7 Logarithmic Functions: Activity

7 Logarithmic Functions
Activity 7.2 (p. 7.37)

7 Logarithmic Functions 1.
x 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 4
Activity y –0.5 –0.2 0 0.3 0.5 0.6
Warm-Up Activity (p. 7.3) x 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 4

1. (a) 2
y –1.7 –0.7 0 1 1.6 2
(b) 4
(c) 5
2. (a) 1.204 12
(b) 1.806 18
(c) 3.304 28
Activity 7.1 (p. 7.6)

1. ∵
∴
∵
∴
∵
∴
∵
2. (a) No (b) Yes
∴
3. (a) Yes, (1, 0)
2. (a) (i)
(b) Range of x Values of y
(ii)
0<x<1 negative
x>1 positive
(iii)
(c) increases
(b)
Maths Dialogue
3. (a) (i)
Maths Dialogue (p. 7.14)

‘log’ is not a common factor of log(x – 2), log 3 and log (2x + 5).
So we cannot simply cross out the ‘log’ on both sides at the first
(ii)
step.
Maths Dialogue (p. 7.34)

1. To simplify logarithms using the properties of logarithms,
(iii) they must be logarithms of the same base. In choosing the
base when applying the base-change formula, a small integer
is preferred to a larger integer, and sometimes, base 10 may
not be the best choice.
(b)
2.
4.
28
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
(a)
To Learn More
To Learn More (p. 7.24)

Let x = 123456, y =246135 and z = 456321.
(b)
From the above, we have .

Hence, y < z < x (i.e. ).
Classwork
Classwork (p. 7.4) (c)

Exponential form Logarithmic form
(x = 10y) (log x = y)
(a) 1 000 000 = 106 log 1 000 000 = 6
(b) 10 000 = 104 log 10 000 = 4
(c) 0.01 = 10–2 log 0.01 = –2
(d) a = 100.5 log a = 0.5
(e) 30 = 10b log 30 = b
(d)
Classwork (p. 7.5)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Classwork (p. 7.8) (e)

(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
(e)  (f)  (g)  (h) 
Classwork (p. 7.28)

Exponential form Logarithmic form
(x = ay) (loga x = y)
(a) 36 = 62
(b) 81 = 34 log3 81 = 4
(c) (f)
(d) = 83
Classwork (p. 7.32)
29
Classwork (p. 7.39) (a)

(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
Classwork (p. 7.44)

(a) (i)  (ii)  (iii) 
(b) (i)  (ii)  (iii) 
(c) (i)  (ii)  (b)
Classwork (p. 7.48)

(a)
(b)
(c)
Classwork (p. 7.50)

(a) If ,
then
Quick Practice 7.4 (p. 7.9)
(b) If , (a)
then
Quick Practice

(a) ∵ 100 000 = 105 (b)
∴ log 100 000 =
(b) ∵ 0.0001 = 104

∴ log 0.0001 =
(c) ∵ = 104
∴ =

(a) ∵
(a)
∴
(b) ∵ log x = 1.2

∴
(b)
30
(c)
(b)

(a) ∵
∴ The corresponding sound intensity level
(b) ∵

Let I W/m2 be the required sound intensity.
∴ has no solutions.
∴ The sound intensity of the conversation is

W/m2.
Let E1 and E2 be the energy released in the Great Chilean
Earthquake and the San Francisco Earthquake respectively.
(a)
and
(1) – (2):
31
∴ It takes at least 14 months for the value of the mobile phone

to become less than half of its original value.

(a) ∵
∴ The energy released in the Great Chilean Earthquake was
355 times that in the San Francisco Earthquake. ∴

(b) ∵
(a)
∴
(c) ∵
(b) From (a), we have
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, 1). ∴

∴
∵ Slope of the line (a)
(b)
(a)

(a) When t = 8,
(b)
∴ The number of visitors on the 8th day is 370.
(b) When N = 400,

Suppose the value of the mobile phone becomes less than half of
its original value after n months.
∵
32
(c) (b)
Alternative Solution
(c)
(a)

(a)
(b)
(i) From the graph, when x = 2.3, y = –1.2.

