“Uniform Civil Code-An Ignored

Constitutional Imperative”

Dissertation submitted to Maharishi University of Information Technology, Noida,

School of Law, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of
LL.M.

SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. Snigdha Pal

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF:

SUPERVISOR NAME

DESIGNATION OF SUPERVISOR

MAHARISHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA, SCHOOL OF LAW

 DECLARATION
This dissertation on “Uniform Civil Code-An Ignored Constitutional Imperative” embodies and
is imperative with the result of my own research work pursued under the supervision of
Supervisor Name. I declare that no part of this dissertation has been published or submitted to
any other institution for any other purposes. My indebtedness to other works and publications
have been duly acknowledged at relevant places.

NAME: Snigdha Pal

SIGNATURE:

COURSE: Masters of Law (LL.M.)

ENROLLMENT NUMBER:
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Dissertation titled “Uniform Civil Code-An Ignored Constitutional
Imperative” is written by Snigdha Pal bearing enrollment no. . He / She is a candidate of
Masters of Law Program here at the Maharishi University of Technology, Noida, School of Law.
She has conducted all the research work under my supervision and submitted original and bona
fide work to our utmost satisfaction, in the final semester for the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Masters of Law.

SUPERVISOR:
 10

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study is the culmination of countless hours of research by the author. Any
material utilized by the author that has been used in this study has been thoroughly
acknowledged. Writing of this study has been a journey of not only exploring the
study of medical negligence as a part of medical arena but also helped in knowing the
reasons and sides of different jurists, thinkers etc. debate(s) and who strongly contend
for and against medical negligence in India and at International footings. My research
on this topic will help me to create clear thoughts and a big debate surrounding the
penal structure can be rectified.

To begin with, I’m thankful to the Dean Academics of my Institution, Maharishi

University of Technology, Noida, School of Law, for inculcating the concept of
preparing a dissertation paper and allowing the author to present her view points in a
liberal manner. I am grateful to
for helping me structure this study, appreciate the art of citing
and for recommending different books, judgments and reports, that were helpful in
clarifying my foundations of research. I am fortunate enough that he, agreed to
supervise and mentor my study; his inputs helped me create the path of this study as
his patience and critical questioning throughout the process. He helped me immensely
to reassert and understand the subject matter more thoroughly and put this dissertation
to the foot of being created into a research.
 11

ABBREVIATION
A.C. : Appeal Cases
A.E.L.R. : All England Law Reports
A.I.R. : All India Reporter
A.J.C.L. : Allahabad Journal of Company Law
A.L.J. : Allahabad Law Journal
A.L.J.J.S. : Allahabad Laws Journals, Journal Section
A.P. : Andhra Pradesh (A.I.R.)
A.P.H. : Ashish Publishing House
All. : Allahabad
Apas. : Apasthamba
B.C. : Before Christ
B.H.C. : Bombay High Courts Reports
Baud. : Baudhyan
Beng. L.R. : Bengal Law Reporter
Bom. L.R.J. : Bombay Law Reporter Journal
Bom. : Bombay
Bom. : Bombay (A.I.R.) Bomb.
L.R. : Bombay Law Reporter
C.L.Q. : Comparative Law Quarterly
Cal. W.N. : Calcutta Weekly Notes
Cal. : Calcutta
Ch., Chap. : Chapter
Civ. L.J. : Criminal Law Journal
Cr.P.C. : Criminal Procedure Code
D.B. : Division Bench
D.M.C. : Divorce and Matrimonial Cases
e.g. : Exampli Gratia
ed. : Edition
F.B. : Full Bench
Guj. : Gujarat
 12

