Chapter 1 - Signs - Doors - Windows - Footings

Civil Engineering Drawing
CHAPTER 1
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS, DOORS, WINDOWS, FOOTINGS
INTRODUCTION :
Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well

conversant with drawings. Drawings represent reduced shape of
structure and the owner will be able to see what is going to happen.
Drawings are prepared as per the requirements of owner. In case of
public buildings, the functional aspects are studied and accordingly the
drawings are prepared as per recommendations laid down in National
Building Code (N.B.C) or as per Indian Standard specifications. Any
modifications like additions or omissions can be suggested from a study
of the drawings before actual construction of the structure is started.
Drawings provide a language with specific data to Architects, Engineers
and workmen at the site to construct the structure accordingly.
In case of public buildings or any other civil engineering works, it

is essential to work out different items of construction with their
quantities for estimating the total cost of construction project. For this
purpose, drawings of different parts and different views are essential so
that the approval of work from the sanctioning authority can be obtained.
Further, the detailed drawings form an essential contract documents,
when the work is handed over to a contractor. Hence it is necessary to
prepare detailed drawings, which will inform the contractor, the exact
information, which he needs during the construction of different items of
work. Drawings, thus prepared should be carefully even after the
completion of work. Thus, it becomes asses the possibility of further
vertical expansion by referring to the foundation details initially provided.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DRAWING:
1. Drawing should be clear, simple and clean
2. Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn

scaled measurements.
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3. Exact information should be provided in order to carry out the work at

site without scaling for missing measurements.
4. Only minimum notes to support the drawings should be indicated in the

drawings.
5. Sufficient space should be provided between the views so as to mark

the dimensions without crowding.
1.0 CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS:
Conventional signs are used to represent the particular item like

stone masonary, brick masonary, concrete etc in the section of drawing.
(i.e.,) when the materials are cut by any imaginary plane. Conventional
symbols are provided to indicate doors, windows, their fixing, movement
of shutters. When they are cloud or opened, various water supply and
sanitary fixtures like tap, wash basin, W.C., urinals, Kitchen sink, shower
etc, symbols are used to indicate the position of electrical fittings like
lamp, switch, power socket, fan etc. To indicate positions of furniture on
drawing room, bedroom, suitable symbols are used.
The Bureau of Indian standards (B.I.S) has recommended the

conventional signs and symbols for the following purposes.
1. Avoid confusion and to understand the drawings
2. Save the time in making out various details in the drawing
3. Identify the various details of materials, Electrical fixtures, water-

supply and sanitary fittings, Position of furniture’s etc.
4. To prevent any dispute between contractor and owner in the

actual construction of the structure.
The conventional signs for civil engg. materials as shown
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Practical 1. Engg. Materials symbols - diagrams

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Practical 2. Water supply and Sanitary fixtures - diagrams
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Practical 3. Electrical Installations – diagrams
1.2 DOORS:
Doors are the means to provide access to the rooms of a building.

A door consists of a frame and one or two shutters or leaves.
Accordingly they are called as single shuttered or double shuttered door.
Door frame consists of two vertical members called styles and

two horizontal members one at top called top rail and one bottom rail or
sill or threshold. Now-a-days the bottom rail is omitted and made to flush
with floor level. The top tail is projected beyond the styles by about
150mm and these projections are known as horns. These are built into
masonary fro keeping in position. M.S. Clamps of flat iron about 300mm
50mm 6mm are fixed to the vertical styles on the outerside known as
“Hold Fasts” in the shape of letter ‘Z’. These are embedded into the
masonary wall to hold the frame in position. When bottom member (sill)
is not provided, the vertical members (styles) should be inserted in the
floor finish by about 40 mm to 50mm
Shutter for the door frame may be fully panelled or partly glazed
and partially panelled with one or two leaves or shutters. In fully panelled
shutter the no. of panels may be 3,4 or 6 as per the design and other
practical considerations. In the case of door shutters, the horizontal
members are called as rails (top, bottom, lock and frieze). All other rails
fixed between the lock rail and top rail are called frieze rail. The
continuous vertical members of door frame called as styles or stiles.
These styles and rails jointed to each other at both ends by mortise and
tenon joints. The bottom and lock rails are made wider than the top or
frieze rails. The center of the lock rail shall be so placed that its center
line is at a height of 850mm from the bottom of the shutter.
The joints between the panel and frame shall be tongued and
grooved joints. Grooves are formed along the inner edges of the stiles
and rails to receive the panel. The depth of groove is equal to the
thickness of panel. As per IS1003; the minimum width and thickness of
panel shall be 100mm and 15mm respectively. For double leaf shutter,
when closed, one leaf overlaps the other vertically as a rebated joint. In
order to keep the both shutters in the same plane, rebates 8 to 10mm
wide and in depth equal to half thickness of a shutter for a square type
are cut as for IS:6198.
I.S.1003 RECOMMENDED SIZES FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS:
a) Vertical stile, top and frieze rail width : 150 3mm

b) Lock rail width : 150 3mm
c) Bottom rail width : 200 3mm
d) Mounting width : 100 3mm
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e) Glazing bar : 40 1mm

