ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

Basic Electronics for Mechanical Engineers

ACTIVITY 3: Rectification

3.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

a. ability to apply knowledge of mathematics and science to solve engineering problems
b. ability to design and conduct fieldworks, as well as to analyze and interpret data
c. ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

3.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

At the end of this activity, the student shall be able to:
a. identify the output waveform of a half-wave signal
b. calculate the rectified half-wave signal’s DC level
c. evaluate the precision of the experiment conducted

3.3 Objectives of the Activity

The objective of this activity is to:
a. be familiar with half-wave rectification

3.4 Principle of the Activity

The primary function of half-wave and full-wave rectification systems is to establish a

DC level from a sinusoidal input signal that has zero average (DC) level.
The half-wave signal of Fig. 3.1 normally established by network with a single diode has
an average or equivalent DC level equal to 31.8% of the peak value Vm. That is,

(3.1)

The full-wave rectified signal of Fig. 3.2 has twice the average or DC level of the half-
wave signal, or 63.6% of the peak value, Vm. That is,

(3.2)

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 1

 For the large sinusoidal inputs (Vm VT) the forward-biased transition voltage of a
diode can be ignored. However, for situations when the peak value of the sinusoidal signal is not
that much greater than VT, VT can have a noticeable effect on VDC.
In rectification systems, the peak inverse voltage (PIV) or Zener breakdown voltage
parameter must be considered carefully. For typical single-diode half-wave rectification systems,
the required PIV level is equal to the peak value of the applied sinusoidal signal. For the four-
diode full-wave bridge rectification system, the required PIV level is again the peak value, but
for a two-diode center-tapped configuration, it is twice the peak value of the applied signal. The
PIV voltage is the maximum reverse-bias voltage that a diode can handle before entering the
Zener breakdown region.

3.5 Materials/Equipment

Instruments:
1 unit Oscilloscope
1 unit DMM

Components:
Resistors:
2 pieces 2.2 kΩ

Diodes:
2 pieces Silicon

Supplies:
1 unit Function generator

3.6 Circuit Diagrams / Figures / Source Codes (if Applicable)

Figure 3.1 Half-wave signal Figure 3.2 Full-wave signal

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 2

 Figure 3.3 Half-wave rectifier

Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.8

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 3

 Table 2.4

Figure 3.11

3.7 Procedure/s

Part 1. Threshold Voltage

Choose one of the silicon diodes and determine the threshold voltage, VT, using the
diode-checking capability of the DMM or a curve tracer.

VT = 0.652 V

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 4

Part 2. Half-Wave Rectification

a. Construct the circuit of Fig. 3.3 using the chosen diode of Part 1. Record the measured
value of the resistance. Set the function generator to a 1000-Hz 8 Vp-p sinusoidal voltage
using the oscilloscope.

Rmeasure: 227.157 MOhm

b. The sinusoidal input (e) of Fig. 3.3 has been plotted on the screen of Fig. 3.4. Determine
the chosen vertical and horizontal sensitivities. Note that the horizontal axis is the 0 V
line.
Vertical sensitivity = 5 V/division
Horizontal sensitivity = 500 us/div

c. Using the threshold voltage of Part 1 determine the theoretical output Vo for Fig. 3.3 and
sketch the waveform on Fig. 3.5 for one full cycle using the same sensitivities employed
in Part 2 (b). Indicate the maximum and minimum values on the output waveform.

Minimum = 0 V
Maximum = 3.348 V

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 5

 d. Using the oscilloscope with the AC-GND-DC coupling switch in the DC position, obtain
the voltage Vo and sketch the waveform on Fig. 3.6. Before viewing vo be sure to set the
vo = 0 V line using the GND position of the coupling switch. Use the same sensitivities as
in part 2(b).
Vo = 3.441 V

e. Calculate the DC level of the half-wave rectified signal of step 2(d). Assume the positive
pulse of the waveform encompasses one-half the period of the input waveform when
using Eq. 3.1.