H.C. : High Court

H.L.R. : High Court Reports
H.P. : Himanchal Pradesh
I.A. : Indian Appeals
i.e. : That is
I.L.R. : Indian Law Reports
Ibid. : Ibidem
Id. : Idem
J. : Journal
J.I.L.I. : Journal of Indian Law Institute
J.T. : Judgment Today
Kant. : Karnataka
Ker. L.T. : Kerala Law Times
Ker. : Kerala
Ltd. : Limited
M.I.A. : Moore's Indian Appeals
M.L.J. : Madras Law Weekly
M.P. : Madhya Pradesh
Mad. : Madras
Mat. L.R. : Matrimonial Law Reports
N.O.C. : Note on Cases
Nag. : Nagpur
op.cit : Opere Citato
Ori. : Orissa
P.& H. : Punjab Law Reports
P.C. : Privy Council
p.pp. : Page, pages
Pat. : Patna
Punj. : Punjab
Pvt. : Private
Raj. : Rajasthan
 13

S.C. : Supreme Court Cases

S.C.J. : Supreme Court Journals
Sec. : Section
U.C.C. : Uniform Civil Code
U.P. : Uttar Pradesh
U.S. : United States
Viz. : Videlicet
Vol. : Volume
v. : Versus
W.L.R. : Weekly Law Reports
Yaj. : Yajnavalk
 14

TABLE OF CASES
(A)

Aafreen Rehaman v. Union of India & Ors., CWP No. 288, 2016 decided on
22/08/2017

Abbu Bakar Kaji v. Mamu Koya, (1971) KLT 663.

Acharya Jagdiswaranand Awadhut v. Commissioner of Police, AIR 1984 SC

512

Albert Antony vs. Union of India, Writ Petition (civil) No. 127/2015 decided on
26/11/2016

Attorney General v. Reid, 1965 All. E. R. 812.

A.G Mohamad Jaffer v. Koosom Bee Bee, 1994 SCC, Supl. (2) IJT 1994(2) 597

A.K. Gopalan v. The State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27

A.M. Obadiah v. M. Obadiah, ILR 1923 Lahore, 171

Appusamy v. A.V. Sundararanjan and Others, (1997) 1 MLJ 218.

Andal Vaidynathan v. Abdul Allam Vaidya, ILR 1916 Lahore, 322

Arati Jain v. State of Gujrat, AIR 2007 SC 343

Atyia Savri v. Union of India & Ors. CWP No. 43, 2017 decided on
22/08/2017

Assan Rawther and other v. Manahapara Carayil, AIR 1972, Ker. 27

A. Yousuf v. Sowramma, AIR 1971 Ker, 261

Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India, AIR 2008 SC 1789

Abboobakar Haji v. Mamu Koya, 1971 KLT 663

 15

(B)
 16

Bhagwan Dutt v. Smt. Kamla Devi, AIR 1957, SC 84

Bishnu Charan Mohanty v. Union of India, AIR 1993 Ori. 176

Bai Tahira v. Ali Fissali, AIR 1980 SC 362

Baker Ali v. Anjuman Ara Begum, AIR 1942 Cal 180

Bedi Supply Co. v. Union of India, [1973] II M.L.J 126

Begum Subanu alies Saira Banu v. A.M. Abdul Gafoor, AIR 1987 SC
1103

Bai Tahira v. Ali Fissalli, AIR 1980 SC 365

Bijoy Cotton Mills v. State of Ajmer, AIR 1955 SC 33; 1955 SCR (1) 752

Bai Tahira v. Ali Hussain Fidaali, (1979) 2 SCR 75

Bhav Rao v state of Maharashtra AIR1965 SC 1364,

B.P. Moideen Sevamandir & Anr. v. A.M. Kutty Hassan, AIR 2008 SC 452

Binoy Viswam v. Union of India, (2017) 7 SCC 59.

(C)
Cellular Operators Association of India v. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India,
(2016) 7 SCC 703.

Chiranjilal Chaudhry v. Union of India, AIR 1951 SC 45, 1950 SCR 869

Chandmal Chopra and others v. State of West Bengal, decided on 13 th

May, 1985.

Commissioner of Wealth Tax v. Champa Kumari Singh, 1967 (GJX) 0002

CAL

C.S. Devasahayam v. Government of Madras, AIR 1969 Mad 118.

