S.E.

SOCIETY’S
S.N.B.P COLLEGE OF ARTS COMMERCESCIENCE
& MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Morwadi, Pimpri, Pune-18
(Affiliated to SPPU and Recognized by Govt. of Maharashtra)PU/PN/305ACS/2008

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. /Miss Ajit Baburao Jamdade ...................................................... of

the Class BBA III……. Roll No.…BB213037…..has satisfactory completed project of

Semester…6th in the Subject-.Customer Relationship Management

as laid down by the University of Pune for the academic year ..2021-22.....

Project Guide Program Coordinator

Academic Head Principal

Project Examination
Seat No: Date:

Internal Examiner: External Examiner:

(Sign & Name) (Sign & Name)
 A
PROJECT REPORT ON
“Customer Relationship Management”
SUBMITTED TO
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
BACHLOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (B.B.A-
lll)
SUBMITTED BY
Ajit Jamdade
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. Shalini Nigam
SNBP COLLEGE OF ARTS COMMERCE SCIENCE &
MANAGEMENT STUDIES, MORWADI, PUNE
 S. E. Society’s
SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Department of BBA

To,
The Manager (HR),
B.R Surte Waste Paper Supplies PVT.LTD.
Kishor Surte
Subject: - Request for inclusion of students of our college for Internship Programme…
Madam / Sir,

Savitribai Phule Pune University has introduced ‘Internship Programme’ for Third Year BBA. Students
in its revised syllabus.
The purpose of the internship programme is to provide hands-on training and experience to the students
about various aspects of business and commercial activities. The internship will also enhance employability of
students.
In view of this, I request you to provide following students of our college (List enclosed) with an
opportunity for internship in your esteemed organization.
We would appreciate if you could provide exposure of the following business activities to these students:-
We look forward to a mutually rewarding academic association with your organization.
Thank you.

Internship Programme Coordinator, Principal

 S. E. Society’s
SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Department of BBA

Name of the Student: Ajit Baburao Jamdade

Class : T.Y.BBA Roll Number:BB213037

. Contact Number:9834065099 Contact Number (Parent) : 9822173718

. Email ID: ajitjamdade07@gmail.com

To,
The Principal,
SNBP College of ACS & MS, Morwadi,
Pimpri.
Subject: Undertaking …..

Respected Madam / Sir,

I am studying in T.Y.BBA (Semester V & VI). I am going to join B.R Surte Waste Paper Supplies
PVT.LTD.
----for my Ten days internship programme during -----09/05/2022 To –19/05/2022

I assure that I will follow all the rules and instruction issued by the internship providing organization. I
will be responsible for my behavior and performance during the internship period. We are aware that if any
injury or accident happens with my ward/ me college & concerned internship providing organizing will not be
responsible for it.

Thank you.
Students Name- Ajit.B.Jamdade Parents Name- Baburao Jamdade
Contact No.- 9834065099 Relation With Ward- Father
Sign- Contact No- 9922430105
Date-19/05/2022 Sign with Date-19/05/2022
 S. E. Society’s
SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Department of BBA

To,
The Manager (HR),
- B.R Surte Waste Paper Supplies PVT.LTD.
Kishor Surte
Subject: Undertaking of completion of internship…

Respected Madam / Sir,

I am a student of ---- T.Y.BBA. (SEM V & VI) -College Name:. SNBP College of Arts,
Commerce, Science & Management Studies, Morwadi,Pimpri-18
I am going to join your esteemed organization for my Ten days internship programme during
09/05/2022 to 19/05/2022.

I assure that I will follow all the rules and instruction issued by you. I will be solely responsible for my
behavior and performance during the internship period. If any injury or accident happens with me, I solely will
be responsible for it and I will not indulge college and internship providing organization in any legal issues.
I will not disclose any information that is made available to me to anyone during or after the internship
period.
I assure you that I will do my best and the internship opportunity provided to me will be a mutually
rewarding experience.

Thank you Yours sincerely,

Students Name- Ajit Baburao Jamdade

Contact No.- 9834065099
Sign-
Date-23/05/2022
 S. E. Society’s
SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Department of BBA

a. Name of the Student- Ajit Baburao Jamdade

b. Name of the College- SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi,Pimpri-18
2. Class- T.Y.BBA 4. Roll Number- BB213037
3. Address of Industry- Pimpri
4. Contact Number - 9834065099 7. Email ID-ajitjamdade07@gmail.com
5. Special Subject- BBA
6. Internship start date -09/05/2022 10. Internship end date –19/05/2022
LOG SHEET OF WORK PERFORMED DURING INTERNSHIP
Tim Total Signature Signature of
Date e Details of work done
Hours of officer student
From To

09/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Visiting to Field

10/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Observation of Work
11/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Conversation with Customer
12/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Conference with Company Officer
13/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Dealing with Commercial Transaction
14/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Selling product to Customer
15/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Delivery product to Customer
16/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Work with Supervisor
17/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Testing of Product
18/05/2022 09.00 AM 03.00 PM 8 Learning Market Strategy
19/05/2022 09.00AM 03.00 PM 8 Report to the General Manager
 S. E. Society’s
SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Department of BBA

5. INTERNSHIP COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

Letter Head of the Internship Provider

Organisation
To,

The Principal,
SNBP College of ACS & MS, Morwadi,
Pimpri-18
Subject: Internship Completion Certificate …….

Dear Madam/ Sir,

I am happy to inform you that following students of your college have successfully completed the
‘Ten Days Internship Programme’ in this organisation.

Sr. No. Name of the student Roll No. Special Subject

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
These students have been provided with adequate exposure and necessary hands on training pertaining to their
special subject. I am confident that these students will perform effectively in similar type of organizations.
I wish them every success in future endeavors.
Thank you.
Name & Signature
(Authorised Signatory)
 S. E. Society’s
SNBP College of Arts, Commerce, Science & Management Studies,
Morwadi, Pimpri-18
Department of BBA
1. Name of the Student : Ajit Baburao Jamdade Date-19/05/2022

2. Class : T.Y.BBA

3. Roll Number : BB213037

4. Contact Number: 9834065099

Please provide your rating about following aspects pertaining to your Internship Experience on the scale of 10;
where 10 means strongly agree and 0 means do not agree at all.

