CHAPTER 7 ENERGY 能 AND POWER 力

Energy
1 Energy is defined as 诠释为 the ability 能力 to do work.
2 Energy can exist 存在 in a variety 多样 of forms 形式, such as electrical energy 电能, thermal energy,热能
sound energy 声能, kinetic energy 动能 and potential energy.势能

Work
1. Work is defined as the product 乘积 of force 里 and displacement 位移 (distance travelled) in the same
direction of the force.
2. Work is done when
(a) a force changes the shape 形状 of an object 物体
(b) a force moves an object to a certain distance 距离 and in the same direction 同一方向 as the force

3 Work is not done if

(a) the object, which is exerted by the force is not move 不动
(b) he object does not move in the same direction as the force

4 Work done increases when

(a) a greater 更大 force is exerted 施加
(b) the distance moved by the object is increased

Calculating Work Done 完成工作

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1 The amount of work done depends on the amount of force exerted, F and displacement, S in the direction of
the force which is the distance moved by the object.
2 Equation for calculating work done:

3 The S.I. unit for work is joule (J).

4 One joule is the amount of work done when a force of one newton moves an object over a distance of 1 metre.

5. Examples of work done:

(a) A spring balance 弹簧秤 that pulls 拉 an object (b) A spring balance that
along the surface is work done against 对抗 frictional lifts 举起 a weight
force.摩檫力 through an upright 直立
distance is work done
against gravitational
Force 引力力量.

6.
a) Ali who has a weight of 500 N pushes the
wheelbarrow 独轮车 with a weight of 150 N as
far as 4 meters. How much of work is done?

Solution:
Work = Force x Displacement
= 150 N x 4 m
= 600 J

b) A bag with a mass of 10 kg is lifted from the floor to a c) A student who weighs 45 kg walks up a flight

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table with a height of 0.8 m. Calculate the work done. of stairs of 5 m high. What is the work done?
(Assume 假设 that the gravitational force acting on 作用在 (1 kg = 10 N)
an object with a mass of 1 kg is 10 N).
Solution:
Solution: Force = 45 kg X 10 = 450 N
Work = Force X Displacement in the direction of the force Work = Force X Displacement
= (10 X 10) N X 0.8 m = 80.0 J = 450 N X 5 m = 2 250 J

d) (Moving an object vertically)

A boy with a mass of 55 kg is carrying a 5 kg box
climbs 爬 a flight of stairs 一段楼梯 to a vertical
height of 5 metres. Calculate the work done by the
boy.

Solution
Work (Nm) = Force (N) X Displacement (m)
W= Fs
= (55 + 5) x 10 N x 5 m
= 60 x 10 x 5
= 3 000 Nm = 3 000 J = 3 kJ
e) The amount of work done by a man to pull a box Solution:
filled with books over a distance of 5 m is 850 J. Work = Force x Displacement
How much does the box weight ? (1 kg = 10 N) 850J = F x 5 m
F =850 / 5 = 170 N
The weight of the box is the amount of force exerted
on the box.
The weight of the box = 170 N = 17 kg

Determining the work done to move an object horizontally

The spring balance shows a reading of 1 N when box A is
pulled 1 metre horizontally.
Work = force X displacement in the direction of the force
= 1.0 N X 1 m = 1J

• The heavier the box, the greater the force required to pull
the box, the greater the wor done.__ _____________
Determining the work done to move an object The spring balance shows a reading of 5 N when box B is
vertically 垂直 lifted vertically, 1 metre from the floor to the table.
Work = force x displacement in the direction of the force
= 5.0 N x 1 m = 5 J

• When the box is lifted vertically onto the table,

work is done to overcome the gravitational force.
• Heavier box experience a stronger gravitational
pull and more work needs to be done to lift them.

Power

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1 Power is defined as the rate of doing work. 工作率
2 Power can also be defined as the amount of work done in
one second or how fast 多快 the work is done.
3 Power increases when
(a) more work is done in the same amount of time, or
(b) less time is taken to do the same amount of work

Calculating Power
1 To calculate power, the amount of work done is divided by the time taken to do the work.

2 The S.I unit for power is watt (W) or joule per second (J s-1)

3. Examples:
a) (Moving an object vertically)
Worker X uses 600 J of energy to carry all the bricks within 10 seconds.
Worker Y also uses 600 J of energy to carry all the bricks 砖块 but within 20
seconds. Which worker uses more power to carry the bricks?
Solution
Worker X
Power = 600 J / 10 s = 60 W
Worker Y
Power = 600 J / 20 s= 30 W
Worker X uses more power to carry the bricks.