Cellular Operators Association of India v. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India,

SCC, (2016) 7, 703

(D)
 17

Durgah Committee Ajmer v. Syed Hussain Ali, AIR 1961, SC 1402, 1962 SCR
(1) 383

Deep Chand v. State of U.P., (1959) ILLJ 357 All

Dr. Subramanian Swamy v. Director, Central Bureau of Investigation (2014 SCC

684)

DLF Qutab Enclave Complex Charitable Trust v. The State of Haryana, 2003
(2) Scale 145.

(E)
Empereor v. Pandey, (1871)3 N.W.P 316.

E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Naidu, (1974) 4 SCC 3.

(F)

Fazlumbi v. Khadar Vali, (1980) 3 SCR 1127: AIR 1980 SC 1730

(G)
Govindlalji Maharaj v. State of Rajasthan 1964 SCR(1) 561. Gul

Mohammad v. Empror, AIR 1947 Nag 121

Gul Mohammed v. Emperor, (1922) 45 madras 986.

Gurunath v. Kamla Bai, AIR 1955 SC 206

Gulshan Parveen v. Union of India & Ors. CWP No. 327, 2016 SC decided on
22/08/2017.

(H)
Hamira Bibi v. Zubeda Bibi, AIR 1916 PC 46 at P.43

Harish Chandra v. Union of India, Decided on December 06, 2007

(I)
Imambandi v. Mutsaddi, (1918) 45.1.A.73

Ishrat Jahan v. Union of India, CWP No. 665, 2016.

 18

In Re. vs. Mehar Singh Saini, Chairman Hpsc & Ors. AIR 2010 SC 1151.

Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) (P) Ltd v. Union of India, (1985) 1 SCC 641.

Indirect Tax Practitioners Assn. v. R.K. Jain, AIR2010 SC 1769.

(J)
Jtwari v. Asghari, (1960) 30 AWR 397

Jagannath Ramanuj Das v. State of Orissa, AIR 1954 SC 400, SCR 1046

Jagir Kaur v. Jaswant Singh, 1964 (2) SCR 73 at P.84 ; AIR 1963 SC

1521 John Vallamont v. Union of India, AIR 2003 SC 2902

(K)
Kanwal Ram v. State, AIR 1966 SC614

Kedar Nath Bajoria v. State of W.B., AIR 1954 SC 660

Keshavanand Bharti v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC

Khoday Distilleries Ltd. v. State of Karnataka, (1986) 10 SCC 304

(M)
Maharshtra State Judges Association & Ors. v. H.C. of Judi. At Bombay Thru.
R.G. & Anr., AIR 2008 SC 54

Mahtab Singh & Anr. v. State Of U.P., AIR2009 SC 298.

M/s Jorden Diengdeh v. S.S. Chopra, AIR 1985 SC 935

Mohhamad Usman v. State of A.P., AIR 1998 SC 1569.

Mrs. Pragti Varghese and etc. v. Cyril George Varghese & etc., AIR 1997
Bom. 349, 1997 (4) Bom CR 551.

Muhammad Raza v. Abbas Bandi Bibi, 2002 (2) ALD Cri. 116.

Mohhamad Hanif Qureshi v. State of Bihar, AIR 1958 SC 731, SCR 629

Mohhamad Hanif v. Pathumal Beebi, (1972) KLT 512

 19

Muslims Women's Quest for Equality v. Jamiad Ulma-I-Hind, CWP No.

2, 2015 decided on 22/08/2017.

Mohhamad Ahmad Khan v. Shah Bano Begum, AIR 1985 SC 945

Maddukuri Venkatarao and Others v. The State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 1975 AP
315.

Mt. Nandi v. Empror, ILR 1920 Lahore, 440.

Madan Mohan Behl v. Veena Rani, (1984)DMC (Dehi)

Mary Roy v. State of Kerala, AIR 1986 SC 1011

M. Alavi v. T.V. Safia, AIR 1993 Ker. 21

Minerva Mills Ltd v. Union of India, AIR 1980 SC 1789

(N)
Nandi Zainab v. The Crown, (1922) 45 Mad 986.