Sr. Response
Paramet
No. er 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10
8
1. The pre- internship training provided by the college was very useful
9
2. I was properly introduced to the task assigned to me in the
organisation
8
3. I was given proper guidance to carry out my responsibility
9
4. My supervisor / officer was very cooperative and supportive
8
5. I found my task interesting and worth learning
8
6. My supervisor / officer addressed to my queries/ doubts quickly
9
7. I received due respect from my colleagues in the organisation
8
8. The contents of the syllabus match with the practical work
9
9. The knowledge that I gained in the college was useful to carry
outinternship programme in a satisfactory manner
9
10. The Internship Programme is very useful to enrich my knowledge
Please give your suggestions to make the internship programme more productive and effective.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Signature & Name of the student with date

 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the dissertation title CUSTOMER BEHAVIOUR BY

B.R SURTE WASTE PAPER SUPPLIES PVT.LTD. is a record of
bonafide work done by me under the supervision of Mr. Ajit Jamdade,, and
submitted to SNBP College of ACS & MS, Morwadi in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Business
Administration..
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In order to make my project I acknowledge a special thanks to all those

people without whose supports it would not be possible for me to
complete my report.

First of all I really thankful to my SNBP College of ACS & MS, Morwadi
because of them I could achieve the target. I express my sincere thanks
to my project guide Mr. Ajit Jamdade who had guide to me throughout
my project.

I would also thankful to the (B.R SURTE WASTE PAPER SUPPLIES

PVT.LTD. PVT. LTD) a certified TATA Showroom for giving me this
opportunity to work on project in PUNE (MAH) convey my heart full
thanks to and GM, DGM & the all staff members of Srinathji Motors Pvt.
Ltd, with their help and corporation.

Also I would like to express my inner feeling for all the people for co-
operating and helping me throughout the project.

Last but not the least I am thankful to my parents and friends who have
provided me with their constant support throughout this project.
Qestionnaire

1. What about Product your rating twords wastepaper

2. Tata Employees Behaviour with customers?

3.Facility of selling product Company to Customer?

4. Delivery Facility of Company ?

5. Executement of Process by Manager?

…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
 INTRODUCTION

The recycling of paper is the process by which waste paper is turned into
new paper products. It has a number of important benefits: It saves waste paper from
occupying homes of people and producing methane as it breaks down. Because
paper fibre contains carbon (originally absorbed by the tree from which it was
produced), recycling keeps the carbon locked up for longer and out of the
atmosphere. Around two-thirds of all paper products in the US are now recovered and
recycled, although it does not all become new paper. After repeated processing the
fibres become too short for the production of new paper - this is why virgin fibre (from
sustainably farmed trees) is frequently added to the pulp recipe.[1]
There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for
making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer
waste.[2] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of
paper, and is recycled in a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is a material which left the
paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Post-
consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated
containers (OCC), old magazines, and newspapers.[2] Paper suitable for recycling is
called "scrap paper", often used to produce moulded pulp packaging. The industrial
process of removing printing ink from paper fibres of recycled paper to make deinked
pulp is called deinking, an invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.[3]

Process[
Paper only takes 34 days to decompose The process of waste paper recycling most
often involves mixing used/old paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is
then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of cellulose, a
type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is
strained through screens, which remove plastic (especially from plastic-coated paper)
that may still be in the mixture then cleaned, de-inked (ink is removed), bleached, and
mixed with water. Then it can be made into new recycled paper. [4]
The share of ink in a wastepaper stock is up to about 2% of the total weight. [5]
 MEANING AND CONCEPT

Industrialized paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where
raw materials are acquired and processed) and downstream (waste-disposal
impacts).[6]
Today, 40% of paper pulp is created from wood (in most modern mills only 9–16% of
pulp is made from pulp logs; the rest comes from waste wood that was traditionally
burnt). Paper production accounts for about 35% of felled trees,[7] and represents
1.2% of the world's total economic output.[8] Recycling one ton of newsprint saves
about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly
more than 2 tons of wood.[9] This is because kraft pulping requires twice as much
wood since it removes lignin to produce higher quality fibres than mechanical pulping
processes. Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of trees not cut is
meaningless, since tree size varies tremendously and is the major factor in how much
paper can be made from how many trees.[10] In addition, trees raised specifically for
pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and
second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance.[7] Most pulp
mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a continuing supply of trees.[citation
needed]
The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and
the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certify paper made from trees harvested
according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.[11]
ORGIN AND HISTORY

In the mid-19th century, there was an increased demand for books and writing
material. Up to that time, paper manufacturers had used discarded linen rags for
paper, but supply could not keep up with the increased demand. Books were bought
at auctions for the purpose of recycling fiber content into new paper, at least in the
United Kingdom, by the beginning of the 19th century.[25]
Internationally, about half of all recovered paper comes from converting losses (pre-
consumer recycling), such as shavings and unsold periodicals; approximately one
third comes from household or post-consumer waste.[26]
Some statistics on paper consumption:

 1996: it was estimated that 95% of business information is still stored on paper. [27]
 2006: recycling 1 short ton (0.91 t) of paper saves 17 mature trees,[28] 7 thousand
US gallons (26 m3) of water, 3 cubic yards (2.3 m3) of landfill space, 2 barrels of oil
(84 US gal or 320 l), and 4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricity – enough
energy to power the average American home for six months.[29]
 1993: although paper is traditionally identified with reading and writing,
communications has now been replaced by packaging as the single largest
category of paper use at 41% of all paper used.[30]
 no date: 115 billion sheets of paper are used annually for personal
computers.[31] The average web user prints 16 pages daily.[32][citation needed]
 1997: on that year, 299,044 metric tons of paper was produced (including
paperboard).[33]
 1999: on that year, in the United States, the average consumption of paper per
person was approximately 354 kilograms. This would be the same consumption for
6 people in Asia or 30 people in Africa.[28]
 2006–2007: Australia 5.5 million tons of paper and cardboard was used with 2.5
million tons of this recycled.[34]
 2009: Newspaper manufactured in Australia has 40% recycled content.[35]
By region[edit]
European Union[edit]
Cardboard salvaging in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1975.
Paper recycling in Europe has a long history. The industry self-initiative European
Recovered Paper Council(ERPC) was set up in 2000 to monitor progress towards
meeting the paper recycling targets set out in the 2000 European Declaration on
Paper Recycling. Since then, the commitments in the Declaration have been renewed
every five years. In 2011, the ERPC committed itself to meeting and maintaining both
a voluntary recycling rate target of 70% in the then E-27 plus Switzerland and Norway
by 2015 as well as qualitative targets in areas such as waste prevention, ecodesign
and research and development. In 2014 the paper recycling rate in Europe was
71.7%, as stated in the 2014 Monitoring Report.
Japan[edit]
Municipal collections of paper for recycling are in place. However, according to
the Yomiuri Shimbun, in 2008, eight paper manufacturers in Japan have admitted to
intentionally mislabeling recycled paper products, exaggerating the amount of
recycled paper used.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. In 2012, paper and
paperboard accounted for 68 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the
U.S., down from more than 87 million tons in 2000, according to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.[36] While paper is the most commonly recycled
material—64.6 percent was recovered in 2012—it is being used less overall than at
the turn of the century.[36] Paper accounts for more than a half of all recyclables
collected in the US, by weight.[37]
The history of paper recycling has several dates of importance:

