R CAN STUDIES IN AME Ie :

I •

E EXTENDED EMILY

- ---- -
- -

eJf tri at analysis. ~ U. S ./Afric ni 5:

CWho th y ar ; Why~to1ight them.
1'u lishe by Africa earch GJ1 U j50~jntheEm ire---'
 "The United States and the, West must either lead in the
process of modernizing the underdeveloped area or by
default contribute to a kind of world in which our institu-
tions and values cannot survive." GABRIEL ALMOND

The Extended Family ••••••••••'••••,.1

Who Pays the Bll1s ••••••••••• ~ •••• 7
The Government Network ••••••••••• 13
University Complex ••••••••••••••• 23
The Organizational Nexus ••••••••• )?
Consider the Al ternatlve ••••'••••• 45
The Tribal Roster •••••••••••••••• 47

This pamphlet was produced for initial distribution at the

African Studies Association Convention'meeting on the first
day of/the Vietnam moratorium in insurrectionary Montreal,
October 1969. It represents a collective effort by members
and friends of the Africa Research Group, a radical research
and education project concerned with exposing· and combating
U.S. imperialism in Africa. With credit, this pamphlet may
be freely reproduced by friendly publications. An Africa
Research Grou literature list is now available.
 •
The Extended Family: Introd atOlL

African Studies in the In the fifteen or so yea~s

United States is a child of since the U.S. wh leheartedly
the AmeFlca~ E~pire. It was "discovered" Africa, these re-
developed to meet the needs searchers through well-financed
of ever-expanding U.S. corpor~ jet-setting safaris have amassed
ate and gove~nrnental penetra- a mountain of information for
tion in Africa. Its complex filtration through the research
international network of spe- apparatus of corporations and
cialized university centers, government agencies. There it
research institutes, and para- is translated into the languages
governmental-para-university
organizations represents a
of'consumption or counter-in-
surgency, or both, and used to
clear and present danger to formulate strategies aimed at
legitimate African aspirations u mo bilizing" Africans and con-
for freedom, justice and re- ~rolling their societies. Like
volut~onary change. the missionaries who 'opened
up' Africa for su sequent ex-
In these pages, we will ploitation by a n w atrophied
'document the existence of a colonialism, the West's intel-
heretofore unstudied TRIBE - lectual missionaries and para-
an extended family of inter- espionage agents have, through
connected and incestuous "ex- their research an pUblishing ('
perts" who, while living off efforts, training· programs, and
Africa, serve a system pitted control over the means of ideo-
against its needs. They are +og1cal formation helped shape
American "social scientists" Lnd perpetuate th new frame-
comfortably ensconced in the work of neo-colonial rule and
institutional architecture of imperialist domin tion.
the American "intellectual"
environment .. Nurtured by found-o Africans are not unaware
ation and government grants, of what is going n. There has
they operate under the cover of been a growing ch rus of protest .
the false "neutrality" of aca- egalnst cultural imperialism and
demic scholarship which permits ideological penetr tlon although
them to camoufla~e their ideo- tJo often 1t has lacked a deep~r
logical biases and the strate- arlalysis of'the strategy of mod-
gic-policy implications of ttleir ern imperialism. The machinatiotls "
work. of U~S .. Africa scholars cannot
 be und~rstood outside the con- auspices of the African Re-
text of an understanding of the search Committee. The Committee,
role they play on behalf of the controlled by Gwendolyn Carter
American Empire. It has become of Northwestern University,
fashionable, for example,. to at- re,ceived $117, 000 to "evaluate
tack U.S. scholars as CIA agents, existing social science reSOllrces
as covert representatives of the on Africa in the United States,
"Invisible Government." It would Europe, and Africa." (Contract
be more correct to see them as No: eN da 49 92 aro 94) This
-servants of an "Indivisible Sys- significant U.S. Army involve-
tem" where the source of your ment is, at bottom, however,
funding is less important than the no more pernicious than its
function of your work. subservience to the major
foundations. ",The Foundations,"
In this pamphlet, the tools David ijorowitz has shown, "with
of research have been turned on their practical monopoly on
the researchers in order to ana- substantial discretionary funds,
lyze and document the nature of have purchased control over the
the African Stu ies industry, its fundamental direction of research
method of financing, and its role and academic energies on a nation-
in the process f domination. As al scale." Yet even this pattern
David Hor 1tz has observed: "Even of financing could not be as
if lndividu r searchers and successful without a willing
ideologues are not corrupted - stable of intellectual mercen-
though plenty of them are - the aries convinced that their work
system of cadernic research and is at once independently con-
ideology formation is. Most ceived and 1n the national in~
academics no more perceive the terest. The government has not
ideological basis of their work simply "corrupted" these schol-
than we smell air or taste water. ars: if it is rape, it is will-
The politically inoffensive ing and these are consenting
(not neutral) is seen as un- adults.
biased objectiv ,_ value-free
science; a ~adl al orientation Most U.S. Africanists are
stands out as prejudiced, in· engaged in perpet~ating a form
appropriate and, gravest of- of sc~entific colonialism, a
all, unprofessi nal." process defined by Johann Galtung~
"whereby the center of gravity .
A microscopic, if some- for the acquisition of know-
what incomplete, analysis of ledge about the nation is lo-
Afr~can studies in the United cated outside the nation itself.
States reveals that govern-
ment agencies, the major corp- This is essentially simiJ-
orations, their foundations, ar to what haooens when raw
and' conservative ideologies materials are-exported at
have been a major influence in a low price and reim~ort~d
shaping the directions and at a very high cost as
-ideological content of research manufactured goods ... Scient-
about Africa. As redently as lsts from the scientifically
1966, a series of small special- powerful nations often know
ist conference organized to more about other nations
map out lon~ r nge research than these nations know
priorities was financed bY,the about themselves ... Social
United States Army under the

2
 Science knowledge about a were becoming emb ttered or
small country in the hands radicalized by American racism -
of a big power is a poten- not a few u.S. mandarins hired
tially dangerous weapon. themselves out to A.I.D. or the
It contributes ... to mani- major foundations to "modernize"
pulation in the interests the African university system.
of the big powers. The Rockefeller F undation
(Gal tung, "Sc ient ific (James Coleman and 80.) in East
Colonialism:' Transition: Africa or Michigan State Uni'
Kampala) versity in Nigeria have been
busily-at work extending Arneri-
[RACISM] ~an influence by "institution
bUilding." This all forms part
This process of scientific of a strategy, of course, of
colonialism is racist as well. creating strategi'c middle-class
Not only has the African Studies elites who will remain receptive
profession been overwhelming- to American interests. Their
ly white in composition, it real goal is to reproduce more
has shunted aside and ignored people like themselves.
the achievements of black schol-
ars like W.E.B. DuBois, Rayford [MANAGERS]
Logan, Carter Williamson, and
others whose interest and con- The creation of this in-
tellec~ual and technical infra-
cern for Africa predated that
of the imperial establishment. structure reflects the new soph-
While few blacks have been istication with which modern
coopted into the tribe, with imperialism seeks to maintain
academic honors, instant pro- control over the r sources and
fessorships, and an occasional developmental possibilities of'
Ambassadorial post, most remain the African continent. In an
on the outside where they are age of complex organization and
multi-national operations no
actively combatting the hege-
mony of the honkoisie. They
. can contain conflicts
emplre ' or
mana~e change without collecting
realize that the Africanists
invite comparison with the analyzing, and act1ng upon de-. '
attitudes of the colonialists tailed information about other
many of them pretend to repudi- states and people.
ate. Both considered it their
"right" to demand access to'
data of all kinds and about
all aspects of black peoples'
lives.
This tribe of U.S. Africa
hunters functions as more than
mere researchers. They are train-
ers: "educating" cadre for
American institutions at home
while also often 'forming' the
African elites with whom thev
. will eventllallv have to dealt.
As scholarship~ for Afric'an
students are cut back--too many.

3
 Corporate management 1s far [STATUS SEEKERS.]
more conscious of the objective
function of behavioral science In some respects, it 1s
research being carried out in fortunate that much of the wor~
Africa than the.people who actu- undertaken. on behalf of this
ally pract~ce it. Joseph W. network is analytically dis-
Newman's observations in an torted and intellectually mun-
article on motivational re- dane.· Fortunate because, as in
search pub.lished y the Harvard Vietnam, the computers which
Business Review 111, 1957 is predicted a complete American
typical of management's view: victory in 1966 can be proven
wrong by the actions of a de-
Social anthropolo- ·termined people. The African-
gists make use of the con- 1st s who serve the Empire do s·o,
cept of social class, which in large measure, to serve then-
refers to social status and selves. "Africa," explains
broad patterns of values Stanley Diamond, "has been a
attltudes,roles, and be- laboratory for too many Ameri-
havior within a culture. . lean careers; too many papers
It implies a homogeneity and books are simply status
of consumer wants and at- symbols in the social system,
titudes tqward products the social- strug~le of the dom-
and well-kn wn brands. estic academy, shaped by that
Knowledge of. values and system and couched in its 11-
attitudes is basic to an ~ited and evasive lan~uage ..• ,
understandin~ of resistance African Studies has been car-
to change. eerlstic or merely fashionable;
Because of the be- concern has been less with the
havioral science influence, subject of study, with the con-
there has b'een a growin~ dition, 'needs and potential of
number of intensive in- African people, than with the
vestigations· aimed at dis- abstract problems that quali-
cerning motivational pat- fied a student as an.academic ex-
terns. In this connection, pert or Africanist; the latter
psychological needs and cul- ~ertlficat1on presumably indi-
tural and interpersonal cating a certain control over
influences are receiving data but by no means guarantee-
systematic stUdy as de- ing the application of general
terminants f buying be- intelligence to the problems of
havior alon with the eco- che SUb-continent."
nomiC, material, and situ-
ational factors. The ex- • ["THE DIRTY WORKERS"]
istence of unconscious
mental functioning has These men stand exposed as
been recognized,and mar- much for the, intellectual vac-
ketin~ research now is
uousness of their oroduct as for
going beyon what people their links with the imperialist
say they think and feel. establishment. The "dirty work-
Increasing use is bein~ ers" sl)ould be the easiest one~
made of behavioral science to combat: their biases are most
methods which are espe- visible 'and their policy im-
cially suit d t~ the study plications most direct. For
of motivat1 n .. example, it is not difficult to
pass resolutions a~ainst the men
who compiled that infamous stu~y Perhaps the most· critical
at American University on point of leverage in aca-
"Witchcraft, Sorcery, Magic demic control is in the
and Its Implications for Mili- formation of perspectives,
tary Planning in the Congo" analytic models, agendas
for the U.S. Army in 1964. One for research. Not all so-
has only to breeze through a cial pheno~enon are visible
Praege~ book catalog to flush to all analytic models ann
out the worms who live by keep- methodologies, and the s()-
ing tabs on the shifting "in- cial scie~tist who shapes
ternal power balances" within his tools to collect gove!'n-
African states or trade unions. ment and foundation finan~­
es will not be equipped tn
research or even ask
[MODERNIZATION OR MANIPULATION] questions though crucial
It is important however to an understanding of th~
to challenge the "heavies" of contemporary world would
economic development theory, not be looked on favorably
comparative political behavior, by those agencies.
and modernization. These are [BLACK STUDIES]
the ideolog~es of American
power today:, the men preoccu-
pied with understanding the An appreciation of what
process of change so that it these Africanists have meant
might be better controlled. in intellectual and practical
Poli tically, ,they are liberal terms, suggests some dangers
apologists for a system which for the still de~eloping "field"
they want people to "under- of black studies. If these,
stand" rather than combat. In- people - and, their scientif'ic
tellectually, by their control approaches - are permitted to
of university resources, they sink their hooks into black
prevent the exploration of rel- studies programs, these too
evant social questions. Explains could be integrated into the
Horowitz: - prevailing apparatus and trans-

Karol Seles in VIE NUOVE. orne

5
' ....
:.~. '~-~~ '. • . . . . . .' j ••
. '.
formed into stabilizing mech- leader Immanuel Wallerstein has
anisms within the system. There helped to set up a black' stud1~s
are already signs that the program while Franklin Williams
Africanists would like to in- was impor~ed from the U.S. Embassy
corporate black studies into
in Ghana to direct the Unlver-
their academic empire. Sig-
si~y's whole Ford funded $10
nificantly, the Senior Seminar
at the State Department's For- million inner city show. At
eign Service Institute made Wisconsin, black students re-
funds available to Donald cently revolted when Crawford
Easum, one of the African spe- Young, another alumnus of CIA
cialists to study the whole international student agencies
phenomenon and how it might be and State Department Advisor on
co-opted. One article based the Congo was named chairman of
on his research, "The Call for the Afro-American Studies steer-
Black Studies" has already ap- ing commi ttee. Arguing that "his .
peared in a special survey in motives are contrary to the in-
the pages of Africa Report (AAI) terests of black people," they
which has "expa"nded this year forced his resignation. He was
to embrace a related field - rewarded of course with the
the Year One of Black Studies." Chairmanship of the Political
(May-June, 1969) At Columbia Science Department.
University, the old Clk student

The task of confronting the ideas now dominant about Africa is

not an intell ctual job: It cannot be left to the Africanists.
Most are too lncorporated into the dominant apparatus and blind
to their own complicity. Ideas which serve the ruling class cannot
be refuted in polite academic symposia or in unread and unreadable
magazines. Only a political movement and body of theory ranged,
against the system which nourishes this intellectual cheering squad
has the possibility of overturning bourgeois domination. There is
a need for intellectuals in this process: ideological confrontation
is a necessary part of political action, but it can never be separ-
ated from daily pra~tice. If the evidence in this pamphlet means
anything, its implications are clear: The African revolution is the
duty of Afric n revolutionaries, and at this stage they will be best
served by com letely barring servile U.S. academics from their coun-
tries. For Americans, there is an equally urgent need. Neo-colonial
scholarship not only infects or seeks to control Africans, but it
colonizes our own minds as well . . The war against neo-colonialism
begins at home.

