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28th
28th CIRP
CIRP Conference
Conference on
on Life
Life Cycle
Cycle Engineering
Engineering

Analysis
Analysis of Barriers
of28th
Barriers to
to Industry
CIRP Design Conference,4.0
Industry 4.0Mayadoption
adoption in Manufacturing
in France
2018, Nantes, Manufacturing
Organizations:
Organizations: an an ISM
ISM Approach
Approach
A new methodology to analyze the functional and physical architecture of
Pramod Kumarᵃ, Jaiprakash
Jaiprakash Bhamuᵇ*, Kuldip Singh
Singh Sangwan
Sangwancc
existing products
Pramodfor an assembly
Kumarᵃ, orientedKuldip
Bhamuᵇ*, product family identification
ᵃResearch
ᵃResearch Scholar,
Scholar, Department
Department ofof Mechanical
Mechanical Engineering,
Engineering, Engineering
Engineering College
College Bikaner,
Bikaner, Rajasthan,
Rajasthan, India
India
ᵇAssociate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering College Biakner, Rajasthan, India
ᵇAssociate Paul Stief *, Jean-Yves Dantan, Alain Etienne, Ali Siadat
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering College Biakner, Rajasthan, India
cProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
c
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
Corresponding author.
Corresponding author. Tel.:
Tel.: +91-9414202822;
+91-9414202822; fax:+0-000-000-0000.
fax:+0-000-000-0000. E-mail address: bhamujp@gmail.com
E-mail address:
École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, bhamujp@gmail.com
LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France

*Abstract
Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu
Abstract
Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 has
has enabled
enabled technological
technological integration
integration of of cyber
cyber physical
physical systems
systems and and internet
internet based
based communication
communication in in manufacturing
manufacturing
value creation
value creation processes.
processes. As As ofof now,
now, manymany people
people useuse it
it as
as aa collective
collective termterm forfor advanced
advanced technologies,
technologies, i.e. i.e. advanced
advanced robotics,
robotics,
Abstract
artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data analytics, cloud computing, smart sensors, internet of things, augmented reality,
artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data analytics, cloud computing, smart sensors, internet of things, augmented reality,
etc.
etc. This substantially
Thisbusiness
substantially improves
improves flexibility,
flexibility, quality,
quality, productivity,
productivity, cost, and customer satisfaction by transforming existing
In today’s
centralized environment,
manufacturing the trend
systems towards
towards more
digital product
and variety and cost, and customer
customization ishaving satisfaction
unbroken. bydevelopment,
Due tobenefits
this transforming the existing
need of
centralized
agile and manufacturing
reconfigurable systems
production towards
systems digital
emerged to and decentralized
cope decentralized
with various
one.
one. Despite
products Despite
and having
product
potential
potential
families. To benefits
design and
of
of industry
industry
optimize
4.0,
4.0, the
production the
organizations
organizations are
are facing
facing typical
typical obstacles
obstacles and
and challenges
challenges in adopting
in analysis new
adoptingmethods technologies
new technologies and successful
and successful implementation
implementation in their
inaim
their
systems
business as well as
models. to choose
This the
paper optimal
aims product matches, product are needed. Indeed, most of the known methods to
business
analyze a models.
product or This
one paperfamily
product aimsonto totheidentify
identify
physical
potential
potential
level.
barriers
barriers
Different
which
which
product
may
families,
hinder
mayhowever,
hinder maythe implementation
the differ
implementation
largely in terms
of
of ofindustry
industry
the number
4.0
4.0and in
in
manufacturing
manufacturing organizations.
organizations. The
The identified
identified barriers,
barriers, through
through comprehensive
comprehensive literature
literature review
review and
and on
on the
the basis
basis of
of opinions
opinions
nature of components.
collected from industry This fact impedes an efficient comparison and choice of appropriate product family combinations for the production
collected
system. Aadequate
new industry experts,
frommethodology experts, are:
isworkforce,
proposed
poor
are: to
poor value-chain
value-chain
analyze
integration,
integration,
existing products
cyber-security
cyber-security
in view of
challenges,
challenges,
theiroffunctional
uncertainty
uncertainty
and physical
about
aboutThe
architecture.
economic
economic benefits,
aim is tobenefits,
cluster
lack
lack of
of adequate skills
skills in
in workforce, high
high investment
investment requirements,
requirements, lack
lack of infrastructure,
infrastructure, jobs
jobs disruptions,
disruptions, challenges
challenges in
in data
data
these products inand
management newdataassembly
quality,oriented
lack product
of families
secure for the optimization
standards and norms, of
andexisting assembly
resistance to lines and Interpretive
change. the creation ofStructural
future reconfigurable
Modeling
management
assembly systems.and data quality,
Based on Datum lack of
Flow Chain, secure standards
the physical and norms,
structuretoofdevelopand
the productsresistance to change.
is analyzed.model
FunctionalInterpretive
subassemblies Structural Modeling
are identified, and
(ISM)
(ISM) is
is used
used to
to establish
establish relationships
relationships among
among these
these barriers
barriersandto physical aa hierarchical
developarchitecture
hierarchical model and
and MICMAC
MICMAC analysis
analysis for
for further
further
aclassification
functional analysis
of is performed. Moreover, a hybrid functional graph (HyFPAG) is the output which depicts the
classification
similarity betweenof identified
identified
product
barriers
barriers
families
for better
by for
providing
understanding.
better design
understanding.
supportof
An analysis
toAn analysis
both,
of
of driving
production driving and dependence
systeminand dependence
planners and product
of
of the
the barriers
barriersAnmay
designers. may help
help in
illustrative in
clear understanding
clear understanding of these
of is
these for
for successful
successful implementation
implementation Industry
of Industry 4.0 practices
4.0 practices the
in the organizations.
organizations.
example
© of
2020 The a nail-clipper
Authors, used
Published to explain
by the proposed methodology. An industrial case study on two product families of steering columns of
©
© 2020
thyssenkrupp
2021 TheAuthors.
The Authors,
Presta Published
France is then
Published by by Elsevier
Elsevier
carried
Elsevierout
B.V.
B.V.a first industrial evaluation of the proposed approach.
to BY-NC-ND
B.V. give
This
This is
is an
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This
©Peer
2017is an open
The
review access
Authors.
under thearticle
Published under
responsibility the CC
by Elsevier of BY-NC-ND
B.V.
the scientificlicense (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
committee of the 28th
28th CIRP
CIRP Conference
Conference on on Life
Life Cycle
Cycle Engineering.
Engineering.
Peer reviewunder
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Peer-review under
under the responsibility
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responsibility ofofthe of the scientific
thescientific
scientific committee
committee committee
ofthe
of 28thof
the28th the
CIRP
CIRP Conference
Design on Life2018.
Conference Cycle Engineering.
Industry 4.0,
Keywords: Industry
Keywords: 4.0, interpretive
interpretive structural
structural modeling,
modeling, digital
digital manufacturing,
manufacturing, barriers,
barriers, MICMAC
MICMAC analysis
analysis
Keywords: Assembly; Design method; Family identification

