4.

1 INTRODUCTION

This study is intended to examine the contribution of central council of homoeopathy policies
in enhancing quality education in homoeopathy. So this unit of the thesis describes about the
composition of the process, tools, methodology adapted to carrying out the objectives of the
study undertaken. In order to present a coherent body of knowledge, a study needs to
systematic in nature. This chapter is presentation of all the systematic methods of the study
undertaken. It describes the research process followed and steps involved in undertaking the
research. It includes; background of study; statement of research problem; the significance of
the research; scope of study; research questions and statement of problem; objectives of
study; research design; sampling technique or procedure; sources of data, procedure followed
for data collection; development of instruments; limitations of the study and model
specification with method of data analysis. The key factors in the operations of any research
work are the appropriateness and the suitability of a research design to the purpose of the
main work (Owojori, 2002)

In research, there are many methods which can be used in collecting and analyzing data. No
one method can be said to be the best which explains why sometimes, a combination of data
collection methods may be suited for different types of research. The key factors in the
operations of any research work are the appropriateness and the suitability of a research
design to the purpose of the main work.

4.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

To quote Swami Vivekanand, “Education is not the amount of information that we put into
your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building,
man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas. If you have assimilated five ideas and
made them your life and character, you have more education than any man who has got
by heart a whole library..... .... If education is identical with information, the libraries are
the greatest sages of the world and encyclopaedia are the greatest Rishis.” The
statement of Swami Vivekanand assumes much greater significance with the advent of
internet and ever expanding digital connectivity.

The National Policy on Education, which is being formulated nearly three decades since the
last Policy, recognizes the criticality of Education as the most important vehicle for
social, economic and political transformation. It reiterates the role of education in
inculcating values, and to provide skills and competencies for the citizens, and in
enabling him to contribute to the nation’s well-being; strengthens democracy by empowering
citizens; acts as an integrative force in society, and fosters social cohesion and national
identity. One cannot over -emphasize the role of Education as the key catalyst for promoting
socio-economic mobility in building an equitable and just society. It is an established fact that
an education system built on the premises of quality and equity is central to
sustainable success in the emerging knowledge economy. Education is a powerful tool for
preparing our citizens in the knowledge society. Education will amalgamate
globalization with localization, enabling our children and youth to become world
citizens, with their roots deeply embedded in Indian culture and traditions (T.S.R
Subramaian)

Homoeopathy was introduced in India when some German missionaries and physicians
started distributing homoeopathic medicines amongst local inhabitants. However,
Homoeopathy took roots in India in 1839 when Dr. John Martin Honigberger successfully
treated Maharaja Ranjit Singh for the paralysis of Vocal Cords. Dr. Honigberger settled in
Kolkata (the then Calcutta) and became popular as Cholera-doctor. Later, Dr. M.L. Sirkar, a
reputed Physician of his time, also started practicing Homoeopathy. He edited the first
Homoeopathic Journal ‘Calcutta Journal of Medicine' in the year 1868. In 1881, many
renowned physicians including Dr. P.C. Mujumdar and Dr. D. N. Roy established first
Homoeopathic College - the ‘ Calcutta Homoeopathic Medical College'. Dr. Lahiri, Dr. B. K.
Sarkar and many others made personal efforts in establishing Homoeopathy as a profession.
They are well known for their contribution to the growth of Homoeopathy not only in West
Bengal but also in the whole country.

Over the years, the number of amateur homoeopathic practitioners grew steadily and most of
them approached the Government to accord recognition to Homoeopathy. The turning point
came in 1937 when the Central Legislative Assembly resolved, “That this Assembly
recommends to the Governor General in Council that he may be pleased to introduce
Homoeopathic treatment in government hospitals and give homoeopathic colleges in India
the same status and recognition as in the case of allopathic colleges”. Later, in the year 1948,
the same Assembly adopted yet another resolution about Homoeopathy, which was followed
by constitution of the Homoeopathic Enquiry Committee. In 1949, this Enquiry Committee
submitted its report recommending that Central Homoeopathic Council be constituted. In
1952, a Homoeopathic Adhoc Committee (later re-christened as ‘Homoeopathic Advisory
Committee' in 1954) was constituted, which was to advise the Government on all matters
related to Homoeopathy, namely homoeopathic education, homoeopathic research, regulation
of practice, pharmacopoeia, rural medical aid, drug manufacture, family planning, financial
aid to homoeopathic colleges, dispensaries, hospitals and cooperation with International
Homoeopathic Medical League. In 1973, the Parliament passed the Homoeopathy Central
Council Act for regulating homoeopathic education and practice in the country.

