Fermentation Technology Answers

1. Enlist the Macronutrients required for the microorganism

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, and iron. These are also known as macro
elements or macronutrients because these elements are required in high
amounts by the microbes.
2. Which elements were added in fermentation media frequently
Macronutrients especially carbon and nitrogen
3. What is the source of Corn steep liquor?
Corn steep liquor is a by-product of corn wet-milling
4. Name any three fatty acids used as antifoam agent
olive, maize, cotton seed, linseed oil
5. Give any two advantages of hydrocarbons over carbohydrates
for their use as C source in medium.
Hydrocarbons are less expensive, they are more pure and easily
digestable
6. Which organic chelating agents use in fermentation media?
Ca, Mg, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, and Mn. 
7. Give examples of different precursors
Phenylacetic-acid, propionate, L-threonine, cyanides, anthranilic acid,
chloride
8. How inhibitors improve the concentration of desirable products?
Inhibitors increase affect cell wall structure and increase permeability for
the release of products, they help in formation of more specific product
like a intermediate in pathway.
9. What is Ccrit point of oxygen?
the specific oxygen uptake rate increases with increase in the dissolved
oxygen concentration up to a certain point (referred to as the critical
dissolved oxygen concentration, Ccrit) above which no further increase in
oxygen uptake rate occurs.
10. For a good antifoam agent which property is essential?
Less viscous, easily spreadable on the foamy surface, and possess
affinity to the air–liquid surface where it destabilizes the foam lamellas,
which rupture the air bubbles and break down the surface foam.
11. Write the equation for O2 transfer rate from air to medium
d [O2] / d t (= OTR, oxygen transfer rate) is used to calculate the
current oxygen consumption during a certain time period.
12. Define KLa
The volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) is a parameter that
determines the rate at which a gaseous compound (e.g. O2 or CO2) can
transfer between the gas phase and the liquid phase.
13. What is the difference between static and dynamic method of
gassing out
in static tenchnique, the oxygen concentration of the solution is lowered
by gassing the liquid out with nitrogen gas. This deoxygenated liqied is
then aerated and agitated and the increase in dissolved oxygen
monitored using some form of dissolved oxygen probe. In dynamic
method the culture is grown in the fermenter to lower the oxygen prior to
aeration.
14. Write the equation for O2 balance technique to determine KLa
KLa = OTR/(C* - CL)
15. Define Rheology of liquid medium
Rheology is defined as the study of the deformation and flow of a
fluid. It is an important property of a molten polymer; it relates the
viscosity with the temperature and shear rate, and is consequently linked
to polymer processability.
16. For newtanion fluid what is the flow index no.
The flow behavior index (n) indicates the degree of non-Newtonian
characteristics of the fluid. When "n" is 1 the fluid is Newtonian.
17. What is flow behaviour index?
The flow behavior index (n) indicates the degree of non-Newtonian
characteristics of the fluid. As the fluid becomes more viscous, the
consistency factors (k) increases; as a fluid becomes more shear
thinning "n" decreases. When "n" is 1 the fluid is Newtonian.
18. What is difference between solid fermentation and liquid
fermentation?
The key difference between solid state fermentation and submerged
fermentation is that solid-state fermentation involves the cultivation
of microorganisms on a solid substrate with a low moisture content while
submerged fermentation involves the cultivation of microorganisms in a
liquid medium which has more than 95% water content.

19. How precursors improvised product formation?

Precursors are defined as “substances added prior to or simultaneously
with the fermentation which are incorporated without any major change
into the molecule of the fermentation product and which generally serve
to increase the yield or improve the quality of the product”.
20. What is significance of dummy variable?
Dummy variables are useful because they enable us to use a single
regression equation to represent multiple groups. This means that
we don't need to write out separate equation models for each subgroup.
The dummy variables act like 'switches' that turn various parameters on
and off in an equation.
21. Define feedback inhibition
inhibition of an enzyme controlling an early stage of a series of
biochemical reactions by the end product when it reaches a critical
concentration.
22. Define feedback repression
Feedback repression refers to the inhibition of the enzyme by the end
product or its derivatives by inhibiting the production of the enzyme at
the genetic level.
23. Define attenuation
Attenuation regulates transcription termination at a site in the leader
region of the operon in response to changes in the extent of charging of
tRNATrp. this is observed in trp operon
24. Enlist the strategies use to select the strain resistant to
component of the media
By using analogues of repressing media
25. How microorganisms were adapted for the induced production
of primary metabolite
By extending the exponential phase along with product excretion
26. In which condition double chemostat is used for isolation of
industrially important microorganism
for the separation of biomass production from metabolite formation in
different stages, for example in production of secondary metabolites.
27. What are GILSP?
Good Industrial Large-Scale Practice
28. Enlist the factors affecting gas diffusion in media
 concentration gradient, membrane permeability, temperature, and
pressure.
29. What is mean by cryopreservative
The process of cooling and storing cells, tissues, or organs at very low or
freezing temperatures to save them for future use.
30. By which method culture preserved in its dehydrated form
lyophilization
31. Name the products recovered by supercritical extraction
Hop iols, vanilla, caffine, vegetable oil and beta carotene
32. Which method is used to preserve the cultures of actinomycets
 actinomycetes and yeasts are preserved under freeze-drying/
lyophilization or slants or in glycerol at – 80 *C.

