UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Centre for Diploma Studies

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LAPORAN MAKMAL
LABORATORY REPORT
Kod & Nama Kursus FLUID MECHANICAL LABORATORY
Course Name & Code
Tajuk Ujikaji
FLOW THROUGH A VENTURI METER
Title of Experiment
Seksyen
SECTION 5
Section
Kumpulan
GROUP 6
Group
Nama Pensyarah/Pengajar
ENCIK MUHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN MISWAN
Lecturer/Instructor’s Name
Nama Ketua Kumpulan NUR HAZIMAH BINTI No.Matrik :
Name of Group Leader SUHURI DF200052

Ahli Kumpulan No. Matrik Penilaian Laporan (%)

Group Members Matric No. Report Assessment (%)
 NUR DINI ARINA BINTI Teori, Objektif & Prosedur
DF200069 10
SHAHARIN Theory, Objectives & Procedures
2. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI Data
DF200075 20
FADZIL Data
3. MUHD ARIF FARHAN B. Analisis & Keputusan
AF190193 25
MOHD SHAHARIN Analysis & Result
4. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL Perbincangan
AF190195 25
Discussion
Kesimpulan & Cadangan
4. 15
Conclusion & Recommendation
Rujukan
5. 5
References
Tarikh Ujikaji
Date of Experiment 11 APRIL 2022
Tarikh Hantar JUMLAH
Date of Submission 14 MEI 2022 TOTAL 100

ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS COP DITERIMA/RECEIVED STAMP

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DATE :…………………………..…..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Laboratory: Fluid Laboratory Section : 5
Subject Code: BFC 20601 Group Members:
1. NUR HAZIMAH BINTI SUHURI
Experiment Title: 2. NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built 3. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI FADZIL
Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Flow Through a Venturi Meter 4. MUHD ARIF FARHAN B. MOHD SHAHARIN
5. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Purpose is not identified Purpose is somewhat vague Purpose is identified Purpose is identified Purpose is clearly identified
Relevant variables are not Relevant variables are not Relevant variables are Relevant variables are described Relevant variables are described
Aim / Purpose 0.3
described described described in somewhat unclear
manner
There is not a list of the Most lab materials included All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials included 0.3
Materials necessary lab materials included but not listed in any included and listed and listed in an organized manner
particular order
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedures are listed in clear
Procedures are listed but not in Procedures are listed in clear Each step is numbered and in a
steps
Procedure Procedures are not listed clear steps steps but not numbered and/or complete sentence 1.6
Each step is numbered and in a
in complete sentences Diagrams are included to describe the
complete sentence
set-up
Accurate representation of the data
Good representation of the data Accurate representation of the using tables and/or graphs
Data is not represented or is not Data lacks precision
using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs Graphs and tables are labeled and 1.8
accurate Greater than 20% difference
Data Less than 15% difference with Data is fairly precise titled
with accepted values accepted values Less than 10% difference with Data is precise with less than 5%
Precision is acceptable accepted values difference with accepted values
Trends / patterns are not Trends / patterns are not Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically
analyzed analyzed analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
Analysis / 1.8
Questions are not answered Answers to questions are Questions are answered in Questions are answered in Questions are answered thoroughly
Result incomplete complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
Analysis is not relevant
Analysis is inconsistent Analysis is general Analysis is thoughtful Analysis is insightful
Accurate statement of the Accurate statement of the results of
results of the lab indicates lab indicates whether results support
No discussion was included or A statement of the results is A statement of the results of the whether results support the hypothesis 1.2
Discussion shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection lab indicates whether results hypothesis Possible sources of error and what
on the lab on the lab support the hypothesis Possible sources of error was learned from the lab discussed
identified
NAME OF LECTURER : ENCIK MUHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN MISWAN SIGNATURE : DATE TOTAL SCORE :
 MATERIAL & FLUID LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS. MATRIC NO. CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. NUR HAZIMAH BINTI SUHURI (DF200052) FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
2. NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN (DF200069) ENVIRONMENT
3. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI FADZIL (DF200075)
4. MUHD ARIF FARHAN BIN MOHD SHAHRIN(AF190193)
5. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL (AF190195) SECTION. 5

CLO 2 CLO 3

Criteria 5 = Very Good 4 = Goo 3 = Moderate 2 = Poor 1 = Very Poor W AVG. Total W AVG. Total
Student is completely Student is prepared to Student is aware on the Student is aware on the Student requires
Practical Ability in Handling prepared to handle the handle the equipment procedure but raise some procedure but raise many guidance to conduct
Equipment equipment effectively effectively with / less questions and start questions and start laboratory
CLO 2 questions have been requesting for assistance to requesting for assistance to
raised operate the equipment operate the equipment
1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
Student can explain the Student can answer questions Student can explain the results of Student can answer some Student cannot answer
results of the experiment about the the experiment in detail and questions about the experiment questions about the
in detail and the ways in experiment and begins to the ways in which they relate to experiment
which they relate to the make connections the research focus
research focus. The between the experiment
Interview / lab report student can also evaluate and its applications
CLO 3 the significance of the
experiment to the real
situation

