An American National Standard

Designation: D 4007 – 02 (Reapproved 2006)

Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 10.3

Standard Test Method for

Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method
(Laboratory Procedure)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
1.1 This test method describes the laboratory determination Oils by the Extraction Method (API MPMS Chapter 10.1)
of water and sediment in crude oils by means of the centrifuge D 665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
procedure. This centrifuge method for determining water and Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
sediment in crude oils is not entirely satisfactory. The amount D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
of water detected is almost always lower than the actual water the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure) (API
content. When a highly accurate value is required, the revised MPMS Chapter 10.6)
procedures for water by distillation, Test Method D 4006 (API D 4006 Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation
MPMS Chapter 10.2) (Note 1), and sediment by extraction, (API MPMS Chapter 10.2)
Test Method D 473 (API MPMS Chapter 10.1), shall be used. D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products (API MPMS Chapter 8.1)
NOTE 1—Test Method D 4006 (API MPMS Chapter 10.2) has been D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
determined to be the preferred and most accurate method for the
Petroleum Products (API MPMS Chapter 8.2)
determination of water.
D 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products (API
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information MPMS Chapter 8.3)
only. E 969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) Pipets
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 2.2 API Standards:3
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the MPMS Chapter 8.1 Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Petroleum Products (ASTM Practice D 4057)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- MPMS Chapter 8.2 Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific Petroleum Products (ASTM Practice D 4177)
precautionary statements, see 6.1. MPMS Chapter 8.3 Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products (ASTM Practice
2. Referenced Documents
D 5854)
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 MPMS Chapter 10.1 Determination of Sediment in Crude
D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method (ASTM Test
Bituminous Materials by Distillation (API MPMS Chapter Method D 473)
10.5) MPMS Chapter 10.2 Determination of Water in Crude Oil
by Distillation (ASTM Test Method D 4006)
MPMS Chapter 10.4 Determination of Sediment and Water
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure)
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and the API Committee on Petroleum Measure-
ment, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02.0B /COMQ, the joint
MPMS Chapter 10.5 Determination of Water in Petroleum
ASTM-API Committee on Sampling, Sediment, Water. Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally (ASTM Test Method D 95)
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4007 – 02. MPMS Chapter 10.6 Determination of Water and Sediment
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted
by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures. This in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Pro-
method was issued as a joint ASTM-API-IP standard in 1981. cedures) (ASTM Test Method D 1796)
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-
the ASTM website. ington, DC 20005-4070, http://api-ec.api.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 4007 – 02 (2006)
2.3 IP Standard:4 d = diameter of swing measured between tips of opposite
Methods Book, Appendix B Specification for Methylben- tubes when in rotating position, in.
zenes (Toluenes) 5.1.6 Calculate the relative centrifugal force from a mea-
2.4 ISO Standard:5 sured speed (r/min) as follows:
ISO 5272:1979 Toluene for Industrial Use—Specifications

3. Summary of Test Method

S D
r/min
rcf 5 d 1335
2
(3)

3.1 Equal volumes of crude oil and water-saturated toluene where:

are placed into a cone-shaped centrifuge tube. After centrifu- d = diameter of swing measured between tips of opposite
gation, the volume of the higher density water and sediment tubes when in rotating position, mm, or
layer at the bottom of the tube is read.
S D
r/min
rcf 5 d 265
2
(4)
4. Significance and Use
where:
4.1 The water and sediment content of crude oil is signifi- d = diameter of swing measured between tips of opposite
cant because it can cause corrosion of equipment and problems tubes when in rotating position, in.
in processing. A determination of water and sediment content is 5.2 Centrifuge Tubes—Each centrifuge tube shall be a
required to measure accurately net volumes of actual oil in 203-mm (8-in.) cone-shaped tube, conforming to dimensions
sales, taxation, exchanges, and custody transfers. given in Fig. 1 and made of thoroughly annealed glass. The
graduations, numbered as shown in Fig. 1, shall be clear and
5. Apparatus distinct, and the mouth shall be constricted in shape for closure
5.1 Centrifuge: with a cork. Scale error tolerances and the smallest graduations
5.1.1 A centrifuge capable of spinning two or more filled between various calibration marks are given in Table 1 and
cone-shaped, 203-mm (8-in.) centrifuge tubes at a speed that apply to calibrations made with air-free water at 20°C (68°F),
can be controlled to give a relative centrifugal force (rcf) of a when reading the bottom of the shaded meniscus. The accuracy
minimum of 600 at the tip of the tubes shall be used (see 5.1.6). of the graduations on the centrifuge tube shall be volumetri-
5.1.2 The revolving head, trunnion rings, and trunnion cups, cally verified, before use of the tube. The verification shall
including the cushions, shall be soundly constructed to with- include calibration at each mark up to the 0.25 mL mark (as
stand the maximum centrifugal force capable of being deliv-
ered by the power source. The trunnion cups and cushions shall
firmly support the tubes when the centrifuge is in motion. The
centrifuge shall be enclosed by a metal shield or case strong
enough to eliminate danger if any breakage occurs.
5.1.3 The centrifuge shall be heated and controlled thermo-
statically to avoid unsafe conditions. It shall be capable of
maintaining the sample temperature during the entire run at 60
6 3°C (140 6 5°F). The thermostatic control shall be capable
of maintaining the temperature within these limits and operate
safely if there is a flammable atmosphere.
5.1.4 Electric powered and heated centrifuges must meet all
safety requirements for use in hazardous areas.
5.1.5 Calculate the necessary minimum speed of the rotat-
ing head in revolutions per minute (r/min) as follows:
r/min 5 1335 =rcf/d (1)