Shaka
October, 1969

6
 The U.S. Government

U.S. Government agencies

are major benefactors of Afri8an
research acttvities. Govern-
ment funds subsidize contracted
Who Pays the Bills researCh, scholarships throu~h
the "Defense Education pro-
p;ram" and other sources, and
--
Funding for the network
helned finance the network of
/ African studies centers and
of African Studies comes from institutes.·In 1967, the ~ed­
many sources, both governmental eral Government spent $40.6
and nrivate. Despite the plur- million in the form of con-
ality of orip;in', however, tracts and ~rants for behav-
these funds tend to come, from ioral research on foreign areas
and go to the same structures, - and international affairs.
sunported by the same ideology. While only a percentage was
The'sources of funds share the earmarked for African studies,
• same values the same research it has been a substantial fi-
interests, the same politicai nancial injection into the
~oals, and in many cases ~he academic research industry. In
same peoole. They all are de- March- 1'967, the State Depart~
voted to' "institution bUilding," mentIs Bureau of Intelligence
elite formation, modernization, and Research showed that 77
nolitical integration and the research projects on Africa
other cliches of the ideology ~ere comnleted or in Drogress.
of American imperialism. They
Of these, 40, or nearly 60%
all ,strive to serve the needs
were sponsored bv the Agency
which this ideology requires:
for International Development.
hi~hly specialized researcher?,
30nhisticated forms of economlC Twelve projects or 15% were
Jenetration, experts in African sponsored by the various com-
I lan~ua~es, advisors and con- ponents of the Department of
sultants to both government Defense. In 1964, Robert Baum
and business, skillful Americans of the State Department com-
to "renresent" American inter- oiled a list of 400 government
ests. Because these sources are sponsored research projects on
the only major sources of funds Africa costin~ $76 million.
within the U.S.,they effect- 18% o'f these were undertaken
ively have shaped African stu- under the auspices of the miJi-
1i~~ to meet their ideolo~ical
tary. A comnlete listing of all
conc~ntions and needs.
government sponsored research
is not available.

Government money is fre-

quently mixed with non-~ov:r~­
ment funds in order to maXlmlze
its imoact. Many African Studies
Centers, for example, receive
help from both the Ford Found-
ation and under the National
Defense Education Act. The lan-

7
gua~e training provided for un- clearly seen in a study con-
der NDEA grants is intended to ducted by the State Department
assist U.S. penetration in in 1967: of the 191 university
African societies. The program centers of foreign affairs re-
was justified by K nneth Mild- search in the U.S., 107, or
enberg, director of lan~uage de- 56%, depended upon Ford money
velopment for NDEA in these for their main source of sup-
t-erms: port. David Horowitz makes the
importance even more clear:
It is apparent now that "In 11 of the 12 top universi-
there is much local aver- ties with institutes of inter-
sion to the continued use national studies, a single found-
of European languages a- ation, Ford, is the principle
lone in schools and ~overn­ source of funds. Affiliated
ment and it is reasonable flith the institutes at Columbja,
to assume that before lon~ ~hicago, Berkeley, UCLA, Cornell,
the complex forces of na- Haryard, Indiana, MIT, Michigan
tionalism will press for the State, Stanford and Wisconsin
recognition, use and de- are 95 individual centers. Forj
velopment of native lan-
. guage s. is a sole or major source of
~unds for 83 of these ... " \Nhat
While these NDEA grants (with is true of foreign area studies
their loyalty oath requirements) in general is even more the case
had a major imDact in the insti- for African studies in parti-
tutional development of Africar1 cular. Since its first grants
studies, they are apparently to African studies centers in
being phased qut because the 1954, Ford has continued, as
return has 'not been great e- a. good family member, to spread
nou~h in terms of loyal special- its' wealth through the family.
ists. (The wrong type of geople Of the 18 major African studies
are learning Swahili these days!) centers listed by the State
At present, the Institute of Department, 13 depend either
International Studies of the completely or to a large extent
Office of Education is finan- on ~ord funds; the other 5 are
cing a major review of all go- supported either by the U.S.
vernment funding programs. government or, in rare cases,
by the university itself.
But Ford's influence extends
further than is indicated by
Non-Government Financiers: Ford its direct grants to African
studies centers. Ford also funds
African studies by providing the
Chief "non:...profit" pay- major source of fellowships
master of American Africanists for ~raduate and post-~raduate
is the Ford Foundation, whose research in Africa. On the
assets exceed $3 Billion - faculty level, Ford funds major
far more than the gross nation- projects undertaken by African-
al product of most African ists through a joint committee
countries. Its central import- of the Social SClence Research
ance in developin~ area studies Council and the American Council
centers in the U.S. during the of Learned Societies. Since
post World War II neriod is
l
1960 almost 100 such ~rants
have been ~iven, amountin~ to
over $500,000.'
 Through the Foreign Area same exploitative capitalism which
Fellowship Program, another has produced the wealth of
Ford front, over 430 research America. The Ford Foundation in
fellowships have-been given to particular derives its tremen-
American graduate students dous wealth from the'earnings of
since 1952. Beyond the financial tts $3' billion inves'tments made
importance of these fellowships, in capitalist industries and
they are intended to provide a countries around the world. Re-
'socialization process for bud- cently, for example,it bought
din~ young scholars, instilling
a 10% share of Eurofund, an
in them the values of the Ameri- outfit owned by the U.S. South
'can Empire through the subtle African mining giant Englehardt.
coercion of approval. Few Ford thus earns its money in the
~ame way as other ca~italists:
graduate students can ever hope
thro~gh exploitation of workers,
to do research in Africa with- Amerlcan and African. Ford's
out receiving one of these
fellowships. While clever interests ar~ the interests of
radicals have hustled some corporate power: to promote
money from these boys, most stability and contain radical
chan~e. Ford's elite managers
of the recipients have de-
monstrated themselves to be circulate freely within ruling
sufficiently integrated into circles, exercising their Dower
the ideological framework in when necessary, meeting problems
which these fellowships are and crises as they develop , main-
--

given. Ford's influence is taining and extending the Empire

thus transmitted from genera- in an ever hostile, rebellious
tion to generation, ever in- world. Thus a McGeorge Bundv
creasing the strength of its can shift from State-Depart~ent
ideology. to Ford Foundation, a W~ldemar
Nielsen can ooze from the Mar-
Ford's p~wer in shaping shall Plan to a consultant at
African studies 1s indicative Ford, while \vayne Fredricks can
of the power which large, rich float from the African desk at
foundations have in the U.S. the State Department to a sim2-
As David Horowitz states: lar post at Ford without major
" ••• The foundation sustains the reorientation of values or ideo-
complex nerve centers and gUid- logical commitment.
'ance mechanisms for a whole svs-
tern of institutional power.
remarkable and not accidental
To a Ford moved into African
studies in 1954, with grants to
degree, this power has both char- Boston University, Northwestern
acterized and defined American and Haverford. However, by 1958,
society and its relations with Ford found itself without a clear
the rest of the world in the direction in pursuing its in-
20th century." Ford does not and terests and thus set u9 a crash
can not use this power in a study committee to report on the
neutral way. Its power depends needs which African studies had
In its wealth which in turn to meet. Explained the committee's
depends upon the oarticular r~port: "In the lig;ht of the
economic and political system important rGle that American
which it has done so much to scholars and universities ~ust
create and nerpetuate. Ford's play in the future in nroviding
money cam~, after all, fro~ t~p sound underpinning for the de-

9
 velooment of sound national could draw to meet its needs.
~oll~y, scholarly knowledge and While the National Center was' not
general understanding, it seems forthcoming, the thinkin~ behind
to me that it would be desirable it did result in ·Ford optin~ to
for us to undertake a general forge a select, elite number of
review of the American academic centers which would provide such
picture in this f1~ld.in pre- a pool.
paration for the decisions that
we will have to make during the [IN THE NAME OF PEACE]
coming year." .
The study committe. , consisting
of L. Gray Cowan, Carl Rosberg, To determine the approx-
Lloyd Fallers and Cornelius de imate manpower needs of the
Kiewiet, conducted this review American Empi~e in Africa, th2
by consulting with academics Committee visited various gov-
and government agencies, in- ernmental a~encies. Within the
cluding the CIA. Their findin~s State Department the Committee
found a ~reater need as well
provide crucial in;ights into as an openness to the type of
Ford's thin~in~ during this knowledge which African studies
formative period. Citing the could contribute: "In some
rise of "so-called activist groups (agencies) most notably the
at a time when American inter-
est i~ so high," the committee State Department,there was a
warned against the exposure to most lively awareness that
American public opinion of their performance depended
"excesses or mistaken emotion- upon the quality and the range
al judgments tt which these acti- of knowled~e - economic, poli-
vist groups might make. To . tical, social, psychological -
counter this danger, scnhisti- available to them." The Commit-
cated and trained. fricanists tee concluded in ~reat cold
are needed and it as the func- war lan~uage:
tion of the Universities to Thus every a~ency and
provide them . .nWithout any re- activity devoted to this
luctance," they wr te, "the end (avoidin~ war) has.a
Committee has been able to agree prior and greater need
on the unwisdom (sic) of aca- for fundamental ideas and
demic aloofness fr m the need~ deep understandin~ than
. of national policy, or of Africa all the other a~encies and
itself. It seems t us most ap- activities devoted to
propriate and desirable' to en-' physical security ann nre-
6ou~age Africanist individuaJly naredness combined. It
and in their associations, to means more to prevent war
provide assistance in profes- than to win war. It means
sional consultation, in train- more to coonerate with
ing for soecific n eds, in de- the "rising-expectations"
signing research ~o a~ to be of over half the world's
useful to governMent and busj- Dooulat ion than to sit i·.l
ness." The renort all~d for a frustration before the
;lational Africarl ~tU(j~, (;~ntr?,r stubborn frontiers of th~
,,,,hich l:Tould t)rorJuc.~ 8....... ("),-)} Iron Curtain. The cold
of well trai ~ed n S !lolars and ex- ,~ar is the o:reatect \11/,11'
:oerts q froM '~Jhich the r1.11inrr class rlumanit:v has ever fOl!~~"llt.

10
 It is the only war in 'In short, Forq .ha,. directed its
which victory can be real. 'support 'of Afr·ica' . studies into
the ch~nn~ls"~lc~ated by the
And the Ford Foundation, by American imperla11'm which it
sponsorin~ and developing Afri- both profits from ~ nd ~eroetu­
can studies in ~he U.S., becomes ates. To direct this cQannel-
the secret instrument in this 1ng Ford has'hir~a as'~onsult­
"war," one ~ack-bone of Ameri- ants some 'of the t p American
ca's penetration and control Afr1canis~s ~ho,- have in part
of the Free World which only helped. to" form',,;t.he ideology which
a cold war victory would make they and Ford repr sent. The
'real. list read~ li~e:~ ~ho's Who of
African1sts in 'service to the
Empire: L. Gray Cowan, Robert
Baum, Arnold Rivki , James
Coleman, Roy Slebe'r, Gwendoler!
~
Carter, Philip Curtin , Runert,

~merson,. Immanuel Wallerstein~

Robert Lystad, Gus Liebenow, .
'William Brown, era ford Young,
Alan Merriam, et a . These are
the men who "have .h Iped to give
out Ford's' fellows" ips and who
have insur~d ideal ~ical purlty~
These are the ru11 g council of
the Trib~.
Howeyer, Ford is not alone
[FOUNDATIONS OF IMPERJALISM] 'among American fOll ~ations i~
fundin~ African st dies. The
Throughout the years, Carnegie Cor'porat 1 I1 was the
Ford's influence has remained. first into the fie d, ~ivin~
What this means in terms of the grants to Northwestern to est-
content of research which Ford abl,ish the fir~t ,'African studies
has funded can be seen from center, as such, in the U.S.
this simple chart of the con- It s main funct·ion" however, has
tent of the 430 research pro- been to ~ive some ravel ~rants
jects which Ford funded with and to support str tegic plan-
fellowship money. The ideology ning or co-ordinat n~ institu-
of modernization accounts for tions such as the merican
the largest number of these Council on Educatl n, Overseas
,projects followed by the more Liaison Committee. In Africa,
traditional, but no less dan- Carnegie money is likewise in-
gerous, anthropolo~ical studies. vested in elite pI nning insti-
Significantly, there is not one tutions that shape policy frame-
study of American economic' pene- works and programm tic direc-
tration of Africa (despite the tion (e.g. Ashby.'C rnrn1ss1on
tremendous rise in direct, pri- report on Education and Man-
vate investment in Africa by power in Nigeria). Likewise,
American cprporations) nor any the Rockefeller Foundation has
studies of how the repressive given some travel- esearch
Portuguese and South African money (most no~abl to Gwendolen
governments can be overthrow'n·. Car,te:r for, h~r~":'5-tork:: in! South

11
Africa) but primarily invests In its funding, African
in institution building studies best shows its charact-
programs. Rockefeller has er.as aq ex!~nd~d fam~ly~ serv-.
helped to build the Conference ing the same interests and ide-
of Directors of Economic and ology. From government 'to found-
Social Research Institutes in ation to university center the
Africa (CODESIRA), and is deep- family is tight and self-per-
ly involved in re tructuring petuating, renewing itself in
and reshaping African educa- its own image, and ever serving
tion. its patron saint, American
imperialism.

HOW TO KEEP RULING CLASS SUPPORT WITHOUT DAMAGING YOUR REPUTATION

This became a real problem for all U.S. academics in the wake
of the CIA and Project Camelot scandals. Virtually every academic
association has passed verbal denunciations of the very practices
they had lon~ winked at, while a host of committees were organized
to find some "formula" which could preserve reputations and'·pay- .,
the htlls. After considerable procrastination, the African Studies
Association, released a statement filled with verbal gymnastics,
meaningless legalistic distinctions, and naivte about the role of
government and the nature· of the Empire. What the ASA wants, of
course, is the pie and the pudding: a way to receive government
money and feel ~ood about it. No Strings, emotional or actual.
It avoids dealiQg with the meaning of foundation financing, the ways'
certain types of "basic research" can be used despite the intentions
of its initiators, and the underlying congruity in values and
ideolo~y between government agencies, the corporations and their
foundations. The statement itself, was read and approved by the
government's Foreign Area Coordination Group before it wa~ released
to the ASA membership. Unfortunately, most u.s. social scientists
do not need to be told what to study. No one is more anxious to
get the scholars back in the field than the government.. Only now.
some more circuitQus routes must be designed. Two are already in
the works: an International Education Act or a National Science
Academy. Both m~ght now be a reality if that nasty war in Vietnam
wasn t t proving so "dY,sfunctional" for the future of social scienc'e
research.

12
 The Government N etw rk

WHO IS THE CHIEF SPOOK?

Could it be WILLARD MATHIAS, Clover Lane, Alexandria Va.?
He was a visiting fellow at Harvard's Center for Interna-
tional Affairs in 1958-59; the Center's own Directory of
Fellows identifies him as being connected with that great
a.cademic institut ion: "Central Intelligence Agency, Washinp;ton
D. C." Can he be the key link man between U. S·. Africanist s
and the CIA? Maybe L. Gray Cowan and Co. ~ould know. Ask him.

