Tables
Roman (rm) Roman Bold (rmb)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
6 < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 6 < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
8 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ‘ a b c 8 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ‘ a b c
10 d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w 10 d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £
⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ » …‰ ¿ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
” ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
22 Æ ª Ł Ø Œ º 22 Æ ª Ł Ø Œ º
24 æ ı ł ø œ ß Á 24 æ ı ł ø œ ß Á
Roman Italic (rmi) San Serif (ss)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £
⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
‚ „ » … ¿ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ … ¿
18 · ¶ • ” ‰ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ ” » ‰ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
San Serif Bold (ssb) San Serif Italic (ssi)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
A.6. FONT TABLES 85
Typewriter (tt) Typewriter Bold (ttb)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » … ‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » … ‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
Typewriter Italic (tti) TEXComputer Modern Roman (texcmr)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4
6 < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 6
8 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ‘ a b c 8
10 d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w 10
12 x y z { | } ~ 12
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » … ‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18
¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20
22 Æ ª Ł Ø Œ º 22
24 æ ı ł ø œ ß Á 24
TEXComputer Modern Bold (texcmb) TEXComputer Modern Text Italic (texcmti)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
24 24
TEXComputer Modern Sans Serif (texcmss) TEXComputer Modern Sans Serif Bold (texcmssb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
24 24
TEXComputer Modern Sans Serif Italic (texcmssi) TEXComputer Modern Typewriter Text (texcmtt)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
24 24
TEXComputer Modern Italic Typewriter (texcmitt) TEXComputer Modern Maths Italic (texcmmi)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
24 24
A.6. FONT TABLES 87
TEXComputer Modern Symbol (texcmsy) TEXComputer Modern Extensible (texcmex)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
12 12
14 14
16 16
18 18
20 20
22 22
24 24
PostScript Symbol (pssym) PostScript ZapfDingbats (pszd)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0  0 ➾
2 ! ∀ # ∃ % & ∋ 2 ✁✂✃✄ ☎ ✆ ✇
4 ( ) ∗ + , − . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ✈ ✉ ☛ ☞ ✌ ✍ ✎ ✏ ✐ ✑ ✒ ✓ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛
6 < = > ? ≅ Α Β Χ ∆ Ε Φ Γ Η Ι ϑ Κ Λ Μ Ν Ο 6 ✜ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ ✧ ★ ✩ ✪ ✫ ✬ ✭ ✮ ✯
8 Π Θ Ρ Σ Τ Υ ς Ω Ξ Ψ Ζ [ ∴ ] ⊥ _ α β χ 8 ✰ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✽ ✾ ✿ ❀ ❁ ❂ ❃