Arun Jamkar et al () Homeopathy is an integral part of Indian healthcare and under the
patronage of the Government of India; Homeopathy has seen much growth and better
regulation since independence. However, the education system in homeopathy remains
woefully short in imparting quality education to the homeopaths, thus resulting in poor
utilization of Government funds, infrastructure and manpower. Though India is becoming the
global hub for Homeopathic education & training, and has created master prescribers in the
system, what we see today is progressive deterioration of quality due to myopic
implementation of educational standards. On one side, the number of colleges and students
are consistently increasing, whereas confident prescribers and able teachers are gradually
reducing. This is a very disturbing trend in the progress of system which claim to be the 2nd
largest medical practice in the world.

Department of AYUSH Govt. India in their report (F.No.R-13040/10/2011 -HD (Tech) dt.
March 2011 expressed their concerns as “The Central Government has also received
complaints, in this scenario gives apprehension that there may be possibility of growth of
substandard education. Similarly, the existence of such substandard colleges may create a
possibility of adopting malpractices and unfair practices by the colleges…..it is necessary to
adopt urgent measures to regularly monitor the Homoeopathy Medical Colleges."

The AYUSH ministry itself has conducted inspection of all homeopathy colleges and has
found most of them not meeting the required standard.

It is essential to have appropriate regulations and agencies for implementing these regulations
in order to ensure that quality of education is maintained. The Central Council of Indian
Medicine (CCIM), a statutory body constituted in 1970 and the Central Council of
Homoeopathy (CCH) constituted in 1973 are responsible for laying down and maintaining
uniform standards of education for Courses in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani and
Homoeopathy, regulating the practice in Indian Medicine and prescribing standards of
professional conduct, etiquette and code of ethics for practitioners and advising the Central
Government in matters relating to recognition of appropriate qualifications of Indian
Medicines and Homoeopathy. These Councils also maintain Central Registers for Indian
medicine and Homeopathy respectively. These central professional bodies work in co-
ordination with State Board/Councils in maintaining the standard of medical institutions of
ISM and H in the respective States. However, the monitoring procedures and schedules are
not adequate. The recommendations of CCIM and CCH are often not acted upon. A system
of periodic monitoring by an accreditation committee will be worked out and implemented
during the Ninth Plan. Periodic inspection and certification will later be made mandatory for
the recognition of the institutions.

In order to improve the manpower development in ISM and H it is important to ensure

uniformity in entry standards, and uniformity in the curricula. It is imperative that the
condition of hospitals where the students learn the essential clinical care are improved so that
appropriate clinical training is given. The focus during the Ninth Plan will be over ensuring
quality and relevance of the undergraduate training and over improving clinical skills through
a period of internship with possible multi- professional interaction.

The Central Research Councils' R and D programmes will be strengthened during the Ninth
Plan period, if necessary, by reorganisation and by providing adequate infrastructure and
resources. These Councils will also collaborate with outside research institutions and research
funding agencies as well as universities. The major focus will be on developing new drug
formulations. These, as well as formulations traditionally used in ISM and H for treatment of
illnesses for which there is no effective remedy in modern system of medicine will be tested
for safety and efficacy. Clinical trials will also be undertaken in formulations traditionally
used in tribal societies and reported as being effective.

4.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

A research is systematic process of collecting and analyzing information in order to increase

understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested. The basic
objective of any research is to make systematic inquiry which provides information to solve
the problem under consideration.

