Report Final Grount Nut Harvesting Machine

Ground Nut Harvesting Machine
Abstract
The most of land in India is use for the purpose of agriculture since the origin of
humanity groundnuts is highly cultivated. It is rich in protein and oil and has a large
energy value. The groundnut is used as a food and cooking oil. At present there is lock of
workers in the field of agriculture .Harvesting of groundnut is a major problem people go
for other sources of oil extraction .those oils various effect on health of human being. To
overcome issues, it is decided to design a groundnut harvesting machine will be sample
in operation more economical one and can be handled easily in our agricultural
fields .this project describes about the design &fabrication of a simple groundnut
harvesting machine.
Page 1
Index
Chapter No. Title of the Chapter Page No.
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1 1.2 Objective
1.3 Problem Definition
1.4 Scope of Project
2 Literature Review
3 Construction & Working of Project
4 Design of the Project
5 Manufacturing process of the project
6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Application of project
7 Cost estimation of the project
8 Project flow chart
9 Future Scope
10 Conclusion
Reference
Page 2
Chapter-1
Introduction:-
1.1 Introduction
Harvesting and threshing of groundnut are the most important and labour
intensive operations in groundnut cultivation. Present practice of manual harvesting
and threshing consumes huge amount of labour to the magnitude of 84 man-h ha-.
During peak seasons, due to non-availability of labour in time, delay in harvesting
and threshing resulted in heavy loss to the farmer. In addition, the migration of
agricultural labour force from the rural areas aggravated the problems to the
farmers. One of the solution for increasing the profit and productivity is to
mechanize both harvesting and threshing operations in groundnut cultivation. For
mechanizing these operations, power operated groundnut harvesters, and ground
threshers have been developed. Even though the harvesters and threshers have been.
Developed, their adoption level is very low due to varying power requirements and
individual operation leads to the requirement of separate machine. Hence a machine
similar to the rice/wheat combine is the present need of the farmers through which
harvesting and threshing of groundnut crop could be taken up simultaneously.
Sensing the success of rice/wheat combine, the development of a tractor operated
groundnut combine was contemplated.
Harvesting and threshing of groundnut are the most important operations in
groundnut cultivation. During peak seasons, due to the non-availability of labour in
time, delay in harvesting and threshing results in heavy loss to the farmer. For
alleviating the labour problems during peak seasons and for accomplishing the
timeliness of operation an attempt was made to develop a groundnut combine
harvester. As the combine harvester has to perform the dual operations viz.,
harvesting and threshing, the groundnut harvesting mechanism, conveyors and
threshing mechanism have to be mounted integrally to carry out harvesting and
threshing simultaneously.
Page 3
1.2 Objective of the project

 To understand the basic principal of the our project
 Describe the construction and working of various parts of our project
 Development of the working model of the our project
 To reduce time spent on this activity.
 To analyze the technology according to needs and capabilities.
1.3 Problem Definition

Ground nut digger and thresher machine is not available due to require more
labour and labour shortage problem in every country
1.4 Scope of Project

To develop a machine that helps in easy and quick threshing
To provide the alternative method for threshing.
To reduce human efforts.
To reduce the cost anyone can use and easy to operate.
Page 4
Chapter-2
Literature Review
Moayad B. Zaied and et al., presented the A Powered groundnut harvesting machine
was designed and fabricated. The optimum machine diggers were selected using
computer simulation method in ANSYS 11 program. The machine was tested in sandy
and clayey sand soil. It was found that the effective time and total time recorded by the
machine in sandy soil were lower than in clayey sand soil by 0.050 hr. Fuel consumption
rate in sandy soil was lower than that in clayey sand soil by 0.7 L / ha. Machine field
speed in sandy soil was higher than speed in clayey sand soil by 0.69 km / hr, it was also
found that the values of machine theoretical field capacity, effective field capacity in
sandy soil were higher than the values in clayey sand soil by 0.061 ha / h and 0.048 ha / h
respectively while field efficiency in clayey sand soil was higher than that in sandy soil
by 1.2 %. The differences were significant at 0.05 level and it can be concluded that the
machine is efficient in harvesting the groundnut crop particularly in clayey sand soil.
Hydraulic system and gear box were needed to enhance maneuverability and to control
the digging speed of the machine.
Harshal D. Farkade and et al., presented the In India, most of land use for the
agricultural purpose which produces semi-finished product or goods. Around 65% of
people depend on agriculture as the main occupation. Groundnut is also one of the
agricultural semi-finished goods. Among the many fast-growing cash crops, small
farmers have always looked after groundnut as the main crop to cultivate, but the major
problem in growing the groundnut crop is harvesting and threshing .Digging or pulling of
groundnuts from the soul is a labourers and time consuming process. One of the solutions
for increasing the profit and productivity is to mechanize both harvesting and threshing
operations in groundnut cultivation. For mechanizing these operations, tractor operated
groundnut harvesters, and ground threshers have been developed. Hence a machine
similar to the rice/wheat combine is the present need of the farmers through which
harvesting and threshing of groundnut crop could be taken up simultaneously. Sensing
the success of a combine harvester and thresher for rice/wheat, we have decided to
Page 5
develop and fabricate a combine harvester and thresher machine for the cultivation of
groundnut.
G. Kannan and et. al., presented the most of land in India is use for the purpose of
agriculture since the origin of humanity groundnuts is highly cultivated. It is rich in
protein and oil and has a large energy value. The groundnut is used as a food and cooking
oil. At present there is lock of workers in the field of agriculture .Harvesting of groundnut
is a major problem people go for other sources of oil extraction .those oils various effect
on health of human being. To overcome issues, it is decided to design a groundnut
harvesting machine will be sample in operation more economical one and can be handled
easily in our agricultural fields .this project describes about the design &fabrication of a
simple groundnut harvesting machine.
D. Sarathkumar presented the Powered groundnut harvesting system turned into