10 δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ µ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω 10 ❄ ❅ ❆ ❇ ❈ ❉ ❊ ❋ ● ❍ ■ ❏ ❐ ❑ ❒ ▲ ▼ ◆ ❖ ◗
12 ξ ψ ζ { | } ∼ 12 ❘ ❙ ❚ ❛ ❜ ❝ ❞
14 14
16 € ϒ ′ ≤ ⁄ ∞ ƒ ♣ ♦ ♥ ♠ ↔ ← ↑ → ↓ ° ± ″ ≥ 16 ❡ ❢ ❣ ❤ ❥ ❦ ❧ ♣ ♦ ♥ ♠ ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧
18 × ∝ ∂ • ÷ ≠ ≡ ≈ …   ↵ ℵ ℑ ℜ ℘ ⊗ ⊕ ∅ ∩ 18 ⑨ ⑩ ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺ ❻ ❼ ❽ ❾ ❿ ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄ ➅ ➆ ➇
20 ∪ ⊃ ⊇ ⊄ ⊂ ⊆ ∈ ∉ ∠ ∇    ∏ √ ⋅ ¬ ∧ ∨ ⇔ 20 ➈ ➉ ➊ ➋ ➌ ➍ ➎ ➏ ➐ ➑ ➒ ➓ ➔ → ↔ ↕ ➘ ➙ ➚ ➛
22 ⇐ ⇑ ⇒ ⇓ ◊ 〈    ∑           22 ➜ ➝ ➞ ➟ ➠ ➡ ➢ ➣ ➤ ➥ ➦ ➧ ➨ ➩ ➪ ➫ ➬ ➭ ➮ ➯
24 〉 ∫ ⌠  ⌡          Á 24 ➱ ➲ ➳ ➴ ➵ ➶ ➷ ➸ ➹ ➺ ➻ ➼➽➾ Á
PostScript Times-Roman (pstr) PostScript Times-Bold (pstb)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £
⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
‚ „ …‰ ¿ ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
18 · ¶ • ” » ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Times-Italic (psti) PostScript Times-BoldItalic (pstbi)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £
⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Courier (psc) PostScript Courier-Bold (pscb)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » … ‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » … ‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Courier-Oblique (psco) PostScript Courier-BoldOblique (pscbo)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » … ‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » … ‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
A.6. FONT TABLES 89
PostScript Helvetica (psh) PostScript Helvetica-Bold (pshb)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Helvetica-Oblique (psho) PostScript Helvetica-BoldOblique (pshbo)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Helvetica-Narrow (pshn) PostScript Helvetica-Narrow-Bold (pshnb)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
, - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
4 ( * +
) 4 ( * +
)
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ … ‰ ¿ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ … ‰ ¿
” » ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ ” » ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Helvetica-NarrowOblique (pshno) PostScript Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique (pshnbo)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ ‚ „ … ‰ ¿ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ … ‰ ¿
• ” » ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ ” » ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ — ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript AvantGarde-Book (psagb) PostScript AvantGarde-Demi (psagd)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ » … ‰ ¿ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ » … ‰ ¿
” ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ ” ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
22 Æ ª Ł ØŒ º 22 Æ ª Ł ØŒ º
PostScript AvantGarde-BookOblique (psagbo) PostScript AvantGarde-DemiOblique (psagdo)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
A.6. FONT TABLES 91
(psbl) PostScript Bookman-Demi (psbd)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Bookman-LightItalic (psbli) PostScript Bookman-DemiItalic (psbdi)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ » …‰ ¿ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ » … ‰ ¿
” ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ ” ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript NewCenturySchlbk-Roman (psncsr) PostScript NewCenturySchlbk-Bold (psncsb)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript NewCenturySchlbk-Italic (psncsi) PostScript NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic (psncsbi)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Palatino-Roman (pspr) PostScript Palatino-Bold (pspb)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ » … ‰ ¿ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿
” ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
PostScript Palatino-Italic (pspi) PostScript Palatino-BoldItalic (pspbi)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 0
2 ! " # $ % & ’ 2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; 4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
12 x y z { | } ~ 12 x y z { | } ~
14 14
¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ¡ ¢ £
⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl
16 ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡ 16 – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙ 18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » …‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛ ¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ — 20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
A.6. FONT TABLES 93
PostScript ZapfChancery-MediumItalic (pszcmi)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0
2 ! " # $ % & ’
4 ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;
6 < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
8 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ‘ a b c
10 d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w
12 x y z { | } ~
14
16 ¡ ¢ £ ⁄ ¥ ƒ § ¤ ' “ « ‹ › fi fl – † ‡
18 · ¶ • ‚ „ ” » … ‰ ¿ ` ´ ˆ ˜ ¯ ˘ ˙
¸ ˛
20 ¨ ˚ ˝ ˇ —
22 Æ ª Ł Ø Œ º
24 æ ı ł ø œ ß Á
A.7 Predefined Colors

GLE supports these SVG/X11 standard colors (sorted by color)
indianred mediumpurple darkturquoise azure