This research is designed and formulate with the objectives of examining the contribution of
central council of homoeopathy policies in enhancing quality education in homoeopathy.
So in practical terms, this research would be useful for understanding the
inefficiencies and finding improvement opportunity for the various policies in enhancing
quality education in homoeopathy. On one hand, India is becoming the international hub for
Homeopathic training & education, and thus creating leading leaders in the system, while on
the other hand our country is witnessing deterioration of quality education continuously due
to the bad execution of educational system. Though the number of colleges and students are
regularly increasing, at the same time, self-reliant mentors and capable teachers are gradually
falling. This is a very upsetting tendency in the growth of the system which is known as the
2nd largest medical practice in the whole world.

Homoeopathic medicines are prepared from traces of animal, plant, mineral and other natural
substances, by a standard method called dynamisation or potentisation, which comprises of
successive dilutions and succussions to raise the inherent curative power of the drugs to
maximum. The medicines thus prepared through ‘potentisation', attain their potential
enhanced enormously to combat ailments while at the same time absence of toxicity is
assured. The medicines are usually proved in healthy human beings, to ascertain their
curative properties. The system believes in the existence of a self- regulating force in the
organism, which plays a vital role during health, disease and cure. The symptoms are
considered as the body's natural reaction to the illness and help to find a remedy against the
illness. The remedies work by stimulating the body's defense mechanism to correct itself
naturally. This therapy adopts an individualistic and holistic approach towards the sick
individual. A homoeopathic doctor does not treat in the name of disease, rather the treatment
is targeted against the “patient” who is suffering from a particular disease. The physician
perceives all the derangements at physical and mental levels of the patient, brings about
conceptual image of the patient through totality of symptoms and selects the medicine, which
is most similar to the symptomatic totality of the patient.

Homoeopathic medicines are cost effective, palatable, have no adverse side effects and can
be administered easily. In some cases, the medicines can be prescribed on the basis of
symptoms of the patients, without depending upon the cumbersome and costly diagnostic
modalities. Homoeopathy has been useful in treatment of psychosomatic disorders,
autoimmune diseases, geriatric and pediatric disorders, ailments during pregnancy, obstinate
skin diseases, life style disorders and allergies, etc. It also has a positive role in improving the
quality of life in incurable chronic diseases like cancer, HIV/AIDS, terminally ill patients and
incapacitating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Its popularity is gaining momentum, all
over the world.

Healthcare services in Homoeopathy are provided by 235 hospitals and 8117 dispensaries run
by state governments and municipal bodies, Central Government Health Scheme, labour
ministry and railway ministry. The Government of India launched the National Rural Health
Mission (NRHM), to carry out necessary architectural correction in the basic health care
delivery system in the country. A strategy in the NRHM is to mainstream the Indian systems
of medicine and Homoeopathy to facilitate health care through these systems. Under NRHM,
AYUSH facilities have been co-located in 512 district hospitals, 2739 community health
centres and 9112 primary health centres in 2015. “AYUSH Wellness Centre” has recently
been inaugurated by Hon’ble President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee on 25th July 2015 at
the President’s Estate, New Delhi.

Since the last two decades there is a consistent focus to enhance quality of services, with
initiatives to upgrade education, research and drug development and escalate health care
delivery for which many initiatives have been taken up by the Government of India.

Thus, the significance of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the central council of
Homeopathy (CCH) and AYUSH particularly in Homeopathy education system based on the
review of the literature. There are various “Padhyatis” in medical teachings such as Unani,
Homeopathy, Ayurveda, and Allopathic. Each of these disciplines has its own weightage in
the medical education system. This study is chiefly concentrated on Homeopathy medical
education and involvement of CCH in Homeopathy education.

The significance of the study is not only confined to the places mentioned above but this
study also gives relevant insights into how the central council of Homeopathy strategies
contribute to improve the quality education in homeopathy and what is the level of their
impact on Homeopathy education. This investigation is grounded on the policies of the
central council of Homeopathy and their role in Homeopathy education.

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the proposed study are:

 To study the conceptual framework of Homeopathy.

 To study the available review of literature of Homeopathy and related study area.
  To study the policies of the central council of Homeopathy in especial reference to
MSR 2013.
 To give suggestive measure to enhance the quality of education in the field of
Homeopathy by redesigning the council strategies.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is considered as a "blueprint" for research, dealing with at least four
problems-which questions to study, which data are relevant, what data to collect, and how
to analyze the results. The best design depends on the research question as well as
the orientation of the researcher. Every design has its positive and negative sides. In
sociology, there are three basic designs, which are considered to generate reliable data;
these are cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential. Research design can be divided
into fixed and flexible research designs (Robson, 1993).

