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    Ph1202 Lab Report 3 Akshat Misra

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    The document describes an experiment to determine the surface tension of water using the capillary tube method. Three capillary tubes of different diameters were used to calculate the height of water rise and surface tension. The mean surface tension calculated was 0.0524 N/m with a 1.5% error. However, the percentage error between the calculated and actual surface tension was high at 27.54% likely due to errors from using tap water instead of distilled water and parallax errors in using the equipment.

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    Ph1202 Lab Report 3 Akshat Misra

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    21 views6 pages
    The document describes an experiment to determine the surface tension of water using the capillary tube method. Three capillary tubes of different diameters were used to calculate the height of water rise and surface tension. The mean surface tension calculated was 0.0524 N/m with a 1.5% error. However, the percentage error between the calculated and actual surface tension was high at 27.54% likely due to errors from using tap water instead of distilled water and parallax errors in using the equipment.

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    The document describes an experiment to determine the surface tension of water using the capillary tube method. Three capillary tubes of different diameters were used to calculate the height of water rise and surface tension. The mean surface tension calculated was 0.0524 N/m with a 1.5% error. However, the percentage error between the calculated and actual surface tension was high at 27.54% likely due to errors from using tap water instead of distilled water and parallax errors in using the equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views6 pages

    Ph1202 Lab Report 3 Akshat Misra

    Uploaded by

    Dot 007
    The document describes an experiment to determine the surface tension of water using the capillary tube method. Three capillary tubes of different diameters were used to calculate the height of water rise and surface tension. The mean surface tension calculated was 0.0524 N/m with a 1.5% error. However, the percentage error between the calculated and actual surface tension was high at 27.54% likely due to errors from using tap water instead of distilled water and parallax errors in using the equipment.

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    Akshat Misra

    21MS187

    PH1202 EXPERIMENT-3:

    To determine the surface


    tension of water by capillary
    tube method
    Aim:
    To determine the surface tension of water by capillary tube method

    Apparatus:
    1. Capillary tubes

    2. Traveling microscope

    3. Thermometer

    4. Glass strip

    5. Needle

    6. Clamping stand

    7. Glass beaker

    8. Adjustable stand

    9. Tap water

    Formula:
    Consider a glass capillary tube dipped vertically in the water. Let “h” be the
    height of water rise in it. If “m” is the mass of the water column, then the
    weight of this column of water is =mg

    Let “r” be the radius of the capillary tube and θ be the angle of contact, then
    the length of the line of contact is 2πr. The upward component of surface
    tension T is TCosθ. Hence, the total upward force is given by
    F=2πrTCosθ—-----------(1)

    For balance, the net upward force is equal to weight of water mg.
    Therefore, mg = 2πrTCosθ
    water - glass contact angle θ = 0, so we get

    mg = 2πrT —------------(2)
    If V be the volume of water column in the capillary tube, then

    V = πr2h + volume of meniscus ------- (3)


    Volume of meniscus = volume of cylinder of height “r” - volume
    of hemisphere = πr2×r - (½) (4/3)×πr3
    = πr3- (2/3) ×πr3
    = (1/3). πr3---------------- (4)
    From equation (3) & (4),

    V = πr2h + (1/3). πr3--------------- (5)

    mass = volume × density,

    m = V.ρ -------------------- (6),

    where ρ is the density of the water used. From equation (2), (5) and (6)
    T = (1/2).[(h + r/3). ρrg] ----------- (7)
    We now use equation (7) to calculate surface tension.

    Observations:
    Temperature of water at the beginning =T=270C=300K
    Density of water at 270C =ρ=996.52 kg/m3
    Angle of contact of water =θ= 00
    Acceleration due to gravity =g=9.80 m/s2

