TEOREMA MILITAR

LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA

TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: Question: Is there anything I can do to train my

Read the text to answer the question(s) below. body to need less sleep?
Karen Weintraub
On Earth, something is always burning. June 17, 2016
Wildfires are started by lightning or accidentally by
people, and people use controlled fires to manage
farmland and pasture and clear natural vegetation for
farmland. Fires can generate large amounts of smoke
pollution, release greenhouse gases, and
unintentionally degrade ecosystems. But fires can also
clear away dead and dying underbrush, which can help
restore an ecosystem to good health. In many
ecosystems, including boreal forests and grasslands,
plants have coevolved with fire and require periodic
burning to reproduce.
Some of the global patterns that appear in the
fire maps over time are the result of natural cycles of
rainfall, dryness, and lightning. For example, naturally Many people think they can teach themselves
occurring fires are common in the boreal forests of to need less sleep, but they’re wrong, said Dr. Sigrid
Canada in the summer. In other parts of the world, the
Veasey, a professor at the Center for Sleep and
patterns are the result of human activity. For example, Circadian Neurobiology at the University of
the intense burning in the heart of South America from Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine. We might
August-October is a result of human-triggered fires,
feel that we’re getting by fine on less sleep, but we’re
both intentional and accidental, in the Amazon deluding ourselves, Dr. Veasey said, largely because
Rainforest and the Cerrado (a grassland/savanna lack of sleep skews our self-awareness. “The more you
ecosystem) to the south. Across Africa, a band of
deprive yourself of sleep over long periods of time, the
widespread agricultural burning sweeps north to south less accurate you are of judging your own sleep
over the continent as the dry season progresses each perception,” she said.
year. Agricultural burning occurs in late winter and
Multiple studies have shown that people don’t
early spring each year across Southeast Asia functionally adapt to less sleep than their bodies need.
There is a range of normal sleep times, with most
(Fonte: Adaptado. Disponível em:
healthy adults naturally needing seven to nine hours of
<https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/globalmaps/MOD1 sleep per night, according to the National Sleep
4A1_M_FIRE>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2019).
Foundation. Those over 65 need about seven to eight
hours, on average, while teenagers need eight to 10
hours, and school-age children nine to 11 hours.
1. Considering the sentence:
People’s performance continues to be poor while they
are sleep deprived, Dr. Veasey said.
“On Earth, something is always burning. Wildfires are Health issues like pain, sleep apnea or
started by lightning or accidentally by people, and
autoimmune disease can increase people’s need for
people use controlled fires to manage farmland and sleep, said Andrea Meredith, a neuroscientist at the
pasture and clear natural vegetation for farmland. University of Maryland School of Medicine. A
Fires can generate large amounts of smoke pollution,
misalignment of the clock that governs our sleep-wake
release greenhouse gases, and unintentionally degrade cycle can also drive up the need for sleep, Dr. Meredith
ecosystems. But fires can also clear away dead and said. The brain’s clock can get misaligned by being
dying underbrush, which can help restore an
stimulated at the wrong time of day, she said, such as
ecosystem to good health,” from the text, choose the from caffeine in the afternoon or evening, digital
correct alternative.
screen use too close to bedtime, or even exercise at a
time of day when the body wants to be winding down.
The underlined words are …, respectively,
a) a preposition and an interjection.
(http://well.blogs.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
b) an adverb and a conjunction.
c) a conjunction and a preposition.
d) a verb and a noun.
e) a conjunction and an adjective.

TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:

Leia o texto para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir.
 TEOREMA MILITAR
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PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA

standards, but still respect each other regardless of

2. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Those over 65 their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries
need about seven to eight hours, on average, w hile previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the
teenagers need eight to 10 hours”, o termo em Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a
destaque tem sentido de decline in genuine friendships.
a) durante. According to a study documented in the June
b) como. 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological
c) ao longo de. Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in
d) já que. the quality and quantity of close friendships since at
e) enquanto. least 1985. The study’s results state that twenty-five
percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: the average total number of confidants per citizen has
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND dropped from four to two. According to the study,
5
TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Americans' dependence on family as a safety net went
up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent;
Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went
even more. There are also those people who are just up from five percent to nine percent.
friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that Recent studies have found a link between
just because they are your friends it means that they fewer friendships, especially in quality, and
are your best friend. The thing is, even though they psychological and physiological regression. In the
are your friend, the relationship between a best friend sequence of the emotional development of the
and a friend is different. Either way regardless of individual, friendships come after parental bonding and
archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of
many ways to compare any of these different types of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of
friends, but you can easily contrast them from one early childhood and the onset of full adulthood,
another. friendships are often the most important relationships
Arch-enemies often know more about each in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often
other than two friends. In a comparison of personal more intense than relationships experienced later in
relationships, 1friendship is considered to be closer life.
than association, although a wide range of degrees of 6Unfortunately, making friends seems to
intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and trouble many of people. Having no friends can be
associations. Friendship and association can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children
thought of as spanning across the same continuum. to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers
2
The study of friendship is included in the fields of from Purdue University found that post-secondary-
sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, education friendships, college and university last
and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various longer than the friendships before it. Children with
academic theories of friendship have been proposed, Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some
among which are social exchange theory, equity difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially crippling
theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In conditions like these are just one way that the social
Russia, one typically bestows very few people the world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean
status of “friend”. that they are not able to form friendships, however.
These friendships, however, make up in With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are
intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled able to form friendships after realizing their own
to call each other by their first names alone, and to strengths and weaknesses.
use diminutives. A customary example of polite 9There is a number of theories that attempt to
behavior is addressing "acquaintances" by full first explain the link, including that; Good friends
name plus their patronymic. These could include encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles;
10
relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as Good friends encourage their friends to seek help
real friendships, such as workplace relationships of and access services, when needed; 11Good friends
long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an enhance their friend’s 12coping skills in dealing with
occasional meal or a social drink with. illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends
Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male actually affect physiological pathways that are
friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we
be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use can clearly see that there are some ways that friends,
nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the
In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that end they are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we
friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or all have every single type in our lives.
superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most
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PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA

(Adapted from: b) A expressão em destaque em “Sport and physical

http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelatio activity in itself ...” é formada por preposição e
nship- between-friends-and-types-of-friendship- pronome reflexivo.
philosophyessay. php) c) O termo “may” em “Elements that may be
determinants on health” pode ser substituído, sem
prejuízo de sentido, por “must”.
3. “This does not mean that they are not able to form d) A palavra “overwhelming” em “There is an
friendships, however” (reference 8). The option that overwhelming amount of scientific evidence”
replaces the highlighted expression is equivale, em português, a “indiscutível”.
a) so. e) Os termos large → largely; direct → directly;
b) though. intense → intensity; active → activity evidenciam a
c) thus.
transformação de adjetivos em advérbios.
d) most likely.
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES:
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Leia o texto para responder a(s) questão(ões).
Leia o texto abaixo para responder à(s) questão(ões) a
seguir.
Healthy choices
The Health Benefits of Sport and Physical
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we
Activity
traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do?
Although research interest on physical activity and
health dates back to the 1950s, the breakthrough in
By Telegraph View
the scientific evidence on health benefits of physical
22 Aug 2014
activity largely took place during the 1980s and 1990s.
There is an overwhelming amount of scientific
evidence on the positive effects of sport and physical
activity as part of a healthy lifestyle. The positive,
direct effects of engaging in regular physical activity
are particularly apparent in the prevention of several
chronic diseases, including: cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression
and osteoporosis.

Sport and Physical Activity as part of a Healthy

Lifestyle
A number of factors influence the way in which sport
and physical activity impact on health in different
populations. Sport and physical activity in itself may
not directly lead to benefits but, in combination with Every new piece of information about Britain’s
other factors, can promote healthy lifestyles. Elements weight problem makes for ever more depressing
that may be determinants on health include nutrition, reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public
intensity and type of physical activity, appropriate Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six
footwear and clothing, climate, injury, stress levels and million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course,
sleep patterns. many people develop
diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s
Disponível em: research concludes that if the levels of obesity
<http://www.sportanddev.org/en/learnmore/sport_an returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people
d_health/the_health_benefits_of_sport_and_physical_a would suffer from the condition.
ctivity/>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2016. (Adaptado). Given that fighting diabetes already drains the
National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5
million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England, the
4. Considerando-se os aspectos linguísticos e impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from
estruturais do texto, tem-se o seguinte: unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. 1Bad health
a) O termo destacado em “Although research interest not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest
on physical activity…” expressa adição e inclusão de of the community.
uma ideia. Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The
tougher question is what to do about reducing
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LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA

waistlines in a country where we things that didn’t matter that much — times when you
traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do. could be a true fan of the Manchester United soccer
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not team when you didn’t come from the city of
ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless Manchester?
legislation and nannying. 2Rather, he is keen to How things have changed.
promote choices – making the case passionately that Now disagreements feel deadly serious. Like when
people should be encouraged to embrace good health. your colleague pronounces that wearing a face mask in
One of his suggestions is that parents feed their public is a threat to his liberty. Or when you see that
children from smaller plates. That way the child can one of your friends has just tweeted that, actually, all
clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually lives matter. Before you know it, you’re feeling angry
consuming too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted and forming harsh new judgments about your
in common sense. colleagues and friends. Let’s take a collective pause
and breathe: there are some ways we can all try to
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.) have more civil disagreements in this febrile age of
culture wars.