lightcoral blueviolet cadetblue aliceblue
salmon darkviolet steelblue ghostwhite
darksalmon darkorchid lightsteelblue whitesmoke
lightsalmon darkmagenta powderblue seashell
crimson purple lightblue beige
red indigo skyblue oldlace
firebrick slateblue lightskyblue floralwhite
darkred darkslateblue deepskyblue ivory
pink greenyellow dodgerblue antiquewhite
lightpink chartreuse cornflowerblue linen
hotpink lawngreen mediumslateblue lavenderblush
deeppink lime royalblue mistyrose
mediumvioletred limegreen blue gainsboro
palevioletred palegreen mediumblue lightgray
coral lightgreen darkblue silver
tomato mediumspringgreen navy darkgray
orangered springgreen midnightblue gray
darkorange mediumseagreen cornsilk dimgray
orange seagreen blanchedalmond lightslategray
gold forestgreen bisque slategray
yellow green navajowhite darkslategray
lightyellow darkgreen wheat black
lemonchiffon yellowgreen burlywood gray1
lightgoldenrodyellow olivedrab tan gray5
papayawhip olive rosybrown gray10
moccasin darkolivegreen sandybrown gray20
peachpuff mediumaquamarine goldenrod gray30
palegoldenrod darkseagreen darkgoldenrod gray40
khaki lightseagreen peru gray50
darkkhaki darkcyan chocolate gray60
lavender teal saddlebrown gray70
thistle aqua sienna gray80
plum cyan brown gray90
violet lightcyan maroon
orchid paleturquoise white
fuchsia aquamarine snow
magenta turquoise honeydew
mediumorchid mediumturquoise mintcream
A.7. PREDEFINED COLORS 95
GLE supports these SVG/X11 standard colors (alphabetical order)
aliceblue deepskyblue linen salmon

antiquewhite dimgray magenta sandybrown
aqua dodgerblue maroon seagreen
aquamarine firebrick mediumaquamarine seashell
azure floralwhite mediumblue sienna
beige forestgreen mediumorchid silver
bisque fuchsia mediumpurple skyblue
black gainsboro mediumseagreen slateblue
blanchedalmond ghostwhite mediumslateblue slategray
blue gold mediumspringgreen snow
blueviolet goldenrod mediumturquoise springgreen
brown gray mediumvioletred steelblue
burlywood green midnightblue tan
cadetblue greenyellow mintcream teal
chartreuse honeydew mistyrose thistle
chocolate hotpink moccasin tomato
coral indianred navajowhite turquoise
cornflowerblue indigo navy violet
cornsilk ivory oldlace wheat
crimson khaki olive white
cyan lavender olivedrab whitesmoke
darkblue lavenderblush orange yellow
darkcyan lawngreen orangered yellowgreen
darkgoldenrod lemonchiffon orchid gray1
darkgray lightblue palegoldenrod gray5
darkgreen lightcoral palegreen gray10
darkkhaki lightcyan paleturquoise gray20
darkmagenta lightgoldenrodyellow palevioletred gray30
darkolivegreen lightgray papayawhip gray40
darkorange lightgreen peachpuff gray50
darkorchid lightpink peru gray60
darkred lightsalmon pink gray70
darksalmon lightseagreen plum gray80
darkseagreen lightskyblue powderblue gray90
darkslateblue lightslategray purple
darkslategray lightsteelblue red
darkturquoise lightyellow rosybrown
darkviolet lime royalblue
deeppink limegreen saddlebrown
A.8 Wall Reference
GLE Wall Reference