designed and fabricated. The most efficient device diggers were selected. Agricultural
production must double via 2050 that allows you to meet the anticipated food call for
because of population increase. Precision agriculture is the important thing to enhance
productiveness and efficiency within the use of assets, as a result supporting to reap this
intention underneath the numerous demanding situations currently faced by using
agriculture in particular because of climate changes, land degradation, availability of
farmable land, labour pressure shortage, and growing cost. Here we have proposed a
modern technology for groundnut harvesting. In this project paper, we are going to plug
the ground nut crop and separate the ground nut from the crop using blades and the
separated ground nut is collected in tray. This process is carried out by motors and relays
and the whole system is controlled by Atmega8 microcontroller.
Page 6
Chapter-3
Construction & Working of Project
3.1 Parts used in the project
1. PMDC Motor
In a DC motor, an armature rotates inside a magnetic field. The basic working principle
of a DC motor is based on the fact that whenever a current carrying conductor is placed
inside a magnetic field, there will be mechanical force experienced by that conductor. All
kinds of DC motors work under this principle. Hence for constructing a DC motor, it is
essential to establish a magnetic field. The magnetic field is established by using a
magnet. You can use different types of magnets – it may be an electromagnet or it can be
a permanent magnet
A Permanent Magnet DC motor (PMDC motor) is a type of DC motor that uses a
permanent magnet to create the magnetic field required for the operation of a DC motor.
Thus permanent magnet DC motor is used where there is no need to control the speed of
the motor (which is usually done by controlling the magnetic field). Small fractional and
sub-fractional KW motors are often constructed using a permanent magnet.
Construction of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor
As it is indicated in name of permanent magnet DC motor, the field poles of this motor
are essentially made of permanent magnet. A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts.
A stator and an armature. Here the stator which is a steel cylinder. The magnets are
mounted in the inner periphery of this cylinder.
Page 7
The permanent magnets are mounted in such a way that the N-pole and S-pole of each
magnet are alternatively faced towards armature as shown in the figure below. That
means, if N-pole of one magnet is faced towards armature then S-pole of very next
magnet is faced towards armature.
In addition to holding the magnet on its inner periphery, the steel cylindrical stator also
serves as low reluctance return path for the magnetic flux. Although field coil is not
required in permanent magnet DC motor still it is sometimes found that they are used
along with permanent magnet.
This is because if permanent magnets lose their strength, these lost magnetic strengths
can be compensated by field excitation through these field coils. Generally, rare earth
hard magnetic materials are used in these permanent magnets.
The rotor of a PMDC motor is similar to other DC motors. The rotor or armature of a
permanent magnet DC motor also consists of a core, windings, and Commutator.
Armature core is made of a number of varnishes insulated, slotted circular lamination of
Page 8
steel sheets. By fixing these circular steel sheets one by one, a cylindrical shaped slotted
armature core is formed. The varnish insulated laminated steel sheets are used to reduce
eddy current loss in armature of permanent magnet DC motor. These slots on the outer
periphery of the armature core are used for housing armature conductors in them. The
armature conductors are connected in a suitable manner which gives rise to armature
winding. The end terminals of the winding are connected to the Commutator segments
placed on the motor shaft. Like other DC motors, carbon or graphite brushes are placed
with spring pressure on the Commutator segments to supply current to the armature.
2. on/ off switch:

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with
one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set
of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching
and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and
the switch is no conducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two
states (open or closed) is usually (there are other types of actions) either an "alternate
action" (flip the switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push for "on" and
release for "off") type.
A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as

a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch.
Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for
example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a
Page 9
machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by
process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting
as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example,
a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch
that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be
remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate
electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked
if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to
prevent electric shock.
An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits on
voltage or current rating. It would have zero rise time and fall time during state changes,
and would change state without "bouncing" between on and off positions.
Practical switches fall short of this ideal; as the result of roughness and oxide films, they
exhibit contact resistance, limits on the current and voltage they can handle, finite
switching time, etc. The ideal switch is often used in circuit analysis as it greatly
simplifies the system of equations to be solved, but this can lead to a less accurate
solution. Theoretical treatment of the effects of non-ideal properties is required in the
design of large networks of switches, as for example used in telephone exchanges.
3. Wires:
A wire is a single usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to
bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly
formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in
various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number. The term 'wire' is also
used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in "multistranded wire", which
is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.
Page 10
4. Solar Panel:
A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module or solar panel is an
assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation. Solar panels
use sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity. A collection of
PV modules is called a PV panel, and a system of PV panels is called an array. Arrays of
a photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to electrical equipment.
Page 11
Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells
or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can be either the top
layer or the back layer. Cells must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available.
The cells are usually connected electrically in series, one to another to the desired
voltage, and then in parallel to increase current. The power (in watts) of the module is the
mathematical product of the voltage (in volts) and the current (in amperes) of the module.
The manufacturing specifications on solar panels are obtained under standard condition,
which is not the real operating condition the solar panels are exposed to on the
installation site.
A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its output
interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors to
facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. A USB power interface
Page 12
can also be used. Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components,
brackets, reflector shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structure.
Arrays of PV modules
A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations
contain multiple modules adding voltages or current to the wiring and PV system. A
photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter,
a battery pack for energy storage, charge controller, interconnection wiring, circuit
breakers, fuses, disconnect switches, voltage meters, and optionally a solar
tracking mechanism. Equipment is carefully selected to optimize output, energy storage,
reduce power loss during power transmission, and conversion from direct current to
alternating current.
5. Battery:
An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections for powering electrical devices.
When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will
flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is
connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to
lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit
as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device
composed of multiple cells; however, the usage has evolved to include devices composed
of a single cell.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as
the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example is
the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic
devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple
times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be
restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles
and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and mobile phones.
Page 13
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing
aids and wristwatches to, at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that
provide standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than
common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher
efficiency of electric motors in converting electrical energy to mechanical work,
compared to combustion engines
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy. In many cases, the
electrical energy released is the difference in the cohesive or bond energies of the metals,
oxides, or molecules undergoing the electrochemical reaction. [3] For instance, energy can
be stored in Zn or Li, which are high-energy metals because they are not stabilized by d-
electron bonding, unlike transition metals. Batteries are designed so that the energetically
favorable redox reaction can occur only when electrons move through the external part of
the circuit.
A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-
cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing metal cations. One half-
cell includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to
which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes electrolyte
and the positive electrode, to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate. Cations are
reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while metal atoms are oxidized (electrons
are removed) at the anode.[16] Some cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell; then
a separator is used to prevent mixing of the electrolytes while allowing ions to flow
between half-cells to complete the electrical circuit.
Page 14
Each half-cell has an electromotive force (emf, measured in volts) relative to a standard.