5. No trecho do segundo parágrafo (ref. 1), “Bad 1. ‘Coupling’ and ‘decoupling’

health not only impacts on the individual but also on The first is to consider how inclined people are to
the rest of the community”, a expressão “not only … ‘couple’ or ‘decouple’ topics involving wider political
but also” indica uma ideia de and social factors. Swedish data analyst John Nerst
a) negação. has used the terms to describe the contrasting ways in
b) comparação. which people approach contentious issues. Those of us
c) alternativa. more inclined to ‘couple’ see them as inextricably
d) inclusão. related to a broader matrix of factors, whereas those
e) contraste. more predisposed to ‘decouple’ prefer to consider an
issue in isolation. To take a crude example, a
6. No trecho do quarto parágrafo (ref. 2), “Rather, decoupler might consider in isolation the question of
he is keen to promote choices”, o termo em destaque whether a vaccine provides a degree of immunity to a
equivale, em português, a virus; a coupler, by contrast, would immediately see
a) por sinal. the issue as inextricably entangled in a mesh of
b) mesmo assim. factors, such as pharmaceutical industry power and
c) pelo contrário. parental choice.
d) via de regra.
e) além disso. 2. ______________________
Most of us are deeply committed to our beliefs,
7. Analyse the sentences: especially concerning moral and social issues, such
that when we’re presented with facts that contradict
I. – Nobody remembered to turn off the light, did our beliefs, we often choose to dismiss those facts,
they? rather than update our beliefs.
II. And Peter's father said: A study at Arizona State University, U.S., analysed
– Son, like your father, I'll help you as much as I more than 100,000 comments on a forum where users
can. post their views on an issue and invite others to
III. I've stopped to buy the newspaper everyday to try persuade them to change their mind. The researchers
to save money. found that regardless of the kind of topic, people were
IV. She's getting used to drive on the right. more likely to change their mind when confronted with
V. Despite of the bad weather, there was a large more evidence-based arguments. “Our work may
crowd at the match. suggest that while attitude change is hard-won,
VI. I've visited Russia for the first time in 2006. providing facts, statistics and citations for one’s
arguments can convince people to change their
Now, mark the correct alternative. minds,” they concluded.
a) Only I is grammatically correct.
b) I, III and IV are grammatically correct. 3. Just be nicer?
c) I, II, V and VI are grammatically correct. Finally, it’s easier said than done, but let’s all try to
d) I, II, III, IV, V and VI are grammatically incorrect. be more respectful of and attentive to each other’s
positions. We should do this not just for virtuous
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: reasons, but because the more we create that kind of
Remember the good old days, when you could have a climate, the more open-minded and intellectually
a heated-yet-enjoyable debate with your friends about flexible we will all be inclined to be. And then
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PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA

hopefully, collectively, we can start having country’s geographic isolation and partly because of
more constructive disagreements — even in our the “linguistic loyalty” of its people. “The indigenous
present very difficult times. people refused to learn Spanish,” he said. “The
imperial governors had to learn to speak Guaraní.” But
(Christian Jarrett. www.bbc.com, 14.10.2020. while it remains under pressure from Spanish,
Adaptado.) Paraguayan Guaraní is itself part of the threat looming
over the country’s other indigenous languages.
Paraguay’s 19 surviving indigenous groups each have
8. No trecho do quarto parágrafo “whereas those their own tongue, but six of them are listed by Unesco
more predisposed to ‘decouple’ prefer to consider an as severely or critically endangered.
issue in isolation”, o termo sublinhado introduz The benefits of speaking the country’s two official
a) uma explicação. languages were clear. Spanish remains the language of
b) um exemplo. government, and Paraguayan Guaraní is widely spoken
c) um contraste. in rural areas, where it is a key requisite for many
d) uma condição. jobs. But the value of maintaining other tongues was
e) uma consequência. incalculable, said Alba Eiragi Duarte, a poet from the
Ava Guaraní people. “Our culture is transmitted
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: through our own language: culture is language. When
“Culture is language”: why an indigenous we love our language, we love ourselves.”
tongue is thriving in Paraguay
(William Costa. www.theguardian.com, 03.09.2020.
Adaptado.)

9. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “And unlike other

widely spoken native tongues”, o termo sublinhado
expressa
a) equivalência.
b) conclusão.
c) contraste.
d) motivação.
e) preferência.

TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:

THE POWER OF METAPHORS
On a hillside monument in Asunción, a statue of the
mythologized indigenous chief Lambaré stands Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be.
alongside other great leaders from Paraguayan history. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are
The other historical heroes on display are of mixed increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in
ancestry, but the idea of a noble indigenous heritage is the past three years. What should city officials do
strong in Paraguay, and – uniquely in the Americas – about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and
can be expressed by most of the country’s people in an lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or
indigenous language: Paraguayan Guaraní. “Guaraní is design programs that promise more peace by
our culture – it’s where our roots are,” said Tomasa addressing issues like a faltering economy and
Cabral, a market vendor in the city. underperforming schools?
Elsewhere in the Americas, European colonial Your answer – and the reasoning behind it –
languages are pushing native languages towards can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the
extinction, but Paraguayan Guaraní – a language problem, according to new research by Stanford
descended from several indigenous tongues – remains psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with
one of the main languages of 70% of the country’s just one word, they say.
population. And unlike other widely spoken native
tongues – such as Quechua, Aymara or the Mayan Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and
languages – it is overwhelmingly spoken by non- doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about
indigenous people. how subtle cues and common figures of speech can
Miguel Verón, a linguist and member of the frame approaches to difficult problems. “Some
Academy of the Guaraní Language, said the language estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we
had survived partly because of the landlocked encounter is a metaphor”, said Thibodeau, the study’s
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lead author. “But 1we didn’t know the Cerrado