1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
List of Content

Content Page

Introduction 1

Objective 1

Theory 1-2

Methods or Equations 3-4

Results and Calculations 5-8

Discussion 9

Conclusion 9

References 10
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The flow rate of a fluid moving under pressure is measured for a variety of reasons,
including invoicing for water service to homes and businesses, as well as monitoring and
process management of a wide range of industrial processes that include flowing fluids. A
differential pressure flow metre, such as an orifice, flow nozzle, or venturi metre, is frequently
used to measure pipe flow. Venturi meter is used to measure rate of flow of both compressible
and incompressible fluids. The Bernoulli effect is at the heart of the venturi meter's
functionality. J.B. Venturi established the principle of this flow monitoring apparatus in 1797
in Italy. The pressure head is converted to velocity head by the converging tube, while the
velocity head is converted to pressure head by the diverging tube. Thus, the head differential
between the upstream and throat sections may be measured to estimate flow velocity, which
can then be multiplied by flow area to get a discharge value.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To calculate the flowrate through pipe using venturi meter.

3.0 THEORY

Consider flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid through the convergent – divergent

Venturi tube shown in Figure 2. The cross-sectional area at the upstream section 1 is 𝑎𝑎1 , at the
throat section 2 is 𝑎𝑎2 and at any other arbitrary section n is an. Piezometer tubes at these
sections register ℎ1 , ℎ2 and ℎ𝑛𝑛 above the arbitrary datum shown. Note that, although the tube
may have any inclination, the datum must by necessity, be horizontal. Assume that both the
velocity and the piezometric head are constant over each of the sections considered.

Figure 1: Ideal conditions in a venturi meter

1
We may treat the convergent – divergent pipe as a stream tube, along which Bernoulli’s
theorem.

In which 𝑣𝑣1 , 𝑣𝑣2 and 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 are the flow velocities at sections 1, 2 and n.

The equation of continuity is:

Q = 𝑎𝑎1 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 (2)

In which Q denotes the rate of volume flow or discharge. Substituting in Equation (1) for 𝑣𝑣1
from equation (2), gives:

And solving this for the velocity 𝑣𝑣2 in the throat leads to:

2
4.0 METHOD OR EQUATIONS

The experiment is conducted using hydraulic bench, venturi meter and stopwatch.

Figure 2: Dimension of Venturi Meter and Locations of Piezometer Tube

i. Cross Section Area at A, 𝑎𝑎1 = 530.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

ii. Cross Section Area at D, 𝑎𝑎2 = 201.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

The rate of flow, 𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is calculated by multiplying the throat velocity 𝑣𝑣2 by the cross-
sectional area 𝑎𝑎2 at the throat, giving:

While the rate of flow, 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is calculated by dividing the volume of water with the time taken
to fill up the tank until 5 liter.

𝑉𝑉 (𝑚𝑚3 )
Q=
𝑡𝑡 (𝑠𝑠)

3
Flowrate Coefficient, 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 is calculated by dividing the 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 with the 𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 .
𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 =
𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

The above formula is derived from the actual Q value formula:

4
5.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Table 1
No of Trial =1 Trial = 2 Trial = 3
piezometer Volume Rate = 5 l Volume Rate = 5 l Volume Rate = 5 l
tube Time = 62 s Time = 22 s Time = 14 s
Flowrate = 8.06 × 10−5 m3/s Flowrate = 2.27× 10−4 m3/s Flowrate = 3.57 × 10−4 m3/s
Velocity V = 0.4 m/s Velocity V = 1.13 m/s Velocity V = 1.78 m/s
hn (mm) hn-h1 hn − h1 hn (mm) hn-h1 hn − h1 hn (mm) hn-h1 hn − h1
v 22 / 2 g v 22 / 2 g v 22 / 2 g
A (1) 318 0 0 332 0 0 362 0 0