∴
(ii)
(a)
From the graph, when x = 3.5, y = –1.8.
33
2. (a)
(b)
(b)
(i) From the graph, when y = –2.2, x = 4.6.
∴ The solution of is x = 4.6.
(ii)
Further Practice (p. 7.15)

From the graph, when y = 1.3, x = 0.4.
1. (a)
Further Practice
1. (a)
(b)
(b)
∴ has no
solutions.
34
(d)
2. (a)
2. (a)
(b)
(b)
Alternative Solution
Exercise
Exercise 7A (p. 7.11)

Level 1
1. ∵
∴
2. ∵
1. (a)
∴
3. ∵
∴
(b)
4. ∵
∴
(c)
5.
6.
35
7. 17.
8. ∵
∴
9. ∵ 18.
∴
10. ∵
∴
19.
11. ∵
12. ∵
∴
20.
13. ∵
∴
21.
14.
15.
22.
16. 23.
36
24.
(c)
25.
28. (a)
(b)
26. (a)
(b) (c)
(c)
Level 2
(d) 29.
30.
27. (a)
31.
(b)
37
32.
37.
33.
38.
34.
39.
35.
40.
36.
41.
38
(c)
42. (a)
44.
(b)
45. ∵ and
(c)
∴ and
43. (a)
46. No, for b = 8,
(b) ∴ for b = 8.
47. No, for a = 2 and b = 5,

log a + log b = log (ab) = log 10 = 1
which is a rational number.
Exercise 7B (p. 7.16)

Level 1
1. ∵
∴
2. ∵
∴
3. ∵
39
13.
4. ∵
5. ∵
14.
∴
6. ∵
∴ 15.
7.
8.
16.
9.
10.
11.
12.
40
21.
17.
22.
18.
23.
24.
19.
25.
Level 2
20.
26.
41
31.
27.
∴ has no solutions. 32.
28.
33.
29.
34.
30.
42
35.
By substituting into (3), we have
Exercise 7C (p. 7.25)

Level 1
1. The corresponding sound intensity level
36.
From (2),
∴ 2. Let I W/m2 be the required sound intensity.
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
By substituting y = 20 into (3), we have
37.
∴ The sound intensity of the fan is 1.58  10–7 W/m2.
From (2),
3. The difference between the corresponding sound intensity
levels of the two successive thunders
∴
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
4. (a) The sound intensity level of the rock music
43
(1) – (2):
∴ Tony’s hearing will be damaged.
(b) The sound intensity of the rock music with headphone
The corresponding sound intensity level
∴ The ratio of the energy released in the earthquake in

town P to that in town Q is 5.62 : 1.
∴ Tony’s hearing will not be damaged.

5. By substituting and into the 9. (a)
formula, we have
(b) ∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, –3).

∴ The magnitude of the earthquake on the Richter scale is
3.47. ∴
6. By substituting and into the

formula,
∵ Slope of the line
we have
10. (a)
∴ The energy released in the earthquake is

∴
.
(b) ∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, 3).
7. The difference in magnitudes of the two earthquakes on the
Richter scale ∴
11. (a) When x = 3,
8. Let E1 and E2 be the energy released (in J) in the earthquake

in town P and town Q respectively.
∴ The number of customers on the 3rd day since

opening is 280.
and
(b) When N = 400,
44
14. Let IA and IB be the sound intensities (in W/m2) in

restaurants A and B respectively.
Let A and B be the sound intensity levels (in dB) in
restaurants A and B respectively.
12. (a) When t = 0,

and
(2) – (1):
∴ The original value of the television is $15 000.
(b) Suppose the value of the LCD television becomes less

than half of its original value after n months.
∴ The sound intensity in restaurant B is 3.16 times of the

sound intensity in restaurant A.
15. Let E1 and E2 be the energy released (in J) by the Hiroshima

atomic bomb and in the Indian Ocean Earthquake
respectively.
∴ It takes at least 23 months for the value of the LCD
television to become less than half of its original
value.
Level 2 and
13. Let I W/m2 be the original sound intensity of the Hi-Fi,
then the sound intensity is 0.6I W/m2 after adjustment.
∵ The original sound intensity level is 90 dB.
Let  dB be the sound intensity level of the Hi-Fi after (2) – (1):
adjustment.
(2) – (1):
∴ The energy released in the Indian Ocean Earthquake