extent to which these metaphors influence people”.
In five experiments, 2test subjects were asked
to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in
the fictional city of Addison and answer questions
about the city. The researchers gauged how people
answered these questions in light of how crime was
described – as a beast or a virus.
They found the test subjects’ proposed
solutions differed a great deal depending on the
metaphor they were exposed to. The results have
shown that people will likely support an increase in
police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is Located between the Amazon, Atlantic Forests
described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if and Pantanal, the Cerrado is the largest savanna
people are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they region in South America.
are more inclined to treat the problem with social The Cerrado is one of the most threatened and
reform. According to Boroditsky: “People like to think overexploited regions in Brazil, second only to the
they’re objective. They want to believe they’re logical. Atlantic Forests in vegetation loss and deforestation.
But they’re really being swayed by metaphors”. Unsustainable agricultural activities, particularly soy
To get a sense of how much the metaphor production and cattle ranching, as well as burning of
really mattered, the researchers also examined what vegetation for charcoal, continue to pose a major
role political persuasions play in people’s approach to threat to the Cerrado’s biodiversity. Despite its
reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans environmental importance, it is one of the least
would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate protected regions in Brazil.
criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting
social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 Facts & Figures
percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based - Covering 2 million km2 , or 21% of the country’s
solution.
territory, the Cerrado is the second largest vegetation
“We can’t talk about any complex situation –
type in Brazil.
like crime – without using metaphors”, said Boroditsky.
3 - The area is equivalent to the size of England, France,
“Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They
Germany, Italy and Spain combined.
shape the conversation for things we’re trying to
- More than 1,600 species of mammals, birds and
explain and figure out. And they have consequences
for determining what we decide is the right approach reptiles have been identified in the Cerrado.
to solving problems”. - Annual rainfall is around 800 to 1600 mm.
While their research focused on attitudes - The capital of Brazil, Brasilia, is located in the heart
about crime, their findings can be used to understand of the Cerrado.
the implications of how a casual or calculated turn of - Only 20% of the Cerrado’s original vegetation
phrase can influence debates and change minds. remains intact; less than 3% of the area is currently
guarded by law.
Adaptado de news.stanford.edu.
(http://wwf.panda.org. Adaptado.)

10. M etaphors aren’t just used for flow ery

speech. They shape the conversation for things
w e’re trying to explain and figure out. (ref. 3)

In order to clarify the meaning relation between the

two sentences above, the following word can be
inserted in the underlined one:
a) also
b) rather
c) hardly
d) already

TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:

Leia o texto e analise os dois mapas para responder
à(s) questão(ões) a seguir.
 TEOREMA MILITAR
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Tate Modern – London

Hélio Oiticica
Until Summer 2019

Tropicália

Tropicália is used to describe the explosion of

cultural creativity in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in
1968 as Brazil’s military regime tightened its grip on
power.
Many of the artists, writers and musicians
associated with Tropicália came of age during the
1950s in a time of intense optimism when the cultural
world had been encouraged to play a central role in
the creation of a democratic, socially just and modern
Brazil. Nevertheless, a military coup in 1964 had
brought to power a right-wing regime at odds with the
concerns of left-wing artists. Tropicália became a way
of exposing the contradictions of modernisation under
such an authoritarian rule.
The word Tropicália comes from an installation
by the artist Hélio Oiticica, who created environments
that were designed to encourage the viewer’s
emotional and intellectual participation. Oiticica called
them “penetrables” because people were originally
encouraged to enter them. They mimic the improvised,
11. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Despite its colourful dwellings in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas, or
environmental importance”, o termo sublinhado shanty towns. The lush plants and sand help to convey
equivale, em português, a a sense of the tropical character of the city. When
a) desde que. Oiticica exhibited the work, he also included live
b) de acordo com. parrots.
c) devido a. From its beginning, Tropicália was seen as a
d) apesar de. re-articulation of Anthropophagia (“cannibalism”), an
e) além de. artistic ideology promoted by Oswald de Andrade.

(www.tate.org.uk. Adaptado.)
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Leia o texto sobre uma exposição no museu Tate
Modern, em Londres, para responder à(s)
questão(ões) a seguir.
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12. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Nevertheless, a 13. No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “But there is
military coup in 1964”, o termo sublinhado indica another reason for us to rethink our relationships with
a) contraste. our devices”, o termo sublinhado introduz uma
b) consequência. a) oposição.
c) opinião. b) conclusão.
d) aprovação. c) exclusão.
e) alternativa. d) adição.
e) explicação.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
Leia o texto para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir. 14. Read the text and answer question.

An increasing body of evidence suggests that the time Dear Mary,

we spend on our smartphones is interfering with our My younger sister just told us she’s been accepted to
sleep, self-esteem, relationships, memory, attention her first choice university. Lee is very intelligent. She
spans, creativity, productivity and problem-solving and will be the first person in our family to go to college. I
decision-making skills. But there is another reason for got good grades in high school, too, but when I
us to rethink our relationships with our devices. By graduated I went into the family business __________
chronically raising levels of cortisol, the body’s main going to college. I enjoy my new career, I’m sure that
stress hormone, our phones may be threatening our I’ve learned a lot of new things.
health and shortening our lives. With love, Lincon

If they happened only occasionally, phone-induced

cortisol spikes might not matter. But the average Fill in the blank with the option that best completes the
American spends four hours a day staring at their text.
smartphone and keeps it within arm’s reach nearly all a) as soon as
the time, according to a tracking app called Moment. b) instead of
c) still
“Your cortisol levels are elevated when your phone is d) yet
in sight or nearby, or when you hear it or even think
you hear it,” says David Greenfield, professor of clinical TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
psychiatry at the University of Connecticut School of Leia o texto para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir.
Medicine and founder of the Center for Internet and
Technology Addiction. “It’s a stress response, and it
feels unpleasant, and the body’s natural response is to
want to check the phone to make the stress go away.”