Nanak Chand v. Chandra Kishore Aggarwal, (1970) 1 SCR 565 AIR 1970 SC
446

Nandi Zainab v. The Crown, ILR 1920 Lahore, 440

National Commission of Women v. State of Delhi & Anr., AIR 2010 SC 1806.

National Federation of Blinds and Others v. State of U.P. and Others, 2000(2) AWC
1234.

(O)
Oriented Weaving Mills v. Union of India, AIR 1963 SC 98, 1962 SCR Supl.
(3) 481

(P)
People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & Anr, AIR2005 SC. 292.

Prabhudas v. Union of India, (1986) 1 GLR 465

Priya Pala Ghosh v state of W.B., 1971 SCC (Cr) 562

Personal Bansilal Pitti v. State of A.P., (1996) 2 SCC 498

 20

Parmial Khosla v. Rajnish Kumar Khosla, AIR 1978 Delhi 78.

Punjab Rao v. D.P. Meshram AIR 1965 SC 1179; 1965 SCR (1) 849

(R)
Ramjilal Modi v. State of U.P., AIR 1957 SC 620; 1957 SCR 860

Ramakrishna Dalmia v. Justice Tendolkar A.I.R. 1958 S.C. 538. 46

Rajbala v. State of Haryana & Ors., (2016) 2 SCC 445

Rukia Khatun Case, (1981) 1 Gau LR 375.

Rashid Ahmad Khan v. Kusum Bee Bee, AIR 1932 PV 59.

Ratilal Ramachand Gandhi v. State of Bombay, AIR 1953 Bom 242, (1953) 55

Ram Kumari Case in Budansa v. Fatima, ILR 1914 IC 697.

Rani Raj Rajeshwari Devi v. The State of U.P. and Others, AIR 1954 ALL
608.

Raghubans v. State AIR 1967 SC 1167; 1967 SCR (2) 423

Robasa khanum v. Khodadad Bomanji Irani, 1946 Bombay Law Reporter 864.

Ram Prasad v. State of U.P. AIR 1957 ALL 411.

Rashid Ahmed v. Anisa Khatun, (1932) 59. A. A. 21

Rev. Stainislaus v. State of Madhya Pradesh and Others, AIR 1975 MP 163.

Rajbala v. State of Haryana & Ors, 2016 (2) SCC,445.

(S)
Shri Ram Krishan Dalmia v. Shri Justice S. R. Tendolkar & others, AIR 1958 SC
538.

S.P. Mittal etc. v. Union of India and Others 1983 SCR (1) 729.

Sastri Yagnapurushadi and Others v. Muldas Brudards Vaishya and Others,

AIR 1966 SC 1119.

Srinivasa Aiyer v. Sarawathi Ammal, AIR 1952 Mad 193

 21

Sairabanu v. A.M Abdul Gafoor, AIR 1987 SC 1103

Syed Satbir Husain v. Farzand Hassan, AIR 1938 P C 80 at P. 83

Shahulla Meedu v. Zubaida Beebi, (1970) KLT 4.

Syedna Tahir Saifudin Sahab v. State of Bombay, AIR 1962 SC 853, SCR Supl.
(2) 496

S.R Bomia v. Union of India, (1994) SCC 1

Sharma Transport v. State of A.P., (2002) 2 SCC 188.

Shamin Ara v. State of U.P., (2002) 7 SCC 518.

State of W.B v. Anwar Ali Sarkar, AIR 1952 Cal

150 Sarla Mudgil v. Union of India, AIR 1995 SC

153

State of Bihar v. Bihar Distillery Ltd., (1997) 2 SCC 453.

State of M.P. v. Rakesh Kohli, (2012) 6 SCC 312

State of U.P. v. Deoman Upadhaya, AIR 1960, SC 250, SCR 1125

Sardar Syedna Taher Saifuddin v. The State of Bombay, AIR 1962 SC 853.

Satish Chandra v. Union of India, AIR 1953, SC 250, SCR 655

Sant Das v. Babu Ram, AIR 1969 All 436, CriLJ 1097

State of M.P. v. Rakesh Kohli, 2012 (6), SCC 312

Shayara Bano v. Union of India & Ors. writ petition no. 118, 2016 decided on
22/08/2017

State of Bombay v. Nasru Appa Mali, AIR 1952 Bom. 85.

