Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BULACAN
STA. MARIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Subject/Specialization: PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 4 Grade/Section

Name of Student: Subject Rodel S. Agamao
Teacher:
Observes personal safety protocol to avoid
Date Week No. 5
MELCs/Code dehydration, overexertion, hypo- and
Duration: 2nd Semester
hyperthermia during MVPA participation

What I Need To Know (Objectives)

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

• Explain the meaning and importance of first aid;
• Identify the common illnesses or sickness experienced in outdoor recreation and what first aid treatment should
be administered;
• Analyze the given situations and answer the questions through the knowledge and application of first aid; and
• Develop the sense of responsibility to help others especially in times of emergency.

What I Know (Pre-Test)

“EMERGENCY! EMERGENCY! WHAT WILL I DO?”

Direction: To become a first aider, one must know how to respond to the different risky situations. Now, test your
skills in applying first aid by writing down your immediate action to the following situation:

SITUATION IMMEDIATE ACTION TAKEN

1. While trekking, your friend slipped on a sloppy

terrain and twisted his/her ankle
2. While camping, one of the campers was attacked and
bitten by a snake.
3. Your brother was setting up the tent when cuts his
finger with the pole.
4. Your mother accidentally touches a hot pan.
5. Your friend experiences stroke.

Do you think you did the right action for each situation? Do not worry. As you go on with this module, you
will discover the proper ways of addressing those situations.

What’s In (Review of the previous lesson)

In the website https://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/safety/safety.shtml, “the most effective way to prevent

mishaps is to adequately prepare for the trip. Knowledge of the area, weather, terrain, limitations of your body, plus
a little common sense can help you to ensure a safe and enjoyable trip”. However, there are situations that can’t be
avoided, that is why it is important to know the basic first aid in order to minimize accidents.
First Aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or injured. It includes self-
help and home care if medical assistance not available or delayed (Parker, 2019). It can mean the difference between
life and death in extreme cases. However, we must know the limits of the first aid we can give because improper first
aid can actually do more harm than good in some instances. Anyone who gives aid is a first aider.

What’s New

OUTDOOR RECREATION SAFETY TIPS

As cited in www.fs.fed.us, the most effective way to prevent mishaps is to adequately prepare for the trip.
Knowledge of the area, weather, terrain, limitations of your body, plus a little common sense can help to ensure a
safe and enjoyable trip. There are many ways to make sure your experience is fun and safe. The cite suggests the
following safety tips:

• Pack a first aid kit. Your kit can prove invaluable if you or a member of your group suffers a cut, bee sting
or allergic reaction. Pack antiseptics for cuts and scrapes, tweezers, insect repellent, bug spray, a snake bite
kit, pain relievers, and sunscreen.
• Bring emergency supplies. In addition to a first aid kit, this includes: a map, compass, flashlight, knife,
waterproof fire starter, personal shelter, whistle, warm clothing, high energy food, water, and insect
protection.
• Learn the ABC's of treating emergencies. Recognizing serious injuries will enable you to attend to a victim
until medical help arrives.
• Before you leave, find out the weather report. When you arrive at the site, watch the skies for changes
and carry a compact weather radio. In inclement weather, find shelter until the worse passes. Stay dry - wet
clothes contribute to heat loss. Also, keep sleeping bags and important gear, dry at all times.
• Arrive early. Plan your trip so that you arrive at your actual campsite with enough daylight to check over
the entire site and to set-up camp.
• Check for potential hazards. Be sure to check the site thoroughly for glass, sharp objects, branches, large
ant beds, poison ivy, bees, and hazardous terrain.
• Avoid areas of natural hazards. Check the contour of the land and look for potential trouble due to rain.
Areas that could flood or become extremely muddy can pose a problem.
• Inspect the site. Look for a level site with enough room to spread out all your gear. Also, a site that has trees
or shrubs on the side of prevailing winds will help block strong, unexpected gusts.
• Build fires in a safe area. Your open fires and fuel-burning appliances must be far enough away from the
tent to prevent ignition from sparks, flames, and heat. Never use a flame or any other heating device inside a
tent. Use a flashlight or battery powered light instead.
• Make sure your fires are always attended. Be sure you have an area for a fire that cannot spread laterally
or vertically - a grill or stone surface is ideal. When putting the fire out, drown it with water, making sure all
embers, coals and sticks are wet. Embers buried deep within the pile have a tendency to reignite later.
• Pitch your tent in a safe spot. Make sure your tent is made of a flame retardant fabric and set up far enough
away from the campfire. Keep insects out of your tent by closing the entrance quickly when entering or
leaving.
• Dispose of trash properly. Remember to recycle - use the proper recycling bins if available.
• Be cautious when using a propane stove. Read the instructions that come with the stove and propane
cylinder. Use the stove as a cooking appliance only - never leave it unattended while it's burning.
• Watch out for bugs. Hornets, bees, wasps, and yellow jackets are a problem at many campsites. Avoid
attracting stinging insects by wearing light colour clothing and avoiding perfumes or colognes. Should such
an insect approach, do not wave wildly and swat blindly - instead use a gentle pushing or brushing motion to
deter them.
• Beware when encountering wildlife. To ward off bears, keep your campsite clean, and do not leave food,
garbage, coolers, cooking equipment or utensils out in the open. Remember that bears are potentially
dangerous and unpredictable - never feed or approach a bear. Use a flashlight at night - many animals feed at
night and the use of a flashlight may warn them away.
• Beware of poisonous plants. Familiarize yourself with any dangerous plants that are common to the area.
If you come into contact with a poisonous plant, immediately rinse the affected area with water and apply a
soothing lotion such as calamine to the affected area.
• Practice good hygiene. Make sure you wash your hands, particularly after using the toilet and before
handling food, to prevent everyone in your group becoming ill.