But while doing so might soothe you for a second, it

probably will make things worse in the long run. Any
time you check your phone, you’re likely to find
something else stressful waiting for you, leading to
another spike in cortisol and another craving to check
your phone to make your anxiety go away. This cycle,
when continuously reinforced, leads to chronically Prescriptions for fighting epidemics
elevated cortisol levels. And chronically elevated
cortisol levels have been tied to an increased risk of Epidemics have plagued humanity since the
serious health problems, including depression, obesity, dawn of settled life. Yet, success in conquering them
metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, fertility issues, remains patchy. Experts predict that a global one that
high blood pressure, heart attack, dementia and could kill more than 300 million people would come
stroke. round in the next 20 to 40 years. What pathogen
would cause it is anybody’s guess. Chances are that it
(Catherine Price. www.nytimes.com, 24.04.2019. will be a virus that lurks in birds or mammals, or one
Adaptado.) that that has not yet hatched. The scariest are both
highly lethal and spread easily among humans.
Thankfully, bugs that excel at the first tend to be weak
at the other. But mutations – ordinary business for
germs – can change that in a blink. Moreover, when
humans get too close to beasts, either wild or packed
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in farms, an animal disease can become a to be reminded of the rules and regulations on a
human one. routine basis”.
A front-runner for global pandemics is the Teams of inspectors will observe and review the
seasonal influenza virus, which mutates so much that a procedures of commanders and their staffs. The
vaccine must be custom-made every year. The Spanish inspections will not be punitive, but will provide a
flu pandemic of 1918, which killed 50 million to 100 “periodic opportunity for general officers to understand
million people, was a potent version of the “swine flu” whether, from an institutional perspective, we think
that emerged in 2009. The H5N1 “avian flu” strain, they are inside or outside the white lines”, he said. In
deadly in 60% of cases, came about in the 1990s addition, new programs will be instituted to ensure
when a virus that sickened birds made the jump to a that a commander’s staff, and a spouse, are fully
human. Ebola, HIV and Zika took a similar route. aware of military regulations.
“In my 39 years in the military, I have learned that
(www.economist.com, 08.02.2018. Adaptado.) you are not a profession just because you say you are.
You have to earn it and re-earn it and re-evaluate it
from time to time”, General Dempsey said.
15. No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “Moreover, when
humans get too close to beasts”, o termo sublinhado Adapted from www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/us
indica
a) acréscimo.
b) decorrência. 16. In the sentence “Conversely, you can have...”
c) comparação. (ref. 2), the word conversely indicates
d) condição. that the two situations described in the paragraph
e) finalidade. a) have similar elements.
b) have opposite elements.
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: c) have identical elements.
Military Officers Face a New Evaluation d) have chronological elements.
e) have unbelievable elements.
Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, is leading important changes following TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
recent scandals involving high-ranking officers. This is The following text refers to question(s)
part of training and development programs for
generals and admirals. They will include new courses LAUGHING ALL THE WAY
to train the security detail, executive staffs and even
the spouses of senior officers. Understanding jokes is part of the process of
Saying 1he was disturbed about the misconduct native language acquisition, and jokes are part of the
issues, General Dempsey said that evaluations of top charm that belongs to any language. Learning to
officers needed to go beyond the traditional understand jokes in a new language is both a cause,
assessment of professional performance by superior and a consequence, of language proficiency (Cook
officers alone. He said that he had decided the 2000).
changes were necessary “to assess both competence The most obvious benefit of understanding
and character in a richer way”. jokes is that it can help students feel more comfortable
“You can have someone of incredible character who in their new language. A shared moment of humor
can’t lead their way out of a forward operating base lowers the affective filter, that invisible barrier that
because they don’t have the competence to makes learners feel awkward and uncomfortable. A
understand the application of military power, and that low affective filter is one of the cornerstones of
doesn’t do me any good”, General Dempsey said. successfully learning a new language (Krashen 1982).
“2Conversely, you can have someone who is intensely If a class can laugh together, they are likely to learn
competent in the skills of the profession, but doesn’t better together, too. Jokes based on wordplay have
live a life of character. And that doesn’t do me any additional benefits because they build metalinguistic
good.” awareness, or conscious awareness of the forms of
General Dempsey said that regular professional language, and this, ___( I )___, helps in learning
reviews would be transformed from top-down more language (Ely and McCabe 1994; Zipke 2008;
assessments to the kind of “360-degree performance Lems 2011). In particular, metalinguistic awareness
evaluation”, which includes feedback from boots reading comprehension and encourages higher-
subordinates, peers and superiors. For the new order thinking.
training programs, he said that while it may be ___( II )___ native speakers need to access
impossible to prevent infractions, “most officers need a great deal of linguistic information and background
knowledge to “get” a joke (Aarons 2012). At the same
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time, jokes that are based on wordplay in amplify uncertainty. Because the other side of
another language can be really hard to understand uncertainty is opportunity.
because they need to be processed very quickly. In a Nothing great was ever created by waiting around for
social setting where everyone is standing around someone to tell you it’s all going to be okay or for
chatting, understanding a joke that comes up may perfect information to drop from the sky. Doesn’t
seem like a high-stakes test. Not understanding a joke happen that way. Great work requires you to act in the
in this situation can make someone feel like an face of uncertainty, to live in the question long enough
outsider and create a sense of isolation. ___( III for your true potential to emerge. There is no
)___, an important part of learning a new language is alternative.
learning to enjoy its jokes. 1When you find the strength to act in the face of
uncertainty, you till the soil of genius.
Puns: A special form of joke 2Problem is, that kills most people. It leads to unease,
anxiety, fear and doubt on a level that snuffs out most
Puns are a special form of humor based on genuinely meaningful and potentially revolutionary
double meanings. Puns are sometimes nicknamed “the endeavors before they even see the light of day. Not
lowest form of humor” and often greeted with groans, because they wouldn’t have succeeded, but because
but in fact, the language knowledge needed to you never equipped yourself to 8handle and even
understand a pun is very sophisticated (Pollack harness the emotional energy of the journey.
2011).___( IV )__ they require processing the sound But, what if it didn’t have to be that way?
and meaning of words twice, puns demand What if there was a way to turn the fear, anxiety and
considerable language agility. __( V )__ humor based self-doubt that rides along with acting in the face of
on sight gags, funny facial expressions, or amusing uncertainty—4the head-to-toe butterflies—into fuel for
visual arrangements, the humor of pun is based on brilliance?
10
language play. Turns out, there is. 3Your ability to lean into the
unknown isn’t so much about luck or genetics, rather
ENGLISH TEACHING FORUM – VOLUME 51 NUMBER 1 it’s something entirely trainable. I’ve spent the past
2013 few years interviewing world-class creators across a
wide range of fields and 9pouring over research that
spans neuroscience, decision-theory, psychology,
17. The words that properly fill in blanks I, II, III, creativity and business.
IV and V, in the text, are Through this work, a collection of patterns, practices
a) even so / further / in spite of all / consequently / and strategies have emerged that not only turbocharge
then insight, creativity, innovation and problem-solving, but
b) next / although / then / since / different from also help ameliorate so much of the suffering so often
c) for that / basically / from my view / then / thus associated with the pursuit of any creative quest.
d) despite / so / after all / as / unfortunately
e) in turn / even / for all these reasons / because / Fonte: http://zenhabits.net/fearfuel. Acesso em
unlike 07/12/2011. Texto adaptado.

TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:

5 Ways To Turn Fear Into Fuel 18. Escolha a opção que apresenta a mesma ideia da
afirmação a seguir: “Your ability to lean into the
Editor’s note: This is a guest post from Jonathan unknown isn’t so much about luck or genetics,
Fields, author of Uncertainty: Turning Fear and Doubt rather it’s something entirely trainable” (ref. 3).
Into Fuel for Brilliance. a) Your ability to deal with the unknown isn’t a matter
of genetics but luck.
Uncertainty. It’s a terrifying word. b) Your ability to deal with the unknown has nothing to
Living with it, dangling over your head like the sword do with genetics or luck but training.
of Damocles, 5day in day out, is enough to send c) Your ability to deal with the unknown rather than
anyone spiraling into a state of anxiety, fear and being simply about genetics is equally a matter of
paralysis. luck and training.
11
Like it or not, though, uncertainty is the new normal. d) Your ability to deal with the unknown, instead of
We live in a time where the world is in a state of being simply a matter of luck and genetics, is mainly
constant, long-term flux. And, that’s not all. If you something trainable.
want to spend your time on the planet not just e) Your ability to deal with the unknown, instead of
6
getting-by, but consistently creating art, experiences, being entirely trainable, is mainly a matter of luck
businesses and lives that truly matter, you’ll need to and genetics.
proactively 7seek out, invite and even deliberately
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TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: consist largely of euphemism. 6He insisted that, in
What’s in a name? politics, 7these euphemisms are “swindles” and
The trouble with lingo “perversions” left deliberately vague in order to
mislead. Deliberate or not, 12“clean coal” is one of
Remember the campaign in New York for these. Aside from being a contradiction in terms, the
garbage collectors to be called sanitation engineers? name is misleading, creating the impression of the
Near the top of the strike’s agenda was the existence of a new type of coal. In fact, it is 13ordinary
matter of getting the respect due to the people doing coal which has been treated to “eliminate” most of its
such essential work. Unfortunately, the new destructive by-products, which are then buried. The
euphemistic title clarified nothing about the work and whole process produces emissions. 5This, though, isn’t
by now is either simply not heard for what it means, or clear when it is simply labelled “clean coal”. The term
is used in moments of gentle disdain. 10A clearer term just doesn’t seem sincere. 9It’s a red rag to any green.
may have both generated the respect desired and It’s not asking too much to expect the term describing
withstood the test of time. these procedures to be more accurate. A clearer term
Clarity and sincerity matter. Terms which would be less provocative.
mislead, confuse or cause offence can become a 1So, what’s in a name? A lot. There’s the
distraction from the real content of public debate. In possibility of confusion, prejudice, perversions and
the search for consensus, 2since public understanding swindles. For the sake of fair debate, let’s mean what
is harder to change than terminology, changing the we say and say what we mean.
terminology might be a better place to start. No
additional prejudice or emotion should be brought to a * Coal: carvão
debate by the terminology used in it. Here are two
examples. SEEARGH MACAULAY
www.londongrip.com
Genetic Engineering and Genetic Modification
Despite the insistence of biotech scientists that
genes of completely different species are no longer 19. The logical relationship between clauses
being mixed, the message isn’t being heard. They establishes different notions. An example which
insist that they are now involved only in developments expresses the notion of concession is indicated in:
which simply hasten the natural processes of selective a) since public understanding is harder to change than
and cross breeding or cross pollination. As farmers and terminology, (ref. 2)
horticulturists have been doing exactly this, b) If this new term was intended to be clear, (ref. 3)
unquestioned, for years, they cannot understand public c) because so much political speech involves defending
resistance. the indefensible, (ref. 4)
The problem may well be the terminology. In d) This, though, isn’t clear when it is simply labelled
this context, the words “scientific” or “genetic” have “clean coal”. (ref. 5)
been irreparably sullied. If “genetic engineering” has,
in the public’s view, become synonymous with the TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO:
indiscriminate mixing of genes, and if the softer label New Worries About Sleeping Pills
“genetically modified” hasn’t been able to shake off a
perception of sinister overtones, these terms might as
well be dropped – or left attached only to experiments
in Dr. Frankenstein’s laboratory.
Ideally, a new agricultural term would leave
out the word “genetic” altogether: it seems to frighten
the public. Assuming it described science’s benign
genetic activities accurately, 8the term “productivity
breeding” is not a trivial call for a euphemism; besides,
it would probably encounter less public opposition.
So, let’s have new terms for selective cross
breeding by scientists who simply speed up the same
process that is carried out in nature.