 In 1690: The first paper mill to use recycled linen was established by the
Rittenhouse family.[38]
 In 1896: The first major recycling center was started by the Benedetto family in
New York City, where they collected rags, newspaper, and trash with a pushcart.
 In 1993: The first year when more paper was recycled than was buried in
landfills.[39]
Today, over half of all paper used in the United States is collected and
recycled.[40] Paper products are still the largest component of municipal solid waste,
making up more than 40% of the composition of landfills[when?].[41][42] In 2006, a record
53.4% of the paper used in the US (53.5 million tons) was recovered for recycling, up
from a 1990 recovery rate of 33.5%.[43] The US paper industry set a goal of recovering
55 percent of all paper used in the US by 2012. Paper products used by the
packaging industry were responsible for about 77% of packaging materials recycled,
with more than 24 million pounds recovered in 2005.[44]
By 1998, some 9,000 curbside recycling programs and 12,000 recyclable drop-off
centers existed nationwide. As of 1999, 480 materials recovery facilities had been
established to process the collected materials.[45] Recently, junk mail has become a
larger part of the overall recycling stream, compared to newspapers or personal
letters. However, the increase in junk mail is still smaller compared to the declining
use of paper from those sources.[36]
In 2008, the global financial crisis caused the price of old newspapers to drop in the
U.S. from $130 to $40 per short ton ($140/t to $45/t) in October.[46]

The environmental impact due to excessive use of paper has negative effects on trees
and forest. Paper production utilizes nearly 40% of world's commercially cut timber.
Millions of acres of forests are destroyed leading to deforestation disturbing the
ecological balance. Many initiatives are being taken in India for recycling paper and
reducing the hazards associated with it. Shree Aniruddha Upasana Foundation
(Mumbai, India) is one such organization which undertakes used paper recycling
projects. The foundation encourages using paper bags instead of plastic ones which
again are a serious hazard to environment. They accept old newspapers, notebooks
and so on and recycle the same into paper bags, teaching aids and toys for children.
The foundation also makes eco-friendly Lord Ganesh (a Hindu Deity) idols from paper
pulp which are worshiped in Indian homes every year during Ganesh Chaturthi
Festival (a Hindu Festival celebrated on birthday of Lord Ganesh). These paper
recycling activities are carried out throughout the year by the volunteers of the
foundation converting waste paper into "No Waste" [47][48]
In recent years, paper recycling has increased and Indian imports of waste paper
have increased following stringent restrictions by China on waste imports. However,
only 25-28 percent of local waste paper is recycled[49]
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in
papermills accounting for about 75% of raw materials.[50]
South Africa[edit]
In 2018, South Africa recovered 1.285 million tonnes of recyclable paper products,
putting the country's paper recovery rate at 71.7%. More than 90% of this recovered
paper is used for the local beneficiation of new paper packaging and tissue. [51]
Limitations and effects[edit]
Along with fibres, paper can contain a variety of inorganic and organic constituents,
including up to 10,000 different chemicals, which can potentially contaminate the
newly manufactured paper products.[52] As an example, bisphenol A (a chemical
commonly found in thermal paper) has been verified as a contaminant in a variety of
paper products resulting from paper recycling.[53] Furthermore, groups of chemicals
as phthalates, phenols, mineral oils, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxic
metals have all been identified in paper material.[54] Although several measures might
reduce the chemical load in paper recycling (e.g., improved decontamination,
optimized collection of paper for recycling), even completely terminating the use of a
particular chemical (phase-out) might still result in its circulation in the paper cycle for
decades
 APPLICATION OF WASTE PAPER SUPPLIER
Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically
processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable
sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly
distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was
originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—
some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to
600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing,
packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper,
conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and
a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as
105 CE,[1] by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological
fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China.[2] The modern pulp and
paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States
following.

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern

paper date to the 2nd century BCE in China. The pulp papermaking process is
ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century CE Han court eunuch.[2]
It has been said that knowledge of papermaking was passed to the Islamic world after
the Battle of Talas in 751 CE when two Chinese papermakers were captured as
prisoners. Although the veracity of this story is uncertain, paper started to be made
in Samarkand soon after.[3] In the 13th century, the knowledge and uses of paper
spread from the Middle East to medieval Europe, where the first water-powered paper
mills were built.[4] Because paper was introduced to the West through the city of
Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos.[5] In the 19th century, industrialization greatly
reduced the cost of manufacturing paper. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles
Fenerty and the German inventor Friedrich Gottlob Keller independently developed
processes for pulping wood fibres.[6]
The word paper is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from
the Greek πᾰ́πῡρος (pápūros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant.[8][9] Papyrus is
a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which
was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the
introduction of paper.[10] Although the word paper is etymologically derived
from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is
distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant
fibre, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed
by maceration.[2]
Papermaking
Main article: Papermaking
Chemical pulping
Main articles: Kraft process, sulfite process, and soda pulping
To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping
process separates lignin from cellulose fibre. A cooking liquor is used to dissolve
the lignin, which is then washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the
cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free
papers (not to be confused with tree-free paper); this is because they do not contain
lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white
paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres. Chemical pulping processes are not used
to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.