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

Throughout the late fifties, while the State Depart ent conser-
vatively supported European colonial policies, the CIA was
secretly forging information networks and mani~ulable instit-
utions in Africa. In August 1958, the Committee of fricanists
selected by the Ford Foundation to survey "the pres nt condition
and future prospects of African.Studies" had a rare direct "inter-
view with the CIA to assess its need for personnel. According
l'
to their report, the CIA sa~ it would need "a constant staff
level 6f som~thing like 70 ~eoDle specializing in the African
area: they particularly desire those who have train ng in
economics; geography, or political science. They ar , however,
prepared to train a man if they can get a person wh rn they feel
is suitable for their type of work." Their -'type of ork indeed!
The State Department, interestin~ly, only projecte a need for
fifty officers over the next ten years. The CIA was more on
the ball. By 1961, according to State Department advisor .yernon
-McKay, "the professional staff of the Africa office declined
from twenty-three to fifteen when certain long rang research
activities were transferred to the Central Intelligence Ag;ency."
(Africa in World Politics, D. 296) Based usually in American
Embassies or consulates in African countries, CIA officers
co-ordinate covert intelligence ,collection through the use of
reconnais~nce, communications and electronic espionage, and by
'running' networks of agents. They also collect usable data .
from overt sources - newspapers, radio-monitoring and scientific
papers, as well as throu~h regul~r open contacts with orivate
citizens, members of African governments and organizations,
and from friendly neutrals and allies. The -CIA is also deeply
involved in covert action orograms aimed at manipul ting
African politics or forging inst'itutions 1~h:tch shane de'velop-
ment in pro-western direction. As part of this pro~ram, the

13
 CIA helped su s1dize a whole network of or~anizations active
on African pr blems. Some of these have been disclosed in
,newspapers an magazines: African-American Institute (AAI),
:American Soc1 ty of African Culture (AMSAC), Congr~ss of Cul-
tur~l Freedom, International Student Conference, World Assembly
of Youth, Pea e With Freedom, Inc., African-American Labor
Center. (It ~. so helped to organize: East African Institute
of Social ang Cultural .Affairs, Ea~t Afri~~n PUblishing House.
Jomo Kenyatt~ Educational Institute, Kenneth Kaunda Foundation,
and Milton 0 te-Foundation).

For more inf rnatlo~ about the'ClA's role see: Wise and Ross, .
The Inv1s1bl Government,- A. Tully, CIA, The Inside Story,
Georg'e Morri The CIA and American Labor, and "The CIA as
an Equal Oppo t.un1ty Employer, h_ Ramparts Magazine, June, 1969 .
. -THE DEPARTME OF STATE
,The state D~ ~tment ~aintains several divisions engaged
in 1ntelligen'e and ,research activities. Throu~h its
Embassies and intricate communications networks, its analysts
must digest a.constant stream of information and generate
policy propo Is as well as conduct the formal diplomacy
of the govern ent. Its ~esearch institutions relevent to
African probl ms include:
1. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Now directed by Ray
Cline, a C.I.A. Officer (N.Y. Times, October 4, 1969)this bureau
"prepares stu i'es of poll t leal, social and economic development s
around the wo ld. These ,"research memoranda" are for the most
part classif1 d and restricted to use by 'government agencies."
,William C. H rop· ~nd Robert D. Baum head up the Office of Research
A

and Analysis or Africa within the Bureau.

2. Office of xternal Research. Headed up by E. Raymond Platig,
this office 1 also part of INR. This is the bureau which keeps
systematic t so· all U.S. academic africa output.
It has the m t complete catalog of current ~nd on-going res~arch,
pUblishes num rou~ bibliographies and directories and seeks
to "facilitat th flow of information between scholars and policy-
makers." It fers scholars the "benefits of its close relationship
with the adm1 istrators of major private foundations, and its leader-
ship in the e.,orctJ;nation of government-sponsored research.
3. Foreign A~ ~ Research Coordination Grou~(FAR) See page 15.
This 1s an in erdepartmental group which seeks to coordinate all
government sp nsoped foreign affairs research, avoid duplications,
,and rat1~~ali ~'current techniques for manipulating academic
institutions nd individual'scholars. FAR has an Africa subcommittee
run by Robert'Baurn. Its general meetin~ held,to evaluate its
first three y·ar~.of existence was .chaired by Robert Amqry,
lde"nt ffied as .repre.sentlng the f'Bureau of the Budget." Amory,
how~ver, is w II known as a top CIA spook. That meeting
orojected the needs for more counter-1nsur~ency research
to defeat rev .luti'onary movement s. The Indivis ib Ie Government!

14
 P" H IZ N
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
bUshed bimoDthly for the
Wa~~i"·i~C~, D.C. 20520 i tefa Dey Fo EIGN AREA
BARCH CooRDINATION GROUP
( AR) by the Office of External
arch; Jean . Dula ey, editor.
m 8840 Departme t of State,
2201 C Str t NW, Washi pOD,
.C.20520. .
PAST AND PRESENT AFRICAN ADVISORY COUNCIL MEMBERS
A ' main objective i the
sy tematie coordination of
G vernment-sponsored foreilft area
David E. Apter Frederick D. Patterson arch in the ocial sciences. It
William Attwood Christopher H. Phillips ks to insure coo r tive effort in
arch etivities, to prevent
Leland Barrows Alan Pifer liealion betw n a nei , to
William H. Beatty Hans A. Ries e ur ge maximum u of research
ts, and to promote good
Philip Bell James H. Robinson .rel don between Government and
Paul Bohannan Carl G.. Ros};>erg rivate r ch or anizati n .
Office of External esearch,
Henry L. Bretton Oscar M. Ruebhausen ted in the ure u of Intelli ence
William O. Brown Harvey C. Russell Research of the Department of
. te, provides the Secretariat for
Gwendolen Carter Joseph.·C Satterthwaite
It
A.
Rufu's E. Clement Ruth-C. Sloan-
AYMOND PUTJO, Director, OfJice
James S. Coleman Mabel Smythe 1 Extental Re.fearch
Merceor Cook Kenneth M. Spang. MARTIN G. C ,A MER, AClinR
L. Gray Cowan Maida Springer x~cut;ve Secretary, FAR
John A. Davis Francis X. Sutton
C.W. de Kiewiet Theodore L. Tucker FA Me ben Jp "
Albert W. Dent ·I.'Tlmanuel Walierste.in C irman: GEORGE C. DENNEY, JR.,
Wilton Dillon G. Mennen Williams partment of State
Edward R. Cudley Carroll L. Wilson Aaency for Intern tional
Ernest Dunbar Development.
Thomas L. Farmer Arms Control and Dis rm merit
Agency
Dorothy Ferebee Department of Agriculture
Frank E. Ferrari Central InteJli enee Agency
Rosa L. Gra~g De artment of Defense (Advanced
esearch Projects A eney.
Manfred Halpern fense e reb and
John.A. Hannah Enlineeri I, Internation I
Frederick H. Harbison Security Affairs. Defen
Intelligence Agency, Departments
Ulric St. C. Haynes, Jr. f the Air Force. Army. and
Navy)
Melville J. Herskovits De artment of Health, Education,
Christian A. Herter, Jr. and Welfare
George M. Houser , De artment f Labor
William o. Jones De rtment of State (Bureau of
Francis Keppel ducational nd Cultural Affairs,
ureau of Intelligence and
Helen Kitchen arch)
Joseph Kraft Executive Office of the Pre ident
George N. Lindsay .N tional Academy of Sciences
( bserver)
'James I. Loeb National Aeron utics nd Space
Oswald Bates Lord _Admini tration
John A. Marcum I
'N tionaJ Endowment for the
Humanities ,
Frederick A. McGuire, C.M. National Science Foundation
Vernon McKay Pc ce Corps (observer)
William E. Moran, Jr. Sift·thsonian Institution
Ruth Schachter Morgenthau u. ~ Information Agency
Stanley de J. Osbourne
F. Taylor Ostrander
Wilfred Owen
THE AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (AID)

This agency draws upon the resources of American Universities and

Africanists in all aspects of its administration of the forei~n
aid program. Research is contracted to Universities and individual
scholars for two types of projects: (1) Studies relating to the
processes of economic and social development and (2) research
and training connected with "institution building projects in
education or public administration, etc." "Research," AID says,
"is needed in th broad fierds of human resources and social
systems. Studies will be conducted which contribute to the
design and structure of educational systems of the new nations.
More work is to be done to increase our understanding of tradi-
tional social structures and value systems and the forces which
are already at w rk to produc,e 'change in the developing countries.
Other topics to e investigated ~nclude changing political struc-
tures, instituti n bUilding, urbanization, rural development, and
population dynamics."

UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY

This agency syst matically conducts surveys of foreign opinion to

find out how-much the rest of the world hates the United States.
The results must be depressing to these media manipulators because
this information is quickly incorporated into an extensive "data
bank" which is partly classified for security reasons. u.s. aca-
demics have been known to help the. USIA with its library program,
its subsidized s ries of propaganda tracts (e.g. Books like "African
Student in Red China") and its pUblications. Interestingly, USIA
pUblications distributed abroad are not permitted by act of
Congress to be isseminated at home. No doubt because any re-
semblance between what they say and what the USA is really like
is purely coinei ental.

PEACE CORPS

The Peace Corps has its own research d~vision mostly for operational
research. Contrary to most radical thinking, the-Peace Corps is
not primarily an espionage agency; its services to imperialism are
more varied. The Agency does however pay individuals in the
local population for giving information to Peace Corns volunteers.'
Two letters by a top Peace Corps official recently revealed in
the Chilean Parliament disclosed that the Peace Corns had author-
ized cash payments for data in business activity, g~ological re-
search, and student protest activities (Guardian, September 6, 1969)
Many Africanists have sipped at the Peace Corps water trough as
consul tants, lecturers, and traini.ng directors.

16
 LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

A Summary Report of a Conference Jointly Sponsored by:

the Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State·

The Africa Subcommittee of the Foreign Area Resear
Coordination Group (FAR)
~e Agency for' International D~velopment (AID)

Held at

The Poreign Service Institute, Department of State

July 18-19, 1967
l'I PARTICIPANTS
I
I United Stat.. GoverD8ent Academic
I Subc~tt•• on Africa of the Foreiln Area Doullaa Aahfp~d, Depart~nt of Political
I leaearch. Coordination Group (PAR) Science, Cornell Unive~ai y
I
I Robert Baua, Chairaau*
Sheila Buckley
Henry Bienen, Department
Pri~c~ton University
0 I Poli tica ,

I John Fiake
Betty'Georle David Brokensha, DepartMn of Antbropolol1.

I Roberta lDapp
IlVin Lach.an
HOraaD Moaber
Univeraity of California at Saata Barbara

Lloyd Fallers, Departaaent f ADthropololY,

John Sewell* Univeraity of Chicago
Julian Witherall
William Foltz, Department f Political
Aa.~cy for Intemational Develop.nt Science, Yale Univeraity

Sheldon Gitelaan Charles R. Frank. Jr., Dep rt..nt of Icon ic.,

Jerry holl Princeton Unive~sity
Her.an Hiaaenba~
Alfred Ravelli William Hanna, C~n~er for aearch in Social
Robert Rupard Syateu, American Univeraity
Bovard Sal th
Robert S. Saith Nicholas.Hopkin., Depart.. of AnthropololY.
Charl.a Ward New York University

Depart_nt of State Peter Kilby, Department of conoadca.

~ealeyan Univeraity
Poreiln Service Institute
Walter Mueller Martin Kilaon, Department Political
John Noon Science, Harv~rd Univerait
AIm Reid
W. Arthur Levis, Woodrow Wi aOD School of
Office of Extemal Reaearch Public and International faira, 'Tineeton
E. Ra~nd Platig, Director Univeraity
Daniel Fendrick
Janet Hall* Robert Lystad, School of A anced Inter-
national Studiea, Johna R kins Univeraity
Office of Reaearch and Analysi. for Africa
Oliver L. Troxel, Director Norman Miller, Department Political
Willi.. E. Berry Science, Michigan State U veraity
Edward Lolli.
Edith Scott Rowland L. Mitchell, Jr., cial 9cience
Jane Webbink* Reaearch Council

Bureau of African Affairs Roger Yeagor, Dep rtment of Political

John A. Buche Science, Syracuse Univeraity
Willi.. Mil..
Laurent Morin M. Crawford Young, Depart t of Political
Science, Univeraity of Wiaconain

Ariati~e lolberg, Depart t of Political

Science, University of Chiealo
*Rapporteura
17
 THE OMNIPRESENT OCTOPUS

Africa offers, of course, a very promising field for

the study of counter-insurgency. Last year I was my-
self approached by one such research corporation led
by a man who had received a German doctorate in geo-
politics during the Nazi era. [Hans Weigert of the
Atlantic Research Corporation, ed.] I was bluntly
asked whether I would sell my knowledge to help the
u.s. Defense Department in planning military inter-
vention in a certain African country. (Incidentally,
the country in question was not 'South Africa, Zimbabwe,
or the so-called Portuguese territories.) I declined
. . .. When I later talked to my colleagues about it
I discover d that perhaps one-third to one-half of
American scholars in the African field [our empha~is,
ed.] had been solicited by this Agency or similar ones
of ethically questionable research. The Octopus 1s
omnipresent, and quite a few scholars are" taken in.

--Pierre L. Van Den Berghe

University of Washington
from Transition, Oct.-Nov.,
1967.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

A number of Defense Department agencies are involved in develop-

ing research about Africa. (S~e p.22) The U.S. military research
network is a multi-million dollar affair with global interests in
maintaining u.S. hegemony in all parts of the world. Some of
its Africa output has been summarized elsewhere.
The'problem of how to best tap academic research for military use
was discussed at a top level, closed meeting of top American social
scientists in the summer of 1967 sponsored by the Department of
Defense. Gene Lyons, executive" secretary of the Advisory Com-
mittee on Government Programs in the Behaviorgl Sciences of the
National Research Council (and in private life a professor at
Dartmouth), organized and chaired the meeting held in Williamstown,
Mass. The classified report which the meeting produced offered
the followin~ summation of the needs for knowledge about Third
World countries as well as the problems involved in meeting them:
"Despite the difficulties attendant upon research in
foreign areas, it must be explicitly recognized that the
missions of the Department of Defense cannot be successfully
performed in the absence of information on (a) socio-
cultural patterns in various areas includin~ beliefs, values,
motivations, etc.; (b') the social organization of troops,
'includin~ political, religious, and economic; (c) the effect
of "change' and innovation upon socio-cultural patte~ns
and socio-cultural organization of groups; (d) stUdy and
evaluation of action programs initiated by U.S. or foreign
agencies in underdeveloped countries. Solid, precise,
comparative, and current empirical data developed are
urgently needed for many areas of the world. This goal
should be pursued by: (a) mUltidisciplinary research teams;
(b) series of field studies in relevant countrles~ (c) strong
representation of quantitat~ve and analystic skills;
and (d) broad empirical data base .'"
While this conferen~e and its report are not specifically about
,Africa, the general statements it makes are as applicable
to Afr~ca as anywhere else in the Third World.

WANT TO KNOW MORE?

