Specimen 3 Dan 4

Specimen 3: Coprpod
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthopoda
Subphylum : Crustacea
Class : Hexanauplia
Subclass : Copepod
(H.Milne Edwards,1840)
Characteristics :
Copepods vary considerably, but can typically be 1 to 2 mm (0.04 to 0.08 in) long,
with a teardrop-shaped body and large antennae. Like other crustaceans, they have an
armoured exoskeleton, but they are so small that in most species, this thin armour and
the entire body is almost totally transparent. Some polar copepods reach 1 cm
(0.39 in). Most copepods have a single median compound eye, usually bright red and
in the centre of the transparent head; subterranean species may be eyeless. Like other
crustaceans, copepods possess two pairs of antennae; the first pair is often long and
conspicuous.
Free-living copepods of the orders Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida

typically have a short, cylindrical body, with a rounded or beaked head, although
considerable variation exists in this pattern. The head is fused with the first one or two
thoracic segments, while the remainder of the thorax has three to five segments, each
with limbs. The first pair of thoracic appendages is modified to form maxillipeds,
which assist in feeding. The abdomen is typically narrower than the thorax, and
contains five segments without any appendages, except for some tail-like "rami" at
the tip.Parasitic copepods (the other seven orders) vary widely in morphology and no
generalizations are possible .Robert D. Barnes (1982)
Circle one from each category:

Phytoplankton or Zooplankton
Holoplankton or Meroplankton
Specimen 4 Fish Larvae or Juvenile fish
Juvenile fish go through various stages between birth and adulthood. They start as
eggs which hatch into larvae. The larvae are not able to feed themselves, and carry a
yolk-sac which provides their nutrition. Before the yolk-sac completely disappears,
the tiny fish must become capable of feeding themselves. When they have developed
to the point where they are capable of feeding themselves, the fish are called fry.
When, in addition, they have developed scales and working fins, the transition to a
juvenile fish is complete and it is called a fingerling. Fingerlings are typically about
the size of fingers. The juvenile stage lasts until the fish is fully grown, sexually
mature and interacting with other adult fish.
According to Kendall et al. 1984 there are three main developmental stages of fish:
 Egg stage: Spawning to hatching. This stage is used instead of using an

embryonic stage because there are aspects, such as those to do with the egg
envelope, that are not just embryonic aspects.
 Larval stage: From hatching till all fin rays are present and the growth of fish
scales has started (squamation). A key event is when the notochord associated
with the tail fin on the ventral side of the spinal cord develops and becomes
flexible. A transitional stage, the yolk-sac larval stage, lasts from hatching to
the absorption of the yolk-sac.(Moser ,et al,2006)
 Juvenile stage: Starts when the transformation or metamorphosis from larva to
juvenile is complete, that is, when the larva develops the features of a juvenile
fish. These features are that all the fin rays are present and that scale growth is
under way. The stage completes when the juvenile becomes adult, that is,
when it becomes sexually mature or starts interacting with other adults.
This article is about the juvenile stage.

 Fry – refers to a recently hatched fish that has reached the stage where its
yolk-sac has almost disappeared and its swim bladder is operational to the
point where the fish can actively feed for itself
 Fingerling – refers to a fish that has reached the stage where the fins can be
extended and where scales have started developing throughout the body. In
this stage, the fish is typically about the size of a finger.(Guo Z, et al.,2008)
Circle one from each category:

Phytoplankton or Zooplankton
Holoplankton or Meroplankton
REFERENCES
Robert D. Barnes (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Holt-

Saunders International. pp
Guo Z, Xie Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang D and Sugiyama S (2008) Review of fishery
information and data collection systems in China[permanent dead link] Page 38. FAO
Fisheries and Aquaculture, Circular 1029. FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-105979-1.
Kendall Jr AW, Ahlstrom EH and Moser HG (1984) "Early life history stages of
fishes and their characters"[permanent dead link] American Society of Ichthyologists
and Herpetologists, Special publication 1: 11–22.
Moser HG and Watson W (2006) "Ichthyoplankton" Pages 269–319. In: Allen LG,
Pondella DJ and Horn MH, Ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters
University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24653-9.

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Specimen 3: Coprpod

Free-living copepods of the orders Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida

Circle one from each category:

Specimen 4 Fish Larvae or Juvenile fish

 Egg stage: Spawning to hatching. This stage is used instead of using an

This article is about the juvenile stage.

Circle one from each category:

Robert D. Barnes (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Holt-

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