B 316 -2 -0.066 330 -2 -0.015 356 -6 -0.021

C 308 -10 -0.329 286 -46 -0.346 266 -96 -0.343

D (2) 292 -26 -0.856 218 -114 -0.856 122 -240 -0.856

E 296 -22 -0.724 236 -96 -0.721 162 -200 -0.714

F 302 -16 -0.527 264 -68 -0.511 214 -148 -0.528

G 306 -12 -0.395 284 -48 -0.361 256 -106 -0.378

H 308 -10 -0.329 292 -40 -0.301 274 -88 -0.314

J 310 -8 -0.263 300 -32 -0.240 290 -72 -0.257

K 312 -6 -0.198 306 -26 -0.195 306 -56 -0.200

L 314 -4 -0.132 310 -22 -0.165 312 -50 -0.178

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 Table 2

Trial Q (𝑚𝑚3 /s) ℎ1 (mm) ℎ2 (mm) (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )(m) (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )1/2 (m)
1 8.06 × 10−5 318 292 0.026 0.161
2 2.27× 10−4 332 218 0.114 0.338
3 3.57 × 10−4 362 122 0.24 0.490

Graph of flowrate, Q versus (𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏 − 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐 )𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐 (𝐦𝐦)

Q VS (H1-H2)^(1/2)
0.0004 0.000357
0.00035
FLOWRATE, Q (M3/S)

0.0003
0.000227
0.00025
0.0002
0.00015
0.0000806
0.0001
0.00005
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
(H1-H2)^(1/2) (M)

Slope of graph, m:

(𝑦𝑦2 −𝑦𝑦1 ) (0.000357−0.000227)

=
(𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥1 ) (0.49−0.338)

= 0.00086

6
 Table 3
Trial Flowrate Coefficient, 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 Flowrate, 𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
1 0.52 1.55 × 10−4
2 0.70 3.25 × 10−4
3 0.76 4.72 × 10−4

Calculation of the 𝑪𝑪𝒅𝒅 value and 𝑸𝑸𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 value:

Trial 1

2(9.81)(0.026)
𝑣𝑣2 = 2
� 201.1 × 10−6
1−� �
530.9 × 10−6

= 0.772 m/s

Q = 201.1 × 10−6 (0.772)

= 1.55× 10−4 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠

8.06 ×10−5
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 =
1.55×10−4

= 0.52

7
Trial 2

2(9.81)(0.114)
𝑣𝑣2 = 2
� 201.1 × 10−6
1−� �
530.9 × 10−6

= 1.616 m/s

Q = 201.1 × 10−6 (0.772)

= 3.25× 10−4 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠

2.27 ×10−4
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 =
3.25×10−4

= 0.70

Trial 3

2(9.81)(0.24)
𝑣𝑣2 = 2
� 201.1 × 10−6
1−� �
530.9 × 10−6

= 2.345 m/s

Q = 201.1 × 10−6 (2.345)

= 4.72 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠

3.57 ×10−4
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 =
4.72×10−4

= 0.76

8
6.0 DISCUSSION

Based on Table 3, Qtheory values calculated are higher than the Qexp values. The
differences between Qtheory and Qexp values are because of systematic or random errors. Error
may comes from the calibration of the equipment used or the equipment might be flawed and
causes inaccuracies in reading. Also, inaccurate reading of the manometer scale can cause
inaccurate data of the experiment. Thus, the inaccurate data will affect the calculation of
flowrate. To lessen the error during the experiment, the air bubble in the tube must be clear and
the manometer value must be taken at eye level parallel to the measuring scale to avoid parallax
error. The experiment also must be conducted by following the guidelines or manual procedure.

From the graph of flowrate, Qexp versus (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )1/2 , it can be seen that (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )1/2
is directly proportional to Q. As the (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )1/2 values increases, the Q values will increases
too. In this experiment, flowrate coefficient, 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 values obtained are in range of 0.5 until 0.76.
The flowrate coefficient, 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 is the ratio of the actual flow to theoretical flow and is applied to
theoretical flow equations to obtain actual flow. The discharge coefficient usually has a value
between 0.92 and 0.99 (Hutagalung, 2019). However, the values obtained in this experiment is
not in that range.

7.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the objective of this experiment which is to calculate the flowrate

through pipe using venturi meter is achieved. From the results, it can be seen that the higher
the (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) value and lesser the time, the higher the flowrate value will be. For the three
trials, the reading of water level in piezometer tube decreasing from point A to point D. At
point E, the water level then keeps increasing until the last point. The Qexp obtained is different
than Qtheory calculated and the discharge coefficient, 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 for this experiment is not in the range
of the standard value of discharge coefficient.

9
8.0 References

• Hutagalung, S. S. (2019). Estimation Optimal Value of Discharge Coefficient in a

Venturi Tubes. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1230(1).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1230/1/012087

• Pipe Flow Measurement - Venturi Flowmeters - Bernoulli’s Equation. (n.d.). Retrieved

May 14, 2022, from https://www.wermac.org/specials/venturiflowmeter.html

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