∴ The sound intensity level of the Hi-Fi after adjustment corresponded to 1 000 000 Hiroshima atomic bombs.
is 87.8 dB.
16. Let E1 and E2 be the energy released (in J) in the aftershock
and the earthquake respectively.
45
Let M1 be the magnitude of the aftershock on the Richter

scale. (b) From (a),
and
∴ ∴
By substituting E2 = 8E1 into (2), we have
(3) – (1): (c) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y

respectively.
i.e.
∴ The magnitude of the aftershock on the Richter scale is

6.6.
17. (a) ∵ Slope of the line =
∴
∴
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, 2).
∴
(b) From (a),
(c) (i) When x = 1,
19. Suppose the population will be less than 1000 after n years.
∵
(ii) When y = 0.1,
18. (a) ∵ Slope of the line =

∴ It takes at least 26 years for the population to be less
than 1000.
∴
20. Suppose Jenny receives an amount exceeding $30 000 after
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, –2).
n years.
∴
46
∵ 3. ∵
∴
4. ∵
∴ It takes at least 10.5 years (cor. to the nearest 0.5) for

Jenny to receive an amount exceeding $30 000. 5.
21. Let N be the original number of bacteria in the test tube.

Suppose the number of bacteria in the test tube becomes
more than triple of its original number after n minutes.
∵ 6.
7.
∴ It takes at least 7 minutes for the number of bacteria in

the test tube to become more than triple of its original 8.
number.
22. Suppose more than 80% of the food intake will pass through
the stomach after n hours.
∵ 9.
10.
∴ It takes at least 5 hours for more than 80% of the food 11.
intake to pass through the stomach.
Exercise 7D (p. 7.35)

Level 1
1. ∵
∴
2. ∵
∴
47
17.
12.
18.
13.
19.
14.
20.
21. (a)
15.
(b)
(c)
16.
22. (a)
48
(b) 28.
29.
(c)
23.
24.
25.
30.
26.
31.
27.
∴ , or ,
(or any positive numbers a and b with ab = 2)
Level 2
49
32.
36.
33.
34.
37.
35.
50
41.
38.
39.
42. (a)
40. (a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
51
43.
48.
44.
Exercise 7E (p. 7.44)

Level 1
1. (a) (i) Graph (III) (ii) Graph (II)
(iii) Graph (I) (iv) Graph (IV)
45.
(b) (i) Graph (II) and Graph (IV)
(ii) Graph (I) and Graph (III)
2. (a) (1, 0)
(b) yes; y = 0
3. (a) A: (1, 0), B: (0, 1)

(b) yes; y = x
46.
4. (a)
∴ has no solutions.
47. (b)
52
5. (a)
(i) From the graph, when x  4, y  0.85.

∴
(ii) From the graph, when x  9, y  1.35.
∴
(b)
(b) (b)(ii)
(b)(i)
(i) From the graph, when y  0.5, x  2.2.

∴ The solution of is x  2.2.
Level 2
(ii) From the graph, when y  1.25, x  7.4.
6. (a), (b)
∴ The solution of is x  7.4.
9. (a)
7. (a) (0, 1)
(b), (c)
(i) From the graph, when x = 2.6, y = 1.4.

∴
(ii)
8.
From the graph, when x = 4.3, y = 2.1.
(a)
∴
(a)(ii)
∴
(a)(i)
53
(b)
∴
(b)
(b)(i)
(i) From the graph, when y = 0.6, x = 1.5.

∴ The solution of is x = 1.5. (b)(ii)
(ii) (i)
From the graph, when y = –1.4, x = 0.4.

From the graph, when y  1.8, x  2.5.
∴ The solution of is x 
2.5.
10. (a)
(ii)
From the graph, when y  6, x  21.5.
∴ The solution of is
(i) From the graph, when x  2.5, y  –1.8.
x  21.5.
∴
Check Yourself (p. 7.53)
1. (a)  (b) 
(c)  (d) 
(e)  (f) 
(ii) 2. Graph (I) and Graph (III)
3. (1, 0)
4.
5. (a) ∵
∴
From the graph, when x  7, y  3.8.
(b) ∵
∴
∴
54
(c) ∵
∴
(c)
2. (a) ∵
∴
(b) ∵
∴
6. (a)
(c) ∵
(b)
3. (a)
(b)
7. (a)
(c)
(b)
8.
(d)
Revision Exercise 7 (p. 7.54)