The microscopic structure of paper: Micrograph of

paper autofluorescing under ultraviolet illumination. The individual fibres in this sample are
around 10 µm in diameter.
There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to
the 1840s and was the dominant method before the second world war. The kraft
process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly
practised strategy; one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin produces
heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft
process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an
adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all
inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to
pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content.
Mechanical pulping
There are two major mechanical pulps: thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and
groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into
steam-heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres
between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into
grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres.
Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, > 95%;
however, lignin causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over
time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although
large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs
less than the chemical kind.
De-inked pulp
Paper recycling processes can use either chemically or mechanically produced pulp;
by mixing it with water and applying mechanical action the hydrogen bonds in the
paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Most recycled paper contains a
proportion of virgin fibre for the sake of quality; generally speaking, de-inked pulp is of
the same quality or lower than the collected paper it was made from.
There are three main classifications of recycled fibre:

 Mill broke or internal mill waste – This incorporates any substandard or grade-
change paper made within the paper mill itself, which then goes back into the
manufacturing system to be re-pulped back into paper. Such out-of-specification
paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed
recycled fibre; however most paper mills have been reusing their own waste fibre
for many years, long before recycling became popular.
 Preconsumer waste – This is offcut and processing waste, such as guillotine trims
and envelope blank waste; it is generated outside the paper mill and could
potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source; it includes de-inked
preconsumer waste (recycled material that has been printed but did not reach its
intended end use, such as waste from printers and unsold publications). [11]
 Postconsumer waste – This is fibre from paper that has been used for its intended
end use and includes office waste, magazine papers and newsprint. As the vast
majority of this material has been printed – either digitally or by more conventional
means such as lithography or rotogravure – it will either be recycled as printed
paper or go through a de-inking process first.
Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin
pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from
the latter.
Additives
Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay,[12] which
improve its characteristics for printing or writing.[13] Additives for sizing purposes may
be mixed with it or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the
purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit
ink or paint.
Producing paper
Main articles: Paper machine and papermaking

Paper mill in Mänttä-Vilppula, Finland

The pulp is fed to a paper machine, where it is formed as a paper web and the water
is removed from it by pressing and drying.
Pressing the sheet removes the water by force. Once the water is forced from the
sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is
used to collect the water. When making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used
instead.
Drying involves using air or heat to remove water from the paper sheets. In the
earliest days of papermaking, this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in
more modern times, various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the
paper machine, the most common is the steam-heated can dryer. These can reach
temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than
forty cans where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than six
percent moisture.
Finishing
The paper may then undergo sizing to alter its physical properties for use in various
applications.
Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such
as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a
surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are
rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their
surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte
or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.
The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into
sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically
run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain
parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. Continuous form paper (or continuous
stationery) is cut to width with holes punched at the edges, and folded into stacks.
Paper grain
All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper,
i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density
along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire
patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate
rollers in the later stages of the machine.
Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on
paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo.
Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which
are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and
feathery borders.[14]
Applications

Paper money from different countries

Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended
use.
Published, written, or informational items

 For representing value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security (see security
paper), voucher, ticket
 For storing information: book, notebook, graph paper, punched
card, photographic paper
 For published materials, publications, and reading materials: books,
newspapers, magazines, posters, pamphlets, maps, signs, labels, advertisements,
billboards.
 For individual use: diary, notebooks, writing pads, memo pads journals, planners,
note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper
 For business and professional use: copier paper, ledger paper, typing paper,
computer printer paper. Specialized paper for forms and documents such as
invoices, receipts, tickets, vouchers, bills, contracts, official forms, agreements.
 For communication: between individuals and/or groups of people: letter, post
cards, airmail, telegrams, newsprint, card stock
 For organizing and sending documents: envelopes, file folders, packaging,
pocket folders, partition folders.
 For artistic works and uses; drawing paper, pastels, water color paintings, sketch
pads, charcoal drawings,
 For special printed items using more elegant forms of paper; stationery, parchment,

Packaging and industrial uses

 For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, wrapping paper, paper
string
 For cleaning: toilet paper, paper towels, facial tissue.
 For food utensils and containers: wax paper, paper plates and paper
cups, beverage cartons, tea bags, condiments, food packaging, coffee filters,
cupcake cups.
 For construction: papier-mâché, origami paper, paper planes, quilling, paper
honeycomb, sandpaper, used as a core material in composite materials, paper
engineering, construction paper, paper yarn, and paper clothing
 For other uses: emery paper, blotting paper, litmus paper, universal
indicator paper, paper chromatography, electrical insulation paper (see
also fishpaper), filter paper, wallpaper
It is estimated that paper-based storage solutions captured 0.33% of the total in 1986
and only 0.007% in 2007, even though in absolute terms the world's capacity to store
information on paper increased from 8.7 to 19.4 petabytes.[15] It is estimated that in
1986 paper-based postal letters represented less than 0.05% of the world's
telecommunication capacity, with sharply decreasing tendency after the massive
introduction of digital technologies.[15]
Paper has a major role in the visual arts. It is used by itself to form two- and three-
dimensional shapes and collages.[16][17] It has also evolved to being a structural
material used in furniture design.[18] Watercolor paper has a long history of production
and use.
Types, thickness and weight
Main articles: Paper size, Grammage, and Paper density
Card and paper stock for crafts use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in
thousandths of an inch in the United States and in micrometres (µm) in the rest of the
world.[19] Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in)
thick.[20]
Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight is the weight
of a ream (bundle of 500 sheets) of varying "basic sizes" before the paper is cut into
the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in
(216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds because it has been cut from larger
sheets into four pieces.[21] In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb,
28 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is
considered card stock.
In Europe and other regions using the ISO 216 paper-sizing system, the weight is
expressed in grams per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing
paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered
card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its
thickness.
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based
on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a
sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in
1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest
standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square metre (approx. 1189 ×
841 mm). A1 is half the size of a sheet of A0 (i.e., 594 mm × 841 mm), such that two
sheets of A1 placed side by side are equal to one sheet of A0. A2 is half the size of a
sheet of A1, and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and
A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper
to 1500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some specialty paper. Printing paper is about
800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).[22]
Paper may be classified into seven categories:[23]

 Printing papers of wide variety.