1.
1. Introduction
Introduction industries
industries need
need to to adopt
adopt specific
specific strategies
strategies forfor successful
successful
implementation
implementation of
of industry
industry 4.0
4.0 in
in their
their business
business models
models to
to
1.Current
Introduction
manufacturing scenario of transforming from mass of the Indian
drive productmanufacturing
range and characteristics
into digital manufactured
decade. and/or
Despite of
Current manufacturing scenario of transforming from mass drive Indian
assembled manufacturing
in this into
system.ofInindustry digital
this context, thedecade.
main Despite of
production
production to
to customized
customized way
way of of inproduction
production requires
requires having
having manymany benefits
benefits of industry 4.0,
4.0, there
there arechallenge
are challenges
challenges
in
Due
industries to the fast development the domain of modelling and analysis is now not only to cope with single
industries to
communication to adopt
adopt digitization and
and digitization
an 4.0ongoing
intelligentization
andtrend
intelligentization
of digital
digitization
in
in their
their
and
which create
which
products,
create hindrance
a limited
hindrance in
product
in the
range
the adoption
adoption of
or existing
of these
product
these newnew
families,
operations [1]. Industry
operations [1].manufacturing (I4.0)
Industry 4.0 (I4.0) integrates
integrates to physical technologies and their effect on existing manufacturing
digitalization,
world using cyber-physical enterprises
entities are digital
and facing toimportant
physical
human-machine
technologies
but also to be
practices.
and totheir
able
Therefore, analyze effect
and tooncompare
to overcome
overcome
existing manufacturing
these products to define
challenges, it is
is
world
challenges usingin cyber-physical
today’s market entities
environments:and human-machine
a continuing practices.
new product Therefore,
families. Itto
can be observed these
that challenges,
classical it
existing
interface to
interface towards increase
to increase productivity
productivity and efficiency.
anddevelopment
efficiency. times The
The new new essential to
essentialfamilies describe
to describe the barriers
the in function to
barriers oftoclientsindustry
industry 4.0
4.0
tendency
approach to reduction
manufacturing of product
provides real-time synchronization and product
implementation are and regrouped
to observe inter-relationshipsor features.
among
approach
shortened to manufacturing
product provides
lifecycles.meet real-time
In addition, there synchronization
is an increasing implementation
However, and to observe inter-relationships
assembly oriented product families are hardly to find. among
of
of production
production processes
processes to meet customer’s
to being customer’s demand
demand of unitary
of unitary them
them [2].
[2].
demand of
or personalizedcustomization,
personalized productsproducts [2,3]. at the
[2,3]. Industrysame
Industry 4.0time in a
4.0 ensuresglobal
ensures On the product family level, products differ mainly in two
or
competition with competitors all over the world. This trend, main characteristics: (i) the number of components and (ii) the
individualized, efficient
individualized, efficient and and effective
effective production
production at at This
This ofpaper
paper aims
aims to identify
to (e.g.
identify and
and classify
classify important
important barriers
barriers toto
which is inducing
reasonable cost cost through the development
through smart smart machines, from
machines, smart macro
smart sensors, to micro
sensors, and and type
adoption components
of industry mechanical,
4.0 in electrical,
manufacturing electronical).
organizations.
reasonable
markets, results inbased diminished lot sizesIndian due tomanufacturing
augmenting adoption of industry
Classical methodologies 4.0 in manufacturing
considering mainly organizations.
single
other computer
other computer technologies.
based technologies. Indianproduction)
manufacturing Interpretive
Interpretive Structural Modeling
Structuralexisting
Modeling (ISM) is
is used
(ISM)families to products
usedanalyze
to develop
develop
product varieties (high-volume to low-volume [1]. or solitary, already product the
To cope with this augmenting variety as well as to be able to product structure on a physical level (components level) which
2212-8271 ©
2212-8271 © 2020
2020 The
The Authors,
Authors, Published
Published byby Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
identify
This possible optimization potentials in the existing causes difficulties regarding an efficient definition and
This is
is an
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
production system, it is important to have a precise knowledge
Peer review under the responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Conference comparison ofCycle
on Life different product families. Addressing this
Engineering.
Peer review under the responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering.
2212-8271 © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an©open
2212-8271 2017access article Published
The Authors. under theby CC BY-NC-ND
Elsevier B.V. license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of scientific
of the the scientific committee
committee of the of theCIRP
28th 28thDesign
CIRP Conference
Conference2018.
on Life Cycle Engineering.
10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.010
 86 Pramod Kumar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 85–90
2 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