The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells. The electrical
driving force across the terminals of a cell is known as the terminal voltage
(difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither
charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell.
Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller
in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is
charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. [21] An ideal cell has negligible internal
resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then
dropping to zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and produce a charge of
one coulomb then on complete discharge it would have performed 1.5 joules of work.
In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge and the open-circuit
[19]
voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against
time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to
the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.
6. Wheels:
A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel
is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple
machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily
facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in
Page 15
machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering
wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.
Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly
reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order
for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by
way of gravity or by the application of another external force or torque. Using the
wheel, Sumerians invented a contraption that spins clay as a potter shapes it into the
desired object
The place and time of the invention of the wheel remains unclear, because the oldest hints
do not guarantee the existence of real wheeled transport, or are dated with too much
scatter. Mesopotamian civilization is credited with the invention of the wheel. However,
unlike other breakthrough inventions, the wheel cannot be attributed to a single nor
several inventors. Evidence of early usage of wheeled carts have been found across
the Middle East, in Europe, Eastern Europe, and China. It is not known whether Chinese
and Europeans invented the wheel independently or not.
Spokes
A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel
(the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface.
The term originally referred to portions of a log which had been split lengthwise into four
or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke
(from a log) into their finished shape. A spokeshave is a tool originally developed for this
purpose. Eventually, the term spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product
of the wheelwright's work, than to the materials used.
Wire
The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by
wire spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they
function mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while
supporting applied loads.
Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles. They were
invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by James
Starley. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheel building.
Page 16
7. Nut / Bolts:
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in
conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept
together by a combination of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a
slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.
In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking
mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread-locking
fluid such as Loctite, safety pins (split pins) or lockwire in conjunction with castellated
nuts, nylon inserts (nyloc nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads.
Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be the most
common largely because they were much easier to manufacture, especially by hand.
While rare today[when?] due to the reasons stated below for the preference of hexagonal
nuts, they are occasionally used in some situations when a maximum amount of torque
and grip is needed for a given size: the greater length of each side allows a spanner to be
applied with a larger surface area and more leverage at the nut.
The most common shape today is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt head: six
sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots),
but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off. It takes only
one sixth of a rotation to obtain the next side of the hexagon and grip is optimal.
However, polygons with more than six sides do not give the requisite grip and polygons
with fewer than six sides take more time to be given a complete rotation. Other
specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wingnuts for finger adjustment and
captive nuts (e.g. cage nuts) for inaccessible areas.
A wide variety of nuts exists, from household hardware versions to specialized industry-
specific designs that are engineered to meet various technical standards. Fasteners used in
automotive, engineering, and industrial applications usually need to be tightened to a
specific torque setting, using a torque wrench. Nuts are graded with strength ratings
compatible with their respective bolts; for example, an ISO property class 10 nut will be
able to support the bolt proof strength load of an ISO property class 10.9 bolt without
Page 17
stripping. Likewise, an SAE class 5 nut can support the proof load of an SAE class 5 bolt,
and so on.
A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread requiring a matching

pre-formed female thread such as a nut. Bolts are very closely related to screws
8. Chain
Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for
transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural
machinery, including conveyors, wire- and tube-drawing machines, printing
presses, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles. It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers
held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket. It is a
simple,[1] reliable, and efficient[2] means of power transmission.
There are two types of links alternating in the bush roller chain. The first type is inner
links, having two inner plates held together by two sleeves or bushings upon which rotate
two rollers. Inner links alternate with the second type, the outer links, consisting of two
outer plates held together by pins passing through the bushings of the inner links. The
"bushingless" roller chain is similar in operation though not in construction; instead of
separate bushings or sleeves holding the inner plates together, the plate has a tube
stamped into it protruding from the hole which serves the same purpose. This has the
advantage of removing one step in assembly of the chain.
Page 18
The roller chain design reduces friction compared to simpler designs, resulting in higher
efficiency and less wear. The original power transmission chain varieties lacked rollers
and bushings, with both the inner and outer plates held by pins which directly contacted
the sprocket teeth; however this configuration exhibited extremely rapid wear of both the
sprocket teeth, and the plates where they pivoted on the pins. This problem was partially
solved by the development of bushed chains, with the pins holding the outer plates
passing through bushings or sleeves connecting the inner plates. This distributed the wear
over a greater area; however the teeth of the sprockets still wore more rapidly than is
desirable, from the sliding friction against the bushings. The addition of rollers
surrounding the bushing sleeves of the chain and provided rolling contact with the teeth
of the sprockets resulting in excellent resistance to wear of both sprockets and chain as
well. There is even very low friction, as long as the chain is sufficiently lubricated.
Continuous, clean, lubrication of roller chains is of primary importance for efficient
operation as well as correct tensioning.
9. Freewheel
In mechanical or automotive engineering, a freewheel or overrunning clutch is a device in
a transmission that disengages the driveshaft from the driven shaft when the driven shaft
rotates faster than the driveshaft. An overdrive is sometimes mistakenly called a
freewheel, but is otherwise unrelated.
Page 19
The condition of a driven shaft spinning faster than its driveshaft exists in
most bicycles when the rider stops pedaling. In a fixed-gear bicycle, without a freewheel,
the rear wheel drives the pedals around.
An analogous condition exists in an automobile with a manual transmission going
downhill, or any situation where the driver takes their foot off the gas pedal, closing
the throttle: the wheels drive the engine, possibly at a higher RPM. In a two-stroke
engine, this can be catastrophic—as many two stroke engines depend on
a fuel/oil mixture for lubrication, a shortage of fuel to the engine starves oil from
the cylinders, and the pistons can soon seize, causing extensive damage. Saab used a
freewheel system in their two-stroke models for this reason and maintained it in the Saab
96 V4 and early Saab 99 for better fuel efficiency.
The simplest freewheel device consists of two saw-toothed, spring-loaded discs pressing
against each other with the toothed sides together, somewhat like a ratchet. Rotating in
one direction, the saw teeth of the drive disc lock with the teeth of the driven disc,
making it rotate at the same speed. If the drive disc slows down or stops rotating, the
teeth of the driven disc slip over the drive disc teeth and continue rotating, producing a
characteristic clicking sound proportionate to the speed difference of the driven gear
relative to that of the (slower) driving gear.
Page 20
A more sophisticated and rugged design has spring-loaded steel rollers inside a driven

cylinder. Rotating in one direction, the rollers lock with the cylinder making it rotate in
unison. Rotating slower, or in the other direction, the steel rollers just slip inside the
cylinder. Most bicycle freewheels use an internally step-toothed drum with two or more
spring-loaded, hardened steel pawls to transmit the load. More pawls help spread the
wear and give greater reliability although, unless the device is made to tolerances not
normally found in bicycle components, simultaneous engagement of more than two pawls
is rarely achieved.
10.Mild Steel. Pipe