State of Bombay v. F.N Basara, AIR 1951 SC 318 SCR 682

State of Bihar v. Kameshwar Singh, AIR 1959 SC 1303; 1960 SCR (1) 332

State of Madras v. Champakam Deoraja

Srinvasa Aiyar v. Sarawathi Ammal, AIR 1952 MAd. 193

Sayeda Khatoon v. M. Obadiah, 4 CWN 745.

 5

Sarala Mudgal v. Union of India, AIR 1995 SC 153

(T)
Tej Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1958 Raj. 169.

The Commissioner, Hindu v. Shri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swami, AIR 1954 SC 282.

The Judicial Commission v. State of Gujrat, decided on 05/11/2015

(V)
Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, 1958 AIR 255, 1958 SCR 895

(W)
Waghela Rajsanji v. Shek Masludin, (1887) ILR 11 Bombay 551.

(Y)
Yusuf Rowchan v. Sowrama, (1970) KLT 477.

Yusuf Abdul Aziz v. The State of Bombay, AIR 1954 SC 321.

(Z)
Ziaddin Ahmad v. Anwar Bagum Cr.Rev. No.1998 of 1977 decided on 31/03/1978.

Zohra Khatoon v. Mohammad Ibrahim, AIR 1986 SC 587

 6

CONTENTS
Page No.

(i) Supervisor Certificate i

(ii) Declaration ii
(iii) Acknowledgment iii
(iv) Abbreviations iv-vi
(v) List of Cases vii-xiv

CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION 1-41

1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 MEANING OF CIVIL CODE
1.3 MATTERS OF UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
1.4 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE AND FREEDOM OF RELIGION
1.5 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE IN INDIAN SCENARIO
1.6 NATURE & SCOPE OF ARTICLE 44
1.6.1 Article 44 of the Constitution
1.6.2 Origin and History
1.6.3 The Judicial Purview of Article 44
1.6.4 The Question of Feasibility
1.6.5 The Solution
1.6.6 Conclusion
1.7 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ARTICLE 44
1.7.1 In Asian India
1.7.2 In Medieval India
1.7.3 In British India
1.8 CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES ON
UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
1.9 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.10 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
1.11 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1.12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 7

CHAPTER-II CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF

UNIFORM CIVIL CODE 42-70
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE UNDER THE
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
2.3 PERSONAL LAWS AND THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
2.4 EQUALITY BEFORE LAW – UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
2.4.1 Guiding Principle of Article 14
2.4.2 Legislative Classification
2.4.3 Test of Valid or Legal Classification
2.5 RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION
2.6 FREEDOM TO MANAGE RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
2.7 MANAGEMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
2.8 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE OF STATE POLICY
2.9 DIRECTIVES AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
2.10 CERTAIN PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED BY THE STATE

CHAPTER–III JUDICIAL ASPECTS ON UNIFORM

CIVIL CODE 71-123
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
THROUGH CASES
3.3 JUDGMENTS WITH REFERENCE TO HINDU MARRIAGE ACT
3.4 JUDGMENT WITH REFERENCE TO SPECIAL MARRIAGE ACT
3.5 JUDGMENTS WITH REFERENCE TO INHERITANCES
 8

CHAPTER–IV EMERGING TRENDS ON UNIFORM

CIVIL CODE 124-184
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 JURISPRUDENCE OF ANCIENT EPICS
4.3. THE SHAH BANO SYNDROME
4.3.1 Facts of the Case
4.3.2 The Court Held
 9

