DESIGN PROCEDURE BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIELD DATA
A,r

CONDUCTOR SIZE
ts,d,Io

TOUCH & STEP

CRITERIA
Etouch70, Estep70

INITIAL DESIGN
D,n,LT,h

GRID RESISTANCE
Rg,LT
MODIFY DESIGN
D,n,LT,LR

GRID CURRENT
IG

YES
GPR < Etouch

NO

MESH & STEP

VOLTAGES
Em,Es,Km,Ks,Ki,Kii

NO
Em<Etouch

YES

NO
Es<Estep

YES

DETAIL
DESIGN
 EARTHING CALCULATION

A GENERAL DESIGN DATA

<80% from 603 Ωm

1 Soil Resistivity,  : 120 Ohm-M Enter earthing system solution reduc

In addition with 8 nos of bored holes
2 Gravel Resistivity,  s : 1,000 Ohm-M Enter same value as you entered for

3 Symmetrical Short Circuit Current, Iefs : 3,150 A 10% x 31,500 A

4 Duration of Earth Fault Current, ts : 1 Sec

5 Maximum Allowable Conductor Temp. : 700 ° C

6 Design Ambient Temperature : 40 ° C

7 Thickness of Crushed Gravel, hs : 0.1 mtr. Enter 0 if no gravel is used. Typical v

8 Depth of Earth Grid, h : 0.5 mtr.

9 Reference depth of the Grid, ho 1 mtr.

STANDARDS USED

IEEE Gude for Safety in AC Substation

Grounding IEEE - 80 2000

B SIZE OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR :

I
Amm 2 
 TCAP  10  4   K 0  Tm  Eqn.: 40 Page : 43
  ln   IEEE Std. 80 - 2000
 t c r  r   K T 
   0 a 

Where

Material Proposed

r = Resistivity of Conductor Material 0.00393 Ohm - M

r = Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at reference temperature Tr in 1.72

Tm = Max. allowable temperature in °C 1083 °C

Ta = Ambient temperature in °C 40 °C

Ko = 1/a0 or 1/ar - Tr in °C 234

Iefs = rms current in Ka 3.15 KA

tc = Duration of Current in s 1 Sec.

TCAP = thermal capacity per unit volume from Table 1 3.42 J/(cm³°C)

Amm² = Conductor cross section in mm² 11.18 mm²

A kcmil
= 22.06 kcmil

Amm² = 11.18 mm²

Selected Amm²: = 4.00

Diameter of Conductor selected: = 0.0195 m

 EARTHING CALCULATION

TOUCH & STEP CRITERIA

  s Eqn. 21, Page 21, IEEE 80 2000

K 
  s

Eqn. 27, Page 23, IEEE 80 2000

K = Reflection factor between different material resistivities

 = Resistivity of the earth beneath the surface material in W.m

s = Surface material resistivity in W.m

hs = Thickness of the surface material in m

Cs = Surface layer derating factor

K = -0.79

Cs = 0.73

0.157
Estep70  (1000 6Cs  s ) Eqn. 30, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000
ts
Where

Estep 70 = Step Voltage for body weight of 70 kg

E step 70 = 841.7 Volts

0.157 Eqn. 33, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000

Etouch70  (10001.5Cs  s )
ts
Where

Etouch70 = Touch Voltage for body weight of 70 kg

Etouch70 = 328.2 Volts

 EARTHING CALCULATION

C INITIAL DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

Length Breadth
Preliminary Layout of Grid = 50 30

n = Number of parallel conductors = 11 7

D = Conductor Spacing = 5.0 m

h = Depth of grid burial = 0.5 m

Lp = Length of the conductor across perimeter = 160 m

Nr = No. of Ground Rods = 32

Lr = Length of Ground Rods = 5.4 m

LR = Total length of Ground Rods = 172.8 m

LT1 = Total length of buried condcutor = 760 m

LT = Total length of buried conductors & rods = 933 m

Lx = Maximum length of conductor in X-Axis = 50

Ly = Maximum length of conductor in Y-Axis = 30

Dm = Maximum distance between any 2 points = 58.3

D GRID RESISTANCE

1 1  1 
Rg     1   Eqn. 52, Page 65, IEEE 80 2000
 LT 20A  1  h 20/ A 
Where

A = Area of the Grid = 1500 m²

Rg = Grid Resistance

Rg = 1.48 W
 EARTHING CALCULATION

E MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT

IG  D f  I g
Where

Ig = Maximum grid current in A 3,150 A

Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault, given in s 0.7 Use a value of 1 for a fault of 30 cycl

IG = 2,205 A

F GROUND POTENTIAL RISE

GPR  I G  Rg

GPR = 3,256 V

VERIFICATION FOR HUMAN SAFETY

The safety to personnel is specified by IEEE 80, which requires to limit the development of
electrical potential to dangerous value during earth fault current.