where:
rcf = relative centrifugal force and
d = diameter of swing measured between tips of opposite
tubes when in rotating position, mm, or
r/min 5 265 =rcf/d (2)

where:
rcf = relative centrifugal force and

4
Available from the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish Street, London,
W1G 7AR, U.K.
5
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. FIG. 1 Eight-Inch (203-mm) Centrifuge Tube

2
 D 4007 – 02 (2006)
TABLE 1 Centrifuge Tube Calibration Tolerances 7. Sampling
for 203-mm (8-in.) Tube
Range, mL Subdivision, mL Volume Tolerance, mL
7.1 Sampling is defined as all steps required to obtain an
aliquot of the contents of any pipe, tank, or other system and to
0 to 0.1 0.05 60.02
Above 0.1 to 0.3 0.05 60.03
place the sample into the laboratory test container.
Above 0.3 to 0.5 0.05 60.05 7.2 Only representative samples obtained as specified in
Above 0.5 to 1.0 0.10 60.05
Above 1.0 to 2.0 0.10 60.10
Practices D 4057 (API MPMS Chapter 8.1) and Practice
Above 2.0 to 3.0 0.20 60.10 D 4177 (API MPMS Chapter 8.2) shall be used for this test
Above 3.0 to 5.0 0.5 60.20 method.
Above 5.0 to 10 1.0 60.50
Above 10 to 25 5.0 61.00 7.3 Sample Mixing—is typically required to obtain a test
Above 25 to 100 25.0 61.00 portion representative of the bulk sample to be tested, but
precautions shall be taken to maintain the integrity of the
sample during this operation. Mixing of volatile crude petro-
leum containing water or sediments, or both, may result in the
shown in Fig. 2), and at the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 50.0, and 100 mL loss of light components. Additional information on the mixing
marks. The tube shall not be used if the scale error at any mark and handling of liquid samples can be found in Practice D 5854
exceeds the applicable tolerance from Table 1. (API MPMS Chapter 8.3).
5.3 Bath—The bath shall be either a solid metal block bath
or a liquid bath of sufficient depth for immersing the centrifuge 8. Procedure
tube in the vertical position to the 100-mL mark. Means shall 8.1 Fill each of two centrifuge tubes (5.2) to the 50-mL
be provided for maintaining the temperature at 60 6 3°C (140 mark with sample directly from the sample container. Using a
6 5°F). For some crude oils, temperatures of 71 6 3°C (160 6 pipet or other suitable volume transfer device (see 5.4), add 50
5°F) may be required to melt wax crystals in crude oils. For 6 0.05 mL of toluene, which has been water saturated at 60°C
these crude oils, the test temperature shall be maintained high (140°F) or 71°C (160°F) (see 5.3). Read the top of the
enough to ensure the absence of wax crystals. meniscus at both the 50 and 100-mL marks. Add 0.2 mL of
5.4 50 mL Pipet, Class A, or equivalent volume dispensing demulsifier solution (6.2) to each tube, using a 0.2-mL pipet or
device, capable of delivering a volume of 50 6 0.05 mL (see other suitable volume transfer device, such as an automatic
Specification E 969) for use in the test. pipettor. Stopper the tube tightly and invert the tubes ten times
to ensure that the oil and solvent are uniformly mixed.
6. Solvent 8.2 In the case where the crude oil is very viscous and
mixing of the solvent with the oil would be difficult, the solvent
6.1 Toluene—conforming to the IP Specification for Meth-
may be added to the centrifuge tube first to facilitate mixing.
ylbenzenes (Toluenes) or to ISO 5272. (Warning—
Take care to not fill the centrifuge tube past the 100-mL mark
Flammable. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.
with the sample.
Vapor harmful. Toluene is toxic. Particular care must be taken
to avoid breathing the vapor and to protect the eyes. Keep 8.3 Loosen the stoppers slightly and immerse the tubes to
container closed. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid pro- the 100-mL mark for at least 15 min in the bath maintained at
longed or repeated contact with the skin.) 60 6 3°C (140 6 5°F) (see 5.3). Secure the stoppers and again
invert the tubes ten times to ensure uniform mixing of oil and
6.1.1 Typical characteristics for this reagent are: solvent. (Warning—The vapor pressure at 60°C (140°F) is
Molecular weight C6H5CH3 92.14
Color (APHA) 10
approximately double that at 40°C (104°F).)
Boiling range (initial to dry point)A 2.0°C (3.6°F) 8.4 Place the tubes in the trunnion cups on opposite sides of
Residue after evaporation 0.001 % the centrifuge to establish a balanced condition. (If the tubes
Substances darkened by H2SO4 passes ACS test
Sulfur compounds (as S) 0.003 % cannot be counter-balanced by eye, place them, in their
_______ trunnion cups, on either side of a balance and equalize their
A
Recorded boiling point 110.6°C masses by the addition of water to the trunnion cups.) Re-
tighten the corks and spin for 10 min at a minimum relative
6.1.2 The solvent shall be water-saturated at 60 6 3°C (140 centrifugal force of 600 calculated from the equation given in
6 5°F) (see 5.3) but shall be free of suspended water. See 5.1.6.
Annex A1 for the solvent-water saturation procedure. 8.5 Immediately after the centrifuge comes to rest following
6.2 Demulsifier—A demulsifier should be used to promote the spin, read and record the combined volume of water and
the separation of water from the sample and to prevent its sediment at the bottom of each tube, to the nearest 0.05 mL
clinging to the walls of the centrifuge tube. The recommended from 0.1 to 1-mL graduations, and to the nearest 0.1-mL above
stock solution is 25 % demulsifier to 75 % toluene. For some 1-mL graduations. Below 0.1 mL, estimate to the nearest
crude oils a different ratio of demulsifier to toluene may be 0.025 mL (refer to Fig. 2). Return the tubes without agitation to
required. Demulsifiers used in the concentration and quantity the centrifuge and spin for another 10 min at the same rate.
recommended will not add to the water and sediment volume 8.6 Repeat this operation until the combined volume of
determined. The solution must be stored in a dark bottle that is water and sediment remains constant for two consecutive
tightly closed. readings. In general, not more than two spinnings are required.

