Problem 1

The slab shown is considered to be simply supported on its two edges (The crosshatch
here is a symbol for simple support not a fixed end). Find the maximum load Wu, a
uniform load per unit area, the slab can carry using virtual work method.
fc’=20 MPa
fy =415 MPa

Solution:

Being simply supported, only a positive yield line is formed located at midspan.
Note that there are two axes of rotation, one at each support.
Also, since the axes of rotations are parallel, the yield line is parallel to them.

As shown, the yield line divides the slab into two equal segment or plates of equal area.

12
Under its failure load, each side of the slab rotates about its end supports as a rigid
plate.

Assume a very small unit value of deflection corresponding to very small slopes.

∆ =1

∆
θA = θB =
1 .8 m
1
θA = θB =
1 .8 m

θ = total rotation

θ = θ A + θB
 1  1
θ = 2 =
 1.8 m  0.9m

Determine the internal work

Wi = mlθ

Since the yield line is perpendicular to the slab reinforcement, consider a unit strip of
slab also perpendicular to the yield line.

13
b = 1000mm
d = 200 − 30 = 170mm

π
As = n db 2
4
bπ 2
As = db
s 4
1000 π
As = (16)2
275 4
As = 731.13mm 2
As
ρ=
bd
731
ρ= = 0.0043
(1000)(170)
fy
M n = ρ bd 2 fy (1 − 0.59 ρ )
fc
 (415) 
M n = ( 0.0043)(1000 )(170 ) ( 415 ) 1 − 0.59(0.0043)
2

 20 

14
 M n = 48857155.46 N .mm / meter
M n = 48.86 KN .m / meter

φ = 0.90
m = φ M n = 43.97 KN .m / m

Notice that the reduced nominal strength is the flexural strength per meter of slab along
the yield line.

Moreover, in computing the moment capacity, note that f’s = fy =415 because the steel
ratio is less than the balanced steel ratio

Thus, internal work is:

Wi = mlθ
Where: l = 2.4m

Compute the external work

We= sum of the products of the resultant loads on each segment and the displacement
at the point of action of the resultant

15
The displacement at the yield line is ∆ = 1

∆ 1
At a point where the resultant acts, displacement is =
2 2

Work done by the two segments,

We = (1.8 m )(2.4 m )Wu ( ) + (1.8 m )(2.4 m )Wu ( )

1 1
2 2
We = 4.32Wu m 2

16
Note that the resultant is obtained by multiplying Wu by the area of the slab segment
over which Wu is distributed to get the resultant since Wu is force per unit area

Internal work = external work

Wi = We
117.25 kN = 4.32Wu m 2
117.25 kN
Wu =
4.32 m 2
kN
Wu = 27.14 2
m
Wu = 27.14kPa

Problem 2
Let the slab in problem 1 be fixed on one side and on a simply supported on the other
side. Negative bars are also provided on the fixed edge, as shown. Calculate the failure
load Wu.

Solution

Two parallel yield lines are formed- a negative yield line at the fixed support and a
positive yield line between supports.

17
Let the yield line between supports be located at an unknown distance x from the fixed
edge.

Assume a virtual deflection of 1 unit at the yield line with corresponding rotations of θA
and θB

1
θA =
x
1
θB =
(3.6 − x )
The total rotation @ C is:

θc = θ A + θ B
1 1
θc = +
x (3.6 − x )

Find the internal work, Wi

Wi = mAθ Al A + mCθC l C

18
Consider a meter strip of slab, so that b=1 m =1000 mm

Unit strip with bars perpendicular to the negative yield line at the fixed support

fy
mA = φρ bd 2 fy (1 − 0.59 ρ )
fc′
1000 π
(16 )
2
As =
200 4
= 1005.31mm 2
1005.31
ρ= = 0.006
(1000 )(170 )
 415 
mA = 0.90(0.006)(1000)(170) 2 (415) 1 − 0.59(0.006)
 20 
MA= 60007594.28 N.mm/m
MA= 60.01kN.m/m