Level 1
1. (a) ∵
∴
(b) ∵
4. (a)
∴
55
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
6.
7.
(d)
8.
5. (a) ∵
56
(c)
9.
12.
13.
10. (a)
14.
(b)
15.
(c)
16.
11. (a)
17.
(b)
57
∴ has no
solutions.
18.
22. Let I1 and I2 be the sound intensities (in W/m2) in the study
room and at home respectively.
and
(1)  (2):
19.
∴ The ratio of the sound intensity in the study room to

that at home is 1: 10.
20. 23. The magnitude of the Pakistan Earthquake on the Richter

scale
∵
∴ The Pakistan Earthquake was more likely to cause more
serious damage.
21. Let I W/m2 be the sound intensity of the vacuum cleaner.
24. Let E J be the energy released in the explosion.
The magnitude of the explosion on Scale B
The sound intensity level of the air-conditioner
58
28. (a)
25. Suppose the value of the car depreciates to less than

$366 000 after n years.
∵
(b) yes; y = x
Level 2
∴ It takes at least 4 years for the value of the car to 29.

depreciate to less than $366 000.
26. Suppose Mr Wong’s salary will be more than double his

salary in 2012 after n years.
∵
30.
∴ It takes at least 12 years for Mr Wong’s salary to be

more than double his salary in 2012.
27. (a)
(b) yes; y = 0
59
36. (a)
31.
(b)
32.
(c)
33.
37.
34.
38.
35.
60
42.
39.
43.
∴ has no
solutions.
44.
40.
45.
41.
61
By substituting into (3), we have
46.
49. (a)
∴ , where a, b > 0 and a, b  1

47.
From (2),
(b) or or or
∴
By substituting (3) into (1), we have (any two of the answers)
50. (a)
(b) ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ (or any

other reasonable answers with ,
By substituting into (3), we have where )
51. Let I1 and I2 be the sound intensities (in W/m2) of

loudspeaker A and loudspeaker B respectively.
Then, .
The sound intensity level of loudspeaker A 
48.
From (1),
The sound intensity level of loudspeaker B
The difference in sound intensity levels between

By substituting (3) into (2), we have loudspeaker A and loudspeaker B
62
52. Suppose the number of black people exceeds the number of

white people after n years.
∵
∴ It takes at least 16 years for the radioactive

substance to lose more than 10% of its initial
∴ weight.
54. (a) ∵ Slope of the line
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, 2).
∴
∴ It takes at least 37 years for the number of black people
to exceed the number of white people.
∴ The number of black people will exceed the number of
white people starting from year 2050. (b) From (a),
53. (a) Let m be the number of years for the radioactive

substance to decay to half of its initial weight. ∴
(c) By substituting x = 3375 into , we have
∴ The cost of printing 3375 posters is $22 500.
∴ It takes 100 years for the radioactive substance to 55. (a)

decay to half of its initial weight.
(b) Suppose the radioactive substance will lose more than

10% of its initial weight after n years.
(i) From the graph, when x = 3.5, y = 0.9.

∴
63
(ii)
(ii)
(b)
(b) (i)
From the graph, when y  0.8, x  3.6.

∴ The solution of is x 
3.6.
(ii)

(i) From the graph, when y = –0.8, x = 0.3. ∴ The solution of is y  0.5.
∴ The solution of is
. 57. (a)
∴
(ii)
(b) By substituting W = 3 into
,
we have
From the graph, when y = 0.6, x = 2.3.

∴ The solution of is x =
2.3.
56. (a) (i) x 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 4

y 1 0.4 0 0.4 0.7 0.9
From the graph,

when x = 3,
when x = 4,
∴ The time taken is 0.3 minutes.
64
58. (a) (i)
(ii) ∵ Intercept on the vertical axis = 0.6
∴
5. Answer : B
∵ Slope of the line =
(b) (i) From (a)(ii), we have
By substituting into , we
6. Answer : A
have
∵
∴
∴ The amount of pollutants discharged in the
3rd month since operation started is 20.8 units.
(ii) Suppose the chemical plant discharges more than
50 units of pollutants per month after t months.
7. Answer : B
For I:
∵ a > 0 and b < 0
∴ ab < 0
i.e. log(ab) is undefined.
∴ In the 6th month since operation started, the ∴ I must be true.
chemical plant will be prosecuted. For II:
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 7.59)

1. Answer : C Let
∴ II may not be true.

For III:
∵
∴ (∵
2. Answer : C
∴ III must be true.
∴ The answer is B.
8. Answer : A
Since is undefined for x  0, the graph of