3
 D 4007 – 02 (2006)

FIG. 2 Procedure for Reading Water and Sediment When Using an ASTM 100-mm Cone-Shaped Centrifuge Tube

4
 D 4007 – 02 (2006)
TABLE 2 Expression of Results, mL
Total Percent Water and
Tube 1 Tube 2
Sediment, % (V/V)
No visible water and No visible water and 0.00
sediment sediment
No visible water and 0.025 0.025
sediment
0.025 0.025 0.05
0.025 0.05 0.075
0.05 0.05 0.10
0.05 0.075 0.125
0.075 0.075 0.15
0.075 0.10 0.175
0.10 0.10 0.20
0.10 0.15 0.25

10.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between two test re-

sults, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
under constant operating conditions on identical test material,
would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
FIG. 3 Basic Sediment and Water Precision the test method, exceed the following value in only one case in
twenty:
8.7 The temperature of the sample during the entire centri- From 0.0 % to 0.3 % water, see Fig. 3.
fuging procedure shall be maintained at 60 6 3°C (140 6 5°F)
(see 5.3). From 0.3 % to 1.0 % water, repeatability is constant at 0.12.
8.8 To avoid the danger of tubes breaking in the cups, care 10.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
must be taken that the tubes are bedded onto the bottom and independent test results obtained by different operators
cushion so that no part of the tube is in contact with the rim of working in different laboratories on identical test material,
the cup. would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
the test method, exceed the following value in only one case in
9. Calculation
twenty:
9.1 Record the final volume of water and sediment in each
From 0.0 % to 0.3 % water, see Fig. 3.
tube. If the difference between the two readings is greater than
one subdivision on the centrifuge tube (see Table 1) or From 0.3 % to 1.0 % water, reproducibility is constant at
0.025 mL for readings of 0.10 mL and below, the readings are 0.28.
inadmissible and the determination shall be repeated. 10.2 Bias—The procedure in this test method has no bias
9.2 Express the sum of the two admissible readings as the because the value of water and sediment can be defined only in
percentage by volume of water and sediment; report the results terms of a test method.
as shown in Table 2.
10. Precision and Bias 11. Keywords
10.1 Precision—The precision of this test method, as deter- 11.1 centrifuge; centrifuge tube; crude oil; laboratory pro-
mined by statistical examination of interlaboratory test results cedure; sampling; sediment and water; solvent
in the range from 0.01 to 1.0 %, is described in 10.1.1 and
10.1.2.