33. What is the significance of air lift fermentor?

Air-lift fermenter is suitable to plant and mammalian cells
fermentation due to its low shear rate, protect cells from damage.
The application of air-lift fermentation is the production of monoclonal
antibodies.
34. Define GA
Gibrellic acid
35. What is Knowledge based systems?
A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a form of artificial intelligence (AI)
that aims to capture the knowledge of human experts to support
decision-making. It is used to regulate fermentation process
36. Define MCA theory
Metabolic control analysis (MCA) is a mathematical framework for
describing metabolic, signaling, and genetic pathways. MCA quantifies
how variables, such as fluxes and species concentrations, depend
on network parameters. 
37. What is function of transducers?
The transducer proteins are proteins that receive and help process
information so that proper action by the cell ensues. This article
emphasizes transducer proteins that bind ligands on the outside of
bacterial cells and, consequently, cause changes within the cell to
optimize cell survival in the particular environment.
38. What is ANN?
The artificial neural network approach based on uniform design to
optimize the fed-batch fermentation condition
39. What is the significance of amperometric transducers?
Amperometric biosensors measure the current flow between
electrodes when a redox reaction takes place.
40. When thermal transducers were used in biosensors?
In a biosensor the role of the transducer is to convert the bio-
recognition event into a measurable signal. Thermal biosensors
measures the heat energy released or absorbed in a biochemical
reaction. It can be used to measure heat released while oxidation
41. Write pillars of MCA theory
Metabolic control analysis (MCA) is a mathematical framework for
describing metabolic, signaling, and genetic pathways. MCA
quantifies how variables, such as fluxes and species concentrations,
depend on network parameters.
42. Define bottle neck reaction

43. How growing fungal biomass determined in batch culture

filamentous fungi have a “growth unit” that is replicated at a constant
rate and is composed of the hyphal apex (tip) and a short length of
supporting hypha. This is measured in hyphal mass, total length and
number of tips as dictated by the specific growth are and:
x/dt = µx dH ; dt/H, = µH ; dA/dt= µA where H is total hyphal length and
A is the number of growing tips.
44. Define yield factor (Y)
the yield factor (Y) is a measure of the efficiency of conversion of any
one substrate into biomass and it can be used to predict the substrate
concentration required to produce a certain biomass concentration.
45. What is difference between growth linked product and non
linked product
Growth linked products are formed by growing cells and hence
primary metabolites. They are formed by cells which are not metabolically active
and hence are called secondary metabolites. And non-growth linked products
are mostly secondary metabolites like antibiotic
46. Defined growth non linked product
They are formed by cells which are not metabolically active and hence
are called secondary metabolites.
47. Define growth linked product with its functions
These are those products formed simultaneously with microbial
growth. The specific rate of product formation is proportional to the
specific rate of growth. Example: production of constitutive enzyme.
They are absolutely essential for growth of organism and they are
primary metabolites
48. Write down the equation used to determine the dilution rate of
medium in continuous culture.
The flow of medium into the vessel is related to the volume of the vessel
by the term dilution rate, D, defined as:
D = F/V (2.9)
where F is the flow rate (dm3 h–1) and V is the volume (dm3).
Thus, D is expressed in the unit h–1.
The net change in cell concentration over a time period may be
expressed as:
dx/dt = growth - output
or
dx/dt = µx − Dx. (2.10)
Under steady-state conditions the cell concentration remains constant,
thus dx/dt = 0 and:
µx = Dx (2.11)
and µ = D
49. Define cyclic fed-batch culture
During this process, when the fermentation reaches the stationary phase
and there are no significant changes in the growth of the cells (either due
to substrate depletion or product inhibition), a certain amount of spent
broth from the fermenter is removed, followed by the addition of fresh
nutrient medium.
50. Give any two patterns of substrate feeding in variable fed-batch
system
1. Fixed-Volume Fed-Batch Culture
2. Variable-Volume Fed-Batch Culture
3. Repeated or cyclic fed-batch culture
4. Single fed-batch process