www. fs.fed.us provides information on “Pack the Essentials" and be prepared for minor injuries, sudden weather
changes or delays. The following are items you should include in your pack:

• Candle • Food (bring extra)

• Clothing (always bring something warm, extra socks, and rain gear) • Flashlight
• Compass • Foil (to use as a cup or signaling device
• First aid kit • Hat
• Insect repellent • Sunglasses
• Map • Sunscreen
• Nylon filament • Trash bag (makes an adequate poncho
• Pocket knife • Water
• Pocket mirror (to use as a signaling device) • Waterproof matches or matches in a waterproof tin
• Prescription glasses (an extra pair) • Water purification tablets
• Prescription medications for ongoing medical conditions • Whistle (to scare off animals or to use)
• Radio with batteries
• Space blanket or a piece of plastic (to use for warmth or shelter)

What Is It (Lesson Proper)

Introduction

Roles of First Aid

According to John Furst (2013), “an emergency first aider has various roles and responsibilities. It is important
that first aiders take these roles and responsibilities seriously as first aid is potentially lifesaving in an emergency
situation”. The role of a first aider is to provide immediate, lifesaving, medical care before the arrival of further
medical help. This could include performing procedures such as:

• Placing an unconscious casualty into the recovery position

• Performing Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• Using an automated external defibrillator (AED)
• Stopping bleeding using pressure and elevation
• Keeping a fractured limb still

Objectives of First Aid

1. To save lives
2. To prolong life
3. To alleviate suffering
4. To prevent further injury

Characteristics of a Good First Aider

There are several personal qualities which you should look for when looking for a first aider.

1. Gentle-does not cause pain and panic.

2. Observant-notices all signs.
3. Resourceful-makes the best use of things at hand.
4. Tactful- does not frighten the victim.
5. Sympathetic- comforts and reassures the victim.

Principles of First Aid

Daniel Clark (2019) explains that, “the do’s and don’ts of first aid depend on the injury”,

Do’s in giving First Aid Don’ts in giving First Aid

Do assure the victim that you are a qualified first aider, Don’t move the victim unless it is absolutely necessary.
and that they are in safe hands.
Call 911 or any emergency number right away if the
injury is really serious
Do visually and verbally assess the injured person Don’t forget to remove external hazards.
Do practice good personal hygiene.
Do try and take the pain off the patient’s mind by
talking to them
OUTDOOR RECREATION COMMON FIRST AID INJURIES

According to Jill Tilton (2017), “first aid is required in many ways, shapes and forms. It is always a good idea
to have basic first aid skills just in case you need it yourself, or someone needs it around you. Below are the lists of
common injuries requiring first aid and what you can do when accidents like this occur”.

Cut/Scrape
Cuts and scrapes happen when your skin is accidentally broken or worn away. This can be the result of a fall,
banging against a hard object, or being cut by something sharp.
• If there is bleeding, press firmly over the site with a clean cloth until it
stops, anywhere from three to 15 minutes.
• Clean with lukewarm running water and gently pat dry.
• If the skin is broken, apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment, then cover
with a bandage or gauze and adhesive tape.
• If you can't control the bleeding after several attempts with direct
pressure, call immediate medical help.

• Continue utilize antibiotic ointment and apply a new bandage daily (or more often if necessary) until the cut heals.
• If the wound appears to be forming or draining pus or becomes swollen, tender, or red, see a doctor right away to
treat the infection.