(Moving an object horizontally)

John who weighs 500 N pushes a wheelbarrow that has a load of 150 N by
4 metres in 8 seconds. How much work is done and how much power is
used?

Solution
Work = Ft = (500 + 150) x 4 = 650 x 4 = 2 600 J
Power, P (W) = 2600 / 8 = 325 W
c) Ahmad pulls a weight of 50 N as tall as 6 meters in 8 seconds. How much
of work is done and the power used?

Solution:
Work = Force x Displacement
= 50 N x 6 m = 300 J

Power = 300 J / 8s = 37.5 W

d) Solution:

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If a man weighing 60 kg uses a power of 200 W to climb a Force = 60 X 10 = 600 N
tree, which is 3 m high, calculate the time taken by him to do Work= Force X Displacement
the work? = 600 N X 3 m = 1 800 J
(1 kg = 10 N) Power = Work /Time
200 W = 1800 J / Time
Time = 1800 J / 200 W = 9s

Determining the power to move an object horizontally

The spring balance shows a reading of 2 N when box
A is pulled 1 metre horizontally within 2 seconds.

P = Fs/t = (2.0 N X 1 m) /2 s
= 1.0W

Determining the power to move an object vertically

Ahmad who weighs 500 N climbs a flight of stairs 一段楼梯 to a
vertical height of 5 metres in 20 seconds, while Kelly, who also
weighs 500 N takes 25 seconds to climb the same flight of stairs.

Power generated 产生 by Ahmad

(500 x 5) / 20 = 125 W

Power generated by Kelly

(500 x 5) / 25 = 100 W
Ahmad generated greater power because he uses a shorter time to
climb the stairs.

Potential Energy 势能 and Kinetic Energy 动能

Potential Energy
1 Potential energy is the energy stored 储存 in an object because of its position 位置 from the Earth’s surface
or state 状况 of the object.
2 There are two types of potential energy, namely gravitational potential energy 重力势能 and elastic potential
energy 弹性势能.

Gravitational Potential Energy 重力势能

1 Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its height from the Earth’s surface.
Energy stored in an object as a result of its vertical position 垂直位置.
2 The higher the object is from the ground, the greater the gravitationaL, potential energy the object possesses
具有.
3 When the crane lifts an object, the object is said to have gravitational potential energy.
4 The quantity of gravitational potential energy in a body are influenced by:
(a) Mass of the body
(b) Gravitational acceleration
(c) Height of the body from the Earth’s surface

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a)
An object with a mass 20 kg is 400 m from the ground level.地平面
Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the object,
(g = 10 m s-2)

Solution
Gravitational potential energy, Ep (J)
= mass (kg) x gravitational acceleration (m s 2) x height (m)
=20 kg x 10 m s 2 x 400 m
= 80 000 J
= 80 kJ

b)
An object with a mass of 500 g is at the top of the tower 塔, 80m
from the ground level.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the object,
(g = 10ms-2)

Solution
Gravitational potential energy, Ep (J)
= mass (kg) x gravitational acceleration (m s-2) x height (m)
= 0.5 kg x 10ms 2 x 80m
= 400 J

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Elastic potential energy
1 Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an elastic 弹性 object 物体 as a result of being stretched 拉
伸 or compressed.压缩
2 Stretched rubber bands 橡皮筋 and compressed springs possess 具有 elastic potential energy.
3 The elastic potential energy in the spring is affected by 受影响:
(a) The force exerted on the spring
(b) The displacement of spring that is stretched or compressed, from the equilibrium position 平衡位置

Examples:
a) The diagram below shows a spring with an original length of
15 cm. When the spring is pulled with a force of 10 N, the
length of the spring becomes 18 cm. How much of kinetic
energy is stored in the spring?

Solution:
F = 10 N
x = 18 cm - 15 cm = 3 cm = 0.03 m
Elastic potential energy = ½ Fx
= ½ (10 N) (0.03 m)
= 0.15 J

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b)
A spring is placed vertically as shown in Diagram 7.5.
When a wooden block with a mass of 500 g is put on
the spring, the length reduces from 20 cm to 16 cm.
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the
spring.

Solution:
Distance of compression
= 20 cm - 16 cm = 4 cm = 0.04 m
Compressed force = mg
= 0.5 kg x 10 ms-2 = 5 N
Elastic potential energy = ½ x 5 x 0.04 = 0.1 J

Kinetic energy
1 Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving 移动 object.
2 The faster an object moves, the greater the kinetic energy possessed by the object.
3 The amount of kinetic energy possessed by an object depends on
(a) mass 质量 of object, m
(b) velocity 速度 of object, v
4 If two objects are moving at the same velocity, the object with the greater mass will have greater kinetic
energy.
5 Someone who is running or cycling has kinetic energy.

a)
A bird with a mass of 1 kg is flying with a velocity of 10
ms-1. Calculate the kinetic energy possessed by the bird.
Solution
Kinetic energy, Ek = ½ mv2
=1/2 x 1 kg x (10ms-2)2 = 50 J

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b)
A man with a mass of 60 kg is running with a velocity of
10 m s-1.
Calculate the kinetic energy possessed by the man.