A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross
section, used mainly to convey substances which can
flow liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids.
It can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight
than solid members.
In common usage the words pipe and tube are usually interchangeable, but in industry
and engineering, the terms are uniquely defined. Depending on the applicable standard to
which it is manufactured, pipe is generally specified by a nominal diameter with a
Page 21
constant outside diameter (OD) and a schedule that defines the thickness. Tube is most
often specified by the OD and wall thickness, but may be specified by any two of OD,
inside diameter (ID), and wall thickness. Pipe is generally manufactured to one of several
international and national industrial standards.[1] While similar standards exist for specific
industry application tubing, tube is often made to custom sizes and a broader range of
diameters and tolerances. Many industrial and government standards exist for the
production of pipe and tubing. The term "tube" is also commonly applied to non-
cylindrical sections, i.e., square or rectangular tubing. In general, "pipe" is the more
common term in most of the world, whereas "tube" is more widely used in the United
States.
Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose (or
hosepipe) is usually portable and flexible. Pipe assemblies are almost always constructed
with the use of fittings such as elbows, tees, and so on, while tube may be formed or bent
into custom configurations. For materials that are inflexible, cannot be formed, or where
construction is governed by codes or standards, tube assemblies are also constructed with
the use of tube fittings.
Page 22
3.2 Diagram of the project
Free wheel
Solar Panel 10 Watt

Chain Bicycle spoke rim 22 inch
D. C. Motor 12VDC
Battery 12VDC, 3Amp.
Frame Structure
3.3 Working of the project:

In this project one of the frame structure on which the bicycle rear wheel is
mounted on the horizontally with square tube. This wheel gives the drive through chain
drive and chain drive connected between motor and wheel. The motor is mounted on the
frame with nut bolt. The below the frame battery is mounted and upper side of frame the
solar panel mounted.
When the switch ON motor start rotating due to the bicycle rim start rotating
speedily at this time we put on the ground nut plant with ground and cut the ground nut
by bicycle spoke.
Chapter-4
Page 23
Design and design consideration of the project

4.1. Design consideration of the project
4.1.1 Introduction:
Project design may be defined as the iterative decision making activity to create a
plan or plans by which the available resources are converted, preferably optimally, into
systems, processes or devices to perform the desired functions and to meet human needs.
In fact project design has been defined in many ways but the simplest ways to define
project design as
“An iterative decision making process to conceive and implement optimum
systems to solve society’s problems and needs.”
Project design is practical in nature and must be concerned with physical
reliability, or economic and financial feasibility Design is essentially a decision-making
process. If we have a problem, we need to design a solution. In other words, to design is
to formulate a plan to satisfy a particular need and to create something with a physical
reality.
4.1.2 Basic concept of project design:
Decision making comes in every stage of design. Consider two cars of different
makes. They may both be reasonable cars and serve the same purpose but the designs are
different. The designers consider different factors and come to certain conclusions
leading to an optimum design. Market survey gives an indication of what people want.
Existing norms play an important role. Once a critical decision is made, the rest of the
design features follow. For example, once we decide the engine capacity, the shape and
size, then the subsequent course of the design would follow. A bad decision leads to a
bad design and a bad product.
Design may be for different products and with the present specialization and
knowledge bank, we have a long list of design disciplines e.g. ship design, building
design, process design, bridge design, clothing or fashion design and so
4.1.3 Types of project design:

There may be several types of design such as
Page 24
1. Adaptive design
This is based on existing design, for example, standard products or systems
adopted for a new application. Conveyor belts, control system of projects and
mechanisms or haulage systems are some of the examples where existing design systems
are adapted for a particular use.
2. Developmental designs
Here we start with an existing design but finally a modified design is obtained. A
new model of a car is a typical example of a developmental design.
3. New design
This type of design is an entirely new one but based on existing scientific
principles. No scientific invention is involved but requires creative thinking to solve a
problem. Examples of this type of design may include designing a small vehicle for
transportation of men and material on board a ship or in a desert. Some research activity
may be necessary.
 Types of design based on methods
4. Rational design:
This is based on determining the stresses and strains of components and thereby
deciding their dimensions.
5. Empirical design:
This is based on empirical formulae which in turn are based on experience and
experiments. For example, when we tighten a nut on a bolt the force exerted or the
stresses induced cannot be determined exactly but experience shows that the tightening
force may be given by P=284d where, d is the bolt diameter in mm and P is the applied
force in kg. There is no mathematical backing of this equation but it is based on
observations and experience.
6. Industrial design:
These are based on industrial considerations and norms viz. market survey,
external look, production facilities, low cost, use of existing standard products.
4.1.4 Factors to be considered in project design

There are many factors to be considered while attacking a design problem. In many
Page 25
cases these are a common sense approach to solving a problem. Some of these factors are
as follows:
(a) What device or mechanism to be used? This would decide the relative
arrangement of the constituent elements.
(b) Material
(c) Forces on the elements
(d) Size, shape and space requirements. The final weight of the product is also a
major concern.
(e) The method of manufacturing the components and their assembly.
(f) How will it operate?
(g) Reliability and safety aspects
(h) Inspectibility
(i) Maintenance, cost and aesthetics of the designed product.
 What device or mechanism to be used:

This is best judged by understanding the problem thoroughly. Sometimes a
particular function can be achieved by a number of means or by using different
mechanisms and the designer has to decide which one is most effective under the
circumstances. A rough design or layout diagram may be made to crystallize the thoughts
regarding the relative arrangement of the elements.
1. Material:
This is a very important aspect of any design. A wrong choice of material may
lead to failure, over or undersized product or expensive items. The choice of materials is
thus dependent on suitable properties of the material for each component, their suitability
of fabrication or manufacture and the cost.
2. Load:
The external loads cause internal stresses in the elements and these stresses must be
determined accurately since these will be used in determining the component size.
Loading may be due to:
i) Energy transmission by a project member.
ii) Dead weight.
Page 26
iii) Inertial forces.