4.4 SHAH BANO’S DECISION AND ITS IMPACT ON

MUSLIMS PERSONAL LAW
4.5 ROLE OF JUDICIARY
4.6 JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION
4.7 SUPREME COURT IS THE DOOR TO UNIFORM CIVIL
CODE, NOT PARLIAMENT
4.8 KEY POINTS OF SUPREME COURT'S VERDICT ON
TRIPLE TALAQ
4.9 JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF
UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
4.10 JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO POLYGAMY
4.11 JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO PROPERTY AND SUCCESSION
4.12 JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO DIVORCE AND MAINTENANCE
4.13 SECULARISM IN CONSONANCE WITH UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
4.14 SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT ON TRIPLE TALAQ
CHAPTER-V CRITICAL ANALYSIS 185-242
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERSONAL LAW TRIUMPHANT 1950-
1985
5.3 PERSONAL LAW UNDER ASSAULT 1985-2010
5.3.1 The Rise of the Bharatiya Janta Party
5.3.2 Shiv Sena
5.4 THE DRAFT CODE 2010 TO 2017

5.5 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

5.6 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE IS IT THERE?

5.7 UNIFORM CIVIL CODE AND THE CONSTITUTION
5.7.1 Views Favouring the Application of Uniform
Civil Code in India
 1
0

5.7.2 Views Disregarding the Application of Uniform Civil Code

in India
5.7.3 Hon’ble Supreme Court of India
5.8 CONFLICTS OF LAW AND UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
5.8.1 Conflicts between Hindu Law and Christian Law
5.8.2 Conflicts between Muslim Law and Hindu Law
5.8.3 Conflicts between Christian Law and Muslim Law
5.9 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ACT OF 1937
5.10 CONTROVERSY
5.10.1 Gender Equality
5.10.2 Subsidies
5.11 WHAT ARE THE PROS OF THE UNIFORM CIVIL CODE?
5.11.1 Pros of Uniform Civil Code
5.11.1.a To Provide Equal Status to all Citizens
5.11.1.b To Promote Gender Parity
5.11.1.c To Accommodate the Aspirations of the Young Population
5.11.1.d To Bypass the Contentious issue of reform of
Exiting Personal Laws
5.11.2 The Cons of Uniform Civil Code?
5.11.2.a Practical Difficulties due to diversity in India
5.11.2.b Perception of Uniform Civil Code on Religious
Freedom
5.11.2.c Interference of State in Personal Matters
5.11.2.d Time is not yet Suitable for this Reform
5.12 THE FUNDAMENTALIST VERSUS ACTIVIST
5.13 SPIRIT OF RELIGIOUS RIGHTS
CHAPTER-VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 243-281
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 NEED FOR UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
6.3 INDIAN CASE LAW
6.4 DISCRIMINATION IN VARIOUS PERSONAL LAWS
 11

6.5 CODIFICATION
6.6 CONCEPTUALIZING UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
AND ITS MISCONCEPTION
6.7 TOP 7 REASONS WHY INDIA NEEDS A UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
6.8 CONCLUSION
6.9 SUGGESTION
6.9.1 Marriage and Divorce
6.9.2 Succession and Inheritance
6.9.3 Maintenance
6.10 WAY FORWARD
BIBLIOGRAPHY 282-304
 12

LEGISLATIONS

1. Act of Settlement, 1777, 1781

2. Baroda Hindu Divorce Act, 1931

3. Bengal Civil Courts Act, 1871

4. Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act, 1887

5. Bombay Hindu Divorce Act, 1947

6. Bombay Hindu Divorce Act, 1947

7. Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850.

8. Central Provinces Laws Act, 1875

9. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

10. Constitution of India

11. Cornwallis Code of 1793

12. General Clauses Act, 1897

13. Government of India Act, 1915

14. Government of India Act, 1935

15. Guardians and Wards Act, 1890

16. Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956

17. Hindu Law of Inheritance Act, 1929

 13

18. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

19. Hindu Marriage Disabilities Removal Act, 1946

20. Hindu Marriage Validity Act, 1949

21. Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956

22. Hindu Succession Act, 1956

23. Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act, 1937

24. Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872

25. Indian Divorce Act, 1869

26. Indian Evidence Act, 1872

27. Indian Penal Code, 1860

28. Indian Succession Act, 1925

29. Madras Civil Courts Act, 1873

30. Madras Hindu (Bigamy Prevention and Divorce) Act, 1949

31. Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966

32. Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937

33. Oudh Laws Act, 1876

34. Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996

35. Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act of 1936

36. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006

37. Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993

38. Punjab Laws Act, 1872

39. Regulation I of 1876

 14

40. Saurashtra Hindu Divorce Act, 1950

41. The Portuguese Civil Code, 1867

41. Warren Hastings Plan of 1772

OTHER GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

 15

1. “India 2006”, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of

India, New Delhi.