 Wrapping papers for the protection of goods and merchandise. This includes wax
and kraft papers.
 Writing paper suitable for stationery requirements. This includes ledger, bank, and
bond paper.
 Blotting papers containing little or no size.
 Drawing papers usually with rough surfaces used by artists and designers,
including cartridge paper.
 Handmade papers including most decorative papers, Ingres papers, Japanese
paper and tissues, all characterized by lack of grain direction.
 Specialty papers including cigarette paper, toilet tissue, and other industrial papers.
Some paper types include:

 Bank paper
 Banana paper
 Bond paper
 Book paper
 Coated paper: glossy and matte surface
 Construction paper/sugar paper
 Cotton paper
 Fish paper (vulcanized fibres for electrical insulation)
 Inkjet paper
 Kraft paper
 Laid paper
 Leather paper
 Mummy paper
 Oak tag paper
 Sandpaper
 Troublewit, specially pleated paper
 Tyvek paper
 Wallpaper
 Washi
 Waterproof paper
 Wax paper
 Wove paper
 Xuan paper
PRODUCING OF WASTE PAPER SUPPLIER

A book printed in 1920 on acidic paper, now disintegrating a hundred years later.
Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum,
a variety of aluminium sulfate salt that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper
to assist in sizing,[24] making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or
spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added
liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would be
eventually detrimental.[25] The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by
acid, and the presence of alum eventually degrades the fibres until the acidic
paper disintegrates in a process known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag
paper are significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is
becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major
component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow
materials,[26] which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age.
Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts
of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications
where whiteness of the paper is essential.
Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The
aging behaviour of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source
of the fibres.[27] Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all
paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic
and oxalic acids.[28]
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is
why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost
twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market
paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers
tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps
for hardback and trade paperback books.
Environmental impact
Main articles: Environmental impact of paper and Deforestation
The production and use of paper has a number of adverse effects on the
environment.
Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years [clarification
needed]
leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for
paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests.
Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp,[29] but is one of
the most controversial issues.
Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States
each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United
States alone.[30] The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every
day.[31] Americans also use in the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases
into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including
chlorinated dioxins.[32] Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant,
regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include
reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be
carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish
and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals. [33]
The paper pulp and print industries emitted together about 1% of world Greenhouse-
gas emissions in 2010[34] and about 0.9% in 2012,[35] but less than screens: digital
technologies emitted approximately 4% of world Greenhouse-gas emissions in the
year 2019 and the number can be two times larger by 2025.[36]
Future
Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally
friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known
commercially as PaperFoam, the new packaging has mechanical properties very
similar to those of some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can
also be recycled with ordinary paper.[37]
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and
the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn
protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.[38]
Also, synthetics such as Tyvek and Teslin have been introduced as printing media as
a more durable material than paper.

Arches paper is a brand of air-dried paper that is used by printers and watercolorists.
It has a warm white colour and is produced in hot-pressed, cold-pressed, and rough
varieties. Arches paper is made in the village of Arches in the Vosges, France.
History[edit]
paper
The history of Arches starts in 1492 when the Arches site completed
the amalgamation of the paper-making facilities around the village of
Arches, south of Epinal.[1]
The Moulins d'Arches turned to the production of high quality paper for
writing and art publication. The mill thus produced paper for incunables (the
name given to the first printed books), such as the Chronique de Nuremberg by Dürer.
Also printed on Arches paper was the "Description De L'Égypte" commissioned by
Napoleon I upon his return from his Egyptian campaign,[1] and the complete works
of Voltaire, a printing project that consumed some 70 tons of handmade Arches
paper.[2] By the end of the 19th century Arches had industrialized and focused its
production on papers for banknotes, watercolor, and art books.[1]
The 1922 first edition of James Joyce's Ulysses was printed on a variety of papers.
One hundred and fifty of these thousand copies were printed and numbered to a
larger size now known as the 'Giant Joyce', on vergé d’Arches paper. [3]
Notable works of 20th-century art were produced on Arches paper,
including etchings by Henri Matisse[4] and lithographs by Pablo Picasso.[5] Salvador
Dalí produced prints on the paper; the Arches watermark is a point used to evaluate
the authenticity of some of his prints.[6]
Today Arches produces papers for painting, drawing, writing, art printing, art
publishing, and photographic conservation.[7]
 BALANCING ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

Over 68 million tons of paper and paperboard products are recovered

annually in the U.S., achieving a recycling rate of 64.7 percent. Paper
recycling has long been a success story in terms of recovery, and one
that continues to improve over time. Here are some basic facts and
figures pertaining to paper recycling:
 The world’s first piece of paper was made by Ts`ai Lun in 105
AD.
 In the 20 years following 1990, the recovery rate for paper almost
doubled in the U.S. In 2011, 66.8 percent of the U.S. paper
consumed was recovered.
 The paper recovery rate remains strong, meeting or exceeding
63 percent each year since 2009; reaching 65.8 percent in 2017,
according to the American Forest & Paper Association. This rate
was down slightly from 67.2 percent registered in 2016, with the
dip attributed to more strict import requirements imposed by
China.
 In 2017, 36 percent of the paper and paperboard recovered in
the U.S. went to produce containerboard, the material used for
corrugated boxes, and 12 percent was used for boxboard, which
includes basestock for folding boxes and gypsum wallboard
facings, according to AFPA. Exports of recovered paper dropped
from 40 percent in 2016 to 37.7 percent in 2017.
 Only roughly 22 million tons of paper went into landfills in 2017,
down from 36 million tons a decade earlier.
 The University of Southern Indiana reports that every ton of
recycled paper can spare 17 trees, 380 gallons of oil, 4,000
kilowatts of energy, 7,000 gallons of water and three cubic yards
of space at the landfill.
 The same source notes that the cost to construct a paper mill
that will use recycled paper is 50 to 80 percent lower than the
investment required for a mill relying on virgin pulp.
 RETAIL DISTRUBITION OF WASTE PAPER