The best factual rundown on the links between the Pentagon and
American scholars is: Michael Klare, editor, The Military-University
Complex (NACLA: 1969) It is available for $1 from the North American
Congres s on ~at in America (NACLA} P.O. Box 57, C"a the<.lI'al Stat ion, N. Y. C.
r

I DEFENSE DEPARTMENT SPONSORED FOREIGN

I .~FFAIRS RESEARCH
I
I
I THURSDAY, KAY 9, 1968

I UNITED STATES SENATE,

I CO:\'I:\IITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,
I lVashington, D.O.
I
I,
I
,I Foster, Han. John S., Jr., Director of Defense, Itesearch and Engi-
neering, accompanied by Col. J ames ~l. Bro\ver: Donald 1\1.
~IacArthur; l{odncy W. Nichols; and l\Iorton H. Ha.lperin_ - - _---
,
I
I,.
, 'fhe l'1HAIR~IAN. 1 cnnh· see the rele\~nllCe of this one, and I \\-i~h YOU
\yould xplain it. It i~ culled "\Y'itehernft, Sorcery, ~IHgie nnd other
Ii Ps vc 110 logic n I 1'> hen 0 JlleU n . ' ,
I Dr. ~'OSTEH. I Hill not. fnlniliar ,,-ith that.
'rhe "1 H .\IIL\IAX. And the ilnplientiolls on lllilitnry operHtion~ ill the
I ('\)llgO. Ho,," ,Yould /,,-itehcl'n.ft be l'ele"nut to luiJitury ()perntion~ ill
J the ( 'ongo'? '
I Dr. 1~'o8TER. I finl not farniliar "'it h t hr..t particulnr st lld~·, ~Ir.
("'hitU"lUnn.
- '['he ('H.\IJC\L\X. It is a yet'\ iar~e UIl(\.
Dr. I.OSTEH. Ho,,-e\"el', I nin ~lli-:e YOU renlize if one is }J(Jt H""tll't' of
\yhn t p ople in t Ita t COUll t l'y helic,:r--\Yhich ""e call "'itehcrnft Ol·
ROl'Ccr.v--one lllight fnIl into cOll~idel'nble diffieulty ill nttelllpting to
help thcl1l.
'fhe l'1 IL-\.IIL\IAX. E,"er\~thill~' in a eoulltry could be Stlid to Le (tf
SOllle si~nifican('e if you Intencl to orcnpy it," couldn't ir?
Dr. ~"OSTER. l'r es , sir; e,"ery,thing. But I did not consider occllpa-
tion, and I doubt that the stud:r ,,-ns bnsed 011 sHeh n ,"ery unlikely
sllbjeet.
'fhe l-;HAIR~IAX. Eyel'\-t hing ,,"ould be n legitullute subject ftll'
reselU'C h. ~ '-- '-'
Dr. F Ot\T E R. 1'"es, t 11 a t is t rue in t 11 H t sense.
(l~he folloyring ill fo1'1nn tion "-41s subsequell tly' pro,rided for the
record :)
~('lliol' nlilitary offic(\r~ h:l\'C' }'('porU'c! IUall~' instanc('~ of df'[·llillg ,,-ith luilital'.'·
sit na t iOll~ jn d(\ \-C'lopin g Jl:t1 ions ,,-11l'ro ,,-it cht'l'aft. 80rccrr and 11l~lgjC lla \·e pia.,"cd
a significant rol~', Oll(\ (\x:llnpll' d(\ri\-('~ froIn the l'xp('ricl':ce of {r ....: . .:\l'nl~" ofii('('TS
ill \\'ork~n g \,.-i t h Philil); ';inv glll 'l'ilb:-, ~~ga it::-:: t t h(\ J apalll'~(' in \r orid \~'~lr II.
Anoth(ll' ('X~lnlI'l(' b 111(\ rll::d ~\l'pprl\:'5~ioll of :\lan ~Iall t.erroriSIll. .\. cOl'sidel'abll'
:unoltllt of th(' :.. ll(,l'l',",,~ ill lh~lt a('tioll i:-, ~l1lribtlt('d to a fl'\\' illdh"idnab' kuo\\'!(,d!!c r
I
()f tIll' \\ iteh('~':lfr and :-,()r('\'~·.\- ('Illplo.\-('c1 b.\" th.!' ~I=lll ~l~u·l. .\ papl'r titlf'd. "\\-iH·h- ,I
I (T: : f t, :---~ ()I' (' ( , J'.\ - , ~\ 1: l g i c :I !I d () ~ 1tl' r j ).....\ -(' h()10 ~ i('. tl P bell 011) I 'Il a in t L(· (. 0 n r.JJ ~ n I d
I

I Illlp!iclt iOli:-' [or .\lilit:!!'.," :11id P:ll':I!l~ili;:I;'Y ,)pl'l',ltiol1:,!" \\'a~, ti~\· )'I'.":iH):!";I~ h.-,· !
lh" ('1:ltllr:!l Jld'()l'lll:ttj():l _\ll,d\':"i:-- (\'ll!"1' to:l l'('(Jill ..~t iOI" ir:fnr111:t t i');1 In· rLe I
I {)lJlC,' of til(' 1\ tiiii:,- C:~i"f 1)1" :"i~:lr foJ' ~dLil:lr,\" Op~\l'~Ltiail::'. .
I iI
l . . ._-- - .. __ . . 1

20
 Ii

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WIT(~HCP AFT, .SOCERY,
...........
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.... .. ;
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~
MAC;IC, and other
.. ~

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PSYCHOLOGICF .L P ENOIVIEN
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~

to).
ft.
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~ . and th ir implications' 11
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y.;.-" : .. :', ',

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c.·,~:·~~~ .
·MILITARY and PA. ~ MILITA
OPE ATIO. S in the Congq

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21
 Coup You I
...--_-.- _...._..._---...,.--....---------..._--......-----------...---------------------
.......
To fill these enormous and dangerous gaps in vital infornlation and
,Titl~: African Groups Relevant to t:. S.' ~iilitary Decision-Afaking.
conceptualization concerning ~rica. the present study contains two con-
current and 1Dterrelated activities. One is an analysis, for the purposes
Interested Agencies: Primary: TRICO?-I indicated above, of preViously collected primary data direct {rom docu-
~: DCSOPS mentary analysis, participant observation, and systematic interviews
with community leaders, community rank-and-file, and university stu-
dent.. The oth.r activity is the collection and synthesis of all relevant
Principal Investigator: William John Hanna
and available secondary source data. This has already been completed'
with regard to the urban-related subtasks; it encompassed the inspection
Location of Main Effort.: Wasl~i.ngton~ D. C. and abstraction of more than one thousand publications in English. French"
and Spanish.

Objectives of Research: To pro\fide informational support for effective FY67 Projection: The !1rst porti,on of this study, "Community Dynamics
U.S. military assistance, civic ction. and intercultural communications in Urban Africa,·' was begun under institutional research fund ing during
by studying African (1) sociopolitical structures and dynamics and (2) FY66 , It will be completed and the second portion, "Community Leader-
leadership recruitment and attittides. Sp~cifically, there will be de~ ship in Urban Africa." begun in the first quarter of FY67 _ This
scriptions and analyses of the thr~e most relevant target groups arid theil second study, scheduled for completion ID the third quarter of FY67,
leaders: the urban; the intellectljlal. and the military. These analyses' will be followed by two ooDtempOrali~U8 studies: student movements and mil-
will be published for training us and will then form the basis for the'de- ita~' 3ctivitics. Both studies involve contextual and leader~'hipanalyses. Thta
velo~:nent of a predictive model of violent and nonviolent military and entire project ia e~-ptacterl to 'be completed by the fi rst quarter of F¥(j!J.
nonmilitary change.

Estimated Profes~ionals to be ASSigned in FY67: Three

Background and Overall Design: The new states of independent Black
Africa are undergoing rapid sociocultural and political change. The
peaceful evolutionary transfer of sovereignty is now being followed by Information Exc~"lnge: Department of State
revolutionary upheavals and coups d'etat.
There are three principal foci of chilnge and unrest: Reoorts and Timing:
(1) Urban communities \Ver~ the centers of African nationalist ac- (1) Community, Dynamics in Urbe.n Africa: To be completed during
tivity and now are the setting for intense frustrat ion and potent ial violent the 1st quarter of FY67.
lnanifcstatlons of unrer-t. Urban leaders have the' crucial responsibility (2) Community Leadership in Urban Africa: To be completed dur-
fnr lnl;)diatin~ between national elitt's and local rank-and -file; they may during the 3rd quarter of FY67.
soon be acti\'t" in insurgency or unterinsurgency activities. (3) Student Movements in Africa: To be completed during the 1st
(2) Stud~nts arc important because of their politkal involvement, in- quarter of FY68.
tellectual rc<;ourCCiit, and prestigious status an10ng the masses. SincC' (-l) Student Leadership in Africa: To be completed during the 3rd
there are few university-educated people in the new states of Africa, stu- quarter of FY68.
dcl,ts help tv fill a vacuunl, and as a consequence 'they ha\'e a nlagnified (5' . Iridigenous ~1ilitary Activities in Africa: To ~ completed
political role:. ~fan'y of then) will be active in the leadership of any insur- during the 1st quarter of FY68.
gency. becausc· of the-ir oppositional mentality. The students' al~o con- (6' Indigenous Military' Leadership in Africa: To be completed
stitute thL) m4lj('I" reservoir from which future national elites will be duri'ng the 3rd' quarter or FY68;
drawn .,
'.3) l\lilitul'Y takc-o\'ers in Africa 'reflect urban and intellectual dis-
(7' Predictive Model of ChaDge: To be completed du ring the 1st
quarter of FY68.
content. as w<:l1 a~ a vacuum of rational political power. But they are
also a product or the particular ll1tary organizations nnd lend~rs of the -
new states of Africa. as well as r the organizational and infrnstructural
underdevelopment characteristic -of new African sta~s. Therefore, the
military subcommunity and lead rship must also be understood to opti-
mize American ,actions and dcvel,op predictive models.
f..-__---------,
American University, Center in
The predictive model will probably include a large number of vari- Social Systems, Work Pro~ram for
ables derived from cross-disciplinary conceptualizations. It is antiCipa- Fiscal Year 1967~shin~ton D.C.)
ted that special attention will be 'ven to the differential causes of a four-
fold typology of change: violent military, violent nonmilitary, nonviolent
mil itary. nonviolent nonmilitary. Among the questions the predictive
model is expected to answer are the follOWing: "Are there critical
periods in the stages of economic development during which a country is
I (WITH FRIENDS LIKE THESE,.
more or less vulnerable to inata llity?" "What ia the military activity
potential in sub-Sa~D Africa during the period 1970-1980?"
It Is likely that direct or in irect military and ancillary aid will in
the future frequently be required or rt:'-iuested in increaslng amounts by
I
II"At the personal level, it is our
I hQPe that reports such as this
may in some small way repay the
friendly African governments. This eventuality will make it necessary Ipeople of Africa for the hosnitali;
for a judgment to be made as to t e advisability of such aid, the form it I ty they have shown us here and
t
I
sbould take, and the problems of its administration by agencies of the
Department of Defense. Thus, t ,re are clear and current policy needs I abroad. "
for research designed to ~rov1de military decision-makers and adminis-
trators with relevant information and concepts on the urban, intellectual t
and military subcommunities and leaders. Yet virtually none of the
necessary rest:cu'\,;u has been done; a recent comprehensive survey of the
ltter.ture on urban Africa revealed no document which would provide the
II William and Judith Hanna
Congressional Record 8/11/69
U.S. Army officer with the orienil!tion necessary for eUective decisio~­ II
I~---------- ---~--
making or implementation. Similar research and documentation gaps
pertain in the African intellectual and military spheres,
 The University Complex

The happily decentralized look of the American African

studies "family" is decept i ve. The plurality - o~f"" w:ork-ln-pz:-ogress
and the diversity of funding sources actually mask a fairly·
integrated and well-coordinated network of academic centers
and research institutions operating to meet the Empire's need
for detailed infprmation and analysis about African ffairs.
Operating on the deeply institutionalized assum.. tion of
a basic compatibility of interests between U.S. objectives and
African needs, this network is coordinated and moni~ red"by
government and non-government agencies. In this country, the
Directors of African Studies Centers have long had their own
organization; now the U.S. spawned network of similar centers
in Africa have their own similar. agency as well. Control over
funding has b-een in the· hands of narrowly selected p nels o"f
approved scholars who~form selection committees~of such
foundation fronts as th~ Social Sc~~nce Research Council, ~he
American Council of Learned Societies, or the Foreign Area
Fellowship Program. Operationally, such work is further co-
ordinated within the "profession" by the A.S.A. 's own foundation
funded Research Liaison Committee, while research priorities
have been mapped out und~r U.S. Army auspic~s'thr6ugh the
African Research Committee. On the Governmental level, such
agencies as FAR and the Office of External Research keep regular
tabs on academid production with ~nt~usiastic c66p~r tion of
many scholars. These are only the" formal land visible links;
most of the closest relationships are informal; many of the
important contacts no doubt take place behind closed doors.
It is not surprising, then, that out of some 50 coUrsp~
offered annually in African studies, not one deals with the
analysis of imperial penetration and neo-colonial domination.
Instead, as our chart shows, most deal with "modernization"
(Americanization) or "elite formation" or "African Political
Systems" or the "Traditional Structure of Ibo Societ '.' etc.
Thus does the system oerforrn its "ideological function."