Burn
Burn is damage to the skin or other body parts caused by extreme heat, flame, contact with heated objects,
or chemicals.
o Immediately hold injury under cold running water or apply a cold, wet
towel until the pain subsides.
o Cover any small blisters with a loose bandage or gauze and tape.
o Call a doctor as soon as possible if burns are on the face, hands, or genitals,
or if they're larger than 1/4 inch anywhere on the body.
o If the injury looks rooted, seek medical help immediately.
o For a burn covering a tenth of the body or more, don't use cold compresses;
call emergency hotline and cover up with a clean sheet or a blanket to
prevent hypothermia until help arrives.
• DO NOT pop any blisters yourself. If the skin breaks, apply antibiotic cream and cover the area with a
bandage or gauze until it's healed.
• Watch for any redness, swelling, tenderness, or discharge for these are all signs of infection.

Insect Bite/Sting
It is a painful wound caused by the thrust of an insect’s stinger into skin.
• If the insect left a stinger, gently scrape the skin with your fingernail to remove it without breaking it.
• Refrain from using tweezers because that can squeeze more venom out of the stinger, causing further
injury.
• Call emergency personnel if you have trouble breathing, coughing, or develop a hoarse voice,
Splinter
Splinters are objects that become embedded under the skin.
• Use soap and water to wash around the splinter.
• Clean a pair of tweezers with rubbing alcohol and slowly pull the splinter out. Rewash the skin.
• If you come across a fragment that is hard to remove, leave it for a day or so to see if it will come out on its
own.
Sunburn
Sunburn is the term for red, sometimes swollen, and painful skin caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV)
rays from the sun. Sunburn can vary from mild to severe.
• If you feel dizzy, weak, sick to your stomach, or are spiking a high fever—or if the burn is severe (oozing
blisters form within 48 hours) and covering a significant portion of your body—go to the Emergency Room.
• If your only symptoms are discomfort and redness, apply cold compresses and aloe vera lotion and take
some ibuprofen.
• Avoid creams with petroleum, which can cause infection, or anything ending in - Caine. When not
administered by a professional, these drugs may be dangerous.
Nosebleed
A nosebleed is blood loss from the tissue that lines your nose. It can affect both nostrils, but most often
occurs in only one nostril.
• Sit upright and don't tilt your head back. Loosen any tight clothing around your neck.
• Pinch the lower end of the nose close to the nostrils and lean forward while you apply constant pressure
for five to ten minutes.
• Don't release and the nose; it could prolong the bleeding.
• If the nosebleed is the result of trauma, you can reduce swelling by holding an ice pack against the bridge of
the nose after the bleeding slows down.
• If it persists for more than ten minutes or returns later, call medics or seek medical help in order to check
for breakage.
Sprains, Strains, and Tears
A Sprain is an injury to the ligaments or capsule that holds a joint together. A strain is an injury to a muscle
or to a tendon (tissue that connects muscle to bone). It is sometimes called a “pulled muscle.” A strain happens when
a muscle or tendon is stretched too far or is partially torn. Symptoms of a strain are pain, swelling, and having a
problem moving or using the injured area. The hamstring (thigh muscle), calf muscle, and Achilles tendon are
commonly strained. A tear often occurs when a joint is forced beyond its normal range of motion. This can stretch or
tear the ligament, much like the fibers of a rope coming apart. Both surgical and nonsurgical treatment has been used
to recover from a tear. The most effective treatment is the RICE method. In the first few days after an injury, you
should:
• Rest the area you injured. Your doctor may recommend crutches if you hurt your knee, foot or ankle.
• Ice the injury for 20 minutes at a time, several times a day.
• Compress the injury with bandages or a splint to reduce pain and swelling. Your doctor might also
recommend a cast or boot.
• Elevate the injury (arm, leg, elbow, knee, etc.) on a pillow, to reduce swelling.
• A compression wrap is used to prevent swelling, which can help your ankle feel better. It does not support
the ankle or prevent it from moving, so it does not protect it except by reminding you to be careful of your
ankle.
• Roll up the elastic bandage if it isn't already rolled up. Hold your ankle at about a 90-degree angle. Start
where your toes meet the body of your foot. Hold the loose end of the bandage at the side of your foot. Wrap
the bandage around the ball of your foot once, keeping it somewhat taut with a light pull.
• After this, slowly start circling your way around the arch of the foot. Pull the bandage diagonally from the
bottom of the toes across the foot's top and circle it around the ankle. Now bring the bandage diagonally
across the top of the foot and under the arch in a figure-eight pattern.
• When you get to the ankle bone, wrap the bandage around the felt piece so it stays in place under the ankle
bone. Continue around the ankle and foot in a figure eight, moving toward the heel on the bottom and
toward the calf at the top of the eight.
• The wrap should cover the entire foot and end about 7 centimeters above the ankle. Most compression
wraps are self-fastening or come with clip fasteners. If not, use tape to secure the end. The wrap should be
snug but should not cut off circulation to the foot.
Fractures
Fractures are broken bones, and they can occur as a result of falls or other harsh impacts.
◆ Stop Bleeding, if Necessary
• Apply firm pressure to wound with clean cloth until bleeding stops.
• If bone is pushing through skin, do not touch it or try to put it back in place.
◆ Splint the Area, if Possible
The purpose of the splint is to hold still and protect a wounded body part from further damage.
• Cut away clothing if it cannot be removed without moving the injured body part.
• Gently tape the dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper, ruler, stick, or a rolled-up piece of
clothing with first aid tape. In general, try to include the joint above and below the injury in the splint. As
much as possible, avoid moving the injured limb, and never force it or try to twist it back into place.