5
 D 4007 – 02 (2006)
ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. PROCEDURE TO WATER-SATURATE TOLUENE

A1.1 Scope A1.5 Procedure

A1.1.1 This method is satisfactory for the water saturation A1.5.1 Adjust the heating bath to the temperature at which
of toluene to be used for determination of water and sediment the centrifuge test is to be run. Maintain the bath temperature
in crude oils by the centrifuge method. to 63°C (65°F).
A1.5.2 Fill the glass bottle with 700 to 800 mL of toluene.
A1.2 Significance Add sufficient water (at least 2 mL but not more than 25 mL)
A1.2.1 Fig. A1.1 shows that water is soluble in toluene to a to maintain a visual indication of excess water. Screw the cap
significant extent. The percentage of water that will dissolve on the bottle and shake vigorously for 30 s.
increases as the temperature is increased from about 0.03 % at A1.5.3 Loosen the cap and place the bottle in the bath for 30
21°C (70°F) to about 0.17 % at 70°C (158°F). Toluene, as min. Remove the bottle, tighten the cap, and shake cautiously
normally supplied, is relatively dry and if used in an as- for 30 s.
received condition, will dissolve a portion of or even all of any A1.5.4 Repeat the above procedure (A1.5.3) 3 times.
water present in a crude oil sample. This would reduce the (Warning—The vapor pressure of toluene at 60°C (140°F) is
apparent sediment and water level in the crude sample. To approximately twice that at 38°C (100°F).)
determine water and sediment accurately by centrifuge on a A1.5.5 Allow the bottle with the water-toluene mixture to
crude oil sample, the toluene must first be saturated at the sit in the bath 48 h before using. This will ensure complete
centrifuge test temperature. equilibrium between the toluene and the free water as well as
complete saturation at the desired temperature. If it is neces-
A1.3 Reagents sary to use the water-saturated toluene before the 48-h equili-
A1.3.1 Toluene, conforming to the IP Specification for bration time has been completed, the solvent must be poured
Methylbenzenes (Toluenes) or ISO 5272. into centrifuge tubes and centrifuged in the same equipment at
A1.3.2 Water, either distilled or tap water. the same relative centrifuge force and temperature that is used
for the centrifuge test. The toluene must be carefully pipetted
A1.4 Apparatus from the centrifuge tube so that any free water that may be in
A1.4.1 Liquid-Heating Bath, of sufficient depth for im- the bottom of the tube is not disturbed.
mersing a 1-qt or 1-L bottle to its shoulder. Means shall be A1.5.6 Saturation is time- and temperature-dependent. It is
provided for maintaining the temperature at 60 6 3°C (140 6 recommended that bottles of the toluene-water mixture be kept
5°F) (see 5.3). at test temperature in the bath at all times so that saturated
A1.4.2 Glass Bottle, 1-qt or 1-L, with screw top. solvent will be available whenever tests are to be run.

6
 D 4007 – 02 (2006)

FIG. A1.1 Solubility of Water in Toluene

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING WATER IN CRUDE OILS

X1.1 Summary evaluated in this program. Both methods were modified

X1.1.1 This round-robin testing program has shown that the slightly in an attempt to improve the precision and accuracy.
distillation method as practiced is somewhat more accurate
than the centrifuge method. The average correction for the X1.3 Experimental Procedure
distillation method is about 0.06, whereas the centrifuge X1.3.1 Samples—The following seven crude oils were ob-
correction is about 0.10. However, this correction is not tained for this program:
constant nor does it correlate well with the measured concen- Crude Source
tration.
X1.1.2 There is a slight improvement in the precision of the San Ardo Texaco
Arabian Light Mobil
distillation method over the present Test Method D 95 (API Alaskan Williams Pipe Line
MPMS Chapter 10.5): 0.08 repeatability versus 0.1, and 0.11 Arabian Heavy Exxon
versus 0.2 for reproducibility. These figures are applicable Minas Texaco
Fosterton Koch Industries
from 0.1 to 1 % water content, the maximum level studied in Nigerian Gulf
this program.
X1.1.3 The precision of the centrifuge method is worse than By removing all water or adding known amounts of water to
the distillation method: repeatability is 0.12 and the reproduc- the above crudes, 21 samples were prepared for testing. Each
ibility is 0.28. crude oil was represented at three levels of water concentra-
tion. The entire concentration range studied was from zero to
X1.2 Introduction 1.1 % water. These expected values were used to determine the
X1.2.1 In view of the economic importance of measuring accuracy of the test procedures.
the water content of crude oils precisely and accurately, a X1.3.2 Sample Preparation:
working group of API/ASTM Joint Subcommittee on Static X1.3.2.1 The crude oils were received from the suppliers in
Petroleum Measurement undertook the evaluation of two barrels. After mixing by rolling and turning, two 5-gal samples
methods for determining water in crudes. A distillation method, and one 250-mL sample were taken from each barrel. The
Test Method D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5), and a centrifuge Minas crude had to be heated to 150°F with a barrel heater
method, Test Method D 1796 (API MPMS Chapter 10.6), were before samples could be drawn. The 250-mL samples of each