2. “National Charter for Children, 2003”, (Resolution F. No. 6-15/98- C.

W., dated 09-02-2004).

3. “The Draft “Hindu Code Bill by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar with the then
existing Hindu Code as mended by the Select Committee”, in “Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches”, (1995), Education
Department, Government of Maharashtra, Vol. 14, Part One.

4. “Discussion on the Hindu Code Bill after return of the Bill from the
Select Committee, 11th February 1949 to 14th December 1950”, in
“Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches”, (1995), Education
Department, Government of Maharashtra, Vol. 14, Part One.

5. Fifty-Ninth Report of the Law Commission of India: “Hindu Marriage

Act, 1955, and Special Marriage Act, 1954.”

6. One Hundred and Seventy-Fourth Report of the Law Commission

of India: “Property Rights of Women: Proposed Reforms Under the
Hindu Law.”

7. Seventy-First Report of the Law Commission of India: “The Hindu

Marriage Act, 1955,--Irretrievable Breakdown of Marriage as a
Ground of Divorce”.

8. The Marriage Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2010, (Bill No. XLI

of 2010).

9. Two Hundred and Seventeenth Report of the Law Commission of

India on “Irretrievable Breakdown of Marriage – Another Ground for
Divorce”.

CONVENTIONS, TREATIES, ETC.

 16

1. Charter of the United Nations, 1945.

2. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination

Against Women.

3. Declaration of San Jose on the Ethno-Development, 1982.

4. Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or

Ethnic, Religious Minorities, 1992.

5. Draft United Nations Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989.

6. Draft United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous

peoples, 1994.

7. Geneva Declaration of Principles on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,

1987.

8. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, (ILO Convention:

C169).

9. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.

10. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,

1966.

11. Panama Declaration of Principles of Indigenous Rights, 1986.

12. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.

13. Vienna Declaration.

14. BONELL, Michael Joachim - The 1983 Geneva Convention on Agency

in the International Sale of Goods, in: The American Journal of
Comparative Law, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 717-749.

15. BONELL, Michael Joachim – Agency, in: Hartkamp A.S. / Hesselink

M.W. / Hondius E.H. / Mak C. / du Perron E. (eds.), Towards a
 17

European Civil Code, 4th. ed., Kluwer Law International 2011, 515- 536.

16. EVANS, M. Explanatory Report on the Convention on Agency in the

International Sale of Goods, in: Revue de droit uniforme / Uniform Law
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 20

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 21

37. More, Madhav Bandu, “Adivasi Bolu Lagala”, Sugava Prakashan,

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50. Rajeeva, “An Introduction to the Tribal Development of India”,

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51. Rajvade, V.K., “Bharatiya Vivahsansthecha Itihas”, (2008),

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52. Saha, A.N., “Marriage and Divorce”, (1996), Eastern Law House,
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54. Sankrutyayan, Rahul, “Volga Te Ganga”, (2005), Lok-Wangmaya

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55. Seervai, H.M., “Constitutional Law of India”, 4th Edition (2015),

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56. Sewer, Geoffrey, “Law in Society”, Clarendon Law Series, (1965),

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60. Sharma, V.K., “Aborigines and the Law”, (1966), Bharti Press,
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62. Stone, Julius, “Legal System and Lawyer’s Reasonings”, (1968),

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65. Tripathi, R.B., “Some Aspects of Muslim Administration”, (1972),

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ARTICLES

1. Agarwala, Mrs. Raj Kumari, “Restitution of Conjugal Rights under

Hindu Law: A Plea for the Abolition of the Remedy”, 12 J.I.L.I.
(1970) p 257.

2. Agrawala, Mrs. Raj Kumari, “Changing Basis of Divorce and the

Hindu Law”, 14 J.I.L.I. (1972) p 431.