 Statistical reports that 51 percent of U.S. households have a full

curbside recycling service, and another 20 percent have a
curbside pickup of some materials in 2017.
 In 2010, 87 percent of the population had access to curbside
and/or drop-off paper recycling.
 Over one-third of new paper is produced with recycled fiber.
Other fiber sources include whole trees and plants (one-third), as
well as residue from sawmills (one-third). By weight, paper
comprises more than a third of all recyclables collected in the US,
nearly 45 million tons in 2010.
 Paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. With every recycling, fibers
become shorter. After being processed five to seven times, the
fibers become too short for the production of new paper,
requiring the addition of new fibers.
 Two-thirds of packaging material recovered for recycling is paper,
more than the combined total of glass, metal, and plastic.
According to municipal solid waste data from the EPA, only 32.5
percent of glass, 55.1 percent of aluminum and 31.2 percent of
PET bottles and jars were recycled in 2014.
 On a daily basis, U.S. papermakers recycle enough paper to fill a
14-mile long train of boxcars.
 Paper recycling supports carbon sequestration

Very often, recycling and waste haulers use the term OCC in reference to
cardboard. The term "cardboard" refers to post-use corrugated packaging
material. Industry insiders know this product as Old Corrugated
Cardboard/Containers (OCC)
Corrugated cardboard can easily be recognized by its multiple layer
structure. The fluted or wavy middle layer between the sheets of paper
keeps corrugated board light but gives it the strength it needs to carry
products. Cardboard is a very useful packaging material and is used for
many different types of products.

If OCC is kept dry and clean, recycling is straightforward as long as all non-
paper materials such as bubble wrap, wood skids, plastic bags, plastic
wrapping, and Styrofoam are removed.
Corrugated Cardboard Production and Recycling Statistics

According to the American Forest & Paper Association, paper and

paperboard were recovered for domestic and export use at a record rate of
67.2% in 2016. For OCC, the rate is a much more impressive 92.9% in
2015, according to the Corrugated Packaging Alliance, also a record high.
On average, a corrugated box contains roughly 50% recycled fiber. Around
51% of OCC is used to make new corrugated board, with 11.5% used for
boxboard materials, such as cereal boxes. Around 32% of recycled OCC is
exported.

The recovery rate for OCC jumped from 72% in 2006 to 89.5% in 2014,
according to the Corrugated Packaging Alliance. As more is recovered, less
goes to landfill. This reduction results in lower methane emissions. The
corrugated industry reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 35% between
2006 and 2014 as a result of increased recycling of OCC and its use as a
fuel in place of fossil fuels.
The size and type of business can have a strong bearing on the OCC
generation. Studies suggest that this material can represent as much as
40% or more of solid waste in a retail establishment and 15% or more of
solid waste generated in an office setting. A small convenience store is
estimated to produce between 700-1000 lbs of OCC per month, while
grocery supermarkets generate between 8-30 tons, and department stores
8-20 tons during that time span.
Benefits of OCC Recycling

There are a number of benefits to recycling OCC instead of discarding it.

Recycling OCC reduces energy and water usage while cutting the
production of greenhouse gas and certain air pollutants like total reduced
sulfur (TRS), volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), and hazardous air
pollutants (HAP). The recycling cardboard also reduces the demand for
virgin timber. It takes approximately three tons of trees to manufacture just
one ton of virgin cardboard. Recycling helps reduce waste tipping fees as
well. The recycling of one ton of cardboard saves more than nine cubic
yards of landfill space.
Methods of Handling OCC

Before being placed in the storage containers, however, corrugated boxes

should be opened and flattened. As well, harmful contaminants must be
removed. This ensures better space utilization as well as that the material is
clean and ready for recycling. Ensure that the container is accessible to
haulers for pickup.
To bale or not to bale is an important decision in OCC recycling. For small
businesses that generate a comparatively small amount of OCC, bundling
OCC manually, storing the loose OCC in a suitable container and having it
collected by a hauler is ideal. On the other hand, businesses that generate
a large amount of OCC should use large storage containers and then
compact or bale it using an industrial baler for the efficient transportation of
OCC to recycling centers. One newer technology is the use of shredding in
combination with compaction or baling to increase the density of material for
transport.
Old Corrugated Cardboard Recycling Process

The recycling of corrugated containers is straightforward. It involves

diverting old cardboard from the waste stream, the elimination of
contaminants, and the flattening or compressing of material to promote
ease of handling, storing, and transportation. The OCC material is delivered
to a paper production mill or processor where it is processed into different
paper products such as recycled paperboard, the center fluting of
corrugated boxes, and as unbleached kraft paperboard.
Selling OCC

Depending on the amount of OCC generated, the selling relationship will

vary. Large generators may deal directly with paper companies, while mid-
level generators may deal with recycling companies, and very small
generators may sell to smaller operators acting to aggregate material for
sale. No matter how much OCC is generated, it is important to recycle.
Guarding Against Theft

In recent years, there have been increased reports of cardboard or OCC

theft, and steps can be taken to reduce the risk of OCC theft, such as
storing it in a secure area.
The Impact of China's Recycling Restrictions and E-Commerce

Increasingly tight restrictions imposed by China on foreign scrap imports

have dampened markets for recycled content in general. OCC is one of the
categories impacted. At the same time, the continued growth of e-
commerce has resulted in more home deliveries in corrugated containers,
and increased OCC generation in city recycling programs, posing new
challenges for recycling.