7
 D 4007 – 02 (2006)
TABLE X1.1 Base Case—Water Content of Crudes TABLE X1.3 Determination of Water in Crude Oils, % H2O
Crude Oil % H2O Expected Distillation Centrifuge
San Ardo 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.79
Arabian Light 0.15 0.0 0.04 0.05
Alaskan 0.25 0.40 0.42 0.021
Arabian Heavy 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.12
Minas 0.50 0.25 0.21 0.13
Fosterton 0.30 1.05 0.86 0.78
Nigerian <0.05 0.25 0.21 0.14
0.45 0.39 0.32
1.05 0.92 0.98
0.10 0.11 0.04
crude, as received, were used to establish the base case in water 0.0 0.06 0.02
0.10 0.18 0.10
content. Each sample was analyzed by Test Method D 95 (API 0.50 0.45 0.34
MPMS Chapter 10.5) to determine the water content. These 0.60 0.53 0.47
starting points are shown in Table X1.1. 1.00 0.96 0.97
0.30 0.18 0.07
X1.3.2.2 To obtain “water-free” samples of crude oil, one 0.50 0.33 0.20
5-gal sample of each of two crudes was distilled over the 1.10 0.86 0.77
temperature range of initial to 300°F vapor temperature. This 0.05 0.02 0.01
0.45 0.35 0.32
distillation was done using a 15 theoretical plate column at 1:1 0.85 0.65 0.65
reflux ratio.
X1.3.2.3 “Spiking” samples to a known water concentration
was done using synthetic sea water (as described in Test
X1.3.3 Test Modifications—The base methods studied were
Method D 665). The mixing and homogenization was done
modified slightly in an effort to improve the performance. The
with a static blender. The complete listing of samples with their
modifications were as follows:
expected water contents is shown in Table X1.2.
X1.3.3.1 Test Method D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5)—
X1.3.2.4 The samples for each cooperator were bottled so
Sample size was standardized at 200 g and the solvent volume
that the entire sample had to be used for a given test. In this
was increased to maintain the original solvent/sample ratio.
way, any effect due to settling or stratification of water was
X1.3.3.2 Test Method D 1796 (API MPMS Chapter
eliminated.
10.6)—A heated centrifuge (held near 140°F) and use of a
X1.3.2.5 Samples were coded to mask the presence of
demulsifier were mandatory. Eight-inch centrifuge tubes were
duplicates and a table of random numbers dictated the running
also specified. Toluene saturated with water at 60°C (140°F)
order of tests.
was the only permissible solvent. The demulsifier used was a
X1.3.2.6 The participating laboratories were:
Tret-O-Lite material, F65.6
Chevron Research Co.
Exxon Research and Engineering Co.
Mobil Research and Development Corp.
X1.4 Results and Discussion
Texaco, Inc. X1.4.1 Accuracy:
Shell
Charles Martin, Inc. X1.4.1.1 Accuracy or bias is defined as the closeness of the
Gulf Research and Development Co. measured value to the “true value.” Since there is no indepen-
dent absolute method available to determine this true value for
these samples, some other means must be used. Two options
TABLE X1.2 Water Content of Crude Oil Samples
were considered:
Crude Source %H2O
(1) Select one laboratory and one method as the “refer-
Found Added Expect ence system” and define these results as the true value; or
San Ardo 0.90 0 0.90 (2) Spike samples with known amounts of water. The
dried 0.0 measured difference between the original and unspiked
dried + 0.4 0.40
Arabian Light 0.15 0 0.15 samples can be compared to the known added water to
0.10 0.25 determine the bias (accuracy). Both approaches were investi-
0.90 1.05
Alaskan 0.25 0 0.25
gated in this study.
0.20 0.45 X1.4.1.2 Since API MPMS Chapter 10.4 defines the base
0.80 1.05 method as a combination of Test Method D 95 (API MPMS
Arabian Heavy 0.10 0 0.10
dried 0.0
Chapter 10.5) and Test Method D 473 (API MPMS Chapter
dried + 0.1 0.10 10.1), it was decided that data obtained by Test Method D 95
Minas 0.50 0 0.50 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) in one laboratory would be the “true
0.10 0.60
0.50 1.00
value.” Table X1.3 shows the expected value compared to each
Fosterton 0.30 0 0.30 sample average using this criterion. Both methods are biased
0.20 0.50
0.80 1.10
Nigerian 0.05 0 <0.05
6
0.40 0.45 Tret-O-Lite is a registered trademark of Tretolite Div., Petrolite Corp., 369
0.80 0.85 Marshall Ave., St. Louis, MO. Even though Tret-O-Lite F65 was used during the
round robin, there are many demulsifiers on the market that may be useful.