iv) Thermal effects.
v) Frictional forces.
4.1.5. Steps in project design
Project Design or mechanical design is primarily concerned with the systems by
which the energy is converted into useful mechanical forms and of mechanisms required
to convert the output of the project to the desired form. The design may lead to an
entirely new project or an improvement on an existing one. Thus project design is the
production or creation of the right combination of correctly proportioned moving and
stationary components so constructed and joined as to enable the liberation,
transformation, and utilization of energy.
The basic procedure of project design (Mechanical Project Design) consists of a
step by step approach from given specifications of functional requirement of a product to
the complete description in the form of blue prints of the final product. The following
steps are involved:
First Step:
In the very first step a complete list of specifications for the functional
requirement of the product is to be prepared. The requirement may include, for example:
(a) Output capacity;
(b) Service life;
(c) Cost;
(d) Reliability; etc.
In consumer products, in addition appearance, noiseless operation, and simplicity in
control are important requirements. Depending upon the type of product, various
requirements are given Weight age and a priority list of specifications is prepared.
Second Step:
After a careful study of the requirements the designer prepares rough sketches of
different possible mechanisms of project and depending upon the cost competitiveness,
availability of raw material, and manufacturing facilities, the possible mechanisms are
Page 27
compared with each other and the designer selects the best possible mechanism for the
product
Third Step:
In the third step of the design procedure a block diagram is to be prepared which
showing the general layout of the selected configuration. In this step designer specifies
the joining methods, such as riveting, bolting, and welding to connect the individual
components. Rough sketches of shapes of individual parts are prepared.
Fourth Step:
 After selecting the required or deciding the configuration of mechanism / project
in third step above. The design of individual components of the selected
configuration is to be done in this step. It consists of the following stages:
 Determine the forces acting on each component;
 Selecting the proper material for the component depending upon the functional
requirement, such as strength, wear, rigidity, hardness and bearing properties etc.
 Determine the likely mode of failure & select the criterion of failure like, yield
strength, ultimate strength, deflection etc.
 Determine the geometric dimensions of the components using suitable factor of
safety and modify the dimensions from manufacturing considerations. This stage
involves the detailed stress analysis.
Fifth Step:
The last stage in design process is to prepare the blue prints of assembly and
individual component. On these drawings, the material of the components, dimensions
and tolerances, surface finish and machining methods are specified.
The designer prepare two separate lists of components

 Standard components to be purchased directly from the market;
 Special components to be projects in the factory;
Page 28
Thus the project design or mechanical design process is a systematic step-by-step

approach from known specification to unknown solution
4.1.6. Planning for project design

Project design is the chronological vertical structure of the various phases or steps
together from the project analysis to the retirement of the product. Thus Project of design
includes the following steps:
(i) Feasibility Study:
The aim is to produce a number of feasible and useful solutions. Here the
alternatives are assessed in stages. The first stage is made on the basis of common sense.
Many of the broad solutions may not be worth consideration. Considering technical
feasibility some of the solutions can be eliminated. The last stage is the economic
assessment. Systematic technical, economic, social and legal considerations provide a
rapid convergence towards the useful solutions.
(ii) Preliminary Design:
Feasibility study yields a set of useful solutions. The aim in this phase is to choose
the optimal solution. To do this, criterion of optimization must be explicitly delineated.
The chosen alternative is then tested and predictions are made concerning its
performance.
(iii) Detailed Design:
The purpose of the detailed design is to produce a complete project description of
a tested and producible design for manufacture. A detailed design includes manufacturing
drawings with tolerances. Planning for Manufacturing- A procedure sheet is to be made
which contains a sequence of manufacturing operations that must be performed on the
component. It specifies clearly the tooling, fixtures and production projects. This phase
may include planning, and inventory control, quality control system, the fixing of
standard time and labor cost for each operation.
(iv) Planning for Distribution, Use of the Product:
The success of a design depends on the skill exercised in marketing the product.
Also the user-oriented concern such as reliability, ease of maintenance, product safety,
and convenience in use, aesthetic appeal, economy and durability must meet.
Page 29
Chapter-5
Manufacturing process of the project
5.1Introduction
Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation. Manufacturing and
technical staff in industry must know the various manufacturing processes, materials
being processed, tools and equipment’s for manufacturing different components or
products with optimal process plan using proper precautions and specified safety rules to
avoid accidents. Beside above, all kinds of the future engineers must know the basic
requirements of workshop activities in term of man, machine, material, methods, money
and other infrastructure facilities needed to be positioned properly for optimal shop
layouts or plant layout and other support services effectively adjusted or located in the
industry or plant within a well-planned manufacturing organization.
The complete understanding of basic manufacturing processes and workshop
technology is highly difficult for anyone to claim expertise over it. The study deals with
several aspects of workshops practices also for imparting the basic working knowledge of
the different engineering materials, tools, equipment’s, manufacturing processes, basic
concepts of electro-mechanical controls of machine tools, production criteria’s,
characteristics and uses of various testing instruments and measuring or inspecting
devices for checking components or products manufactured in various manufacturing
shops in an industrial environment. It also describes and demonstrates the use of different
hand tools (measuring, marking, holding and supporting tools, cutting etc.), equipment’s,
machinery and various methods of manufacturing that facilitate shaping or forming the
different existing raw materials into suitable usable forms. It deals with the study of
industrial environment which involves the practical knowledge in the area of ferrous and
nonferrous materials, their properties and uses. It should provide the knowledge of basic
workshop processes namely bench work and fitting, sheet metal, carpentry, pattern
making, mould making, foundry, smithy, forging, metal working and heat treatment,
welding, fastening, machine shop, surface finishing and coatings, assembling inspection
and quality control. It emphasizes on basic knowledge regarding composition, properties
and uses of different raw materials, various production processes, replacement of or
improvement over a large number of old processes, new and compact designs, better
Page 30
accuracy in dimensions, quicker methods of production, better surface finishes, more

alternatives to the existing materials and tooling systems, automatic and numerical
control systems, higher mechanization and greater output.
Manufacturing is derived from the Latin word manufactus, means made by hand.
In modern context it involves making products from raw material by using various
processes, by making use of hand tools, machinery or even computers. It is therefore a
study of the processes required to make parts and to assemble them in machines. Process
Engineering, in its application to engineering industries, shows how the different
problems related to development of various machines may be solved by a study of
physical, chemical and other laws governing the manufacturing process. The study of
manufacturing reveals those parameters which can be most efficiently being influenced to
increase production and raise its accuracy.
5.2.Manufacturing Process
Manufacturing process is that part of the production process which is directly
concerned with the change of form or dimensions of the part being produced. It does not
include the transportation, handling or storage of parts, as they are not directly concerned
with the changes into the form or dimensions of the part produced.
5.2.1. Classification of Manufacturing Processes