Clean coal*
3
If this new term was intended to be clear, it hasn’t
worked.
In “Politics and the English Language” (1946), Talk about sleepless nights.
George Orwell wrote that 4because so much political
speech involves defending the indefensible, 11it has to
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Patients taking prescription sleep aids on a or more to fall asleep,” said Dr. Woloshin, who is
regular basis were nearly five times as likely as non- advocating for new labeling that spells out how well a
users to die over a period of two and a half years, drug actually works compared with a placebo. “But
according to a recent study. Even those prescribed even when the drugs work better than placebos, and
fewer than 20 pills a year were at risk, the researchers they don’t always, people still don’t fall asleep in less
found; heavy users also were more likely to develop than 30 minutes, and they still don’t sleep much longer
cancer. than six hours.”

Unsurprisingly, the findings, published online in the March 12, 2012 / www.nytimes.com
journal BMJ, have caused a quite a stir. Americans
filled some 60 million prescriptions for sleeping pills
last year, up from 47 million in 2006, according to IMS 20. The underlined word “still” in “Still, the findings
Health, a health care services company. Panicked underscore concern about the exploding use of
patients have been calling doctors’ offices seeking sleeping pills.” could be replaced, without changing its
reassurance; some others simply quit the pills cold meaning, by:
turkey. a) yet
b) owing to
Some experts were quick to point out the study’s c) so that
shortcomings. The analysis did not prove that sleeping d) regardless of
pills cause death, critics noted, only that there may be e) furthermore
a correlation between the two. And while the authors
suggested the sleeping pills were a factor in the
deaths, those who use sleep aids tend as a group to
be sicker than those who don’t use them. The deaths
may simply be a reflection of poorer health.

Still, the findings underscore concern about the

exploding use of sleeping pills. Experts say that many
patients, especially the elderly, should exercise more
caution when using sleep medications, including the
non-benzodiazepine hypnotics so popular today, like
zolpidem (brand name Ambien), eszopiclone (Lunesta)
and zaleplon (Sonata).

“If someone comes to me on a sleeping pill, usually my

tactic is to try to take them off it,” said Dr. Nancy A.
Collop, president of the American Academy of Sleep
Medicine and director of the Emory Sleep Center in
Atlanta, who was an investigator in a clinical trial of
Lunesta five years ago.

The non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, on the

market since the late 1980s, are believed to be safer
and less likely to be abused than benzodiazepines or
barbiturates. But many people take them for years,
even though most are approved only for short-term
use and generally their safety and effectiveness have
not been evaluated beyond several weeks in clinical
trials. (One exception is Lunesta, which was tested for
up to six months.)

Some data suggest that the medications do not even

do what they promise all that well, said Dr. Steven
Woloshin, a professor of medicine at the Dartmouth
Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice.

“The definition of insomnia is that you get less than six

and a half hours of sleep, and it takes you 30 minutes
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[IV] Incorreta. Após a expressão “get used to”, o