contextual relationship among the identified barriers and researchers for analysis of barriers and enablers in different
MICMAC analysis is used to classify them. This paper is application domains. From the literature, other techniques are
organized as follows: Section 2 describes literature review of also found to know the influencing factors of
different analysis techniques used by researchers with special barriers/enables/drivers/challenges having the application
focus on ISM. Section 3 explains research methodology domain of Industry 4.0 like Grey-DEMATEL [5],
followed by analysis of barriers through ISM technique in DEMATEL-MMDE-ISM, AHP-factor analysis, Best-Worst
Section 4. Results and discussion are elaborated in Section 5. Method [23], and structural modeling. The available literature
on barriers to I4.0 still needs additional input in terms of
2. Review of Literature barriers related to technological, financial, operational, and
human resources aspects. Therefore, this paper bridges the
gap by systematically reviewing the literature and discussing
Manufacturing industries are in transition phase of industry
with experts from industry to find the barriers to I4.0.
4.0, so they should be aware, ready and capable to cope up
with challenges in implementation of this new paradigm [4].
Kamble et al. [2] identified industry 4.0 implementation 2.1 Identification of barriers and their description
barriers, i.e. high cost of implementation, lack of knowledge
of IT systems, cyber security, data privacy issues, unskilled Barriers were identified after going through extant literature,
workforce, organization and process changes, and and adding inputs collected from eight experts having
employment disruptions. Raj et al. [5] examined the barriers knowledge of industry 4.0 or smart manufacturing and with
to implement industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing an experience of more than five years in specific domain.
industries considering inter-country comparative perspective
and Grey-Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory At first stage, articles based on industry 4.0 barriers or
(DEMATEL) for analyzing the identified barriers through challenges were studied and 18 different barriers were
comprehensive literature review and expert opinions. identified and in the second stage, the list of these selected
Different techniques are reported in literature for analysis of barriers were provided to the group of experts. Based on
barriers to and enablers of industry 4.0 and other application discussion and feedback from the experts; 10 barriers (as
areas. It is found, from the literature, that ISM and Fuzzy- shown in Table 1) out of 18 were found significant to the
MICMAC [2, 5-8] are frequently adopted methods by the implementation of industry 4.0.