8
 D 4007 – 02 (2006)
TABLE X1.4 Corrections to be Applied to Measured Values to X1.4.2 Precision:
Obtain “True’’ Water Content
X1.4.2.1 To estimate the precision of the tests, the data were
Method Laboratory Correction
analyzed following the ASTM guidelines published as a
D 1796 (API MPMS Chapter 10.6) C + 0.15260.095 research report.7
Centrifuge E + 0.02960.125
M + 0.19660.135 X1.4.2.2 Seven laboratories participated in the round robin.
T + 0.19660.100 Basic sediment and water was measured on 21 crude oil
S + 0.16060.122
I + 0.11660.126
samples in duplicate by the distillation test method, Test
G + 0.12160.115 Method D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) and the centrifuge test
Average + 0.132 method, Test Method D 1796 (API MPMS Chapter 10.6). The
D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) C + 0.77760.082
Distillation E + 0.04860.078
raw data are presented in Table X1.6.
M + 0.08260.077 X1.4.3 Test for Outliers—Procedures for rejecting outliers
T + 0.06460.079 recommended in ASTM RR:D02–1007, “Manual on Determin-
S + 0.07760.107
I + 0.06160.112 ing Precision Data for ASTM Methods on Petroleum Products
G + 0.07260.096 and Lubricants,” were followed.
Average + 0.069
X1.4.3.1 Distillation Method—The following table lists the
outliers rejected and the substituted values:
Laboratory Sample Rejected Value Substituted Value
1 14 0.75 0.53
on the low side. However, the distillation test method, Test 3 3 0.35, 0.54 0.445
Method D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) appears less biased 2 11 0.34 0.06
6 13 0.66 0.45
than the centrifuge method. Since the bias is not the same in 6 15 1.37 0.85
every laboratory (Table X1.4), it is not possible to recommend
inclusion of a correction factor in the methods. This data X1.4.3.2 Centrifuge Method—The data from Laboratory 5
treatment suggests that the centrifuge method, on the average, were rejected outright because incorrect-size centrifuge tubes
yields results about 0.06 % lower than the distillation method. were used (letter, Shell Oil to E. N. Davis, cc: Tom Hewitt,
The respective biases are −0.13 for the centrifuge method and February 9, 1979). Statistical tests showed that Laboratory 5’s
−0.07 for the distillation method. data did not belong to the same population as the other data.
X1.4.1.3 A more reliable estimate of bias may be obtained if (1) Laboratory 2’s data were also suspect and did not
consideration is given only to those samples to which water appear to belong to the same population as the other data.
was added. In this case, the measured differences between the However, it was learned that Laboratory 2’s results were
unspiked sample and the spiked sample compared to the actual closest to actual levels of water added to the samples. There is,
water added would be indicative of the bias. Table X1.5 shows therefore, a dilemma on whether or not to reject Laboratory 2’s
these differences for each method. On this basis the centrifuge data. As a compromise, precision was calculated with and
bias has improved slightly, while the distillation method bias is without Laboratory 2’s results. The following table lists the
about the same. The difference between the two methods is outliers rejected and the substituted values when Laboratory
now 0.04 rather than 0.06. It should be noted that bias is 2’s results are retained:
greatest with both methods at higher water content. Laboratory Sample Rejected Value Substituted Value
2 2 0.19 0.06
2 7 0.42 0.20
2 21 0.85 0.61
6 6 0.65 0.85
TABLE X1.5 Bias of Methods Estimated from Spiked Samples
6 15 1.59, 1.44 0.922
D 95 (API MPMS Chapter D 1796 (API MPMS Chapter
Water Added,A % 10.5) 10.6) (2) With Laboratory 2’s results omitted, only Laboratory 6’s
Found D Found D results listed above were rejected.
0.10 0.10 0 0.05 −0.05 X1.4.4 Calculation of Repeatability and Reproducibility:
0.10 0.08 −0.02 0.00 −0.10
0.10 0.10 0 0.10 0
X1.4.4.1 Repeatability and reproducibility were obtained by
0.20 0.16 −0.04 0.16 −0.04 fitting curves of the appropriate precision of the results on each
0.20 0.15 −0.05 0.12 0.00 sample versus the mean value of each sample. An equation of
0.40 0.39 −0.01 0.16 −0.24
0.40 0.33 −0.07 0.30 −0.10
the form:
0.50 0.49 −0.01 0.52 + 0.02
S 5 A x̄~1 2 e2bx̄ ! (X1.1)
0.80 0.70 −0.10 0.73 −0.07
0.80 0.70 −0.10 0.70 −0.10
0.80 0.64 −0.16 0.63 −0.17
0.90 0.76 −0.14 0.69 −0.21
Average −0.06 −0.10 7
This research report was filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be
A
Equal water additions shown are to different crude oils. obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02–1007.

