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    SQL SERVER - 2008 - Interview Questions and Answers

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    SQL SERVER - 2008 - Interview Questions and Answers

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    SQL SERVER - 2008 - Interview Questions and Answers

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    Nandha Kumar

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    SQL SERVER – 2008 – Interview Questions and Answers –

    Part 1
    September 12, 2008 by pinaldave

    SQL SERVER – 2008 – Interview Questions and Answers


    Complete List Download
    1) General Questions of SQL SERVER

    What is RDBMS?

    Relational Data Base Management Systems (RDBMS) are database management systems that
    maintain data records and indices in tables. Relationships may be created and maintained across
    and among the data and tables. In a relational database, relationships between data items are
    expressed by means of tables. Interdependencies among these tables are expressed by data values
    rather than by pointers. This allows a high degree of data independence. An RDBMS has the
    capability to recombine the data items from different files, providing powerful tools for data
    usage. (Read More Here)

    What are the properties of the Relational tables?

    Relational tables have six properties:

     Values are atomic.


     Column values are of the same kind.
     Each row is unique.
     The sequence of columns is insignificant.
     The sequence of rows is insignificant.
     Each column must have a unique name.

    What is Normalization?

    Database normalization is a data design and organization process applied to data structures based
    on rules that help building relational databases. In relational database design, the process of
    organizing data to minimize redundancy is called normalization. Normalization usually involves
    dividing a database into two or more tables and defining relationships between the tables. The
    objective is to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications of a field can be made
    in just one table and then propagated through the rest of the database via the defined
    relationships.

    What are different normalization forms?

    1NF: Eliminate Repeating Groups


    Make a separate table for each set of related attributes, and give each table a primary key. Each
    field contains at most one value from its attribute domain.

    2NF: Eliminate Redundant Data

    If an attribute depends on only part of a multi-valued key, remove it to a separate table.

    3NF: Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key

    If attributes do not contribute to a description of the key, remove them to a separate table. All
    attributes must be directly dependent on the primary key. (Read More Here)

    BCNF: Boyce-Codd Normal Form

    If there are non-trivial dependencies between candidate key attributes, separate them out into
    distinct tables.

    4NF: Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships

    No table may contain two or more 1:n or n:m relationships that are not directly related.

    5NF: Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships

    There may be practical constrains on information that justify separating logically related many-
    to-many relationships.

    ONF: Optimal Normal Form

    A model limited to only simple (elemental) facts, as expressed in Object Role Model notation.

    DKNF: Domain-Key Normal Form

    A model free from all modification anomalies is said to be in DKNF.

    Remember, these normalization guidelines are cumulative. For a database to be in 3NF, it must
    first fulfill all the criteria of a 2NF and 1NF database.

    What is De-normalization?

    De-normalization is the process of attempting to optimize the performance of a database by


    adding redundant data. It is sometimes necessary because current DBMSs implement the
    relational model poorly. A true relational DBMS would allow for a fully normalized database at
    the logical level, while providing physical storage of data that is tuned for high performance. De-
    normalization is a technique to move from higher to lower normal forms of database modeling in
    order to speed up database access.
    What is Stored Procedure?

    A stored procedure is a named group of SQL statements that have been previously created and
    stored in the server database. Stored procedures accept input parameters so that a single
    procedure can be used over the network by several clients using different input data. And when
    the procedure is modified, all clients automatically get the new version. Stored procedures
    reduce network traffic and improve performance. Stored procedures can be used to help ensure
    the integrity of the database.

    e.g. sp_helpdb, sp_renamedb, sp_depends etc.

    What is Trigger?

    A trigger is a SQL procedure that initiates an action when an event (INSERT, DELETE or
    UPDATE) occurs. Triggers are stored in and managed by the DBMS. Triggers are used to
    maintain the referential integrity of data by changing the data in a systematic fashion. A trigger
    cannot be called or executed; DBMS automatically fires the trigger as a result of a data
    modification to the associated table. Triggers can be viewed as similar to stored procedures in
    that both consist of procedural logic that is stored at the database level. Stored procedures,
    however, are not event-drive and are not attached to a specific table as triggers are. Stored
    procedures are explicitly executed by invoking a CALL to the procedure while triggers are
    implicitly executed. In addition, triggers can also execute stored procedures.

    Nested Trigger: A trigger can also contain INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE logic within itself,
    so when the trigger is fired because of data modification it can also cause another data
    modification, thereby firing another trigger. A trigger that contains data modification logic
    within itself is called a nested trigger. (Read More Here)

    What is View?

    A simple view can be thought of as a subset of a table. It can be used for retrieving data, as well
    as updating or deleting rows. Rows updated or deleted in the view are updated or deleted in the
    table the view was created with. It should also be noted that as data in the original table changes,
    so does data in the view, as views are the way to look at part of the original table. The results of
    using a view are not permanently stored in the database. The data accessed through a view is
    actually constructed using standard T-SQL select command and can come from one to many
    different base tables or even other views.

    What is Index?

    An index is a physical structure containing pointers to the data. Indices are created in an existing
    table to locate rows more quickly and efficiently. It is possible to create an index on one or more
    columns of a table, and each index is given a name. The users cannot see the indexes; they are
    just used to speed up queries. Effective indexes are one of the best ways to improve performance
    in a database application. A table scan happens when there is no index available to help a query.
    In a table scan SQL Server examines every row in the table to satisfy the query results. Table
    scans are sometimes unavoidable, but on large tables, scans have a terrific impact on
    performance.

    What is a Linked Server?

    Linked Servers is a concept in SQL Server by which we can add other SQL Server to a Group
    and query both the SQL Server dbs using T-SQL Statements. With a linked server, you can
    create very clean, easy to follow, SQL statements that allow remote data to be retrieved, joined
    and combined with local data. Stored Procedure sp_addlinkedserver, sp_addlinkedsrvlogin will
    be used add new Linked Server. (Read More Here)

    © Copyright 2000-2009 Pinal Dave. All Rights Reserved. SQLAuthority.com

    Reference : Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com)

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