In the manufacturing processes used in manufacturing concern for changing the
ingots into usable products may be classified into six major groups as primary shaping
processes, secondary machining processes, metal forming processes, joining processes,
surface finishing processes and processes effecting change in properties. These are
discussed as under.
1. Primary Shaping Processes
Primary shaping processes are manufacturing of a product from an amorphous
material. Some processes produces finish products or articles into its usual form whereas
others do not, and require further working to finish component to the desired shape and
size. Castings need re-melting of scrap and defective ingots in cupola or in some other
melting furnace and then pouring of the molten metal into sand or metallic moulds to
Page 31
obtain the castings. The parts produced through these processes may or may not require
undergoing further operations.
Some of the important primary shaping processes is:
(1) Casting, (2) Powder metallurgy, (3) Plastic technology, (4) Gas cutting, (5) Bending
and (6) Forging.
2. Secondary or Machining Processes
As large number of components require further processing after the primary
processes. These components are subjected to one or more number of machining
operations in machine shops, to obtain the desired shape and dimensional accuracy on flat
and cylindrical jobs. Thus, the jobs undergoing these operations are the roughly finished
products received through primary shaping processes. The process of removing the
undesired or unwanted material from the work piece or job or component to produce a
required shape using a cutting tool is known as machining. This can be done by a manual
process or by using a machine called machine tool (traditional machines namely lathe,
milling machine, drilling, shaper, planner, spotter). In many cases these operations are
performed on rods, bars and flat surfaces in machine shops.
These secondary processes are mainly required for achieving dimensional
accuracy and a very high degree of surface finish. The secondary processes require the
use of one or more machine tools, various single or multi-point cutting tools (cutters), job
holding devices, marking and measuring instruments, testing devices and gauges etc. for
getting desired dimensional control and required degree of surface finish on the
workpieces. The example of parts produced by machining processes includes hand tools
machine tools instruments, automobile parts, nuts, bolts and gears etc. Lot of material is
wasted as scrap in the secondary or machining process. Some of the common secondary
or machining processes are:
(1) Turning, (2) Threading, (3) Knurling, (4) Milling, (5) Drilling, (6) Boring, (7)
Planning, (8) Shaping, (9) Slotting, (10) Sawing, (11) Broaching, (12) Hobbing, (13)
Grinding, (14) Gear cutting, (15) Thread cutting and (16) Unconventional machining
processes namely machining with Numerical Control (NC) machines tools or Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) machines tools using ECM, LBM, AJM, USM setups etc.
3. Joining Processes
Page 32
Many products observed in day-to-day life, are commonly made by putting many
parts together may be in subassembly. For example, the ball pen consists of a body, refill,
barrel, cap, and refill operating mechanism. All these parts are put together to form the
product as a pen.
More than 800 parts are put together to make various subassemblies and final
assembly of car or aero-plane. A complete machine tool may also require to assemble
more than 100 parts in various sub assemble or final assembly. The process of putting the
parts together to form the product, which performs the desired function, is called
assembly. An assemblage of parts may require some parts to be joined together using
various joining processes. But assembly should not be confused with the joining process.
Most of the products cannot be manufactured as single unit they are manufactured as
different components using one or more of the above manufacturing processes, and these
components are assembled to get the desired product.
Joining processes are widely used in fabrication and assembly work. In these
process two or more pieces of metal parts are joined together to produce desired shape
and size of the product. The joining processes are carried out by fusing, pressing,
rubbing, riveting, screwing or any other means of assembling. These processes are used
for assembling metal parts and in general fabrication work. Such requirements usually
occur when several pieces are to be joined together to fabricate a desired structure of
products. These processes are used developing steam or water-tight joints. Temporary,
semi-permanent or permanent type of fastening to make a good joint is generally created
by these processes. Temporary joining of components can be achieved by use of nuts,
screws and bolts. Adhesives are also used to make temporary joints. Some of the
important and common joining processes are:
(1) Welding (plastic or fusion), (2) Brazing, (3) Soldering, (4) Riveting, (5)
Screwing, (6) Press fitting, (7) Sintering, (8) Adhesive bonding, (9) Shrink fitting, (10)
Explosive welding, (11) Diffusion welding, (12) Keys and cotters joints, (13) Coupling
and (14) Nut and bolt joints.
4. Surface Finishing Processes
Surface finishing processes are utilized for imparting intended surface finish on
the surface of a job. By imparting a surface finishing process, dimension of part is not
Page 33
changed functionally; a very negligible amount of material is removed from the certain
material is added to the surface of the job. These processes should not be misunderstood
as metal removing processes in any case as they are primarily intended to provide a good
surface finish or a decorative or protective coating on to the metal surface. Surface
cleaning process also called as a surface finishing process. Some of the commonly used
surface finishing processes are: (1) Honing, (2) Lapping, (3) Super finishing, (4) Belt
grinding, (5) Polishing, (6) Tumbling, (7) Organic finishes, (8) Sanding, (9) Debarring,
(10) Electroplating, (11) Buffing, (12) Metal spraying, (13) Painting, (14) Inorganic
coating, (15) Anodizing, (16) Sheradising, (17) Parkerizing, (18) Galvanizing, (19)
Plastic coating, (20) Metallic coating, (21) Anodizing and (22) Sand blasting.
5.3. Product development process

A product development has to go through the following concepts of product
engineering which are given as under.
 Product functions
 Product specifications
 Conceptual design
 Ergonomics and aesthetics
 Standards
 Detailed design
 Prototype development
 Testing
 Simulation
 Design for manufacture
 Design for assembly
 Drafting
5.4 Manufacturing process of the project