f) Thickness for all members : 35 1 or 40 1mm
As per A.P.D.S.S. (Andhra pradesh detailed standard

specifications) doors and windows are indicated by following letters.
D = Door W = Window
V = Ventilator S = Single shutter
T = Double Shutter P = Two Panels
R = Three Panels Q = Four Panels
FOOTINGS:
The portion of the building constructed above the ground level is

super structure and below the ground level is substructure or foundation,
which will distribute the structural load over the large area. In the case of
load bearing walled structure, the size of wall is increased by means of
footings of stone masonary or brick masonary and finally rest on
concrete bed of required size.
Footings are the steps provided under the load bearing walls by
equal increase on eitherside. The number of footings depends upon the
depth of foundation. The increase in width provided on either side of wall
face is known as off-set. The depth of the foundation is the vertical
height below ground level upto the bottom of the concrete bed.
Individual masonary pillars are constructed with offsets on all four

sides to provide number of footings. This entire masonary structure rests
on concrete bed of required size, which distribute the load intensity on
the sub-soil at low magnitude than the safe bearing capacity of subsoil.
Such a foundations are known as isolated footing foundation.
Plinth is the portion of the structure between the surrounding

ground level and the surface of the floor level immediately above the
ground is termed as plinth. The level of the plinth is usually called as
plinth level and the built up area at the floor level is known as plinth area.
The plinth height in any case shall not be less than 450mm.
The depth of the foundation depends upon as per NBC and shall
not be less than 500mm.
1. Bearing capacity
2. Shrinkage and swelling properties of soil
3. Depth of water-table
4. Depth of frost penetration
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The width of the foundation depends upon the safe bearing

capacity, load coming on the soil. The width of foundation B=2T+2f
where ‘f’ offset provided.
Generally the concrete offset ‘f’ shall be 150mm. In case of brick

masonary offset 1/4 th brick length (i.e., 50mm) and thickness shall be
multiples of brick thickness (100mm, 200mm, 300mm, 400mm etc).
In case of stone masonary offset ‘f’ shall be 75 to 100mm and

thickness may be 150 to 200mm.
Thickness of concrete foundation:

By thumb rule d = 5/6 T where ‘T’ Thickness of wall in super structure.
Super structure:
The portion of building above ground level is called super

structure. This includes masonary walls, columns, steps, doors,
windows, ventilators, lintels, sunshades (chajjas), staircase, roof,
weather proof course, parapet wall etc.
Lintels:
Lintels are small beams, which are of reinforced cement concrete

in present construction provided over small opening like door, window,
almairahs etc. Generally 150mm thick and width equal to wall width are
provided.
Sunshade:
Sunshade is sloping or horizontal R.C.C. cantilever slab provided

over openings on external walls to provide protection from sun and rain.
Balcony:
Balcony is horizontal projection including a handrail or balustrade

to serve as passage or sitting out place. As per IS:4912, the vertical
height of handrail for balconies and verandahs shall be 1000mm.
Portico:
Portico or porch canopy is covered surface supported on pillars or

otherwise for the purpose of pedestrian or vehicular approach. Generally
the height of portico slab shall be 2.1m.
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PRACTICAL 4 : Draw the following FULLY PANELLED DOOR

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PRACTICAL 6 –Isolated R.C.C. PRACTICAL 5 - Fully Panelled Window
Square Footing
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PRACTICAL 7 - cross section of load bearing wall

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Civil Engineering Drawing

Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well

In case of public buildings or any other civil engineering works, it

REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DRAWING:

1. Drawing should be clear, simple and clean

2. Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn

3. Exact information should be provided in order to carry out the work at

4. Only minimum notes to support the drawings should be indicated in the

5. Sufficient space should be provided between the views so as to mark

1.0 CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS:

Conventional signs are used to represent the particular item like

The Bureau of Indian standards (B.I.S) has recommended the

1. Avoid confusion and to understand the drawings

2. Save the time in making out various details in the drawing

3. Identify the various details of materials, Electrical fixtures, water-

4. To prevent any dispute between contractor and owner in the

The conventional signs for civil engg. materials as shown

Practical 1. Engg. Materials symbols - diagrams

Doors are the means to provide access to the rooms of a building.

Door frame consists of two vertical members called styles and

I.S.1003 RECOMMENDED SIZES FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS:

a) Vertical stile, top and frieze rail width : 150 3mm

e) Glazing bar : 40 1mm

As per A.P.D.S.S. (Andhra pradesh detailed standard

The portion of the building constructed above the ground level is

Individual masonary pillars are constructed with offsets on all four

Plinth is the portion of the structure between the surrounding

The width of the foundation depends upon the safe bearing

Generally the concrete offset ‘f’ shall be 150mm. In case of brick

In case of stone masonary offset ‘f’ shall be 75 to 100mm and

Thickness of concrete foundation:

The portion of building above ground level is called super

Lintels are small beams, which are of reinforced cement concrete

Sunshade is sloping or horizontal R.C.C. cantilever slab provided

Balcony is horizontal projection including a handrail or balustrade

Portico or porch canopy is covered surface supported on pillars or

PRACTICAL 4 : Draw the following FULLY PANELLED DOOR

PRACTICAL 7 - cross section of load bearing wall

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