0 5
1 6
2 7
circle dag
3 8 triangle ddag
4 9
square asterisk
9229
diamond oplus
fcircle ominus
ftriangle otimes
lwidth 0.2
lwidth 0.1 fsquare odot
lwidth 0.05
fdiamond trianglez
lwidth 0.02
lwidth 0.01
lwidth 0.0001
. dot diamondz
lwidth 0 cross wcircle
♣ club wtriangle
heart wsquare
rm Roman star wdiamond
rmi Roman Italic snake
rmb Roman Bold
rmbi Roman Bold Italic
tt Typewriter
ttb Typewriter Bold
ss Sans Serif
The GRID and SHADE patterns should only be used
ssb Sans Serif Bold for filling on PostScript printers, the gray levels and
colors will work for both filling and color settings on
ssi Sans Serif Italic any device.
psc PostScript Courier
psh PostScript Helvetica
psbl PostScript Bookman Grid5 Gray80
Grid4 Gray60
psncsr PostScript New Century Schlblk Roman
Grid3 Gray40
pszcmi PostScript Z apfChancery-M edium Italic Grid2 Gray20
pszd ✰❏▲▼✳❃❒❉❐▼ ✺❁❐❆✤❉■❇❂❁▼▲ Grid1 Gray10
pltr Grid White
Shade5 Black
pldr
Shade4 Yellow
plsr Shade3 Magenta
plge Shade2 Blue
plci Shade1 Green
plss Shade Red
wall.gle
Index
!, 8, 25 color, 37
\expr(exp), 80 dist, 37
.z file, 67 fill, 37
?, 25 from, 37
@, 8 width, 37
LATEX, 11, 82 bar graphs, 36
macros, 82 bar graphs 3d, 38
LATEX expression, 58 base, 66
3d bar baselineskip, 11
notop, 38 begin
offset, 38 box, 9
side, 38 clip, 10
top, 38 name, 10
object, 10
abound, 8 origin, 10
abs(), 79 path, 10
acos(), 79 rotate, 10
acosh(), 79 scale, 10
acot(), 79 table, 10
acoth(), 79 text, 11
acsc(), 79 text (single line), 21
acsch(), 79 translate, 11
add, 9 bevel, 20
alabeldist, 17, 34 bezier, 12
alabelscale, 17, 34 bezier (rbezier), 17
aline, 9 Bezier curve, 9
aline (closepath), 12 bitmap, 12
amove, 9 bitmap info, 12
amove (origin), 10 BLANK, 75
angle, 10 border, 31
arc, 9 box, 12
arcto, 9
arg(), 47, 79 cap, 18
arg$(), 47 center, 24
arrow, 9, 17 char, 11
arrowangle, 17 character size, 20
arrowsize, 17 chardef, 11
arrowstyle, 18 circle, 12
asec(), 79 clear, 74
asech(), 79 clip, 10, 60
asin(), 79 clipping, 60
asinh(), 79 closepath, 12
atan(), 79 color, 18
atanh(), 79 color (graph lines), 26
atitledist, 18, 36 color (title), 32
atitlescale, 18, 36 color (variables), 61
atn(), 79 color-variables, 61
colormap, 68
back, 66 command, 12
bar graph block, 24
97
98 INDEX
commands, 72 else, 14, 51

comment, 8, 25 end if, 14
contour, 67 end path, 10
copy, 73 error bars (see dn err) , 26
cos(), 79 eval(), 47, 80
cosh(), 79 example data file, 24
cot(), 79 exit, 74
coth(), 79 exp(), 80
csc(), 79 expressions, 47
csch(), 80
curve, 9, 12 fclose, 52
cvtrgb(), 61 fgetline, 52
file (dataset), 28
dashlen, 19 file$(), 80
data, 5, 24, 64, 68, 74 files, 5, 24
data (example file), 24 fill, 19
data (order), 39 color, 38
dataxvalue, 48, 80 xmax, 38
datayvalue, 48, 80 xmin, 38
date$(), 80 ymax, 38
def, 11 ymin, 38
define marker, 12 fill patterns, 61
delete, 74 filling, 61
deresolve, 26 filling areas, 38
device control, 53 fit, 74
device$(), 80 Fitls, 71
diagrams, 55 fitz, 67
dn, 26 fix(), 80
color, 26 font, 19
deresolve, 26 font (line width), 19
err, 26 font (title), 32
errdown, 26 font-examples, 83
errup, 26 fontlwidth, 19
errwidth, 26 fonts, 83
file, 28 fopen, 52
herr, 26 for, 13, 50
herrleft, 26 format$(), 48, 80
herrright, 26 fread, 52
herrwidth, 26 freadln, 52
key, 26 ftokenizer, 52
line, 26 fullsize, 28
lstyle, 26 Functions, 77
lwidth, 26 functions, 50, 79
marker, 27 fwrite, 52
msize, 27 fwriteln, 52
nomiss, 27
smooth, 27 generate, 77
svg smooth, 28 GLE USRLIB, 14
xmax, 28 goto, 74
xmin, 28 graphing, 23
ymax, 28 graphing functions, 28
ymin, 28 greek characters, 11
droplines, 66 grestore, 14
dsubticks, 33 grid, 33
dticks, 33 gsave, 14
ellipse, 13 harray, 64
elliptical arc, 13 hei, 20
elliptical narc, 13 height(), 49, 80
INDEX 99
histogram, 30 let, 28
horiz, 37 hist, 30
horizontal error bars, 26 nsteps, 30
hscale, 28 range, 31
let (order), 39
I/O-functions, 52 line, 26
if, 14, 51 line width (graphs), 39
ignore, 25 lineskip, 11
include, 14, 52 linfit, 29
insert, 75 load, 75
int(), 80 local, 15, 52
log, 33
join, 14, 20 log(), 80
join (set join), 20 log10(), 80
joining, 55 log10fit, 29
just, 20 logfit, 29
justify (box), 12 logging, 76
justify (join), 14 loops, 50
justify (set), 20 lstyle, 20
justify (text), 11 lstyle (graph lines), 26
lstyle (set), 20
key, 26 lwidth, 20
data based, 25 lwidth (graph lines), 26
hei, 28 lwidth (graphs), 39
nobox, 28
offset, 28 Manip, 72
pos, 28 Arrows, 73
key (module), 41 Range, 72
key module usage, 72
absolute, 42 marker, 15, 27, 66
boxcolor, 42 markers, 79
coldist, 42 mathchar, 11
color, 43 mathchardef, 11
compact, 42 mathcode, 11
dist, 42 missing, 26
fill, 43 missing value, 25
hei, 42 mitre, 20
justify, 43 move, 75
line, 43 movexy, 11
llen, 43
lpos, 43 name (box), 9, 12
lstyle, 43 name (join), 14
lwidth, 43 name (point), 17
margins, 43 narc, 9
marker, 43 nargs(), 47, 80
mscale, 43 ndata, 48, 80
msize, 43 negate, 36
nobox, 43 new, 75
off, 43 next, 13, 50
offset, 43 noborder, 31
pattern, 43 nobox, 9, 12, 31
position, 43 nofirst, 33
row, 42 nolast, 33
separator, 44 nomiss, 27
text, 44 not(), 80
nsteps, 30
LaTeX packages, 59 nsubticks, 33
left$(), 80 nticks, 33
len(), 80 num1$(), 80
100 INDEX
num$(), 80 set coltype, 76