    A) Determination of capillary tube diameter using


    travelling microscope:
    S Orientation a1=M.S.R b1=V.S.R x a2=M.S.R b2=V.S.R A= B=(a2+b D=A- Mean Radius
    no. (cm) L.C (cm) (cm) x L.C (a1+ 2) B diam (cm)
    (cm) b1) (cm) eter
    (cm)
    3.20 40 2.95 26 3.24 2.976 0.26 0.23 0.117
    Horizontal 4 5
    1 3.20 24 2.95 31 3.224 2.981 0.24
    3
    3.25 23 3.00 32 3.273 3.032 0.24
    1
    6.90 25 6.70 2 6.925 6.702 0.22
    Vertical 3
    6.90 25 6.70 6 6.925 6.706 0.21
    9
    6.90 25 6.70 6 6.925 6.706 0.21
    9
    5.35 30 5.15 2 5.380 5.152 0.22 0.21 0.105
    Horizontal 8 0
    2 5.30 34 5.10 15 5.334 5.115 0.21
    9
    5.40 5.20 25 5.423 5.225 0.19
    23
    8
    6.90 23 6.65 40 6.923 6.690 0.23
    Vertical 3
    6.85 35 6.70 1 6.885 6.701 0.18
    4
    6.90 2 6.70 2 6.902 6.702 0.20
    0
    7.55 10 7.40 11 7.560 7.411 0.14 0.14 0.070
    Horizontal 9 1 5
    3 7.55 7 7.40 13 7.557 7.413 0.14
    4
    7.55 10 7.40 32 7.560 7.432 0.12
    8
    6.85 3 6.70 7 6.853 6.707 0.14
    Vertical 6
    6.80 48 6.70 9 6.848 6.709 0.13
    9
    6.80 48 6.70 8 6.848 6.708 0.14
    0

    B) Determination of height
    Tube For the meniscus of water For lower tip of the needle Height Mean
    no. c1=M.S.R d1=V.S.R x C = c1 +d1 c2=M.S.R d2=V.S.R x D = c2 +d2 h=D-C height
    (cm) L.C (cm) (cm) L.C (cm) (cm)
    4.25 45 4.295 3.50 12 3.512 0.783 0.760
    1 4.25 12 4.262 3.50 10 3.51 0.752
    4.25 13 4.263 3.50 16 3.516 0.747
    4.60 14 4.614 3.50 12 3.512 1.102 1.101
    2 4.60 16 4.616 3.50 10 3.51 1.106
    4.60 11 4.611 3.50 16 3.516 1.095
    5.00 30 5.03 3.50 12 3.512 1.518 1.517
    3 5.00 35 5.035 3.50 10 3.51 1.525
    5.00 25 5.025 3.50 16 3.516 1.509

    Data analysis:
    1 1
    Surface tension, S = 2
    (ℎ + 3
    𝑟) 𝑟ρ𝑔
    1 1
    For tube 1, S1 = 2
    (0. 760 * 10⁻² + 3
    0. 117 * 10⁻² ) 0. 117 * 10⁻² * 996. 52 * 9. 80

    = 0.04564 N/m

    1 1
    For tube 2, S2 = 2
    (1. 101 * 10⁻² + 3
    0. 105 * 10⁻² ) 0. 105 𝑥 10⁻² * 996. 52 * 9. 80

    = 0.05824 N/m

    1 1
    For tube 3, S3 = 2
    (1. 517 * 10⁻² + 3
    0. 070 * 10⁻² ) 0. 070 * 10⁻² * 996. 52 * 9. 80

    = 0.05265 N/m

    𝑆1+𝑆2+𝑆3 0.04564 +0.05824+0.05265


    Mean surface tension, S = 3
    = 3
    = 0.0524 N/m

    Error analysis:
    𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒− 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
    Percentage Error= 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
    ×100
    72−52.17
    = 72
    ×100 = 27. 54%

    Precision:
    1 1
    We know, S= 2
    (ℎ + 3
    𝑟) 𝑟ρ𝑔
    1
    ∆𝑆 ∆𝑟 3
    ∆𝑟+ ∆ℎ
    𝑆
    = 𝑟
    + 𝑟
    3
    +ℎ

    Using Δr = 0.001 cm and Δh = 0.002 cm,


    We get a mean error of +/- 0.000786 N/m, which translates to a percentage error
    of 1.5%

    Result:
    The calculated value of surface tension of water is 0.0524 ± 0.000786 N/m

    Discussion on the sources of error:


    The error in our experiment is high (27.54%). This can be because of multiple
    reasons, namely:

    Errors such as parallax creeping in because of improper usage of equipment

    We used tap water in our experiment, while the theoretical reading is done with
    distilled water. The salts, Organic compounds, and ions such as Chlorine (used
    for purification) and Iron (used in pipes) would affect our experiment.

    Errors introduced because of disturbance in water surface, evaporation etc.

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