Determine mC
Unit strip with bars perpendicular to the positive yield line between supports

19
 fy
mC = φρ bd 2 fy (1 − 0.59 ρ )
fc′
1000 π
(16 )
2
As =
275 4
As = 731.13mm 2
731.13
ρ= = 0.0043
(1000 )(170 )

 415 
mC = 0.90 ( 0.0043)(1000 )(170 ) ( 415 ) 1 − 0.59 ( 0.0043)
2

 20 
mC = 4.3971439.91N .mm
mC = 43.97 KN .m / m
∴

Wi = (60.01)( )(2.4) + (43.97 )( + )(2.4)

1 1 1
x x 3.6 − x
144.024 105.528 10.5.528
Wi = + +
x x (3.6 − x )
249.55 105.528
Wi = +
x 3.6 − x

Compute external work

We = Wu ( x )(2.4 ) + Wu (3.6 − x )(2.4 )

1 1
2 2
We = 1.2Wu X + 1.2Wu (3.6 − x )

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We = 4.32Wu
Wi = We
277.296 117.264
= 4.32Wu
x 3.6 − x
249.55 105.528
+
x (3.6 − x ) = W
u
4.32
57.766 24.428
+ =W
x (3.6 − x ) u
→ (1)
57.766 24.428
Wu = +
x (3.6 − x )

To obtain the critical value of Wu, find the value of x that minimizes Wu.

Find the first derivative of Wu with respect to x then set to zero.

dWu x(0 ) − 57.766(1) (3.6 − x )(0 ) − 24.428(0 − 1)

= +
dx ( x )2 (3.6 − x )2
dWu − 57.766 24.428
= +
dx x 2
(3.6 − x )2
− 57.766 24.428
O= +
x 2
(3.6 − x )2
( )
O = −57.766(3.6 − x ) + 24.428 x 2 + 24.428 x 2
2

O = −748.65 + 415.92 x − 57.766 x 2 + 24.428 x 2

O = −748.65 + 415.92 x − 33.338 x 2
33.338 x 2 − 415.92 x + 748.65 = 0
− (− 415.92 )+ (415.92)2 − 4(33.338)(748.65)
x=
2(33.338)
415.92+ 270.473
x=
66.676
x(+ ) = 10.294, discard
x(− ) = 2.181
∴
x = 2.181m

Substitute in equation 1

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 57.766 24.428
WU = +
2.181 (3.6 − 2.181)
KN
WU = 43.70 2
M
WU = 43.70 KPa

Note:
In this problem, it so happened that the resulting equation is just a quadratic equation
in a single unknown. For other situations, however, successive approximations may be
necessary to obtain the solution.

Problem 3
A simply supported two-way slab is reinforced in the short direction with in 12mmφ bars
spaced @ 125 mm o.c., and 12mmφ bars @ 150mm o.c. in the long direction.
Determine the magnitude of the uniformly distributed failure load producing the yield
line pattern shown. Note however that this yield line pattern may not necessarily be the
critical pattern.
fc ′ = 20MPa fy = 275MPa

22
Solution:

Find the flexural strengths in the X and Y directions

Consider a unit strip of slab in both direction

SHORT DIRECTION (4 m span; bars parallel to the y-axis)

23
 1000 π
As = (12)2 = 904.78mm 2
125 4
904.78
ρ= = 0.007
(1000)(124)
NOTE: Bars laid out in the y-direction resist bending with respect the x-axis and
therefore provide a moment resistance mx per unit length

 fy 
mX = φρ bd S 2 fy 1 − 0.59 ρ 
 fc′ 

mx = ( 0.007 )(1000 )(124 ) ( 275 ) 1 − 0.59 ( 0.007 )
2 ( 275) 