FIBER SOURCES Fibers from virgin forests make up approximately two-thirds

of the pulp that goes into papers made at North American paper mills. But this
percentage varies considerably by type of paper. For example, many kinds of
packaging include high levels of recycled content. But, even though printing and
offi ce papers make up more than a quarter of all U.S. paper production, less
than 6% of their fi bers come from recycling. In other words, more than 90% of
printing and offi ce paper has no recycled content at all. Instead, they are made
almost entirely from “virgin” fi bers, meaning those harvested for their fi rst use.
Forest fi bers currently account for almost all virgin fi bers in North American and
European papers, though agricultural sources also provide a very small amount.
Recovered, or recycled, fi bers have previously been used in paper products and
then been reclaimed to be made into new products. Recovered fi bers include
two categories: Preconsumer recovered fi bers come from paper scraps
generated during the papermaking, converting, and printing processes – paper
that has not reached the end user. Th ese are regularly reused to make new
paper. Postconsumer recovered fi bers, on the other hand, come from products
that have reached the consumer and then been recycled back into the
papermaking process. Th ere is approximately fi ve times as much
postconsumer material that needs recycling as preconsumer and it is much more
challenging to process than the cleaner and more homogeneous preconsumer
materials. North American RECYCLED FIBER FACTS: Compared to virgin
paper, Recycled Paper: • Reduces demand on forests • Uses less total energy •
Uses less bleach • Produces fewer toxic releases • Saves water • Reduces
waste that otherwise must be landfi lled or incinerated • Has a fi ber effi ciency
rate of more than 70%, compared to 23-45% for virgin papers The bottom line:
Multiple life-cycle analyses clearly show that recycled paper is better for the
environment, even when accounting for transportation. Comparison of 100%
Virgin Forest Fiber Copy Paper to 100% Postconsumer Recycled Content Copy
Paper (Uncoated Freesheet) – For 1 Ton of Paper Use 100% Virgin 100%
Postconsumer Savings (per ton) Wood Use 3 tons 0 tons 3 tons (saves 24 trees)
Total Energy 38 million BTU’s 22 million BTU’s 17 million BTU’s Greenhouse
Gases 5,690 lbs CO2 3,582 lbs CO2 2,108 lbs CO2 Wastewater 19,075 gallons
10,325 gallons 8,750 gallons Solid Waste 2,278 lbs 1,155 lbs 1,124 lbs
Environmental impact estimates were made using the Environmental Defense
Paper Calculator, www.papercalculator.org. UNDERSTANDING RECYCLED
FIBER recycled paper specifi cations emphasize postconsumer content in order
to create markets for the community recycling programs that collect
postconsumer materials and incentives for developing the recycling mills that
can handle them. June 2007 BENEFITS OF RECYCLED FIBER Recovering fi
ber and recycling it into new paper decreases the demand for natural resources,
saves energy and water, reduces pollution, and reduces waste going to landfi lls.
Every time that a fi ber is reused, that is a fi ber that does not need to be logged
or landfi lled, and the processing to make it into new paper is much less
intensive than making paper from trees. Papermaking continually needs some
new fi bers, which can come from well-managed forests or from agricultural
crops, because fi bers shorten and fray after many recyclings. But the more that
paper and paper products contain high recycled contents (while maintaining
some new virgin fi ber sources), the more sustainable the papermaking process
will be. Recycling helps build a papermaking path out of forests, preserving them
for more long-lasting goals. Resources – Our Disappearing Forests
Industrialized nations, with 20% of the world’s population, consume 87% of the
world’s printing and writing paper. Th is demand contributed to the loss of much
of the United States’ original forests, where less than 5% of old growth forests
remain, and now threatens endangered forests in Canada, the Southeastern
U.S., and throughout the world. Th ese forests are the lungs of the planet. Th ey
regulate climate, protect watersheds, and serve as nurseries for billions of birds
that migrate to all parts of the world. Replanting trees cannot replace forest
ecosystems, and monoculture tree plantations cannot provide comprehensive
wildlife habitat or preserve biodiversity. Increasing the use of recycled content in
paper reduces the need for tree fi ber, whether from forests or plantations.
Making one ton of pulp for offi ce and most printing papers requires 4.4 tons of
wood to be cut and transported to the mill. One ton of pulp for newsprint and
magazine papers requires 2.2 tons of wood. But one ton of recycled pulp
requires only 1.4 tons of recovered paper – providing far greater fi ber effi ciency
than trees. Given the short-lived and often disposable use of most paper – 90%
of paper products are discarded within a year, many almost immediately –
including recycled content makes far more sense than cutting down forests.
Climate Change – Our Rapidly Warming Planet Cutting down trees to make
paper contributes to climate change by destroying forests, which trap and store
carbon in trees and root systems. In fact, according to the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization, deforestation accounts for 25 percent of the annual
carbon emissions caused by human activity. Not only is carbon that was once
absorbed released, but there is no longer a forest to absorb more carbon. While
replanted trees will absorb some carbon, the increasingly rapid harvesting of
plantation trees simply releases it again. Th e best way to trap carbon is to keep
forests intact. Using recycled paper helps protect forests and also keeps paper
out of landfi lls. Paper is still more than one-third of municipal landfi ll waste and
the methane released by its decomposition, with 23 times the heat trapping
power of CO2, is a huge contributor to greenhouse gases. Water – Total Use
and Toxic Emissions Making paper pulp from recycled fi bers requires less water
than pulping wood fi bers. It also results in less pollution discharged in
wastewater. One source of toxic emissions comes from the use of chlorine-
based chemistries in the pulping and bleaching processes. But making paper
from recycled fi ber requires considerably less bleaching than making virgin
paper. Currently, the only printing and writing papers with processed chlorine
free (PCF) fi bers in North America come from recycled paper mills. Waste – Our
Overfl owing Landfi lls Without recycling, paper’s life-cycle is a one-way trip to
the landfi ll or incinerator. Landfi lling paper truly is a waste – not only does it
waste recycling’s potential to conserve “Deforestation accounts for 25% of the
annual carbon emissions caused by human activity.” QUALITY Th e quality and
reliability of recycled paper is outstanding. Paper manufacturers make recycled
paper to the same specifi cations as virgin paper, with many great quality
recycled papers in every grade. Did you know… Th e Canadian run of Harry
Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was published on 100% postconsumer
recycled paper. In fact, over 10 million books were printed on recycled paper in
North America in 2005. National Geographic, considered by many the gold
standard for magazine photography, prints its cover on paper with 10%
postconsumer content. Buyers Laboratory, Inc., an independent offi ce
equipment testing laboratory, uses both recycled and virgin paper to test diff
erent brands of copiers and printers. It reports “no noticeable diff erence in the
runnability of recycled paper versus virgin paper.” COST Some recycled paper is
very cost competitive, especially papers used for letterhead and envelopes,
business cards, and graphic design. Sometimes recycled paper does cost more,
although the price diff erential has been dramatically reduced over the past
decade. Some factors contributing to high prices include economies of scale, the
lack of integration of recycled pulp mills into papermaking mills, the distance of
some pulp mills from recovered fi ber sources, and the exclusion of many
external costs from the price of virgin papers. Th e way to bring prices down is to
increase demand and convince the paper industry to invest in more recycling.
BALANCING ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS How do you choose
between papers that have diff erent environmental characteristics? Which should
be the priority? Th ere are many diff erent combinations available and few, if
any, are yet perfect. Each is important in creating incentives for establishing and
sustaining systems – for certifi ed sustainable fi ber, clean production, and for
reliable and ongoing recycling systems. EPN recommends that purchasers
require some recycled content as a bottom line, since almost all paper, no matter
what its composition, will need to be recycled after use. Meeting at least the U.S.
EPA federal agency minimums of 30% postconsumer content for uncoated
papers and 10% for coated papers is important. Th en ensure to the greatest
extent possible that any forest fi ber in the paper is from FSC-certifi ed
sustainable forest fi bers or from nonwood sources. Give preference to papers
within these specifi cations that are processed chlorine free (PCF) or that use as
little chlorine-chemistry bleaching as possible. (See the EPN Common Vision for
a hierarchy of bleaching applications.) “Industrialized nations, with 20% of the
world’s population, consume 87% of the world’s printing and writing paper.”
resources many times over, but the decomposition of paper and other organic
materials in landfi lls releases air emissions, including methane, a major
contributor to global climate change. Incinerators, including waste-to-energy
facilities, release toxic air emissions and generate toxic ash that must be landfi
lled. Energy – Total Energy Savings Some think that recycling paper uses more
energy than making paper from virgin fi ber sources. Th is is not true! Th e total
energy consumption when making pulp from recycled fi bers is signifi cantly
lower than that of virgin pulping. For example, every ton of 100% recycled fi ber
copy paper saves 17 million BTU’s over virgin paper, enough to power the
average home for more than two months. Th e source of this misconception may
be that, in certain cases, recycled paper uses more purchased energy from the
power grid. Mills that produce considerable amounts of tree waste in their virgin
pulping processes often burn it to generate electricity on-site, which off sets the
amount of energy they must purchase. But burning wood waste has many of the
same environmental impacts, such as toxic air emissions, as other forms of
energy production. Th erefore it is total energy that is the important feature to
measure, and here recycled paper is a clear winner – even when transportation
is included in the equation. THE PATH TO RESPONSIBLE PAPERS How much
used paper is available to be recovered for recycling, how that paper is
collected, and what grades of recycled paper should be manufactured are three
intertwined logistical issues that are crucial to building a successful paper
recycling system. Diff erent types of paper have diff erent fi ber characteristics
and need diff erent types of recovered fi ber. Many municipalities collect mixed
paper - newspapers, offi ce and printing papers, and packaging mixed together.
While this can increase the volume of recovered paper, these mixed fi bers can
only be used to make limited types of products such as more packaging. Other
products such as newsprint, printing and offi ce papers, and tissue need sorted
papers to achieve their quality. Mixed papers that are not subsequently sorted,
then, reduce the potential for recycled content in these grades and for repeated
recycling. A more sustainable approach to fi ber recovery is to separate fi bers
based on type. Th en high-grade printing and offi ce paper, for example, can be
made back into new printing and offi ce paper. If separated out, these fi bers can
be recycled many times more than products that are made from mixed paper.
Each additional use of the fi ber conserves forests, saves energy and water, and
reduces toxic emissions. Increasing recycled content in printing and offi ce
papers also makes the biggest environmental impact because their production is
the most environmentally demanding of all the grades of paper. With more than
half the paper in offi ce buildings not yet collected for recycling, there is plenty of
room for expanding recovered paper collection and production of recycled
papers. THE FUTURE OF PAPER Using recovered fi ber in paper makes good
environmental sense. As global demand for paper rises and developing
countries emulate the paper use of developed countries, it is increasingly ever
more important to use paper wisely and increase the use of recycled fi ber in
order to protect the world’s forests and waters and to reduce toxic emissions and
climate change. Recovered paper collections, even with exports to Asia, can
support signifi cant increases in domestic use. Offi ce paper collections, in
particular, have plenty of room to grow. However, in order for manufacturers to
invest in recovered fi ber, there must be demand for recycled products. To
identify and fi nd sources for recycled papers available in North America, see the
environmental paper listings at www.conservatree.org. Make sure your vendors
and printers supply it. Increased demand can leverage new and expanded
production. Th e paper industry has been a major factor in the disappearance of
forests and the pollution of the earth’s air and water. Increasing the use of
recovered fi ber in paper can help alleviate these burdens, but consumers must
show the industry that they demand recycled fi ber. It is possible to shift the
industry, maintain benefi cial paper uses, and enable developing nations to gain
the advantages of paper while still protecting global resources. But it will take the
voices and leverage of all paper purchasers and consumers, both large and
small, speaking together to get the industry to change
Conclusion ; from the above information is that clear the waste
paper supplier plays important role in our society for regenerate new
paper of the general good welfare of the society it means it is
supportive to the envirement therefore it must follow therules and
regulations