Table 1 Barriers to industry 4.0 adoption in manufacturing organizations

Code Barrier Description Literature Support
Integration of IoT is a big issue in industry 4.0 environment and
Poor Value-chain
BRI 1 difficult to establish interoperability and integration between different [2,4,5,9,11,12]
integration technologies and systems to create cyber-physical infrastructure.
Cyber-security Risk of cyber-security exists in Industry 4.0 environment, as it
BRI 2 involves interconnection of everything in entire value chain [2,3,5,13,14,15,16]
challenges
Uncertainty about No clear assessment of economic benefits of capital investment in
BRI 3 implementing industry 4.0 technologies [2,5,17]
economics benefits
Lack of adequate Lack of digital skills is a major challenge in realizing the proper
BRI 4 implementation of I4.0 [2,18,19,20]
skills in workforce
High investment Difficulties in implementing new technologies in their manufacturing
BRI 5 environment due to lack of funds [2,17,19,21,22]
requirements
Lack of Lack of internet coverage and IT infrastructure may act as potential
BRI 6 blockage in implementation of I4.0 strategies [2,17,19,23]
infrastructure
Emerging technological development bring automation that will shift
BRI 7 Job disruptions the structure of existing jobs and further this will create challenges in [2,5,21,23,24]
labor markets
These challenges refer to the capability of handling large amount of
Challenges in data
data generated by different machines, processes, sensors, and
BRI 8 management and products, as well as extraction of the valuable information from the [22]
data quality large volume of data
Lack of secure Due to lack of secure and common standards, there exist challenges in
BRI 9 standards and integrating value-creation networks with different standards [5,14,17]
norms
Resistance to Employees show unwillingness to adopt newer technologies
BRI 10 [6,10,13]
change
 Pramod Kumar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 85–90 87
Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000 3

3. Research Methodology were used to denote associated direction of the relationship

between two barriers.
The methodology adopted in order to analyze the barriers to V-Barrier i will affect barrier j
industry 4.0 adoption in manufacturing organizations A-Barrier j will affect barrier i
comprises different stages as shown in Fig. 1. X-Barrier i and j will affect each other
O-Barrier i and j are unrelated or will not influence each other
Based on contextual relationships developed between the
barriers after considering responses from experts, SSIM is
constructed (using symbols V, A, X and O), shown in Table 2.

