Module 9 Global Migration Basic Concepts Week 9

MODULE 9 / LESSON 9: GLOBAL MIGRATION: BASIC CONCEPTS
Definition of terms:
✔ Migration – is the crossing of the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a
certain minimum period of time. It includes the movement of refugees, displaced
persons, uprooted people, as well as economic migrants.
✔ Migrant – any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or
within a state away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of (1) the
person’s legal status; (2) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary (3) what
the causes for the movement are; or (4) what the length of the stay is
Two categories of migrants:
1. Forced Migrants – are those who are compelled to migrate due to adverse
circumstances beyond their control.
2. Asylum seeker – is a person who seeks safety from persecution or serious harm in a
country other than his or her own and awaits a decision on the application for refugee
status under relevant international and national instruments. In case of a negative
decision, the person must leave the country and may be expelled, unless permission to
stay is provided on humanitarian grounds. A refugee is a person who, owing to a well-
founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinions.
● Global Migration – is a complex phenomenon that tackles a multiplicity of economic,

social, security, and several aspects affecting our daily lives in a rapidly interconnecting
world. Since the earliest times, humanity has been on the move. Some people move in
search of labor or economic opportunities, to join family or to study. However, not all
migration happens in positive circumstances. Others move to escape conflict,
persecution, terrorism, or human rights violations. Similarly, others move in response
to the adverse effects of climate change, natural disasters, or other environmental
factors.
● Migration and the Sustainable Development Goals

Migration is one of the defining features of the 21st century. It contributes significantly
to all aspects of economic and social development everywhere, and as such, will be key
to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
● Drivers of Migration
Drivers of migration are forces which lead to the inception of migration and to the
perpetuation of movement. People may migrate to access better economic employment and
educational opportunities for themselves and their families. Some migrate due to lack of
access to fundamental human rights such as health, food, or basic education, and due to
discrimination poverty, or separation from family. They may move in response to crisis
both natural and human-made and, increasingly, in response to environmental change.
How drivers interact in different dimensions (scale, location, distance, and duration) affects
how governments and the international community can respond in order to effectively
protect migrants, govern migration, and harness its benefits.
1) Economic and demographic drivers
Economic opportunities, demographics, and poverty/food insecurity are prime influencers
in the migration decision-making process and interact to greater or lesser degrees,
depending on the specific context, to drive migration.
In developing countries, lack of job opportunities, wage differentials, and aspirations
propel young people away from home in search of employment and income opportunities.
The informal economy accounts for 33-90 percent of total employment which often means
low pay, hazardous working conditions, and limited access to legal and social protection
and resources, driving people toward opportunities abroad.
2) Environmental drivers
A great number of countries identified as ‘climate vulnerable’ tend to experience high rates
of emigration, so it is critical to consider existing environment and climate-related evidence
when analyzing current migration patterns and estimating future flows. Environmental
factors, including those related to climate change and natural disasters, directly and
indirectly impact the resilience and vulnerability of individuals, households, and
communities, and may lead to migration. How climate change drives migration depends
heavily on its interaction with other factors, including the perception of risk by affected
communities, and varies among and within communities.
3) Human-made crises
Human-made crises are among the primary root causes of migration and have an
important impact on population movements more generally. The lack of respect for
international human rights and humanitarian law has compounded growing displacement
of many as a consequence of their deteriorating living conditions. Countries where there is
a high perception of corruption tend to be ‘net-emigration’ countries, while countries
where there are lower perceptions of corruption tend to be ‘net-immigration countries.
While corruption does not necessarily ’cause’ migration; ¡t is more accurately seen as a
contributing factor.
Lesson 9: Activity 9
Task 1
1. In your own word, what are the impact of international migration on economies of
sending and receiving countries. Elaborate your answer (100 words)
2. Give at least 3 recent trends of international migration. Expound your answer (150
words).
3. What is the importance Integration of Migrant Workers into the Aging Population of the
Developed Countries. Expand your answer (50 words).
Task 2
Write an essay.
Identify one essential learning that you obtained from this lesson. Reflect on how this
learning will enable you to help you to your country, your community, your school, and
your family.
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MODULE 9 / LESSON 9: GLOBAL MIGRATION: BASIC CONCEPTS

● Global Migration – is a complex phenomenon that tackles a multiplicity of economic,

● Migration and the Sustainable Development Goals

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