set colwidth, 76
orientation, 15 set digits, 76
set dpoints, 76
pageheight(), 49, 80 set ncol, 76
pagewidth(), 49, 80 set size, 75
papersize, 15 set width, 76
parsum, 77 setfont, 11
path, 10 sethei, 11
path$(), 80 setstretch, 11
paths, 60 sgn(), 80
pattern, 20 shell, 77
bar, 37 sin(), 80
pi, 81 single, 72
points, 66 sinh(), 80
pointx(), 80 size, 31, 63
pointy(), 80 size x y, 72
pos(), 80 skirt, 66
postscript, 16 smooth, 27, 68
powxfit, 29 smoothm, 27
print, 16 sort, 75
propagate, 76 sqr(), 80
psbbtweak, 16 sqrt(), 80
pscomment, 16 step, 13, 72
ptx(), 80 stroke, 10
pty(), 80 stroking, 60
sub, 21
quit, 77 subroutines, 51
sum, 76
radius, 12 Surface, 63
range, 31 svg smooth, 28
rbezier, 17 swap, 75
recover, 72 symbols, 82
return, 17, 52
reverse, 17 table, 10
RGB, 61 tan(), 80
rgb(), 18, 80 tanh(), 80
rgb255(), 18, 61, 80 tdepth(), 80
right, 66 TeX, 11
right$(), 80 tex, 21, 58
riselines, 66 texscale, 21
rline, 17 text, 21
rmove, 17 text (begin), 11
rnd(), 80 text (width), 11
rotate, 10, 65 theight(), 49, 80
rotate (y2title), 36 then, 14, 51
round, 20 ticksscale, 21
round (cap), 18 time$(), 80
round (join), 20 title, 32, 65
color, 32
save, 17, 74 dist, 32
Savitsky Golay smoothing, 28 font, 32
scale, 10, 32 hei, 32
scale (marker), 15 titlescale, 21, 32
sdvi(), 80 todeg(), 80
sec(), 80 top, 66
sech(), 80 torad(), 80
seg$(), 80 translate, 11
set between, 75 twidth(), 49, 80
INDEX 101
under, 32 xplaces, 35
underneath, 66 xpos(), 50, 81
Unicode, 59 xside, 35
until, 51 color, 35
UTF-8, 59 lwidth, 35
xsubticks, 35
val(), 80 length, 35
values, 68 lstyle, 35
variables, 47, 50 lwidth, 35
view, 65 off, 35
vscale, 32 xticks, 36
length, 36
while, 51 lstyle, 36
width(), 49, 81 lwidth, 36
wmarker, 15 off, 36
write, 21 xtitle, 36, 65
adist, 36
x2axis (see xaxis), 33 color, 36
x2labels dist, 36
on, 32 font, 36
x2side (see xside), 35 hei, 36
xaxis, 33, 65 xy2angle(), 81
base, 33
color, 33 y2axis (see xaxis), 33
dsubticks, 33 y2side (see xside), 35
dticks, 33 y2title rotate, 36
font, 33 yaxis, 65
grid, 33 yaxis (see xaxis), 33
hei, 33 yend(), 49, 81
log, 33 yg(), 50, 81
lwidth, 33 yg2max, 81
max, 33 yg2min, 81
min, 33 ygmax, 81
neagte, 36 ygmin, 81
nofirst, 33 ylines, 65
nolast, 33 ynames (see xnames), 34
nsubticks, 33 yoffset, 38
nticks, 33 ypos(), 50, 81
off, 34 yside (see xside), 35
shift, 34 yticks (see xticks), 36
xbar(), 81 ytitle, 65
xend(), 49, 81 ytitle (see xtitle), 36
xg(), 50, 81
xg2max, 81 zaxis, 65
xg2min, 81 zclip, 67
xgmax, 81 ztitle, 65
xgmin, 81
xlabels, 34
color, 34
dist, 34
font, 34
hei, 34
log, 34
off, 34
on, 34
xlines, 64
xnames, 34
xnoticks, 35
xoffset, 38