51. Define fixed volume fed-batch culture

 This procedure involves feeding the limiting substrate to the reactor
very concentrated so that there is no notable increase in volume.
 To achieve an almost constant culture volume, the growth-limiting
substrate must be fed in a form of concentrated liquid or gas, in
purified form by dialysis, or by way of radiation sterilization.
 A constant-volume fed-batch system has been used for
hyperthermophilic Archaebacteria cultivated under aerobic
conditions.

52. Which environmental parameters are important in scale up

temperature, pH, medium composition, agitation, inoculum concentration
and photoperiod.

53. In product recovery when centrifugation became essential

Certain feedstocks with a high density of cell debris (microbial
fermentation broth) require a primary clarification with a centrifuge
prior to, or in lieu of, depth filtration. To remove cell debris and large
aggregates, centrifugation is done
54. Define scale up
Scale-up is the process of expanding a fermentation process from a
smaller-scale fermenter, where operational and production parameters
have been studied, to a larger scale. Scale-up is perhaps one of the
hardest and most complex steps of any fermentation process for
engineers.
55. How detergents were disrupting the cell?
Detergents effectively solubilize the phospholipid cell membrane,
resulting in cell lysis. Detergents also serve to lyse the cell wall of the
present bacteria.
56. Osmotic shock is mostly used to extract what kind of product
Osmotic shock causes lysis of cell hence is employed to extract
intracellular components like enzymes
57. How steady state achieved in continuous culture
The rate of metabolic flow, or flux, is variable and subject to metabolic
demands. However, in a metabolic pathway, steady state is maintained
by balancing the rate of substrate provided by a previous step and the
rate that the substrate is converted into product, keeping substrate
concentration relatively constant.
58. What is triple point of liquid
The temperature and pressure at which a substance can exist in
equilibrium in the liquid, solid, and gaseous states. The triple point of
pure water is at 0.01°C (273.16K, 32.01°F) and 4.58 mm (611.2Pa) of
mercury and is used to calibrate thermometers. Compare critical point.
59. Deficiency of thiamine causes……………….
Beriberi is a deficiency of thiamin, more commonly known as vitamin B1.
60. Write structure of streptomycin
61. For production of inducible enzyme some substrates were
added in media known as
Inducer
62. Give any three application of organic acid
Organic acids are added frequently to foods as acidulants, flavorants, or
preservatives, inactivating or inhibiting the growth of spoilage
microorganisms as well as foodborne pathogens. Some commonly used
organic acids include acetic, lactic, citric, malic, and ascorbic.
63. What is mean by Koji?
koji fermentation—a Japanese process in which Aspergillus oryzae is
grown on cooked rice to produce a sporulating culture rich in amylases.
The harvested grain and associate fungal biomass is then used as
inoculum in the saccharifying stage of the sake brewing process—.
64. What are the limitation of using bacitracin as oral antibiotic
Bacitracin is not absorbed orally; systemic usage is associated with
the development of nephrotoxicity in addition to pain, induration,
and petechiae at the site of injection. As a result, bacitracin is most
commonly applied topically in ointments.
65. Write names of three essential amino acid
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
66. Define Installation Qualification (IQ)
Installation qualification, or IQ, is a documented verification process that
the instrument or piece of equipment has been properly delivered,
installed and configured according to standards set by the manufacturer
or by an approved installation checklist.
67. Define Operational Qualification (OQ)
Operational Qualification, or OQ, is an essential process during the
development of equipment often used by pharmaceutical companies.
OQ can simply be defined as a series of tests which ensure that
equipment and its sub-systems will operate within their specified limits
consistently and dependably.
68. Define Performance Qualification (PQ) for laboratory
instruments
Performance qualification (PQ) is a documented verification that systems
and equipment can perform effectively and reproducibly based on the
approved process method and product specification.
69. Enlist Methods of validation and calibration of equipments
Installation Qualification, Operation Qualification, and Performance
Qualification It ensures that your instrument operates properly and is
appropriate for its intended use.
70. What is documentation write its importance
Document is any written statement or proof of any activity in
pharmaceuticals. Documentations are to define the manufacturers
system of information & control, to minimize the risk of misinterpretation