3. Answer : C
does not cut the y-axis.
∴ C and D cannot be the answer.
When
∴ The graph passes through the point .
4. Answer : A ∴ The answer is A.
65
9. Answer : C For IV:

∵ is undefined for .
∵ The domain of g(x) is all positive real numbers.
∴ IV is true.
∴ ∴ The answer is D.
∵ Intercept on the vertical axis = 1

∴
10. Answer : B
HKMO (p. 7.61)
1.
∵
∴
i.e. is the smallest.
∴ The answer is B.
11. Answer : A
For I:
The graphs of and show
reflectional symmetry with each other about the line y = x. 2. Given that  and  are the roots of the equation
∴ I is true. .
For II:
Product of roots =
The graphs of and show
reflectional symmetry with each other about the x-axis.
∴ II is true.
For III:
for all real values of x.
∴ The graph of does not cut the x-axis.
∴ III is false.
∴ The answer is A.
12. Answer : D
For II:
The value of decreases as x increases.
∴ , where .
∴ 3.
∴ II is true.
For I:
The larger the value of a, the flatter is the graph of
for a > 1.
∵ The graph of is flatter than the graph
of .
∴ and .
∴ I is false.
For III:
The graphs of logarithmic functions cut the x-axis at (1, 0).
∴ III is true.
66
3. Answer : A
4.
∵ Intercept on the vertical axis = –2
4. Answer : D
Exam Focus ∴
i.e. is the least.
Exam-type Questions (p. 7.63)
1. Answer : C ∴ The answer is D.
Consider the graph of . 5. Answer : C
From the shape of the graph, we know that . ∵
When , we have . ∴
∴ ∵
∴
∵ 6. Answer : C
∴ ,
i.e. the intercept on the vertical axis of the required graph is
positive.
∵
∴ ,
i.e. the slope of the required graph is negative.
∴ The answer is C.
2. Answer : A
7. Let K be the number of radioactive ions (in billion) found in
the substance.
The activity of the substance on Scale B

67
68

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7 Logarithmic Functions

Activity 7.2 (p. 7.37)

Warm-Up Activity (p. 7.3) x 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 4

Activity 7.1 (p. 7.6)

Maths Dialogue (p. 7.14)

Maths Dialogue (p. 7.34)

To Learn More (p. 7.24)

From the above, we have .

Classwork (p. 7.4) (c)

Classwork (p. 7.5)

Classwork (p. 7.8) (e)

Classwork (p. 7.28)

Classwork (p. 7.32)

Classwork (p. 7.39) (a)

Classwork (p. 7.44)

Classwork (p. 7.48)

Classwork (p. 7.50)

Quick Practice 7.1 (p. 7.5)

(b) ∵ 0.0001 = 104

Quick Practice 7.5 (p. 7.10)

(b) ∵ log x = 1.2

Quick Practice 7.3 (p. 7.9)

Quick Practice 7.6 (p. 7.13)

Quick Practice 7.10 (p. 7.19)

Quick Practice 7.7 (p. 7.14)

∴ The sound intensity of the conversation is

∴ It takes at least 14 months for the value of the mobile phone

Quick Practice 7.15 (p. 7.29)

Quick Practice 7.12 (p. 7.22)

∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, 1). ∴

∵ Slope of the line (a)

Quick Practice 7.17 (p. 7.31)

Quick Practice 7.13 (p. 7.23)

(b) When N = 400,

Quick Practice 7.14 (p. 7.24)

Quick Practice 7.18 (p. 7.32)

Quick Practice 7.20 (p. 7.42)

(i) From the graph, when x = 2.3, y = –1.2.

Quick Practice 7.19 (p. 7.34)

(i) From the graph, when y = –2.2, x = 4.6.

∴ The solution of is x = 4.6.

Further Practice (p. 7.15)

Further Practice (p. 7.10)

Exercise 7A (p. 7.11)

47. No, for a = 2 and b = 5,

Exercise 7B (p. 7.16)

∴ has no solutions. 32.

By substituting into (3), we have

Exercise 7C (p. 7.25)

∴ 2. Let I W/m2 be the required sound intensity.

By substituting (3) into (1), we have

By substituting y = 20 into (3), we have

By substituting (3) into (1), we have

4. (a) The sound intensity level of the rock music

∴ Tony’s hearing will be damaged.

(b) The sound intensity of the rock music with headphone

The corresponding sound intensity level

∴ The ratio of the energy released in the earthquake in