23
 BOSTON UNIVERSITY the South African regime. Among
other functions Munger has
Founded in 1954 with a served with the Ford 'funded,
$200,000 grant from the Ford right wing American University
Foundation, the .U. Center hab Field Staff, coverin~ South
specialized in non-spectacular Africa, and worked with the
but important training of AID South 'Africa Foundation, a pro-
agents. William rown, its first South Africa propaganda agency.
director, was one of the patri- The focus of CIT 1s economiri
archs within African studies development, particularly i~
before his death. Corning from South Africa as well as other
the super-spy Office of Strate- white dominated countries in
"~1c Studies (OSS) during World southern Africa. Funding comes
War II, and continual service in part from the Carnegie FQund-
with the State Department In- ation but otherwise from small
telligence operation as chief ~foundations.
Africa exper~, 'Brown was a per-
fect choice for the spot. The
Center was then continually sup- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
ported by Ford money: $50,000 BERKELEY
in 1957: $430,000 in 1959; and
$500,000 in 1963 for a five- No degree offered in Africah
year period. Its first direct studies as such but the Institute
government contract was awarded _ of International Studie~ does
in 1959 by the ICA, forerunner offer a series of courses within
of AID, to conduct training pro- its framework which deal with
grams for ICA workers preparing Africa. The Institute itself is
to go to Africa. In 1962 the oro- deeply compromised by its
gram was continued and exoanded services to imperialism.(See
throu~h AID funds to include a U.C. Berkeley: The Uses' of Rese
"de-briefing cent r" for ap;ents arch ($l)from ARG) Chief Africa
recently returnin~ from work in honchos at Cal ar~ Carl G. Rosberg
Africa .. Since its establishment a comparative politics man, and,
B.U. has trained over 400 Ameri- until re~ently, David Apter, a
can agents to work within African leading mqdernizing mandarin.The
societies. In" addition the B.U. Air Force thought enough of his
Center is classified by the State work to plunk down $99,.000 for
Department as a D velopment Re- him to consider the "Military
search Center and operates a data implications" of the Politics of
collection and literature·moni- Modernization. Fearing that his
toring and editin, service for reputation might suffer, Apter
the government. B.U. accurately gave up the grant. Now he is giving
describes itself as "training up on Africa as well inorder to
specialists in African affairs zero in on Latin America. This
for government, c mmerce and continent hopping is a prelude to
other non-academic careers." institution hopping: he's now at
Yale.
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY O~ CALIFORNIA,
While no est blished cen- LOS ANGELES
ter is here, ther is an Afric-
an studies program headed by One of the largest 'and most
Edwin Munger, an apolo~ist for prestigious centers in the U.S. J

24
 UCLA is famous for the ncompara- center, Columbia's financial sup-
tive politics" of its past direct- port for African studies comes
or James Coleman. The Center was from NDEA funds in addition to
founded in 1959 with an initial its share of' the $3 million
grant of $25,000 from the ~ord Ford grant given to Columbia
Foundation In 1960, after fat- fO,r area studies in .general.
tening UD its langua e studies, Columbia has a nest bf dirty-
UCLA was classified as a NDEA .~ workers, the chie f of vIhom is
Lan~ua~e and Area Study Center Gray Cowan, recent past presi-
and has been soundly funded dent of the Africa Studies As-
since. Hence its curiculum is sociation. Cowan has long been
heavily laced with l~nguage active in Columbia's School of
courses as 1lell as. the mainstay
A
International Affairs of which
of the discipline, p lltical the African Studies Institute
modernization and developmen-t. is a part, .a!1d during the strike
UCLA is also central- to the study was the SIA's strongest apolo-
of African art and music. gist. Of the purposes aT ~frican
Studies he was quite candid:
UNIVERSITY OR CHICAGO "Originally d~sigried some-
what as crash programs to
While there is no estao- oreate requisite numbers
lished urogram of Afr~can Studies of young African special-
here, there is a committee with ists for posts in govern-
$40,000 annually to conduct ' ment, industry, or'in in-
courses dealing with Africa. ternational public and pri-
The coursep, as well as the men, vate agencies, the pro-
are routine, listed in a borin~ grams tended to concen-
one two manner: "African Socie- trate at the M.A. level
ties," "African Politics," by fleshing, out a normal
"African History," etc. A key· ··degree in a discipline
man is Aristide Zolberg, a fast with, where possible,
riser in academic circles. Chi- training in an African
ca~o also had a $64,100 contrac't language. Graduates of
from the Air Porce on "Political area programs were not
Development and Modernization in exnected to continue in
Islamic Countries." On an army the academic' field but
'sub-contract from American "Uni- 'to seek careers in the
·versity, Chica~o Professor Milton more activist aspects of
Janowitz directed a research pro- . American relations with
ject which produced a report on Africa." ,
"Public Order and the Military Cowari applauds this aspect of
in Afr"ica", (Henry Eisen), 1967. the Institute by claiming that
Chicago also works alongside of it represents an area in which
Harvard and Stanford in the In- the un·i vers i ty has "kept up
ternational Child Development with'the pressing needs of the
Committee which currently is time." Cowan also sits on the
establishin~ permanent child
important ruling class Council
development operations in two on Foreign Relations and par-
African universities. ticipates there in policy mak-
in~ for American imperialism.
Cowan is joined at Columbia by
COLUMBIA Immanuel Wallerstein, a man
trained in" the CIA-infested
Recognized in 1963 as a student world of the 50's and
NDEA lan~ua~e and area study

25
who sUbsequen ~y served as a became a NDEA funded language
State Departrn nt advisor apd and area studies center in 1960.
discussion Ie der for the The focus of the program is
Council on Foreign Relations. to train students. for "careers
At the time of the first Congo in teaching, government ser-
crisis, Wallerstein wrote sev~ vice, and business." Stress is
eral articles in ~he right- thus placed on M.A. level work
wing ·New Leader advocating and large numbers of graduates.
support of Lumumba as an al- Duquesne is a training ground
ternative to a Congolese Re- for minor, but necessary,
volution, (au equently crushed functionaries. Because of its
by imperialism). intensive language resources,
including a microfilm collection
of rare African languages ori-
CORNELL UNlVER ITY, CENTER ginally collected by French
FOR INTERNATIO AL STUDIES Holy Ghost Fathers, Duquesne
has become the center of in-
Cornell d es not have a tensive summer language pro-
major Afri~an tudies program; grams.
a lone "liberal" professor,
Milton Konvitz does run the
Liberian' Codification Project,
sponsored and funded by the HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CENTER FOR
Liberian Government. The point INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, D'EVELC)P~
of the program-is to "research MENT ADVISORY SERVICE
existing l~ws .of Liberia and
economic~ political, and so- Economists at Harvard have
cial institutl ns, for the pur- their own agency peddling de-
pose of draftinl2; new legal codes." velopment schemes in Africa and
The neo-colonial Liberian other parts of the Third World.
Parliament is alive and well Organized by onetime U.S. intell-
at Cornell. Cornell trustees igence agent Professor Edward
are heavily involved in busi- Mason and directed by David Bell,
ness in ~o~th Africa. President of AID and President Truman's
Perkins rem~ln a director of White House staff, the DAS puts
the Chase Manha tan Bank .. In together a package ~f development
1968, with a ~1 tIe help from assistance for foreign govern-
~ord, the University sponsored ments. Sometimes the governments
a ".symposium" on southern pay, and sometimes the U.S. go-
Africa featurin a stable of vernment or a foundation picks
apartheid apolo ists, corpor- up the bill. DAS has a one million'
~te· managers, and running dog .dollar contract with the National
professors. The students broke Planning Agency of Liberia. Its
it up of course and did some- most important project, however,
thing useful: they raised was directed at Ghana. Less than a
money for guns for African year after the coup which over-
guerrillas. threw Nkrumah, Harvard's Gustav
Papanek went ~o Ghana to advise
the military junta. In a con~
DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY fidential report in September,
'1966, he advised: "The outlook
Founded in 1957 t.he Afri- for a successful project 1s good.
can studies program at Duquesne The government is relatively

28
stable, the top econ9mie policy
maker is competent, and the
government is particularly
receptive to foreign advisors."
You can bet on that! Just to
make su~e that things go Harvard's
way, in 1969-1970 the Harvard
Center has, among it select vis-
iting"fellows, Qrnaboe Emmanuel
Noi, the recent head of the
Economic Committee. of "the now
doe.posed National Liberation
Council of Ghana. Others at the
Center include William Baron,
of AID N~geria and other ap-
propriate Third World mandarins
and manipulators. (For more in-
formation on Harvard's services
to Imperialism, see HOW HARVARC
RULES, available for $1 from
ARG, PO Box 213, Cambridge 02138.)

HOWARD UNIVERSITY
Howard is one of the few
institutions whose interests
in Africa predates the U.S.
Empire's. But since its pro-
gram was under the direction
of black scholars, it was ig-
nored and remained financially
undernourished. With its stresE
upon lang~ages, Howard was one
of the first centers to receive
NDEA money in 1959. From then,
more cash came pouring in, but·
largely to train black diplo- '10
mats for work in Africa. Hence
the stress on language train-
ing - nearly half of the cours-
es are in languages - and on
study of African politics. Ford
helped Howard fulfill this func- 20
tion with a $bOO,OOO grant to
'~prepare students for forei~n
service careers.~' The faculty
1s said to include a nest of
government consultant types.

29
 bigger things. He now is the
INDIANA UNIVERSITY . chairman of the Advisory Coun-
cil for African Affairs in the
African studies at Indiana State Department as well as a
Jbeg an in 1961 with a $2.3 million member of the impontant Council
Ford grant and has since become on Foreign Relations. His other
one of the largest programs in work includes helping to estab-
the U.S. Its main function is lish the African-American Insti-
training teachers and re~earch- tute with CIA money and advising
·the Ford Foundation. His book,
I

ers for African studies and is

one of the more important places Africa in World Affairs (1963),
where the network reproduces it- is an excellent guide to the
self. Indiana's African program mind of the ruling class policy
was part of the International toward Africa. McKay's colleagues
program organized by Robert include Robert Baum, chief of
Byrnes, a scholar closely linked the Africa Division, Office of
to the CIA. Look for Indiana Research and Analysis, State
grads in newly-formed Afro- Department, and also head of the
American studies programs. Africa Subcommittee, Foreign
Areas Research Counci~
Another "colleague is Andrew
JOHNS HOPKINS, SCHOOL OF Kamarck who in real life is an
ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, important economic advisor for
~WASHINGTON, D.C. . the American front International
Bank of Reconstruction and De-
African studies at Johns velopment. Upon his retirement,
Ifopkins is a haven for dirty
I
Dean Rusk accepted a position
. workers. With the SAlS it shares at this para-governmental Insti-
the common function of pro- tute.
viding needed agent and in-
formation for the Amer19an
Empire. Its self-de cribed pur-
pose is "to provide thorough LINCOLN UNIVERSITY
training for a limited numher
of young men and ·women who are
seeking careers in internation- One of the oldest African
al affairs with the government, studies programs in the U.S.,
with private busine ses, with the program at Lincoln went
non-governmental o~ anizations, neglected by white money until
or teaching and research." It its usefulness was recognized
was founded in 1957 and has in 1961 when it received its
f~rst government money. In 1965
since received over $4.5. million an Institute of African Govern-
from unnamed foundations for its ment was established and im-
work. The faculty is aptly pre- mediately put to use the follow-
pared to fulfill their function, ing year by AID as an "in-ser-
all coming from back~rounds of vice training program" for
long service to the Empire.
Vernon McKay, head of the African bureaucrats. Also in
program, served in the State 1965 some NDEA money was pumped
Department Office of Dependent into Lincoln to promote language
Area Affairs from 1948 to 1956, stUdy. It is one of the few pro-
leavin~ for Johns Hopkins and
grams to offer an undergraduate
de~ree in African studies.

30
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF time of acute need." (i.e. Put
TECHNOLOGY our boys into strate,gic positions
in the ,new states. The "theor-
Through its Center for In-- etical" purpos 1- According to
,ternational Studies under the Director 'Carroll Wilson: "Plan-
direction of Max Millikan, for- ning economic development in ways'
,mer depu~y director of the CIA, that will stimulate the private
MIT's social scientists have sector and ach eve a good re-
sought to generate theoretical turn on increa ed resources from
work on economic development public plus pr vate investment
in African among other places, in a relativel new kind of
as well as sophisticated policy exercise." (Managing Economic
proposals. While the Center's Development 1n Africa, MIT Press,
brightest star,. Walt Rostow, 1963)
whose celebrated "Non-Communist
Manifesto" led him directly into
organizing LBJ's escalations MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
on Vietnam, a lesser honcho,
Arnold Rivkin, directed the As one of the institutions
Center's African Research pro- which helped bring us Vietnam,
ject. Rivkin carne to MIT after M.S.U. has not been a disappoint-
a long stint with the State ment so far in Africa. It has
Department Marshall Aid Program. restrained its penetration to
He first visited Africa in search carry out AID strategy in Nigeria;
of rare metals. With money from its mandarins have implemented a
the Carnegie Corporation, Rivkin multi-million dollar contract to
conducted major studies in to develop the University of
Africa in 1957-58. Two books Nigeria at Nsukka. Unhappily, here
and numerous articles were too a war has wiped out ~ts help.
subsequently produced for The strategy of institution
public consumption including building, mid 'Ie-class fqrmation
Africa and the West (How to and American c ntrol is depen-
keep the two together) and dent upon such American created
The African Presence in World universities. M.S.U. helped
Affairs (1963). In addition build one; th contradictions
to the $200,000 pumped in by in Nigerian s ciety wiped it
Carnegie, other foundations, out. Founded in 1960, M.S.U.'s
including Ford, have enabled program r ceived an·ini-
'MIT's mandarins to research, tial grant of $154,000 from
other problems in Nigeria NDEA for language study; this
(through a special $118,000 was supplemented with a $1.25
appropriation from Ford), million Ford rant.
Guinea, the Congo, and Rhodesia.
While MIT's main contribution
has been theoretical frame- NORTHWESTERN
works for penetration, it ran
a Fellows in Africa program African tudies at North-
with' over one mi'llion dollars western 1s th grandfather of
from Ford. Millikan helped American Afri an Studies.
structure this program which Founded in 1948 by Melville
brought "well-trained, working Herkovits with Carnegie money,
level assistence to African it has since een funded pri-
development institutions at a marily by th Ford Foundation,
receiving $1.3 million in 1961~

31
Its first dir ctor, M. Herkovits, took over his position as di-
was a prime mover in the de- rector. In this position Carter
velopment of African studies was in touch with all that was
not ~nly at Northwestern but happening in African studies in
also through the Africa Studies the U.S., a strategic spot.
Association. His main work for which the U.S. Army did not
the Empire wa the so-called overlook. In 1965 Carter or-.
Herkovi ts Report which wa's pre- ganized the African ~esearch .
pared at Northwestern for the Committee (outside of the
Senate Foreign Relations Com- official ASA framewor~) which
mittee; the Re ort introduces included top Africanists in .
the problems confronting Amer- the U.S. as a channel to com-
ican interest in Africa and lete a job the Army had hired
sketches the policy which those her to do. Earlier in that year
interests demand. As the first she had received a $-11 T,000
0

of its kind th Report exer- contract from the Army for the
cised significant influence. purp'ose of "evaluating exist-
But Herkovits' main work was ing social science resources on
to build a center in which Africa in the U.S." For its
Africanists co ld be trained planning and strategy develop-
to take the many jobs which the ment, the Army peeded to know
Empire offered. Upon his death the strength of African studies
in 1963 Gwenda yn Carter, a in the U.S. and the types of
longtime government advisor, resources which could, if

WlMT
THEY
TEACH
1969-1970 courses offered at Ohio
University; Berkeley; UCLA; Boston
University; University of Florida;
Michigan State; Lincoln University;
Johns Hopkins; Indiana University;
Howard; Stanford; Wisconsin; Univer-
sity of W~~h1ngton.