1. Measurement of the material required dimension:
Measurement is the foundation of scientific inquiry. In order to test our
hypotheses, we must observe our theoretical concepts at the operational level. In simple
Page 34
words, we must measure what we have defined. But there are different levels of
measurement, which provide differing amounts of information about the theoretical
construct. There are also some basic issues about the adequacy of measurement which we
must address.
2. Cutting operation as per dimension:
Cutting processes work by causing fracture of the material that is processed.
Usually, the portion that is fractured away is in small sized pieces, called chips. Common
cutting processes include sawing, shaping (or planning), broaching, drilling, grinding,
turning and milling. Although the actual machines, tools and processes for cutting look
very different from each other, the basic mechanism for causing the fracture can be
understood by just a simple model called for orthogonal cutting.
In all machining processes, the work piece is a shape that can entirely cover the
final part shape. The objective is to cut away the excess material and obtain the final part.
This cutting usually requires to be completed in several steps – in each step, the part is
held in a fixture, and the exposed portion can be accessed by the tool to machine in that
portion. Common fixtures include vise, clamps, 3-jaw or 4-jaw chucks, etc. Each position
of holding the part is called a setup. One or more cutting operations may be performed,
using one or more cutting tools, in each setup. To switch from one setup to the next, we
must release the part from the previous fixture, change the fixture on the machine, clamp
the part in the new position on the new fixture, set the coordinates of the machine tool
with respect to the new location of the part, and finally start the machining operations for
this setup. Therefore, setup changes are time-consuming and expensive, and so we should
try to do the entire cutting process in a minimum number of setups; the task of
determining the sequence of the individual operations, grouping them into (a minimum
number of) setups, and determination of the fixture used for each setup, is called process
planning.
3. Machining operation on required parts:
Turning is a cutting operation in which the part is rotated as the tool is held
against it on a machine called a lathe. The raw stock that is used on a lathe is usually
cylindrical, and the parts that are machined on it are rotational parts – mathematically,
each surface machined on a lathe is a surface of revolution. Machining is an essential
Page 35
process of finishing by which work pieces are produced to the desired dimensions and
surface finish by gradually removing the excess material from the preformed blank in the
form of chips with the help of cutting tool(s) moved past the work surface(s).Most of the
engineering components such as gears, bearings, clutches, tools, screws and nuts etc.
need dimensional and form accuracy and good surface finish for serving their purposes.
Performing like casting, forging etc. generally cannot provide the desired accuracy and
finish. For that such preformed parts, called blanks, need semi-finishing and finishing and
it is done by machining and grinding.
 Grinding is also basically a machining process.
 Machining to high accuracy and finish essentially enables a product:
 Fulfill its functional requirements.
 Improve its performance.
 Prolong its service
3. Drilling and tapping the material as per dimension:
These four methods all produce holes of different types. Drilling produces round
holes of different types; reaming is used to improve the dimensional tolerance on a drilled
hole; boring uses a special machine operating like a lathe, to cut high precision holes; and
tapping creates screw-threads in drilled holes. Drilling: The geometry of the common
twist drill tool (called drill bit) is complex; it has straight cutting teeth at the bottom –
these teeth do most of the metal cutting, and it has curved cutting teeth along its
cylindrical surface. The grooves created by the helical teeth are called flutes, and are
useful in pushing the chips out from the hole as it is being machined. Clearly, the velocity
of the tip of the drill is zero, and so this region of the tool cannot do much cutting.
Therefore it is common to machine a small hole in the material, called a center-hole,
before utilizing the drill. Center-holes are made by special drills called center-drills; they
also provide a good way for the drill bit to get aligned with the location of the center of
the hole. There are hundreds of different types of drill shapes and sizes; here, we will
only restrict ourselves to some general facts about drills.
 Common drill bit materials include hardened steel (High Speed Steel, Titanium
Nitride coated steel); for cutting harder materials, drills with hard inserts, e.g.
carbide or CBN inserts, are used;
Page 36
 In general, drills for cutting softer materials have smaller point angle, while those
for cutting hard and brittle materials have larger point angle;
 If the Length/Diameter ratio of the hole to be machined is large, then we need a
special guiding support for the drill, which itself has to be very long; such
operations are called gun-drilling. This process is used for holes with diameter of
few mm or more, and L/D ratio up to 300. These are used for making barrels of
guns;
 Drilling is not useful for very small diameter holes (e.g. < 0.5 mm), since the tool
may break and get stuck in the workpieces;
 Usually, the size of the hole made by a drill is slightly larger than the measured
diameter of the drill – this is mainly because of vibration of the tool spindle as it
rotates, possible misalignment of the drill with the spindle axis, and some other
factors;
 For tight dimension control on hole diameter, we first drill a hole that is slightly
smaller than required size (e.g. 0.25 mm smaller), and then use a special type of
drill called a reamer. Reaming has very low material removal rate, low depth of
cut, but gives good dimension accuracy;
 large and deep holes are made by spade drills;
 Countersink/counter bore drills have multiple diameters – they make a
chamfered/stepped hole, which is useful for inserting screws/bolts – the larger
diameter part of the hole accommodates the screw/bolt head;
 Internal threads can be cut into holes that mate with screws/bolts. These are cut by
using tapping tools.
4. Welding the material as per dimension:
Welding is a process for joining two similar or dissimilar metals by fusion. It
joins different metals/alloys, with or without the application of pressure and with or
without the use of filler metal. The fusion of metal takes place by means of heat. The heat
may be generated either from combustion of gases, electric arc, electric resistance or by
chemical reaction. During some type of welding processes, pressure may also be
employed, but this is not an essential requirement for all welding processes. Welding
provides a permanent joint but it normally affects the metallurgy of the components. It is
Page 37
therefore usually accompanied by post weld heat treatment for most of the critical
components. The welding is widely used as a fabrication and repairing process in
industries. Some of the typical applications of welding include the fabrication of ships,
pressure vessels, automobile bodies, off-shore platform, bridges, welded pipes, sealing of
nuclear fuel and explosives, etc. Most of the metals and alloys can be welded by one type
of welding process or the other.
However, some are easier to weld than others. To compare this ease in welding term
 ‘Weld ability’ is often used. The weld ability may be defined as property of a
metal which indicates the ease with which it can be welded with other similar or
dissimilar metals.
 Weld ability of a material depends upon various factors like the metallurgical
changes that occur due to welding, changes in hardness in and around the weld,
gas evolution and absorption, extent of oxidation, and the effect on cracking
tendency of the joint. Plain low carbon steel has the best weld ability amongst
metals. Generally it is seen that the materials with high cast ability usually have
low weld ability.
5. Grinding the project welding joints:
There are several types of grinding machines. The main ones are surface grinders,
grinding wheels, cylindrical grinders and center less grinders. The figure below shows
examples of a few of these. Surface grinders produce flat surfaces. The part is held on the
flat table (steel parts can be held by a magnetic force – this is called magnetic chucking).
The table moves in a reciprocating motion, and the rotating wheel is lowered so that it
just scrapes along the surface.
To improve dimension control on cylindrical parts, center less grinders, which use
long cylindrical wheels, are employed. The axis of the regulating wheel and grinding
wheel are slightly misaligned, causing the part to travel slowly in the axial direction, and
after some time, the part automatically moves beyond the length of the wheel.
Controlling the angle of misalignment can control the time that the part is subjected to
grinding. If a turned part of complex shape (e.g. stepped shafts) are to be ground, then
cylindrical grinding is used, which employs specially made grinding wheels, whose
profile fits the profile of the part to be ground.
Page 38
Chapter-6
Advantages, Disadvantages and Application of the project
6.1. Advantages of the project
Advantages of the project as per following like as:
 No conventional grid electricity required
 Long operating life
 Highly reliable and durable
 Easy to operate and maintain
 Eco-friendly
6.2. Disadvantages of the project