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TABLE X1.6 Round-Robin Results of Water in Crude Oils by ASTM D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) and ASTM D 1796 (API MPMS
Chapter 10.6)
Distillation Test Method ASTM D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5)

Labora- Samples
tories 1 9 15 6 18 2 11 19 3 8 13 14 17 20 21 4 5 7 10 12 16
1 0.86 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.88 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.40 0.39 0.46 0.75 0.25 0.35 0.67 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.16 0.13 0.18
0.86 0.92 0.92 0.86 0.85 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.39 0.40 0.46 0.53 0.38 0.33 0.66 0.09 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.15

2 0.90 0.94 0.99 0.90 0.90 0.05 0.34 0.04 0.43 0.40 0.48 0.53 0.39 0.35 0.70 0.09 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.11 0.20
0.91 0.94 1.00 0.92 0.90 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.48 0.40 0.47 0.58 0.36 0.30 0.69 0.11 0.24 0.25 0.19 0.14 0.20

3 0.80 0.94 0.98 0.85 0.90 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.38 0.45 0.43 0.35 0.33 0.65 0.07 0.20 0.23 0.18 0.05 0.15
0.85 0.94 0.88 0.83 0.90 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.54 0.40 0.43 0.55 0.33 0.33 0.65 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.15 0.07 0.16

4 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.88 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.52 0.35 0.35 0.66 0.10 0.19 0.23 0.18 0.10 0.20
0.93 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.90 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.42 0.39 0.43 0.52 0.33 0.35 0.67 0.10 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.11 0.19

5 0.87 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.51 0.23 0.39 0.65 0.11 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.16 0.20
0.86 0.92 0.83 0.80 0.80 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.39 0.40 0.37 0.47 0.35 0.35 0.60 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.18 0.16

6 0.98 0.94 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.58 0.39 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.38 0.61 0.11 0.24 0.23 0.20 0.07 0.24
1.01 0.94 1.37 0.84 0.89 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.48 0.80 0.66 0.56 0.30 0.39 0.66 0.13 0.25 0.24 0.21 0.05 0.18

7 0.91 0.88 0.97 0.85 0.80 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.42 0.40 0.41 0.53 0.34 0.36 0.64 0.05 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.18
0.97 0.92 1.03 0.84 0.80 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.39 0.35 0.45 0.47 0.35 0.38 0.65 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.15 0.11 0.15
Centrifuge Test Method D 1796 (API MPMS Chapter 10.6)

Labora- Samples
tories 1 9 15 6 18 2 11 19 3 8 13 14 17 20 21 4 5 7 10 12 16
1 0.82 0.90 0.87 0.80 0.70 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.23 0.25 0.38 0.48 0.19 0.27 0.65 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02
0.79 0.89 0.88 0.81 0.74 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.23 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.17 0.29 0.61 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.04

2 1.03 1.09 1.06 0.74 0.95 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.19 0.40 0.50 0.58 0.38 0.45 0.61 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.06 0.20
0.88 1.11 1.12 0.74 1.00 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.31 0.43 0.58 0.60 0.34 0.50 0.85 0.21 0.37 0.42 0.17 0.06 0.04

3 0.65 0.80 0.90 0.70 0.70 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.30 0.30 0.42 0.06 0.20 0.60 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.02
0.60 0.85 0.90 0.60 0.70 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.10 0.34 0.40 0.50 0.10 0.20 0.45 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.02

4 0.73 0.95 0.88 0.85 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.27 0.33 0.46 0.15 0.30 0.63 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.05
0.79 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.27 0.40 0.45 0.15 0.27 0.55 0.00 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.00 0.05

5 0.69 1.55 0.51 0.87 0.83 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.18 0.21 0.16 0.30 0.21 0.39 0.72 0.75 0.13 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.05
0.76 1.10 0.87 0.93 0.41 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.30 0.54 0.20 0.07 0.19 0.01 0.69 0.06 0.11 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.12

6 0.72 0.75 1.59 0.85 0.65 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.35 0.33 0.25 0.52 0.20 0.45 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.86 0.90 1.44 0.65 0.65 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.32 0.25 0.38 0.52 0.25 0.38 0.80 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.05 0.10

7 0.88 1.00 0.85 0.85 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.25 0.23 0.63 0.10 0.18 0.25 0.20 0.00 0.18
0.90 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.35 0.30 0.35 0.13 0.25 0.60 0.18 0.20 0.30 0.15 0.00 0.10

where: pooled across the laboratories. The standard deviation for

S = precision, reproducibility was calculated from the variance of the mean
x̄ = sample mean, and values of each pair. This variance is equal to the sum of two
A and b = are constants. variances, the variance sL2 due to differences between labora-
was found to best fit the data. The values of the constants A tories and the variance due to repeatability error sL2 divided by
and b were calculated by regression analysis of the linear the number of replicates:
logarithmic equation: sr2 5 sr2/n 1 sL 2~n 5 2! (X1.3)
2bx̄
log S 5 log A / log ~1 2 e ! (X1.2) Using the data calculated above for each sample, the values
X1.4.4.2 The standard deviation for repeatability for each listed in Table X1.7 for the constants in Eq X1.1 were obtained.
sample was calculated from pair-wise (repeat pairs) variances The values of precision calculated by Eq X1.1 were multiplied

TABLE X1.7 Constants (see Eq X1.1)

Distillation Method Centrifuge Method
7 Laboratories 6 Laboratories 5 Laboratories
Constant Repeatability Reproducibility Repeatability Reproducibility Repeatability Reproducibility
b 47.41 47.41 11.23 11.23 17.87 17.87
A 0.2883 0.0380 0.0441 0.1043 0.0437 0.0658