COURSES
 Education through NDEA grants
necessary, be mobilized for for language study, particular-
military operation in Africa, ly Rausa, and specific AID con-
particularly counter-insur- tracts. AID contracts with Ohio
gency. Through the ARC and her to help develop Ibadan Tecp-
position at Nortpwestern, nical College and Kana Teaching
Carter used the money to or- College into American-type
ganize a series of specialist training colleges. Ohio also
conferences throughout the receives Ford money to develop
U.S. to find the strength of "educational administration"
U.S. African studies. These at Ahmadu Bello University.
conferences were held through Ohio is in 3 or Nigeria's 5
1966 and 1967, attracting the universities. With only 26
top Africanists in each of the graduate students in its pro-
fields. gram Ohio seems more involved
in developing African insti-
tutions in the image of America
OHIO UNIVERSITY than in teaching American stu-
dents.
I African studies at Ohio
is not a large center but one
which fulfills a specific func- STANFORD UNIVERSITY
tion of insti tut,ion building Africa hunters at Stanford
in Nigeria. Its primary source lack a center of their own. In-
of funds is the U.S. Office of

WlMT
THEY
STUDY
1952-70 research grants awarded
by the Foreign Affairs Fellowship
Program which is funded by Ford.

TorICS:

33
 THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MILWAUKEE
COL.L.EGE OF L.ETTERS AND SCIENCE
MILWAUKEE. WISCONSIN 53a01

Alvin W. Wolfe

In answer to your question whether I have found it difficult to publish certain

things in this rea of American financial interests in Africa, certainly the answer
is yes. The wh Ie business is mighty complicated, and while -1 do not mind relating
it, it takes so long to get it all down and it ends up as just one more set of
evidences that we are all under some degree of pressure from those who control the
resources (whether these be the mines themselves, the railroads, the money that
derives from th m; the foundations seen as resources, the universities which pro-
vide scholars s me resources, the finances to run the journals, the finances to
keep "academic" associations alive). Of course, most \of the influence is quie't,
almost unnotice , especially by those closest to it. For example, when Helen
Kitchen told me f?he did not want to publish my "interlocking Cape to Katanga Team"
paper in Africa Report because H.K. Hochschild was Chairman of the African American
Institute she did not even realize she was submitting to such influence as I was
discussing because, as she saw it, he never once has objected to anything she chose
to publish. Wh n Will'~am Foote Whyte turned down the "African Mineral Industry"
paper for Human Organization because, ostensibly, "it does not present solid enough
new research dat " was he aware that one of his readers making such a judgment.,
Wilton Dilloll t then with Phelps-Stokes t showed the manuscript to F. Taylor
Ostrander, Assi tant to the Chairman of American Metal Climax, who then took
copies and used' y material to attack me personally before Mining and Metallurgy
meetings? If it was not new, why all the fuss? If it was not important, why did
such a world-ren wned ~igure as Clarence Ran~all, devote a whole ad~ress to it--
though I couldn' get it published by the Society for Applied Anthropology? And
what influenced anning Nash, editor of Economic Development and Cultural Change
when he decided not to publish the manuscript which was finally published by
Social Problems? He reported that the delay in making their decision "comes
from the number f talents we needed to engage, in anthropology and international
trade," but that finally they agreed that "it is an unusually fine paper but our
readership has th a more sophisticated understanding of the problems of large
companies in int mational operations and are less interested in/the 'anthropologi-
c 1 contribution." What is meant by "more sophisticated understanding of the
problems of lar companies in int~rna~ional operations"? Does that mean his.
readership knows enough not to rock the boatJ Why should he publish what is an
"unusually fine aper"?

Then, there was the questioning to which the Chancellor of Washington University
was put by ·Spenc r Olin, of Olin-Mathieson, of course, concerning my attacks on
. big business. lin is a friend of Clarence Randall. The Chancellor, like Helen
Kitchen and like William Foote Whyte and like Manning Nash, was quite unaware of
any pressure, an assured me that I was free to do any scholarly work I wanted --
but of course it- should be scholarly! I should not fail to mention to you, even
in this most bri f resume, utterly incomplete anyway, how Immanuel Wallerstein's
Nomination Committee for the African Studies Association (a scholarly,association)
nominated for th ASA board of directors of F. Taylor Ostrander, the assistant
to the Chairman f American Metal Climax, the same company that Helen Kitchen was
protecting gratuitously in referring to H.K. Hochschild. Further, Helen Kitchen
was 'already on the board of directors of ASA at the time. Had Wallerstein's
committee nomine been elected American Metal Climax would have had better repre-
sentation on the African Studies Ass,ociation than any academic institution. \aJhen
I complained to Paul Bohannan, who was then President of the African Studies
Association, he eemed to feel that I didn't have very 'sophisticated understanding
of the problems f large" associations (the quote is from Manning Nash, but the
idea is about th same) • 36
Organizational Nexus
In 1965 the Department of State pUblished a directory entitled,
Africa Program.s of. U. S. Organizations (publication 7902) J which
listed the current programs of 724 American non-governmental or n~
1zations and institutions interested in Africa. Many r these or-
ganizations act as instruments of American CUltural, p I1tlcal, nd
economic influence.
CO.ONeIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
The findings, opinions, and advice of U.S. Afr1c n1sts are
transmitted to the U.S. ruling class through a riumber of channels.
One of the most important forums· for such exchanges ar the re-
stricted confidential discussion groups sponsored by the Council
on'~6relgn ~elations, a prestigious brgan1zatiori controll d by
maj or U. S. corporations ,'which researches foreign po'licy problems
and generates highly influential proposals for implem ntat10n
by government. Its membership, restricted to 1400 top -government
officials, bankers, corporate presidents and selected "experts".
reads like a Who's Who of the inner cirele of the U.S. ruling
class.
Since 1952, Africa has had a prominent place in the Council's
program. In virtually every year since then, small di euss10n grou~s
have met to consider African problems and their implications for the
United.States. Records of all of these meetings are n t aval1abl ;
but enough are to suggest the tone of their efforts and complicity
of a number o'r prestigious "neutral" U.S. Afrlcanists. 'In 1958,
the Council's Discussion Group on Africa South of·the Sahara was,
headed up by Harold K. Hochsch11d,"then Chairman of th Board of
the American Metal Climax Cqrporation. Its Secretary was Alphon
'A ~ ··:Castagno, now of the Boston Uni verslty African Studies Center.
D1scusslon'~ieaders for the year~ sessions included: Vernon McKay,
'Sir Andrew Cohen, Former Governor of Uganda, Lloyd Steere, then
head of the CIA funded African-American Institute; Ja~es Green,
once U.S. Consul General in Leopoldv111e. The only African par-
tlc1patin~ was of course, the late Tom Mboya of Kenya. In this
same year, the Carnegie Corporation gave the Council a special
grant of $45,000 to enable a number of leading members to s~end
several weeks .1n Africa under the auspices of the Council. The
Group which took this safari included: William Burden, a director
of Lo6kheed Airc~aft, M~nufacturers Hanover Trust, Columbia
B~oadcasting System, American Me~al Climax, and the Chairman
of the Board of the Pentagon-linked Institute for Def nse
Analysis; Eli Whitney Debevoise, a bank trustee and m jor
corporate lawyer; ex-Secretary of .the A1~ Force Thomas ~.
Finletter; Max Millikan, the onetime CIA chief who now runs
the M.I.T. Center for Internatiqnal Studies; and, one of the
Council's most ~nfluential men and major benefacto~s, David
Rockefeller, of the Chase Manhattan Bank, lon~ known for its
interest in African freedom.- Thats just a oart1al list. You
will be pleased to learn that some of these men were able to
afford their own tickets.

31
 The following U.S. Africanists have since accepted invitationa
to participate in or lead discussion groups about Africa for this
jauggernaut of American power: L. Gray Cowan, James Duffy, Helen
Kitchen, William H. Lewis, Vernon McKay, Eqward Munger, Ruth
Schachter Morganthau; Arnold Rivkin, Jmmanuel' Wallerstein and
John Marcum. Some books have emerged from these sessions which
offer insights into corporate thinking. Africa Battleline (Harper
& Row, 1965) by Waldemear Neilson, President of the AAI, offers
a sophistocated strategy for U.S. maneuvers in S~uthern Africa.
Members of the g~oup which helped shape the books ideas were:
Vernon McKay, Ernest Gross, Thomas Hovet, Thomas Karis, Helen
Kitchen, George Loft, John Marcum, and Ed~in S. Munger. A
similar tome on African econo~ic problems was produced by William
Hance1African Ec6nomic Development, Praeger,1967) and grew out of
a discussion group which met planning economic ,policies for
Africa for two years, 1955-57, the period ,prior to most states
winning "indep 'ndence." In addition to many of the people: already
listed, this group included Lansdale Christie of powe~ful Liberian
mining interests, J'. Wayne Frederick, now Africa boss for Ford;
Alan Pifer, no President of Car'neige; Lloyd Garrison of the New York
Times, and Rob 'rt West, now at the Fletcher School. Damrn!

EDUCATION AND WORLD AFFAIRS

EWA is a foundation front run in cooperation with the State
Department's AID. It is a mechanism of coordinating and linking
university pro rams, "agencies of government, business and foundations
in the U.S. with the institutions of other agencies." EWA has under-
taken a study for AID in conjunction with the Africa Liaison Commit-
tee of the American Council on Education (L. Gray Cowan) as well as
studies of manpower needs and educational capabilities in nine Afri-
can countries.

AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION--OVERSEAS LIAISON COMMITTEE

Within the U.S. the American Council on Education is a reaction-
ary organization, essentially a club of college presidents, which has
fought radical demands for changes in our elitist university system.
Its Overseas Liaison Committee sends out expert tea~s to do "evalu-
ations," mounts special innovative studies and supplies specialized
short-term assistance to African institutions. It is supported by
the State Department and the Carnegie Corporation; more recently
the Ford Foundation has contributed to its funding as well. The O~C's,
members include Karl Bigelow, R. Taylor Cole, L. Gray Cowan, C. w.
Kiewiet, James Dixon, Luther Foster, Frederick Harbison, Eldon
Johnson, Bryant E. Kearl, Arthur J. Lewis, John S. McKnown, Glenn
Taggart, Carl C. Eicher.
AFRICAN-AME~ICAN INSTITUTE
With plush,offices in the U.N. plaza, the AAI 1s a major
corporate-foundation-para-government instrument. It was founded
and funded for 8 years by the CIA throu~h various conduits.
Originally, a number of sincere black Africanists - William
Hansberry, Horace Mann Bond et al - 'were used to give the who]e
thing legitimacy. But the bi~ honchos have been the Directors
from American Metal Climax Corporation and their friends. Pre-
'dictably, Vernon McKay and L~ Gray Cowan .are among the trustees.
38
 C~DErJTIAL

N., It' l.M6/iuI;'.

DISCUSSION .MEETING REPORT

AMERICAN POLlCl TOWABD AFRICA

Discus ion -Leaders:Edward K. Hamilton

ImIIIanuel Wallerstein
Chairman: Waldemar A. Biels
Rapporteur: Jane W. Jacqz

Second Meeting
March 20, 1968
Digest of Dis~ussion
(This di~est has not been edited by the particl ants.)

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

II lAST 61TH STREET NEW YOR~ :II

39
 AAI's staff members have been drawn from the ranks of CIA linked
organization. People like Frank Ferarri, James "Ted" Harris,
Waldemar Neilson were all servants of imperial institutions before
th~y .joined the AAI. At present, .in addition to its other chores
/the AAI has now set up a curriculum proJect to insure that an ac~ept-
able version of African affairs be transmitted through the schools.
Towar~s that end, they have organized "in-service training pro-
grams for teachers~ including one that was held last year in
Harlem. ( See " The CIA as an Eq.ual Opportuni t y Employer"· in the
June, 1969 Ramparts)
OTHER SPECIALIZED INSTITUTIONS
CENTER FOR RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS(CRESS)
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON m.c.

This Center operates under a contract with the u.s. Army

Research Office ($1.9 million in 1967). CRESS is the federal
contract research Center responsible for social science research
relevant to military operations in the area of counter-insur~ency,
psychological warfare and military civic action. Founded in 1956
with world-wide responsibilities as the Special Operations Research
Office (SORa), CRESS was reorganized in 1966 fol19win~ the disclosures
of the notorious "Project Camelot". It now conducts lon~ ranlSe
studies aimed at improvin~ the effectiveness of U.S. military
personnel attached as advisors to the Armed Forces of other countries.
It has prepared surveys of articles on counter-insur~ency reI/evant
to Africa as well as U.S.--Army area handbooks for such countries
as: Kenya, Algeria, Nigeria, IVO~Y Coast, Morocco, Sene~al,
Tunisia, and two special psycological warfare studies on Ghana
and the Congo. It was also responsible for the infamous Witchcraft
study on the Congo. (See pp. 20-21)
ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORPORATION
GEORGETOWN RESEARCH PROJECT, ALEXANDRIA VA.
This private research organization had a Defense Denartment contract in
1967 for a study of "Africa and TJ.S. f\Jational Security." Its Director
Hans Wei~ert received his de~ree in ~eo-nolitics from a Nazi univ-
ersity during World War II.He has approached a number of Ti.s.
Africanists including Pierre Van den Berghe for help in counter-
,insurgency research for use in the Con~o and elsewhere in Africa.
RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORPORATIO~

The Research Analysis Cor~oration was ori~inally or~anized hy the

Armv as their eaui valent to the RA.\JD Cornorat ion and is now a
F~d~ral Contract ~esearch Center resnonsible for stu~y, research,
and analysis relevant to T]. S. mili tary oner·ations. Its social
science division issues hundreds of stunies each year. Amon~
R.A.C. 's Africa ~tudies have bE:en: ""C'r·ench Policy TOlA/.g,r(18 the
Al~erian i.Jar"; "Strategic Analysis of' .S11h-8iih~ran Ar:r~icat' 8.nd
I liT]. S . Strate .. ic Interest s in Tronical Africa."
 Since Africanists when left to their own devices tend to pursue
their own predilections, whims, and non-functional intellectual in-
terests, the govern~ent and foundations are constantly creating mech-
anisms for . coordlnat1~ and rationalizing the research product. One
step in doing this is to underwrite surveys of ongoing and projected
research. Two examples of this type of activity are the Research
Liaison Committee of the African Studies Association, an internal
policing agency~ and a comprehensive Language and Area Studies Review
presently being undertaken for'th~ Institute of International Affairs
Studies of the U.S. Office of Education.
LANGUAGE AND AREA STUDIES REVIEW
This project was initiated in June 1968 and has the support of
the African Studies Association. The survey, under the direction of
Richard Lambert will mail and collate 15,000 questionnaires to area
specialists and will also include site visits to (1) "examine the
characteristics of individual faculty members and students," (2)
"scrutinize the scholar's published product," and (3) "define the
precise role of area professional organizations in the evelopment
of,the field." Why is the government bothering? Explains MarR;aret
Gardiner, Administrative Assistant: "The final product of the Lan-
guage and Area Studies Review will be a thorough'report analyzing
the role and impact of area studies. The government will be pro-
vided with a national manpower survey in area studies, a standard
for measuring effectiveness of past and present funding, and criter-
ia for determining priori ties in future funding.~'
AFRICA RESEARCH COMMITTEE
This Committee was Gwendolen Carter's baby and the midwife
was $117,000 from the U.S. Army. The organization folded when many
Afrlcanists began to get nervous in the wake of the Project Camelot
and CIA scandals. The Research Liaison Committee', with "clean H
Ford money, took on many of its projected functions. Most of the
money went for a series of "specialist conferences" at lush meeting
~ centers thr0ughout· the U.S. The money was consumed over drinks in
Aspen or in the hot baths at White Sulphur Springs. Here's what
they discussed and who came:
1. Research in the Western Indian Ocean, held Oct. 1965 at Syra-
cuse~ attended by Philip Allen of the State Department and seven
Afrlcanists.
2. Priorities for Psychological Research on Africa, held in June
1965 at the University of Chicago, chaired by Robert LeVine and
attended by ~1ne Africanists, including Leonard Doob of Yale.
3.Research Priorities in African Law, held Dec. 1965 at Columbia,
chaired by Arthur Schiller, attended by 15 Africanists including
Charles Runyon of the State Department.