Gabarito Comentado: verbo deve estar na -ING form. “She’s getting used
to driving”.
Resposta da questão 1: [V] Incorreta. A conjunção “despite” não admite o uso
[B] de “of”.
[VI] Incorreta. Pelo fato de termos uma expressão
As palavras em destaque são, respectivamente, um temporal no passado (in 2006), deve-se usar o Simple
advérbio de modo (acidentalmente) e uma conjunção Past. “I visited...”.
aditiva (e).
Resposta da questão 8:
Resposta da questão 2: [C]
[E]
A conjunção whereas (ao passo que, enquanto)
A conjunção while pode ser entendida como transmite a ideia de contraste.
enquanto, ao passo que.
Resposta da questão 9:
Resposta da questão 3: [C]
[B]
A palavra “unlike” significa “diferentemente”,
A conjunção however significa entretanto e possui transmitido assim uma ideia de contraste.
though como sua sinônima.
Resposta da questão 10:
Resposta da questão 4: [A]
[B]
A alternativa [A] está correta, pois a conjunção also
A alternativa [B] está correta, pois de fato é formada (também) é aditiva. As orações em destaque possuem
pela preposição in e pelo pronome reflexivo itself. uma ideia de adição. Tradução do trecho: “Metáforas
A expressão in itself significa em si mesmos. não são apenas usadas para embelezar o discurso.
Elas moldam a conversa para coisas que estamos
Resposta da questão 5: tentando explicar e descobrir).
[D]
Resposta da questão 11:
A expressão "not only... but also" (não só... mas [D]
também) transmite a ideia de inclusão, adição.
Tradução do trecho: "Uma saúde ruim não só tem A alternativa [D] está correta, pois a conjunção despite
impacto sobre o indivíduo, mas também sobre o resto significa apesar de.
da comunidade".
Resposta da questão 12:
Resposta da questão 6: [A]
[C]
A conjunção nevertheless significa entretanto,
A conjunção "rather" significa "ao invés", "pelo trazendo assim uma ideia de contraste.
contrário". Tradução do trecho: "Pelo contrário, ele
está animado para promover mudanças". Resposta da questão 13:
[A]
Resposta da questão 7:
[A] A alternativa [A] está correta, pois a conjunção em
destaque (mas) introduz uma ideia de oposição.
[I] Correta. Uso correto da question tag did they, por
se tratar de uma oração com ideia negativa Resposta da questão 14:
(nobody). [B]
[II] Incorreta. Ao invés da preposição “like” (ideia de
comparação), “as” (pelo fato de) deveria ter sido A alternativa [B] está correta, pois a conjunção
usado. “Filho, pelo fato de ser seu pai...”. instead of significa ao invés de. Tradução do trecho:
[III] Incorreta. Como a pessoa parou de comprar "... mas quando eu me graduei fui para os negócios da
jornais para economizar dinheiro, a oração deveria família ao invés de fazer faculdade”.
ser “I’ve stopped buying...”.
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Resposta da questão 15:

[A] A conjunção rather significa ao invés, mas sim, e
possui instead como sinônima. Além disso, a frase
A conjunção em destaque pode ser entendida como destacada pode ser traduzida da seguinte forma: “sua
"além disso', "ademais", conferindo assim uma ideia de habilidade de se debruçar sobre o desconhecido não
adição, acréscimo. depende tanto da sorte ou da genética, mas sim de
algo totalmente treinável”. Em outras palavras, a frase
Resposta da questão 16: não descarta a influência da sorte e da genética, mas
[B] sim ameniza tais fatores em face da possibilidade de
treinamento contra os aspectos negativos da
A alternativa [B] está correta, pois conversely (por ansiedade. Por esses motivos, a alternativa [D] é a
outro lado) estabelece relação de oposição. correta, pois afirma que “sua habilidade de ligar com o
desconhecido, ao invés de ser simplesmente uma
Resposta da questão 17: questão de sorte e genética, é principalmente algo
[E] treinável”. A alternativa [B] está errada porque afirma
que a habilidade de lidar com o desconhecido não tem
A alternativa [E] está correta, pois completa relação alguma (nothing to do) com a genética ou com
corretamente as lacunas. Tradução dos trechos: a sorte.

"Jokes based on wordplay have additional benefits Resposta da questão 19:

because they build metalinguistic awareness, or [D]
conscious awareness of the forms of language, and
this, in turn, helps in learning more language" (As A conjunção “though” (contudo) indica concessão, isto
piadas baseadas em jogos de palavras têm benefícios é, admite uma contradição ou um fato inesperado. A
adicionais porque elas ajudam na atenção ideia de concessão está diretamente ligada à quebra
metalinguística, ou na atenção consciente das formas de expectativa.
de linguagem e isso, por sua vez, ajuda na Comentando as incorretas:
aprendizagem de mais vocabulário). Na alternativa [A], temos a conjunção “since”, que é
explicativa.
Even native speakers need to access a great deal of Na alternativa [B], temos a conjunção “if”, que indica
linguistic information and background knowledge to condição.
“get” a joke (Até mesmo os falantes nativos precisam Na alternativa [C], temos a conjunção “because”, que
acessar uma grande quantidade de informações e de indica causa.
conhecimentos linguísticos para "pegar" uma piada).
Resposta da questão 20:
For all these reasons, an important part of learning [A]
a new language is learning to enjoy its jokes (Por
todas essas razões, uma parte importante da A palavra “still”, da maneira como está empregada na
aprendizagem de uma nova língua é aprender a frase, significa “mesmo assim” e pode ser substituída
apreciar suas piadas). por “yet” que terá o mesmo significado.

Because they require processing the sound and

meaning of words twice, puns demand considerable
language agility (Pelo fato de eles exigirem a
compreensão do som e do significado das palavras
duas vezes, os jogos de palavras demandam uma
agilidade linguística considerável).

Unlike humor based on sight gags, funny facial

expressions, or amusing visual arrangements, the
humor of pun is based on language play
(Diferentemente do humor baseado em brincadeiras
visíveis, expressões faciais engraçadas ou arranjos
visuais divertidos, o humor do jogo de palavras baseia-
se em jogos de linguagem).

Resposta da questão 18:

[D]