The scope of the study shall be restricted to the all Dean, Director, Principles, Professors,
readers and to all good specialists of various medical colleges in India. The research design of
the study shall be exploratory to be followed by causal and descriptive studies.

In this research an Exploratory research design will be followed with Causal research design
which has been explored by (Brown, 2006) that “The exploratory research tends to tackle
new problems on which little or no previous research has been done”.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

DATA COLLECTION

Data collection is any process of preparing and collecting data, as part of a process
improvement or similar project. The purpose of data collection is to obtain information
to keep on record, to make decisions about important issues, or to pass information
on to others. Data are primarily collected to provide information regarding a specific
topic. A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that data gathered are
both defined and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in
the findings are valid. The process provides both a baseline from which to measure and in
certain cases a target on what to improve.
Data collection usually takes place early on in an improvement project, and is often
formalized through a data collection plan which often contains the following activity.

Pre collection activityagree on goals, target data, definitions, methods Collection—

data collection

Present Findings —usually involves some form of sortinganalysis and/or presentation.

Prior to any data collection, pre-collection activity is one of the most crucial steps in the
process. It is often discovered too late that the value of their interview information is
discounted as a consequence of poor sampling of both questionsand informants and poor
elicitation techniques. After pre-collection activity is fully completed, data collection in the
field, whether by interviewing or other methods, can be carried out in a structured, systematic
and scientific way.
A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that data gathered are both defined
and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in the findings are
valid. The process provides both a baseline from which to measure from and in certain cases
a target on what to improve.
Other main types of collection include census, sample survey, and
administrative by-product and each with their respective advantages and disadvantages. A
census refers to data collection about everyone or everything in a group or statistical
population and has advantages, such as accuracy and detail and disadvantages, such as cost
and time.

A sampling (statistics) is a data collection method that includes only part of the total
population and has advantages, such as cost and time and disadvantages, such as accuracy
and detail. Administrative by-product data are collected as a by product of an organization's
day-to-day operations and has advantages, such as accuracy, time simplicity and
disadvantages, such as no flexibility and lack of control.

PRIMARY DATA

Primary data is unpublished data and generally collected through the respondents. In this
study primary data was collected under following categories:
1. Raw data and fact sheets from the different beauty parlors and salons of Jodhpur city
in India.
 2. By observing respondents
3. Enquiring participants from different sources to capture comprehensive information to
construct information flow.
4. Structured questionnaire used to obtain data on factors which affects efficiency in
terms of information flow.

Structured interviews use questionnaires based on a predetermined and standardized or

identical set of questions and we refer to it as interviewer-administered questionnaires (Mark
Saunders, etal,2009). Each question is being read and response is done on a
standardized schedule, while it’s a social interaction between the participants. As structured
interview are used to get a quantifiable results, they are referred to as quantitative research
interview (Mark Saunders, etal 2009).

SECONDARY DATA
There are several types of secondary data. They can include information from the national
population census and other government information collected by Statistics. One type of
secondary data that is used increasingly is administrative data. This term refers to data that is
collected routinely as part of the day-to-day operations of an organization, institution or
agency. Secondary data was gathered by authors choosing several channels to get a complete
overview of the existing theory and research. In addition the available literature in library of
Jodhpur university, university of Rajasthan, the Internet research portals like Emerald,
Science Direct, Essays.se etc were used to find published scientific essays, research articles
and journals about the topic investigated. In order find, the latest study related statistics and
information about different beauty parlors and salons of Jodhpur city in India.
Compared to primary data, secondary data tends to be readily available and inexpensive to
obtain. In addition, administrative data tends to have large samples, because the data
collection is comprehensive and routine. What’s more, administrative data (and many types
of secondary data) are collected over a long period. That allows researchers to detect change
over time.
Compared to primary data, secondary data tends to be readily available and inexpensive to
obtain. In addition, administrative data tends to have large samples, because the data
collection is comprehensive and routine. What’s more, administrative data (and many types
of secondary data) are collected over a long period. That allows researchers to detect change
over time.