The regulation stipulates the following parameters to be within the permissible limit

a) Step Voltage (Foot to Foot Contact)

b) Touch Voltage (Hand to Foot Contact)

 EARTHING CALCULATION

CALCULATION FOR ACTUAL DERIVED STEP & MESH VOLTAGE

A Mesh Voltage

  IG  K m  Ki
Emesh ( Design )  Eqn. 80, Page 91,
  
Lr
L C  1 . 55  1 . 22    L IEEE 80, 2000
 L 2 2  R

 x  l Ly 

Ki = Corrective factor for current irregu-
larity

K i  0 . 644  0 . 148 n Eqn. 89, Page 94

Where

n  n a  n b  n c  n d Eqn. 84, Page 93

Eqn. 85, Page 93

2  LT
n a  na = 9.5
LP

= 1.0 nb = 1 for square grids

= 1.0 nc = 1 for rectangular and L-Shaped

= 1.0 nd = 1 for square, rectangular and L-

n = 9.65

Ki = 2.07
 EARTHING CALCULATION

Km = Spacing factor for Mesh Voltage

Where

Kii = Corrective wieghting factor that adjusts the effect of inner conductors on the corner mesh

1
K ii  2

(2  n) n

Kii = 0.54

Kii = 1.00 With Rods

Kh = Corrective weighting factor that empasising the grid depth

 h 
=  1  
 ho 
Where

ho = Reference depth of grid = 1

h = Depth of the ground grid conductor = 0.5

Kh = 1.22

Km = 0.59

Emesh (Design ) = 310.0 Volts

Calculated Mesh Voltage is Lower than the Tolerable Touch Voltage.HENCE SAFE
 EARTHING CALCULATION

B Step Voltage

Voltage developed for step as per the earthing system proposed during full Earth fault current

Estep ( Design ) 
Ks  Ki    I G  Eqn. 92, Page 94
IEEE 80, 2000
0 . 75  L C  0 . 85  L R 
Where

Ks = Spacing factor for Step voltage

1  1 1  1  0 .5 n  2

Ks        Eqn. 94, Page 94, IEEE 80, 2000
  2 h D  h  D  

Ks = 0.440

K i  0 . 644  0 . 148 n

Ki = 2.07

Estep (Design ) = 336.60 Volts

Estep (Design ) = 336.6 Volts

Calculated Step Voltage is Lower than the Tolerable Step Voltage.HENCE SAFE
 EARTHING CALCULATION
SUMMARY

A EARTH GRID CONDUCTOR

Type of Conductor Copper annealed soft - drawn

Size of Conductor Diameter 0.0195 mm

Length of Conductor 760 mtr

Depth of Conductor 0.5 m below GL

B GROUND RODS

Total Length of Ground Rods 172.8 mtr

Length of Individual Ground Rods 5.4 mtr

No. of Ground Rods 32 No.

C HUMAN SAFETY

UNIT Designed Value Permissible Value

Step Voltage [V] 841.7 336.6

Mesh Voltage [V] 328.2 310.0

 TABLE 1 - MATERIAL CONSTANTS

TCAP
Material
ar factor K0 at
Fusing rr Thermal Nominal mm²
Description Conductivity Temperature 20°C(mW.c
at 20°C (0°C) Capacity Cross Sections
(%) Tm (°C) m) [J/(cm³.°C]

1 Copper annealed soft - drawn 1 100 1 0.00393 1 234 1 1083 1 1.72 1 3.42 1 35 mm²

2 Copper, commercial hard - drawn 2 97 2 0.00381 2 242 2 1084 2 1.78 2 3.42 2 50 mm²

3 Copper-clad steel wire 3 40 3 0.00378 3 245 3 1084 3 4.4 3 3.85 3 70 mm²

4 Copper-clad steel wire 4 30 4 0.00378 4 245 4 700 4 5.86 4 3.85 4 95 mm²

5 Copper-clad steel rod 5 20 5 0.00378 5 245 5 1084 5 8.62 5 3.85 5 120 mm²

6 Aluminium EC Grade 6 61 6 0.00403 6 228 6 657 6 2.86 6 2.56 6 150 mm²

7 Aluminium 5005 alloy 7 53.5 7 0.00353 7 263 7 652 7 3.22 7 2.6 7 185 mm²
8 Aluminium 6201 alloy 8 52.5 8 0.00347 8 268 8 654 8 3.28 8 2.6 8 240 mm²

9 Aluminium-clad steel wire 9 20.3 9 0.0036 9 258 9 657 9 8.48 9 3.58 9 300 mm²

10 Steel, 1020 10 10.8 10 0.0016 10 605 10 1510 10 15.9 10 3.28 10 400 mm²

11 Stainless - clad steel rod 11 9.8 11 0.0016 11 605 11 1400 11 17.5 11 4.44 11 500 mm²
12 Zinc-coated steel rod 12 8.6 12 0.0032 12 293 12 419 12 20.1 12 3.93 12 630 mm²

13 Stainless steel, 304 13 2.4 13 0.0013 13 749 13 1400 13 72 13 4.03