4.2 Formation of initial reachability matrix

Four symbols used in SSIM (Table 2) were converted into

binary values 1and 0 to obtain initial reachability matrix. The
following rules were used to substitute symbols V, A, X, and
O with 1 or 0.
 If (i, j) symbol in SSIM is V then substitute it by 1 in
initial reachability matrix and corresponding (j, i) entry
becomes 0.
 If (i, j) symbol in SSIM is A then substitute it by 0 in
initial reachability matrix and corresponding (j, i) entry
becomes 1.
 If (i, j) symbol in SSIM is X then substitute (i, j) and (j, i)
Fig. 1: Research methodology both entries as 1.
 If (i, j) symbol in SSIM is O then substitute (i, j) and (j, i)
4. ISM Methodology and Development of the Model both entries as 0.
In this paper, ISM technique is used as solution methodology After applying the above rules, the initial reachability matrix
to analyze and summarize contextual relationships among is derived as shown in Table 3.
identified barriers to adoption of industry 4.0. ISM is a well-
established interactive method used to structure directly or 4.3 Formation of final reachability matrix
indirectly related variables into a comprehensive framework.
Transitivity was applied in initial reachability matrix as per
the rule that if variable “a” is related to variable “b” and
Many researchers have adopted ISM with MICMAC analysis variable “b” is related to variable “c” then variable “a” will be
in their research. Following steps were followed in necessarily related to variable “c”. After performing
development of ISM model: transitivity final reachability matrix was deduced as shown in
 Identification of variables constituting the system (Barriers Table 4.
BRI 1 to BRI 10 in this case) through literature review and
inputs from experts. 4.4 Level partitions
 Determination of barrier set and the contextual relation
considering inputs from experts to know the nature of Reachability and antecedent sets of each barrier were deduced
relationship. from analyzing final reachability matrix (shown in Table 4)
 Development of SSIM to show pairwise relationships and from these two sets intersection sets were derived for that
among barriers particular barrier. The reachability set comprises of the barrier
 Development of initial reachability matrix from SSIM. itself and the others that were driven by it and the antecedent
 Establishment of final reachability matrix after applying set consists of the barrier itself and the barriers on which it
transitivity check. depends. Intersection set for each barrier was derived from
 Development of level partitions using reachability, reachability and antecedent set. The barriers having
antecedent and intersection sets of each factor. reachability and intersection set identical was at first top level
 Directed graph is obtained by linking up the vertices or in the model and denotes that it will not help in drive any
nodes and resulted graph is converted in ISM model. other barrier. Once the first level is recognized, it was
removed from all sets and same procedure is applied to find
4.1 Development of Structural Self-Interaction Matrix out other levels of models. The identified levels are shown in
Table 5, which is the base to construct ISM model.
To define the relationship among two barriers (i and j) and the
direction of relationship, experts from industry and academia 4.5 ISM based model construction
were consulted who were conversant with the theme under
consideration. The panel of experts was also consulted for The structural model of barriers is constructed from final
validating the identified barriers. The following four symbols reachability matrix as shown in Figure 2. Six levels of barriers
88 Pramod Kumar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 85–90
4 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

derived from level partition iteration process, are positioned in caused due to lack of infrastructure for implementing industry
this model. It is clear from Figure 2 that ‘Lack of 4.0.This lack of adequate skills of employees and lack of
infrastructure’ is the most significant or root or basic barrier clarity about economics benefits may lead to challenges in
to industry 4.0 adoption in manufacturing organizations. It is value-chain integration between organizational departments
evident from the model that uncertainties about the economic and other organizations.
benefits and lack of competent skills in workforce may be

Table 2: SSIM of barriers

Barrier j
BRI10 BRI 9 BRI 8 BRI 7 BRI 6 BRI 5 BRI 4 BRI 3 BRI 2 BRI 1
Barrier i
BRI1 O X O O A X O A V -
BRI 2 O A X O X V A O - -
BRI 3 V O O V A V X - - -
BRI 4 V O V V O V - - - -
BRI 5 O X A V A - - - - -
BRI 6 O X V O - - - - - -
BRI 7 V O O - - - - - - -
BRI 8 O X - - - - - - - -
BRI 9 O - - - - - - - - -
BRI10 - - - - - - - - - -

Table 3: Initial reachability matrix

Barrier j
BRI 1 BRI 2 BRI 3 BRI 4 BRI 5 BRI 6 BRI 7 BRI 8 BRI 9 BRI 10
Barrier i
BRI1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
BRI 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
BRI 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
BRI 4 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
BRI 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
BRI 6 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
BRI 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
BRI 8 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
BRI 9 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
BRI10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Table 4: Final reachability matrix

Barrier j BRI BRI BRI BRI BRI BRI BRI BRI BRI BRI Driving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 power Rank
Barrier i
BRI1 1 1 0 0 1 1* 1* 1* 1 0 7 IV
BRI 2 1* 1 1* 0 1 1 1* 1 1* 0 8 III
BRI 3 1 1* 1 1 1 0 1 1* 1* 1 9 II
BRI 4 1* 1 1 1 1 1* 1 1 1* 1 10 I
BRI 5 1 1* 0 0 1 1* 1 1* 1 1* 8 III
BRI 6 1 1 1 1* 1 1 1* 1 1 1* 10 I
BRI 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 V
BRI 8 1* 1 0 0 1 1* 1* 1 1 0 7 IV
BRI 9 1 1 1* 0 1 1 1* 1 1 0 8 III
BRI10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 VI
Dependency power 8 8 5 3 8 7 9 8 8 6 70
Rank II II V VI II III I II II IV