Solution
Kinetic energy, Ek = ½ mv2
=1/2 x 60 kg x (10ms-2)2 = 3000J = 3kJ

c)
When a car with a mass of 200 kg moves at a velocity
of 80 km h -1 . Calculate the kinetic energy possessed
by the car.

Principle 原理 of Conservation 守恒 of Energy 能量

1 According to 根据 the principle of conservation of energy,
(a) energy cannot be created 创造 or destroyed 毁灭
(b) it can only be converted 转换 from 形式 one form to another
(c) total energy is constant 不变

2 The formula for the principle of conservation of energy is as follows:

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3. Daily Activities Related to Energy Transformation

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4. Energy changes from one form to another can be shown as in the diagrams below:

For an object that slides down a steep track as shown in

Diagram , the potential energy at the top of the track is the
same as the kinetic energy at the end of the track,
Therefore, mgh = ½ mv2

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When an elastic rubber band is stretched by a trolley as shown
in Diagram, the elastic potential energy that is lost when the
trolley is released equals the kinetic energy possessed by the
trolley when it is moving.
Therefore, Ep = ½ Fx = ½ mv2
Where ½ Fx is the elastic potential energy stored in the rubber
band when the force, F stretches the rubber band by x.

Examples of the principle of conservation of energy in oscillating 振荡 systems.系统

Oscillation of a simple pendulum 单摆 • At position A: Pendulum has maximum 最大
gravitational potential energy.
• From A to B: Gravitational potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy.
• At position B: Pendulum has maximum kinetic
energy.
• From B to C: Kinetic energy starts converting back
to gravitational potential energy.
• At position C: Gravitational potential energy is
maximum.
• Potential energy lost = kinetic energy gained, and
vice versa.

(b) Oscillation of a loaded 加载 spring 弹簧 • At A: Stretched spring possesses maximum elastic

potential energy.
• When released 放开, from A to B, the elastic
potential energy starts to convert to kinetic energy.
• At B: Kinetic energy is maximum.
• From B to C: Kinetic energy starts converting back
to elastic potential energy.
• At C: Gravitational potential energy is maximum.

Calculations in the Principle of Conservation of Energy

Example 1
Azizul released a ball with a mass of 500 g from the height of 20m
Calculate the velocity of the ball before it touches the floor.

Solution:
Mass, m = 500 g = 0.5 kg
Height, h = 20 m

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Example 2
The diagram below shows an archer 弓箭手 pulling an arrow 拉箭 from an
elastic cord 绳子. If the elastic potential energy that is kept in the cord is 6.25 J.
Calculate:
(a) The kinetic energy of arrow when released,
(b) Mass of arrow if the speed of the arrow before touching 碰到 the
target 目标 is 10 m s-1.

Solution:
(a) Kinetic energy (of arrow) = Potential energy of the elastic cord = 6.25 J

Example 3
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy when a person with a mass of 50
kg is cycling at a velocity of 6 m s-1 at the foot of the hill 山脚.
(b) Calculate the height achieved 达到 by the cyclist at the top of
the hill.
[Given that g = 10 m s-2]

Solution
(a) Kinetic energy (J)= ½ mv2 = ½ x 50 x 62 = 900 J

(b) Based on the principle of conservation of energy, at the top of the

hill, gravitational potential energy is equal to the kinetic energy.
½ mv2 = mgh
900 = 50 x 10 x h
h = 900/500 = 1.8 m
Example 4
The diagram shows a toy pistol 玩具枪. A dart with a mass of 0.01 kg
is pressed into the pistol by compressing the spring. The length of the
compressed spring is 4 cm. Spring length stretches to 8 cm when a
force of 3 N is exerted on the trigger 触发器, when the dart 飞镖 is
fired 发射.
Calculate the velocity of the dart.

Solution
Based on the principle of conservation of energy,
Kinetic energy gained, Ek = Elastic potential energy lost, Ep
Total extension, x = 8- 4cm = 4cm = 0.04 m
½ mv2 = ½ Fx
½ x 0.01 x v2 = ½ x 3 x 0.04
V2 = 12
v = 3.46 m s -1

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