4.• Sociolinguistic Research in Africa, held Jan. 1966 at Stanford,

chaired by Jack Berry, attended by nine Africanists.
41
 5. Migration in Africa, held Feb. 1966 at Northwestern, chaired
by Franklin Scott.
6. Geographical R search on Africa, held March 1966 at UCLA,
chaired'by Benjam n Thomas, attended by seven Africanists 'including
Edwin Munger and illian Hance. '

7. African Arts: Dance, Visual Arts, Music and Oral Literat~re,

held March 1966 at Indiana University, chaired by Alan Merriam
and Roy Sieber, attended by five Africanists.

8. Research in Sukumaland, Tanzania, held May 1966, chaired by

G. O. Lang, atten ed by five Africanists.

9. Unemployment in Africa, held May 1966, attended by 14 African-·

ists including Aristide Zoiberg, ~illiam Hanna, and Robert LeVine.

10. African Library Resources in the U.S., held May 1966 at the
Center for Continuing Education;' Chicago, attended by 11 African-
ists, chaired by Hans Panofsky.

11. African Urban Research: Theory, Strategy and Utilization, held

. June 1966, at University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, chaired by George
Jenkins, attended by ten Africanists.

These eleven conferences prepared reports from their deliber-

ations which included specific recommendations for the improvement
of ~he various fi Ids. Because of the status of the men who prepared
them, these reports have become the standard reference works when
the "state of the discipline" is questioned. To facilitate the im-
plementation of the recommendations which they made, Gwendolen,Carter
organized a closed meeting of leading Africanists in Colorado in late
1966. She described the meeting and its participants in a letter to
William Brown in the spring of -"19'66 as follows:

It is our hope that a considerable number of pUblic and of

private organizations will be interested in one or more of
the recommendations made by the specialist conferences.
The only way we can find this out, however, would be through
a meeting with representatives of such agencies and founda-
tions as the National Academy of Sciences, the Ford Founda-
tion, AID, th Department of Defense, the Carnegie Corpora-
tion, and the Smithsonia~ Institution. Such a meeting would
seem to be the best way to determine the possibilities,of
securing the implementation of the conference reports.

The last bit of ARC-Army money went to bring these very people
together. At a me ting at White Sulphur Springs in November 1966, all
the chiefs of goverhment, dorporation, and foundation-land showed
up to meet with th overlords of academia--Baum, Carter, Gene Lyons
(~ D~partment of D 'fense adviser), Vernpn McKay, Phillip Curtin,
Bill Hance, Benjamin Riv1in, Aristide Zolberg, and so ·on. They dis-
cussed the ".position and problems of the American scholar in Africa."
The position was g tting worse. ~omething had to be done. That
something was to b the Research Liaison Committee.
 RESEARCH LIAISON COMMITTEE
In the summer of 1965, William Hance and Philip Curtin divided
Africa up among themselves and jetted off on safaris calculated to
explore the tightening "research climate." The trip was an eye-
opener: they reported a growing "sensitivity and suspicion" by Afri-
cans toward snooping American scholars. They recommended several
step~ to p~event U.S. academics from getting thrown off the contin-
ent: (1) closer contact with African scholars; (2) better prepar-
ation for U.S. travellers; (3) more financial support for African
research institutes and (5) more discretion and better manners for
Americans. The ASA founded the Research Liaison Committee, based
at Columbia under the watchful eye of Gray Cowan and the competent
hand of Shirley Fisher, to preserve this academic Open Door Policy.
The friendly Man at the Ford Foundation pitched in $140,000 to help
things along.
The Research Liaison Committee carries out its mandate by keep-
ing records of all American research being carried out in Africa and
thus facilitates a more rational coordination by the foundations and
easier access for the government. The Committee, composed largely
of members of the ASA oligarchy, acts as a weathervane for the chan-
ging research climate. For three years, members of this inner circle
have been sent on African/tours to pinpoint sensitive problems in
the field and measure threatening storms or impending rainy seasons
for potential researchers. The members of the Committee who have
travelled in Africa to r~port on research opportunities include
Vernon McKay~ Ig9r Kopytoff, Benjamin Rivlin, Robert West, Robert
Lystad, Carl Rosberg, and Alphonso Castagno. John Marcum and
.
William Zartman have just been coopted into this tribe.
.
CODESIRA: EXTENDING THE NETWORK TO AFRICA
As African countries and societies limited the access of foreign
academics, and as U.S.-trained mandarins returned home, new "indi-
genous" institutions were needed to employ them and giv U.S. social
science an African pase. CODESIRA is the outgrowth of attempts by
America's tribe of Africanists to regulate the activities of their
academic offspring. A foundation funded with university links and
close government~l relations, GODESIRA is a good imitation of its
fathers. CODESIRA is a coordinating body of 15 African research
centers, headed by H.M.A. Onitiri of the Nigerian Institute of
Social and Economic Research. It was founded in 1964 at a meeting
'at Bellagio, Italy, a villa belonging to the Rockefellers,- to encour-
age the development of social studies of Africa conducted by Afri-
cans, thereby helping to circumvent the growing problem of access-
ibility encountered by American scholars. While its original fund-
ing was from the Rockefeller Foundation, its main source of support
h~s be~n, like its American counterparts, the Ford Foundation.

In practice CODESIRA's function has been to collect descriptive

summaries, data and final reports of all research undertaken by the
15 member institutes in the fields of economics, political science,
and sociology. CODESlRA thus operates as a depository nd a funnel
for all social science research done in Africa. As would be expected,
the mouth of the'~funnel Is in Africa while its spout pours the find-
ings into the U.S .. ·.D1rection. of CODESIRA effectively rests with the
Fletcher School of Law' and Diplomacy of Tufts University. Information
about Africa is compiled'and stored under the 'sharp eye of Robert
West. .'
43
 What If ...

I "What if the machinery were reversed?

What if the habits, problems, secrets and
unconscious motivations of the wealthy and
owerful were daily scrutinized by a thou-
and systematic researchers, were hourly
rled into, analyzed .and cross referenced,
tabulated and published.in a hundred in-
xpens1ve mass'c1rculation journals and
written so that even the fifteen-year-old
high school drop-out could understand it
nd predict the actions of his landlord,
manipulate and control him?"
Martin Nicolaus, Remarks'
at the American Socio-
logical ,Association Con-
vention, 1968
Consider the Alternative

The foundation on which African studies was built in the

1950's is cracking. The classroom itself is no longer safe fqr
the servant class of scholars, professors ,anp_aoministrators
who laid the groundwork for the discipline. Fieldwork is' in-
creasingly hazardous for their flunkies who ar~ combing the
continent for the fleas of revolution. What looked like a secure
profession a few years ago is fast becoming a pit of quicksand
for those who do not have the need or the sensibility to seek
~an alternative.

There are a lot of honest people involved in the business

of African studies who find its managerial functions and their
own exploitation"repugnant. But fo~ too many years they have
sought personal solutions to what is essentially a social prob-
lem. They have lived like ostriches with their head buried in
research cubicles. They have never challenged the f ndamental
assumptions or institutions rUli~g.their "prqfession "
They have done this largely,because there appeared to be
no alternative. Why was there no alternative? Because non~ was
created. Now the revolt of their subjects, both the students
of Africa and the Africans, has enabled, or rather forced, them
'to consider the alternative: Tha~ altern~tive is the changing
of institutions and yourself in the process. You are the al-
ternative. At least you are part of it. The rest is collective
desire and social force.
Such an approach will obviously not be - nor can it be -
~ sanctioned and legitimated by the present system of cademic and
economic production. It is extremely un~ikely that Africanists
wlll be able to challenge those forces controllirg their own pro-
fession, much less the international economy, without developing
new techniques of struggle. The few attempts there h ve been
to erect an independent voice on African affairs, such as the
group around Africa Today, have been lost in a swamp of luke-
warm liberal politics and now, it appears the Ford F undation
has sucked them along too into a racy new center in Denver. By
the same token, the number of American Africanists with 'any
degree of commitment and lack of complicity can be c unted on
two hands - people like Richard Sklar, Herbert Weiss, Alvin
Wolfe, Stanley Diamond.

45
 Faculty and students operate the means of academic pro-
duc~ion; they are the producers of education. They must n0W
seek to soci lize' control of the factory schools which they
run; they mu t collectively exploit all the facilities provided
by the explo terse What are these facilities? They are the
typewriters, the xerox mac~ines, the computers, the libraries,
the telephon s, the classrooms; all the material forces which
produce educ. t~6n a~d research.
What do you do after that? The following are some practical
tips on how to procede from here to there:
1. Shift the focus of research from whatever you a:et:;
doing now to the institutions of corporate power and how they
organize their activities in Africa.
2., Sup ort the efforts ~f Africans who want to alter the
terms of aca ernie trade; demand that all funds for research
about Africa be matched with support for African research about
America.
3. Sto using funds earmarked for dirty work; obtain
money by any means necessary, but utilize it for power research
relevant for the fleeds ~of revolutionary mo·vements.
4. Org nize your own research groups within the com-
munity where you live and work; relate them to independent
groups elsewhere like NACLA, ARG et ale
5. Refuse to cooperate with all forms of coordination
(coercion) and surveillance by the government, the companies,
the CIA, or the foundations; don't waste time trying to
improve public relations with these institutions.
,6. Fin ways to neutralize scholars who do dirty work;
they should not be allowed to carry out their assignments.
~ Lobbyin within professional- organizations, or currying
favor among university administrators will get nowhere. The
rapidly polarizing situation in the United States and within
a revo.lution ry world urgently demands a choice or a confront-
..:,at ion. Ask y urself: What am I working on and who am I wri ting
for? The und rnourished guerrillas in Angola-have concrete'
needs but so does the movement to transform American society.
Both movements need to understand the nature of the forces
ranged again t them. "The world," as Junebug Jabo Jones warns,
'~is on fire nd the danger zone is everywhere."
 TH,E TRIBAL
(R9srE~

AFl4...~ STUOIE~

" (E,SThBI:.l5HME1.'lT

Thirty five people founded the African Studies Ass elation

in 1957; same 1500 attended its last convention. While
the "field" has mushroomed, a small oligarchy of well-
connected and deeply interconnected men exercised control
through the mechanisms which have already been described.
It is their graduate students now who are wonning their
way around the Continent, collecting "data" and canpeting
for funding and prestige. The list that follows fers a
selective rundown on the most important Africa hands in
the United States: their various institutional aff iations
and government. connections. Some of the people 11 ted
may have severed their ties with some of these bod es, but
if they have, they certainly have not chosen to pu lielze
their political reasons. Our advice: if you sig-.,ht sane of
these people prying around in your country-or your- mind-report
them to your local revolutionary anthropological elety.

Symbols Used: (000) Defense Department Dirty Wor~ r;

(SDA) State Department Advisor; (CFR) Council on reIgn
Relations'; (FA) Foundation Agent; (CIA) Central In el11gence
Agency; (ASA) African Studies Association Foundi Fel1ow~
(SSRC) Social Science Research Council; (ACLS) Amerlce"
Council of Learned Societies; (ARC) African Research
Corrrnittee-Department of the Army ~ and (RLC) Rese eh
Liason Commrrttee

47
NAME/INm'I'IUrIO,AL HOME/AFFILIATIONS/FIELD OF WORK/COMMENTS
APTER, DAVID/Yale/SDA, SSRC, ASA, DOD-had $90, 000 contract from the
Air Force but surrended it for "cleaner" Ford funding!
"Hi Priest of Modernization"-best known for turgid tomes
on he "Politics of Modernization", a theoretical approach
to evelopment which rationalizes the existence of imperialism;
one of a group of scholars who recently (6/69) called on
Pre 1dent Nixon to pay their respects.

ASHFDRD, DOUGLA /Cornell Center for International Studies/Contributed at

lea t one article on counter-insurgency in Morrocco for
Arrerican University SORO collection; frequently attends State
Departrrent conferences. -
BERG, ELIar J. / AID Consultant, Chairman of Joint State Department-AID Task
Forqe on Labor in Africa (1962)!M1ssion is to rationalize
American investments in Africa; spent some time applying
mod rnizing efforts in Liberia.

BAUM, ROBERT/De artment of State/Chairman' of the subcorrmittee for Africa

of FAR (Foreign Areas Research Council) which co-ordinates all
gOVi rrnnent sponsored research including that of the CIA; heads
up frica Research for the State Department; on the side teaches
at Johns Hopkins' School for Advanced International Studies; The Man.
BIENEN, HENRY/Princeton!OOD, State Department Local Development Conference,
con rlbutor to eFR mag~zine "Forei,gn Affairs".
BLACK, LLOYD D./Northern Illinois University/AID--consultant and author of
the trategl)f Foreign Aid, CIA-admits to beihg a CIA consultant
on ID matters. ASA.
BOHANNAN, PAULIN rthwestern/SDA/Author of Africa and Africans widely used
in introductory anthropology classes.

BRETI'ON, HENRY/Michigan/SDA/Author of reactionary book on Nkrumat, ' .

BROVJN, 'NILLIAl'v1 • (deceased)/Boston University/Office of Strategic Studies

(as.. ), the fore-runner of the CIA, State Department Bureau of
Int lligence, ASA, ARC.
CA! BELL, v.1ALDEMAR/Department of State/Chief, Division of Research on North,
East and South Africa; frequently surfaces at student symposiums
to efend u.s. goverrnnent support for South African fascism.

CARTER, GWENOOLYN M.INorthwestern University/SDA, SSRC, Ford Foundation

Training Program in Africa, Organizer of African Research
Carmittee (ARC) which received $117 ,000 from the U.S. Army
Res arch Office for evaluations of existing social science
res urces on Africa in the U.S. (Contract No. 49 092 ARO 94)/
"A ty Gwen"! is a frequent traveler to Africa; she used to
be accompanied by a trained cadre of -Smith College girls
who interviewed many leading African liberation movement leaders;
who has these notes now?
CAm'AGNO, ALPHO SO/Boston Unlverslty/RLC/Helped the CFR organize their
confidential discussion groups on Africa.