From 2010 to 2060, the global consumption of pulp and paper

is expected to double. The same will the amount of paper
waste. An increased paper production will also add further to
the pressure on the world’s forests that are already in a
critical state - and constantly getting worse.
From 2001 to 2019, a total of 386 million hectares of forest
were lost globally (in all forest types combined). This loss
represents an almost 10 % decrease in tree cover since 2000.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ^ "Paper Recycling Facts, Figures and Information Sources". Small

Business. Retrieved 28 August 2018
2. ^ Jump up to:a b "Debunking the Myths of Recycled Paper". Recycling
Point Dot Com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006.
Retrieved 28 December 2019.
3. ^ Müller, Lothar (2014). White Magic: The Age of Paper. Polity
Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-7253-3.
4. ^ "How is Paper Recycled" (PDF). TAPPI. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
5. ^ R. McKinney: Technology of Paper Recycling, 1995, p.
351. ISBN 9780751400175
6. ^ Hershkowitz, A. (2002). Bronx ecology. Washington DC: Island
Press. p. 62
7. ^ Jump up to:a b Martin, Sam (2004). "Paper Chase". Ecology
Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
Retrieved 21 September 2007.
8. ^ "Trends and Current Status of the Contribution of the Forestry
Sector to National Economies". Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO). 2004. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
 Index

SR.NO CONTENTS Page

No.
1. INTRODUCTION

2. MEANING AND CONCEPT

3. ORIGIN AND HISTORY

4. APPLICATION OF WASTE PAPER

SUPPLIER
5. PRODUCTING OF WASTE PAPER
SUPPLIER
6. BALANCING ENVIRONMENTAL
CHARACTERS
7. RETAIL DISTRIBUTING OF WASTE

8. CONCLUSION

9. BIBLOGRAPHY

10. QUESTIONARE