 20 
mX = 25126162.34 N .mm
mX = 25.13KN .m / m

LONG DIRECTION (6 m span; bars parallel to the x-axis)

1000 π
As = (12)2 = 753.98mm 2
150 4
753.98
ρ= = 0.0067
(1000)(112)
NOTE: Bars laid out in the x-direction resist bending with respect the y-axis and
therefore provide a moment resistance my per unit length


my = 0.90 ( 0.0067 )(1000 )(112 ) ( 275 ) 1 − 0.59 ( 0.0067 )
2 ( 275) 

 20 
my = 19670470.87 N .mm
my = 19.67 KN .m / m

24
Considering the inclined yield line, the moment normal to the line is:
mα = mX cos 2 α + my sin 2 α

( ) ( )
mα = 25.13cos 2 450 + 19.67 sin 2 450
mα = 22.40 KN .m

Determine yield line rotations

As before, assume a virtual deflection of ∆ = 1 at the center of the slab at point f and
along c as shown. Obviously, in this case, a = b = d. To determine the rotation of the
segments along yield line b, note that line d is drawn perpendicular to b. Since a is
already perpendicular to b, d is simply an extension of a.

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Rotation of inclined segments along yield line b (due to symmetry, the rotation is the
same for all inclined yield lines)

Where: a = d = 2 2
1 1
θ af = =
a 2 2
1 1
θ df = =
d 2 2

θ ad = total rotation of inclined yield line

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 1 1
θ ad = +
2 2 2 2
1+1 2
θ ad = =
2 2 2
1
θ ad =
2
1 2
θ ad = ⋅
2 2
2
θ ad =
2
θ ad = 0.707

Since the segments along all inclined yield lines have the same rotations,

let;
θ i = 0.707 corresponding to each inclined yield line

Rotation along horizontal yield line, θ h

θh = θL + θR
1 1
θh = +
2 2
θh = 1

Compute internal work done

Wi = ∑ mlθ
Wi = mi l iθi + mX l hθ h

Where:
27
l i = Total length of inclined yield lines
l h = Length of horizontal yield lines
mi = mα
li = 8
l h = 2m

 ( )
Wi = 4 ( 22.40 ) 8 ( 0.707 )  + ( 25.13)( 2 )(1)

Wi = 229.374 KN .m

Find external work done

Let:

Wu= magnitude uniform load over the slab in each segment. The resultant of Wu, passes
through the centroid of the corresponding segment, as shown in the following
figure identified as points 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8. The corresponding
deviations/deflections of those points are Δ1, Δ2, Δ3, Δ4, Δ5, Δ6, Δ7, and Δ8, with
resultants R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8, respectively.

Resultant = (WU ) (area) again taking note that Wu is force per unit area

28
 1 
R1 = WU  (2 )(2 ) = 2WU
2 
∆ 1 = ∆ = (1) =
1 1 1
3 3 3
1 
R2 = WU  (4)(2) = 4WU 
2 
1 1
∆2 = ∆ =
3 3
1 
R3 = WU  (2 )(2 ) = 4WU
2 
1
∆3 =
3
R4 = WU [(2)(2)] = 4WU

∆4 =
1
(1) = 0.5
2
R5 = 4WU
∆ 5 = 0.5

R6 = 2WU
1
∆6 =
3
R7 = 4WU
1
∆7 =
3
R8 = 2WU
1
∆8 =
3
We = R1 ∆ 1 + R2 ∆ 2 + R3 ∆ 3 + R4 ∆ 4 + R5 ∆ 5 + R6 ∆ 6 + R7 ∆ 7 + R8 ∆ 8
1 1 1 1
We = 2WU   + 4WU   + 2WU   + 4WU (0.5) + 4WU (0.5) + 2WU  
 3  3  3  3
1 1
+ 4WU   + 2WU  
 3  3
We = 9.33WU

Wi = We
229.374 = 9.33WU
KN
WU = 24.56
m2
WU = 24.56 KPa
29