Table 5: Partitioning of barriers in implementing industry 4.0

Barrier Reachability set Antecedent set Intersection set Level
BRI 1 1,2,5,6,7,8,9 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9 1,2,5,6,8 IV
BRI 2 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9 1,2,3,5,6,8,9 III
BRI 3 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10 2,3,4,6,9 2,3,4,9 V
BRI 4 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 3,4,6 3,4,6 V
BRI 5 1,2,5,6,7,8,9,10 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9 1,2,5,6,8,9 III
BRI 6 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 1,2,4,5,6,8,9 1,2,4,5,6,8,9 VI
BRI 7 7,10 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 7 II
BRI 8 1,2,5,6,7,8,9 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9 1,2,5,6,8,9 III
BRI 9 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9 1,2,3,5,6,8,9 III
BRI 10 10 3,4,5,6,7,10 10 I
 Pramod Kumar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 85–90 89
Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000 5

(BRI 6), data management and data quality challenges

(BRI 8) and lack of secure standards and norms (BRI 9).
 The fourth cluster contains ‘driving barriers’ having
strong driving power but weak dependence power. In this
cluster there are two barriers – unclear economics benefits
(BRI 3) and lack of adequate skills in employees. The
clustering of the barriers helps to visualize the influencing
and dependence nature of the barriers.

Fig. 2: ISM based model of barriers to Industry 4.0

implementation

Poor value-chain integration may further lead to cyber-

security challenges, high investment, poor data management
and data quality, and insecure standards and norms have more Fig. 3: MICMAC Analysis of barriers
or less same platform of impact so these four barriers came at
the same level in structural model. These four barriers are 5. Results and discussion
directly indicating towards job disruptions which further leads
to resistance to change that has been analyzed at top position. The developed ISM model consists of six levels of hierarchy
as shown in Fig. 2. It is observed from the model that
4.6 MICMAC Analysis
‘resistance to change’ occupied first level in the model and
‘job disruptions’ is at second level. Further, level three is held
MICMAC analysis is performed based on driving and
by four barriers, i.e. ‘cyber-security challenges’, ‘high
dependence power of barriers. Driving power of the variable
investment’, ‘poor data management and data quality’, and
denotes sum of 1s in the corresponding row in final
‘insecure standards and norms’. Fourth level is occupied by
reachability matrix and the dependence power of the barrier is
‘poor value-chain integration’, and fifth level is covered by
the sum of all 1s in corresponding column in final reachability
‘uncertainty about economics benefits’ and ‘lack of adequate
matrix. The driving power of a barrier signifies the barrier
skills in workforce’. ‘Lack of infrastructure’ is at the root
influencing the barriers i.e. in Table 4 BRI1 is having sum of
level and most significant barrier to industry 4.0 adoption.
1s in row 7; it means the barrier BRI 1 drives or influences 6
To implement industry 4.0 successfully, the manufacturing
other barriers. The dependence power of a barrier justifies that
organizations must have sufficient and capable technological
the barrier depends on other barriers i.e. in Table 4, BRI 1 is
infrastructure like reliable high speed connectivity,
having sum of 1s in column 8, and it means the barrier is
uninterrupted energy supply, and IoT architecture for cyber-
influenced by 7 other barriers. The MICMAC analysis may
physical systems in their manufacturing environment. It is the
not contribute in the development of the structural model, but
most significant factor which plays vital role in successful
it categorizes the barriers in four clusters as shown in Fig. 3.
implementation of industry 4.0 technologies. Unless this
 The first cluster contains ‘autonomous barriers’ which
barrier is mitigated, the focus on mitigating other barriers may
have weak driving and weak dependence power. No such
not be effective. Next, there is need to enhance technical skills
barriers are there in this study.
of the employees about these emerging technologies, and also
 The second cluster indicates ‘dependent barriers’ which
to improve entire value-chain network of suppliers and
show weak driving, but strong dependence power. Two
partners through proper and fast connectivity. The
barriers – job disruptions (BRI 7) and resistance to change
organizations need to assess economic advantages of adopting
(BRI 10) fall in this cluster.
these technologies in their production and services. Poor
 The third cluster signifies ‘linkage barriers’ which have
value-chain may lead to high investment, cyber security
strong driving and dependence power both. There are six
problems, and challenges in data quality and management.
barriers in this quadrant – poor value-chain integration
Therefore, the organizations must follow necessary steps to
(BRI 1), cyber-security challenges (BRI 2), high
remove these barriers as they may lead to ineffective
investment requirements (BRI 5), lack of infrastructure
implementation of industry 4.0.
90 Pramod Kumar et al. / Procedia CIRP 98 (2021) 85–90
6 Author name / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

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