& errors inherent in oral or casually written communication, to provide
unambiguous procedures to be followed to provide confirmation of
performance, to allow calculations to be checked & to allow tracing of
batch history.
71. What is Significance of Documentation
good documentation is a crucial part of quality assurance system and is
needed in almost every aspect of industry. It aims to provide high degree
of assurance that the manufacturing process or quality related activites
are carried out in the similar manner as they are planned and approved,
it ensures thee accessibility of the records or data required for validation,
review and statistical analysis. Proper record permits to keep track over
the manufacturing of particular batch, starting from receipt of raw
material to the final product release.
72. Define CGMP
Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) is a set of regulations that
was initially put forth by the FDA to ensure that business organizations,
manufacturers, and packagers of pharmaceutical products, medical
devices, blood, and certain foods proactively guarantee that their
products are effective, safe, and pure.
73. Define CGLP
Current Good Laboratory Practices
74. Write names of industrially important microorganism used for
Vit B12 Production
 Propionobacterium shermanii and Pseudomonas denitrificans
75. What are function of β- Carotene
beta-carotene converts into vitamin A (retinol). We need vitamin A for
good vision and eye health, for a strong immune system, and for healthy
skin and mucous membranes.
76. Which method is used for extraction of Riboflavin
An extraction method that used pepsin to release riboflavin was the
most efficient. The pepsin extraction method was then further optimized
using a factorial design to yield the maximum amount of riboflavin.
77. How enzymes recovered from microorganisms
Filteration, centrifugation, precipitation, chromatography
78. Write streptomycin’s mode of action
It works by blocking the ability of 30S ribosomal subunits to make
proteins. During streptomycin inhibition of translation of phage
mRNA the peptidyl-tRNA is blocked in the ribosome P site. The binding
of both aminoacyl-tRNA and peptidyl-tRNA to the ribosomal A site is
impaired.
79. What are functions of vit B12
 vitamins that serves as a co-factor on DNA synthesis, amino acid
metabolism and synthesis of fatty acids. It primarily aims towards the
healthy functioning and development of the brain owing to its part in the
synthesis of myelin, boosting the immune system and maturation of red
blood cells in the bone marrow.
80. Write applications of Microbial enzymes
 Glucoamylases find wide range of applications in food industry, such
as for the production of high-glucose syrups and high-fructose syrups.
Proteases  Glucoamylases find wide range of applications in food
industry, such as for the production of high-glucose syrups and high-
fructose syrups.
Lipases can improve the characteristic flavour of cheese by acting on
the milk fats to produce free fatty acids after hydrolysis
Cellulases are used with other enzymes for efficient olive oil
extraction. The main advantages of using these enzymes are improved
maceration, better colour development, must clarification and finally
wine stability and quality
81. What are gibberellins
Gibberellins are the plant growth regulators involved in regulating the
growth and influencing different developmental processes which include
stem elongation, germination, flowering, enzyme induction, etc
82. Which microorganism produced industrial scale gibberellins
Gibberella fujikuroi
83. What are basic functions of Riboflavin
Riboflavin is required for conversion of folate to the active form. 
84. What are types of bacitracin

85. What are application of surfactant

reduces surface tension of a liquid (reduces the work needed to create
the foam) or increases its colloidal stability by inhibiting coalescence of
bubbles hence is used as antifoam agent
86. Deficiency of vit A can cause ...........
Night blindness
87. What is apparent viscosity?
Apparent, or shear, viscosity refers to the relationship between viscosity
and shear rate. In Newtonian fluids, this value doesn't change, but with
non-Newtonian fluids, apparent viscosity is directly affected by the shear
rate. It can be calculated by dividing shear stress by shear rate.
88. Define turbidostat
Turbidostat is the other type of continuous culture in which a constant
turbidity is maintained within the culture. The turbidostat provides
selection on maximal growth rate while simultaneously maintaining other
conditions constant.
89. Change in permeability can be used to
improve............................... metabolites
primary
90. What is summation theorem?
It is the sum of all the control coefficients for flux (summation theorem for
flux control coefficients) and for metabolite concentrations (summation
theorem for concentration control coefficients).