Dis-advantages of the project as per following like as:
 High installation cost
6.3. Application of the project

Our project should use for following various applications like as:
 Very simple to operate
 Low speed, same way as done by hand
 Bidirectional
 Timing control, sound indication and more...
 Easy handling
Page 39
Chapter-7
Cost estimation of the project
Raw material cost:-It includes the material in the form of the Material supplied
by the “Steel authority of India limited” and ‘Indian aluminum co.,’ as the round bars,
angles, square rods, plates along with the strip material form. We have to search for the
suitable available material as per the requirement of designed safe values. We have
searched the material as follows:-Hence the cost of the raw material is as follows:-
Sr. No. Name of the Part Cost

1 Motor 12 vdc 2500
2 Battery 1000
3 Solar panel 1400
4 Bicycle wheel 500
5 Chain & Freewheel 600
6 Frame Structure 1000
Total 6500/-
Page 40
Chapter 8
Project Flow Chart
From the flow chart, this project started with the objective of the project. The
objective of the project must follow the title. The objective must fulfill the title then
follow up with design review about folding table and then study a lot of investigation
about folding table. This is including study about several of stage, type of stage, types of
material which suitable to make a stage. These tasks have been done through study on
internet, books and others resources. After all information had been collected and
gathered, the project continued with the design process. All the knowledge and lessons
had been applied to make a suitable design for the project. After several design sketched,
design consideration have been made and one of the design have been chosen by using
Pugh’s concept selection. The solid modeling and engineering drawing by using solid
works software the fabrication process progress use drawing as a reference. The process
consist fabrication to all parts that have been designed by the dimension using various
type of manufacturing process. The manufacturing process includes welding, drilling,
bending, cutting and etc. During the fabrication process, if there have error occur, such as
fabrication error, so the process need to modification the process need to go back to the
previous step and the process flow again, until no error occur the process can been
continued smoothly until the final product finished. Then, the draft report need to be
submitted to the supervisor for double checking if there had an error.
Page 41
Proposed Work:
No Activity July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

1. Allotment of
Guide 
2. Project survey.  
3. Project and idea

Screening. 
4. Material selection

5. Design
 
6. Manufacturing
 
7. Testing
 
Page 42
Chapter 9
Future scope
The project has covered almost all the requirements. Further requirements and
improvements can easily be done since the as per requirements is mainly structured or
modular in nature. Improvements can be appended by changing the existing
modules
Page 43
Chapter-10
Conclusion
The Solar powered groundnut harvesting machine was designed, fabricated and
tested in ground nut post harvesting. The machine can be used to harvest root crops other
than groundnut. The drudgery of field work will be reduced and labor shortage problem
in the State will be overcome by the machine. The field efficiency of the machine is
highly
Page 44
Reference
A] Book Reference
1) R.S. Khurmi and Gupta, “Machine Design” 14th edition, S. Chand
2) V.B. Bhandari, “Machine Design” 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill
3) U. C. Jindal, “Machine Design”.2 reprint edition, Pearson Education India
4) Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett “Mechanical Engineering Design” 9th
edition, Tata McGraw Hill
5) Hall, Holowenko, Laughlin “Theory and problems of Machine Design” Reprint
2005 edition, McGraw Hill
6) PSG, “Design Data Book” 8th edition, PSG College of Technology Coimbatore
7) Robert C. Juvinall and Kurt M Marshek, “Fundamentals of Machine Components
Design” 3rd edition, Wiley India Edition
8) K. Ganesh Babu and K. Sridhar “Design of machine elements” Tata McGraw Hill
9) Theraja B. L, “Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering” S. Chand
and company LTD
10) K. Sawney, “Electrical and Electronic Measuring Instruments”, Dhanpat Rai and
sons.
11) Thomas Malvino, “Electronic Principles”, Tata McGraw hill Publishing Company
Ltd
12) V. K. Mehta, “Principles of Electrical and Electronics Engineering” S. Chand and
company Ltd.
13) R. Savan Kymar, K.V. Inoth Kumar and V. Jegathesan “Basic Electrical and
Page 45

Report Final Grount Nut Harvesting Machine

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report Final Grount Nut Harvesting Machine

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report Final Grount Nut Harvesting Machine

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ground Nut Harvesting Machine

1.2 Objective of the project

1.3 Problem Definition

1.4 Scope of Project

D. Sarathkumar presented the Powered groundnut harvesting system turned into

Construction of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor

2. on/ off switch:

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as

Each half-cell has an electromotive force (emf, measured in volts) relative to a standard.

A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread requiring a matching

A more sophisticated and rugged design has spring-loaded steel rollers inside a driven

10.Mild Steel. Pipe

3.2 Diagram of the project

Ground Nut Harvesting Machine

Solar Panel 10 Watt

Battery 12VDC, 3Amp.

3.3 Working of the project:

Design and design consideration of the project

4.1.3 Types of project design:

4.1.4 Factors to be considered in project design

 What device or mechanism to be used:

iii) Inertial forces.

The designer prepare two separate lists of components

Thus the project design or mechanical design process is a systematic step-by-step

4.1.6. Planning for project design

accuracy in dimensions, quicker methods of production, better surface finishes, more

5.2.1. Classification of Manufacturing Processes

5.3. Product development process

5.4 Manufacturing process of the project

6.2. Disadvantages of the project

6.3. Application of the project

Sr. No. Name of the Part Cost

No Activity July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

3. Project and idea

You might also like