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Professional Graphics Language

Professional Graphics Language

Graphics Layout Engine

User Manual (v. 4.2.2)

C. Pugmire, St.M. Mundt, V.P. LaBella, J. Struyf

4 The Graph Module 23

5 The Key Module 41

7.2.4 Import a GLE Figure in a LaTeX Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8 Surface and Contour Plots 63

• Chapter 4, The Graph Module:

• Chapter 5, The Key Module:

• Chapter 7, Advanced Features of GLE:

• Chapter 8, Surface and Contour Plots:

• Chapter 9, GLE Utilities:

2.1 Installing GLE

• Installation on Windows: http://www.gle-graphics.org/tut/windows.html.

• Installation on Linux: http://www.gle-graphics.org/tut/linux.html.

• Installation on Mac OS/X: http://www.gle-graphics.org/tut/mac.html.

• Mailing list: https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/glx-general.

2.2 Running GLE

As a result, GLE displays the following message.

GLE version x.y.z

2.3 Drawing a Line on a Page

Figure 2.1: Result of your first GLE script.

Now we have constructed complete GLE script, which looks as follows:

GLE produces by default an Encapsulated PostScript (.eps) file:

gle -device pdf test.gle

gle -d jpg -r 200 test.gle

and to obtain more information about a particular option, use:

gle -help option

The following command line options are supported by GLE:

-help Shows help about command line options

2.4 Drawing a Simple Graph

size 7 4 Smooth Graph

3.1 Graphics Primitives (a summary)

if exp then command [...] else command [...] end if

3.2 Graphics Primitives (in detail)

aline x y [arrow start] [arrow end] [arrow both] [curve α1 α2 d1 d2]

begin block name ... end block name

begin box add 0.2

begin name name

begin object name [arg1, . . . , argn]

begin path [stroke] [fill pattern] [clip]

begin rotate angle

begin text [width exp]

text \glass \:\: Indented text

set hei 0.25 just tl font tt

\ \’ \v \u \= \^ \. \H \~ \’’ Implemented TeX accents

bitmap filename width height [type type]

bitmap info filename width height [type type]

circle radius [fill pattern]

curve ix iy [x1 y1 x y x y ... xn yn]ex ey

define marker markername subroutine-name

sub subnamex size mdata

define markername fontname scale dx dy

draw name.point [arg1 ... argn] [name name]

If exp1 is greater than exp2 then the loop is not executed.

for x = 1 to 4 step 0.5

Table 3.1: Include files distributed with GLE.

if expression then command [...] else command [...] end if

let d3 = 10(1/sqrt(2pi))* & 3