◆ Call immediate medical help if:

• The person is seriously injured.
• You suspect injury to the person's head, neck, or back.
• Bone is sticking out of the skin.
• Bleeding doesn't stop after several minutes of firm pressure.
• Blood spurts from the wound.
• Experience loss of feeling at the injured site
• Experience loss of warmth beyond the injured area.
TASK 1: TELL ME WHY? Directions: Copy and answer the following questions below.

1. What should we remember when giving first aid?

______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is it important to understand and follow the basics of first aid?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the goal in giving first aid?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the roles of a first aider during an emergency?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What should we remember when giving first aid?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Why is it important to understand and follow the basics of first aid?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

What Is More

FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITE: WHAT TO DO WHEN BITTEN BY A SNAKE

According to https://www.slideshare.net/quennieciriaco9/bites-first-aid, “snakes are one of the dangerous

animals. They have their salivary glands which produces venom which is injected through grooved or tubular fangs.
If you were attacked by a snake & you didn’t give yourself a first aid it may cost some complications and at some
cases it may lead to death. If you or someone you are with has been bitten by a snake, you will know immediately. It’s
possible, though, for the bite to happen quickly and for the snake to disappear”.
Mary Ellen Ellis (2018) suggests that, to identify a snake bite, consider the following general symptoms:
• two puncture wounds
• swelling and redness around the wounds
• pain at the bite site
• difficulty breathing
• vomiting and nausea
• blurred vision
• sweating and salivating
• numbness in the face and limbs

First aid steps you can take after a snake bite occurs include cleaning the wound, remaining calm, and
immobilizing the affected area. However, it’s essential to get to a medical facility immediately for emergency
treatment. If treated in time, the outlook for recovery is good.

What I Have Learned (Generalization)

“COMPLETE ME”
Directions: Complete the unfinished statements individually.

I can be a first aider because ________________________________________________________________________________

I will be a first aider because ___________________________________________________________________
As a first aider, I will ___________________________________________________________________ _________.

Processing Questions:

1. Why is first aid important?

2. Can we help others through our knowledge and skills in first aid? How?

What I Can Do (Application)

"IS HE A GOOD FIRST AIDER?”

Directions: Analyze the situations and answer the process questions that follow.

◼ Student A is very relaxed in controlling the bleeding on her classmate’s finger.

◼ Student B is insisting that her unconscious sister drink water.
◼ Student C immediately brings her friend, who fell down the stairs, to the clinic.
◼ Student D makes use of his clean handkerchief to tie his best friend’s bleeding arm.
◼ Student E speaks comforting words to her cousin who sprained his ankle while trekking.
Process Questions:

1. Who among the students are good first aiders? Why?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Who among them are not good first aiders? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What characteristics should a good first aider possessed?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. If you were a first aider, what would be your goal?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ASSESSMENT
TRUE or FALSE. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if it is wrong.

________1. Before leaving the house for a trek through the wilderness, make sure you’ve packed a first aid kit to treat
future hiking injuries.
________2. Treating burns and scalds can be done by putting layers of clothing on the injured area.
________3. First aid steps one can take after a snake bite occurs include sucking and cutting the wound open.
________4. No need to call for emergency if the patient’s blood spurts out of wound.
________5. If still on fire, stop burning immediately through the “stop, drop, and roll” method. Then remove the flamed
material from the person. However, if the clothing sticks to the skin, do not pull it out but cut or tear around it.
________6. It is a common sense to give food and drink to an unconscious person.
________7. Emergency personnel must be called immediately if severe bleeding or bleeding does not stop despite
pressure.
________8. To treat minor cuts, clean it with soap and water then apply antibiotic cream then cover with sterile
bandage and secure using medical tape.
________9. Strains and sprains Grade 1 & 2 may be treated with RICE (rest, ice pack, compression, and elevation)
method.
________10. It is a must to always carry a first aid kit whenever you do any sort of outdoor recreation.

Prepared by:

RODEL S. AGAMAO
Subject Teacher

Checked by: Noted by:

JANETH G. CONCEPCION RIZALDY C. PIDLAOAN

SHS – FOCAL PERSON Principal III