48
CHII.rorE, RONAID/Univers1 ty of Callforn1a/Why does a scholar synpathetlc
to the struggles of the nationalist movements in t Port~ese
colonies allow the notorious Hoover Institute of Pee, War
and (Counter) Revolution at Stanford to publish hi books and
store documents of the natio~ist struggle?
COLE]VlAN, JAMES/UCLA/SDA, ASA, SSRC, American Society of Afric~'Cul~ure (AMSAC-
CIA funded) Advisory Board; ;leading agent of the R kefeller
Foundation in East Africa which is "modernizing" university
education and reinforcing bourgeois educational'Sp roaches
in Tanzania. (See:Grant Kamenju, ."In Defence of t SociA.list
Un1versity~', Transition 32).

COILINS, .ROBERT/Univers1ty of Callforn1a, Santa Barbara/A Yo Riser trained

at Oxford and Yale; notorious for his behirxl-the-sc ne defense of
South Africa against student protest against University cooplicity
with South. African fascism. An ~ortant man to tch.
CCMAN, L. GRAY/Columbia/ASA, SDA, SSRC, African-Jtnerican InStitute, CIA contact
rren? Overseas Liason Carmittee of the American Council on
F4ucation-they 're the people who are trying to develop techniques
so that U. S. colleges can "screen out" protest prone students
(i.e. radicals)! He was dispatched to the Congo to consult af'ter
police opened 'up and shot 16 students in a recent ena1Stration;
Cowan's Institute is part of the Columbia School o. International
Affairs, a CIA contracting service center. For several years,
he has had the ASA' s Research Liason Coomittee und r his thumb.
CURTIN, PHILLIP D.lWisconsin/ARC, RLC/Slippery character; never carmits
himself on political questions; he built the errp1re of
conparative tropical history at Wisconsin; made a trip to
Africa in 1965 for ASA to check out research envi nt,
warning on his return of the dwirxlling access to Africa for
American Africanists due to arrogance 8nd irrelevance to
local needs; .Motive: to keep the _ire running slOOOthiy.
IXX>B, LEONARD/yale/Chief,' Bureau Overseas Intelligence O.W.I. WW II),
ASA/Author of Camunications in Africa which was funded
by the U.S. Army.

DE KIEWmr" C.W./SDA, ASA, CFR, Chairman, Overseas Liason Coomittee, American

. Council on Education; Ford Foundation Screening Carmittee; ACLU;
Advisory Carmittee on Underdeveloped Areas, Mutual Security
Agency; Director of George Eastman House and the Lincoln
Rochester Trust Bank; President Emeritus of Rochester University.
m£RroN, RUPERr/Harvard Center for International Affairs/CFR, ast President
of ASA, has served in the State. Departnent.
FERKISS, VIC'roR/Georgetown!Preoccupied with "Africa's Search f r Identity"
while helping Boston University train AID .personn 1.; also
consults~for the Peace Corps.

FREDRICKS, WAYNE!Ford Foundation Director for AfrlcalOOD, 1951-1954;

Program Associate, Ford Foundation, 1956-1958; Dep ty Assistant
secretary of State for African Affairs, 1961-1967; served as
Ford Foundation program advisor while at the State Department~
ASA; CFR.

49
0000, RO ,,~n·D,..'·I.~. -nt 'of State, now on a grant studying the problems of
1JIIjl8.t)1lre/Ex Ambassador to Zambia; Co-ordinator of Kennedy's
e on Africa, 1960; Director, Office of Research and
s for Africa, State Departnent, 1961-1965.

GREEN, REGmAID Treasury, Goverrment of Tanzania/Econom1:c Advisor

f"Y\t:lI~Y'\I'W~ by the Ford Foundation/NS~-CIA student leader._

HALPERN, MA'~JtnJ cetoniSDA/Another "modernizer"; his beat is primarily

Ie East but the fallout, blown by southern winds, has
drop .seeds in tropical areas. He would like to be a soldier
but it I doesn't pay a~ well.
I

HANNA, JUDITH AND \ttLLIAM JOHN/CRESS--Center for Research'in Social Systems,

ric University, Washington, D.C. {OOD)/CRESS received nearly
$2 mil ion in fiscal year 1968 for counter-insurgency research
for t Department of the Army. Dirty Workers.
HANCE, wn..LIAM/Col ia/ASA,. FA, CFR, ACLS, SSRC, ARC; leading advocate of
the t sis that the only way to change South Africa is to
ste u. S. investments so that IOOre Africans will be needed in
.better jobs thus creating pressures for change and eventual breakdown
of ap heid-and keeping Arrerican profits high. He's not in
a . to overthrow apartheid.
HOVE'!', THOMAS/Un1 rsity of Oregon/U.N. specialist; staff member, international
studie I group J Brookings Institute; trember of CFR study group.

KAMARCK, ANDREWM Id Bank/Author of CFR book on econanic development; key

man of World Bank and link between Africa studies and "finance
capit "; has been known to teach at Johns Hopkins.
KARIS, THOMAS/CCNYlServed in the U.S. Embassy, South Africa; helped .
. r . I. . ,

coop11 Guide to transcript of the Treason Trial in South Africa

for no orious Hoover Institute.
KIL.SON, MARrIN/Iia.rVard/Ha.s participated at State Department Conferences;
attac~ black student struggles at NAACP Convention, 1969.
KIDMAN, ERAMUS/IBM Corporation, New York/ex Assistant to President at
Arreric· Metal Climax Corporation; Assistant to Director at
CIA sorted Foreign Policy Research Institute, University of
Pennsylvania; Special Assistant to Assistant Secretary of
State ~or Public Affairs (1950-1953). Spook.
IEFEVER, ERNEST ,AI. ,(Brookings Institute, l,vashington, D. C•

LEVINE, ROBERI' A.f hicago/ARC-DOD/Now on ~jor Carnee;ie Grant in Northern

Nigeri ; has had 'National Institute of T\1ental Health grants
and. funds from Ford; has prepared surveys of the dreams· of
Nigeri schoolboys to determine their attitudes towards
status"mobility, achievement motivation and obedience t9 social
values according to their respective ethnic ~oups. This
tyPe o~ behavioral science thrives by feeding data on the
cult life and motives of t ts subj ects int'o research aooaratus
of co rations and ~overn~ents. -
LYSTAD, ROBERT A./Johns Hopkins School of Advanced Internatiopal Studies
RLC/edited a major survey of social research in t African
field for the African Studies Association (funded by Ford);
traveled to Southern Africa to assess the "research climate"
for the RLC; fonner book editor for Africa Report.

MARCUM, JOHN!L1ncoln University!RLC, SDA, CFR Discussion leader.

McKAY, VERNON/Johns Hopldns SChool of Advanced International Studies/
ASA past President, CFR, RLC, African-American In t1tute Trustee,
Member, U.S. National Carmittee for UNESCO; Chainna.n, Advisory
Council on African Affairs, State Departmer: ~ Trustee, South
African Institute of Race Relations' (Ford F"JOOa on funded).
MERRIAM, ALAN P./Indiana Un1versi ty/ ASA, SSRC-ACU3; Pre: ~1den t s Task
Force for Africa, 1960; Belgian American Ech cat! Foundation.

~RGANrHAU, Rum SCHACHrER/Brandeis/SDA, CFR Discussion I S ; to~ther

with Husband Henry, helped run an AID f1nanc d carmunications
program at Brandeis for)Nigeria; served on tl~.. A corrmittee
to investigate goverrrnent sponsered research.
MUNGEtr, EDWIN/California Institute of Technology/ARC, American University
Field staff roving representative, 1951-l961/Rea tioi1ary
apologist for South Africa; nay soon be rewarded with an
Ambassadorship.
r~.·i· :LSON, WAIDF1t1AR A./African-American Institute/State Department Advisor and
fonner employee; Ford Foundation Executive, 1953-1961;
Executive Director of a President's Camd.ttee on International
Affairs, 1960; published African Battle line , 1965, for the
Council on Foreign Relations which is a sophisti ated outline
for U.S. strategy in Southern Africa.
OsTRANDER TAYlDR/Assistant to the President, American Metal ClimaX Corporation!
, SDA, President, African-American Chamber of Corrmerce, ASA/
Widely believed to be one of the most influential corporate
advisors on the goverrmtent' s Africa policy. ( : Wolfe Letter, D. 3fl
His assistant, Winifred Armstrong, does his leg rk at
academic meetings and political events.
pERLMtJITER, AMOS/Ha.rVard!Responsible for a $40,000 contract from the Air Force,
1966-1968, to study : "Political Funct1~ns of Military Elites: .
North Africa and the Near East" under the ausp1c s of Inter-Uni'Jersltv
seminar on Anned Forces and Society, Inc.
PIFER, ALAN/ Carnegie Corporation/SDk, CFR, ASA; U. S. -South Africa Leadershin
Exchange ProgI'am; Trustee -' African-American Instl.tute (CIA funded for
8 years).
RIVKI1J, AffiJOLD (deceased) /'llorld Bank/Director of African Res arch at 1'1I1" s
CIA's organized Center for International Studies Dublished
Africa and the \"lest: Proposals for the F'ree l.A/orld "I( sic) Policv
fPraeger--;l.90f)-.---·-·-'-·-·~-· --------.--- ._--'
ROSBERG, CARL/University of California, Berkeley/SDA, RLClRecently h::irRSS~~d
by students at Dar es Salaam for trylrw to teach functiot1;11 ~ ~:.~.
nonsense in a socialist country.

SA~1JUr:IJS, r·1ICHAEL/r;cor0eto\ll~n rJn.:v~~~3it.?, Cpnter frr ~~trat(~~tc ~t:udi00/

Studie~:; P?rtu,pues t;~~'ri~~nrl~~~; .:1 ~nl1 to ~.I\,:qtcrl.
.--_.... _.. _. , ULA.'~"U"~' versity of Denver/Ed1tor of Africa Today, fonnerly
lis by the American Carmittee on Africa; in his Politics
an Nationalism he advises the U.S. to accept radical
ism and even a union of socialist states as an alternative
iain and revolution.
SEGAL, -American Institute/New editor of Africa Report.
SKINNER, EILIOl'ItJ.· • Ambassador, Upper Volta/First black scholar at Columbia;
member, American Society of African Culture.
SWAN, Rt1rH/Ru h S pan Associates, W hington, D.C.lex State Department
enploy and SDA; has done studies as consultant for
State partment and African-American Institute.
SPENCER, JOHN H. IFl tcher School of Law and Diplana.cy, Tufts/senior AdVisor
'ir:l Fore gn Affairs to' Ethopian Government, 1943-1961.
S'roLPER, \«)LFUANG chigan/While part of the Ford f\mded MIT team, he wrote
the fi t Nigerian Economic Plan (without facts). It didn't work.
surroN, FRANCIS X. rd Foundation/SDA, ASA/"If one may venture to use a term
stirri unpleasant cormotations, it may be said that the
Foundat ons have an important role in linking the moderniZing
elites f the world. Collaborative efforts at development assistance
am hi r learning foster a network of pro~ ssiona! and personal
contact throughout the world." International capitalism defined •
WAILERmEIN , ..I.!••• ~,...~~/ColumbiaIWorld"Assembly
of Youth, International Student
Confe e-both CIA fronts; SDA, CFR Discussion Group leader.
WEINm'EIN, BRIAN/H University/Spent time in Africa training neo-colon1a1
public dministrators; prepared report on schools of public
adrn1ns ration for AID.
WEST, ROBERI'IFletc r School of Law and Diplana.cy, Tufts/RLC, CFR/One tine
top CI student leader; Rockefeller Foundation agent in N1g~I!la;
organiz r of CODrSERA to tie African resevch institutes closer
to the .S.; helped to manage Congolese finances after Lumumba
was ered.
stern/Prep~d reports for State Department and AID.
nsin/SDA/l'op level "Student leader in the CIA infested
am National Student Association and International Student
Confere' ce as well as "recipient of a· fellowship ~ the
Cathe Foundation, a CIA conduit; frequent visitor to the
Congo Ford and State Department funds; wrote a study of Congolese
politic which ignores t.he central role played by the U.S.
Young fers to the latter somewhat obscenely as "external
proIa tion of Congolese politics"; was named head of Black Studies
Carmitt' at Wisconsin but a student revolt forced him to step
down in the Chairmanship of the Political Science Departnent.
A man t carefully watch.
ZOLBERG, ARISTIDE/ cago/A young riser anxious to "create po~ltlcal order";
keynote peaker at a State Department Conference on Local
Devel .nt, 1967; ARC

52
 Copy of 2,000 copie

s cial Warfare
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Lt· .~
- In West Africa
IGOR. KoPYTOPP, professor of anthro- knowledge of Africa if only because
pology at the University 0/ Penn- we need this information to live with
sylvania, visited eight West .African them in a rapidly shrinking world.
countries in summer 1967 to survey But we should try as best as we
the climate for research. His report can to ease their embarrassment and
was subsetfuently published in the .often hostility to what they very
African Studies Bulletin (an excerpt often consider to be an unwelcome
appeared in the March 1968 issue' intrusion in their daily lives. Pro-
of FAR Horizons) and was circu- fessor Kopytotrs suggestion that we
lated for comment to the U.S. .Am- associate Africans with our studies
bassadors in the countries studied. is certainly one way of dealing with
the problem, except that in their
From Uppet Volta, Ambassador sensitivity many Africans find this
Elliott P. Skinner, former professor to be a new and often more insidious
of anthropology at Columbia .Uni- form of exploitation. They suggest
versity, reported that he concurred that now that outsiders must admit
with Professor KopytoD's findings that they cannot really get correct
and added the following results of basic data in African societies, they
his own observation. enlist African help under the gUise
of collaboration. It may be that the
. . . Africans have still not gotten time will soon come when we will
JVer their dislike of being studied, go to Africa primarily as students
and like many of the people in the and not as researchers, thereby doing
third world, or in analogous situa- 'what Africans have been doing in
tions in more developed countries, the United States for the last 60 or
they often cannot help resenting more years. Thi5 possibility was
bein, the object of study rather than forcibly brought home to me at a
conSidered normal human beings recent conference, at the IIDiversity
..who by definition need not be stud- of Ife in which African scholars
ied. This is a dilemma which only took all foreign researchers to task
time will heal. However, I feel that and ~uggested that it may be only'
those of us who are in contact with after Westerners have lost their ar-
Africa and Africans and do have rogance that fruitful cooperation will
scholarly interests in Africa and its be possible between the two. I be-
people should not blind ourselves to lieve this statement to be an extreme
this basic but too often unstated fact. one, but do understand the basis for
I know that we must increase our it.