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 D 4007 – 02 (2006)
by 2.828 ~2 3 =2! to convert them to the ASTM-defined X1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
repeatability and reproducibility. X1.5.1 Data obtained in seven-laboratory round robin on
X1.4.4.3 The curves of repeatability and reproducibility for measurement of basic sediment and water by the distillation
the distillation method in the range 0 to 0.09 % water are test method, Test Method D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) and
shown in Fig. X1.1. These data are also tabulated in Table the centrifuge test method, Test Method D 1796 (API MPMS
X1.8. The curves for the centrifuge method in the range 0 to Chapter 10.6) in 21 crude oil samples were examined. The
0.2 % water are shown in Fig. X1.2 (five-laboratory case) and conclusions are:
Fig. X1.3 (six-laboratory case). X1.5.1.1 Distillation Method:
X1.4.4.4 For higher levels of water the limiting repeatabili- (1) Precision is related to water content up to about 0.10 %
ties and reproducibilities are listed in Table X1.9. water.
(2) In the range from 0.01 to 0.10, repeatability varies from
X1.4.4.5 It should be pointed out that at the lowest water
0.020 to 0.078 and reproducibility from 0.041 to 0.105.
levels, the precision “statements” for some of the analyses do
(3) Above 0.1 % water, the repeatability is 0.08 and the
not permit any pair of results to be considered suspect. This is
reproducibility is 0.11.
because the precision interval exceeds twice the mean value.
X1.5.1.2 Centrifuge Method:
For example, in Fig. X1.1, the repeatability at 0.03 % water is
(1) Repeatability is related to water content up to about
0.061 %. It is not possible to observe a difference of more than 0.2 % water and reproducibility up to about 0.3 %.
0.06 and still average 0.03. Thus, a pair of observations of 0.00 (2) In the range 0.01 to 0.2, repeatability varies from 0.01
and 0.06 are acceptable. to 0.11 and reproducibility in the range 0.02 to 0.3 from 0.03
X1.4.4.6 Analyses of variance were performed on the data to 0.28.
without regard to any functionality between water level and X1.5.2 It is recommended that:
precision. The following repeatabilities and reproducibilities X1.5.2.1 Precision should be presented as a graph in the
were found: range where precision varies with water content.
Method Repeatability Reproducibility X1.5.2.2 Precision should be presented as a statement where
Distillation (seven laboratories) 0.08 0.11
Centrifuge (six laboratories) 0.12 0.28
the precision is constant.
X1.5.3 In view of what appears to be lower bias and better
These values are almost exactly the same as the limiting precision, Test Method D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) should
values obtained by curve fitting. be the specified method for use in critical situations.

FIG. X1.1 Basic Sediment and Water Precision for ASTM Test Method D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) Distillation (Based on Seven
Laboratories)

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 D 4007 – 02 (2006)
TABLE X1.8 ASTM Precision Intervals: ASTM D 95 (API MPMS
Chapter 10.5) (7 Laboratories)
% Water Repeatability Reproducibility % Water
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.005 0.017 0.023 0.005
0.010 0.030 0.041 0.010
0.015 0.041 0.055 0.015
0.020 0.049 0.066 0.020
0.025 0.056 0.075 0.025
0.030 0.061 0.082 0.030
0.035 0.065 0.087 0.035
0.040 0.068 0.091 0.040
0.045 0.071 0.095 0.045
0.050 0.073 0.097 0.050
0.055 0.074 0.100 0.055
0.060 0.075 0.101 0.060
0.065 0.076 0.103 0.065
0.070 0.077 0.104 0.070
0.075 0.078 0.104 0.075
0.080 0.078 0.105 0.080
0.085 0.079 0.106 0.085
0.090 0.079 0.106 0.090
0.095 0.079 0.106 0.095
0.100 0.079 0.107 0.100
0.105 0.079 0.107 0.105
0.110 0.080 0.107 0.110
0.115 0.080 0.107 0.115
0.120 0.080 0.107 0.120
0.125 0.080 0.107 0.125
0.130 0.080 0.107 0.130

FIG. X1.2 Basic Sediment and Water Precision for ASTM Test Method D 1796 (API MPMS Chapter 10.6) Centrifuge (Based on Five
Laboratories)

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 D 4007 – 02 (2006)

FIG. X1.3 Basic Sediment and Water Precision for ASTM Test Method D 1796 (API MPMS Chapter 10.6) Centrifuge (Based on Six
Laboratories)

TABLE X1.9 Limiting Repeatabilities and Reproducibilities

Repeatability Reproducibility

Method Range of Range of

Value, Value,
Concentration, Concentration,
% %
% %
Distillation $0.085 0.08 $0.085 0.105
Centrifuge $0.155 0.12 $0.325 0.19
(five-laboratory case)
Centrifuge $0.235 0.12 $0.315 0.29
(six-laboratory case)

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