3. Arun Kumar, “Guardianship and Custody of the Person of a Minor

Child – Conflicting Claims”, 17 J.I.L.I. (1975) p 298.

4. Biswas, A.R., “Property in a Changing Society”, 15 J.I.L.I. (1973) p. 1.

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India”, (1973), Publications Division, Ministry of Infor mation and
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12 JILI (1970) p 205.

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Action: A Quarterly Review of Social Trends”, July-Sept., (2010),
Vol. 60, No. 3 p 250.
 24

8. Eqbal, Justice M.Y., “Concept of Human Rights”, NAYAYA DEEP,

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Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, p 71.

10. Jain, M.P., “Matrimonial Law in India”, 4 J.I.L.I. (1962) p 71.

11. Jain, Prakash Chand, “Women’s Property Rights Under Traditional

Hindu Law and the Hindu Succession Act, 1956: Some
Observations”, 45 J.I.L.I. (2003) p 509.

12. Kurup, Apoorv, “Tribal Law Vis-à-vis Gram Nayalayas Act, 2008”, 51
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13. Kusum Kumar, “Does Mental Cruelty Include Sexual Weakness? A

Comment on Nijhwan v. Nijhwan”, 17 J.I.L.I. (1975) p 281.

14. Kusum, “Divorce by Mutual Consent”, 29 J.I.L.I. (1987) p 110.

15. Kusum, “Maintenance for Husband” 32 J.I.L.I. (1990) p 403.

16. Kusum, “Marital-Status Based Discrimination”, 45 J.I.L.I. (2003)

p. 388.

17. Mishra, D.S., “Definition of law and the Supreme Court”, 10 J.I.L.I.
(1968) p 434.

18. Mohanti, K.K., “Custom vis-à-vis Law: Some Reflections on Marriage

Customs and Rules Among Caste and Tribal Communities”, ADIVASI:
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and the Planning Process”, NAYA DEEP, The Official Journal of
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National Legal Servises Authority (NALSA), Vol. XI, Issue 3, July 2010, p 24.

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Development Policies: A Critical Analysis” Social Action: A Quarterly
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21. Pereira, Melvil, “Indigenous Peoples and the UN Human Rights

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22. R. Jaganmohan Rao, “A Uniform Law of Adoption: A Critique on the

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23. Rajagopaul, G.R., “The Story of the Hindu Code”, 17 J.I.L.I. (1975) p.
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24. Roy Burman, B.K., “Perspective and Programme for the

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25. Sagade, Jaya, “polygamy and Woman’s Right of Maintenance:

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27. Sharma, B.K. and R.D. Anand, “Matrimonial Causes: Dynamics of

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 26

29. Srivastava, R.B., “Personal Law and Religious Freedom”, 18 J.I.L.I.

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 27

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2009

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Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, (Advanced Unedited Version).
 28

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8. Ningshen, Varesco, “The Thangkhul (Naga) Customary Laws: A

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 31

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52. Writ Petition (civil) No. 127/2015

53. Prakash Nanda, S.C. of India, Reuters, July 5, 2016 BY: PRABHATI NAYAK
MISHRA APRIL 18, 2017 7:02 AM.
August 22, 2017 TimesofIndia.com
Constitution of India M.P Jain, (7 th Edition), 20014

DICTIONARIES, ETC.

1. Black’s Law Dictionary

2. Encyclopaedia Britannica

3. Encyclopaedia of Social Works in India, (1968), Publications Division, Ministry

of Information and Broadcasting, Delhi, Vol. 1

4. Halsbury's Laws of India, LexisNexis, Butterworths, New Dehli, (2007), Vol.

26 & 28.

5. P. Ramnatha Ayier, “Advanced Law Lexicon”, (2005) Wadhwa

Publications, Nagpur.

6. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, International Edition.

WEBSITES

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandurar_district

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_ Tribes

3. http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/php?title=&action=next &record =
1004

4. http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm

5. www.Lawcommissionofindia.nic.in
6. http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol7p11.htm
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