VDC(Calculated) = 0.318 * 4 = 1.272 V

f. Measure the DC level of vo using the DC scale of the DMM and find the percent
difference between the measured value and the calculated value of Part 2(e) using the
following equation:

VDC(measured) = 1.022 V
%Difference = 19.65 %

g. Switch the AC-GNC-DC coupling switch to the AC position. What is the effect on the
output signal vo? Does it appear that the area under the curve above the zero axis equals
the area under the curve below the zero axis? Discuss the effect of the AC position on
waveforms that have an average value over one full cycle.

When the AC-GND-DC coupling is switched to the AC position, the output signal Vo has
been decreased by the value of DC voltage, thus making its output waveform to move down.

h. Reverse the diode of Fig. 3.3 and sketch the output waveform obtained using the
oscilloscope on Fig. 3.7. Be sure the coupling switch is in the DC position and the vo = 0
V line is preset using the GND position. Include the maximum and minimum voltage
levels on the plot as determined using the chosen vertical sensitivity.

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 6

 Minimum = 0.008 V
Maximum = -3.408 V

i. Calculate and measure the DC level of the resulting waveform of Fig. 3.7. Insert the
proper sign for the polarity of VDC as defined by Fig. 3.3. Assume the positive pulse of
the waveform encompasses one-half the period of the input waveform when using Eq.
3.1.

VDC(calculated) = -1.272 V
VDC(measured) = -1.021 V

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 7

Part 3.Half-Wave Rectification (continued)

a. Construct the network of Fig. 3.8. Record the measured value of the resistor R.

e = 4sin(2π(1000)) = 1.1571 V
Rmeasure = 30.584 MOhm

b. Using the threshold voltage of Part 1 determine the theoretical output voltage vo for the
Fig. 3.8 and sketch the waveform on Fig. 3.9 for one full cycle using the same
sensitivities employed in part 2(b). Indicate the maximum and minimum values on the
output waveform.
VT = 0.652 V
Vo = 2.4 – 0.652 = 1.488
Minimum = -0.81 V
Maximum = 1.33 V

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 8

 c. Using the oscilloscope with the coupling switch in the DC position obtain the voltage vo
and sketch the waveform on Fig. 3.10. Before viewing vo be sure to set the v o = 0V line
using the GND position of the coupling switch. Use the same sensitivities as in Part 3(b).

d. What is the most noticeable difference between the waveform of Fig. 3.10 and that
obtained in Part 2(h)? Why did the difference occur?

The most noticeable difference between the waveform of Fig. 2.9 and that obtained in Part 2(h) is
that the former s positive biased while the latter is negative biased.

e. Calculate the DC level of the waveform of Fig. 3.10 using the following equation:

VDC(calculated) = 0.368 V

f. Measure the output DC voltage with the DC scale of the DMM and calculate the percent
difference using the same equation appearing in Part 2(f).

VDC(measured) = 0.306 V
%Difference = 16.84 %

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 9

Part 4. Half-Wave Rectification (continued)

a. Using the network of Fig. 3.11. Record the measured value of each resistor.

R1 = 7.517 MOhm
R2 = 7.46 MOhm

b. Using the measured resistor values and VT from Part 1, forecast the appearance of the
output waveform vo and sketch the result on Fig. 3.12. Use the same sensitivities
employed in Part 2(b) and insert the maximum and minimum values of the waveform.
Minimum = -0.55 V
Maximum = 0.74 V
c. Using the oscilloscope with the coupling switch in the DC position obtain the waveform
for vo and record on Fig. 3.13. Again be sure to preset the vo = 0 V line using the GND

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 10

 position of the coupling switch before viewing the waveform. Using the chosen
sensitivities determine the maximum and minimum values and place on the sketch of Fig.
3.13
Minimum = -0.48 V
Maximum = 0.82 V

d. Reverse the direction of the diode and record the resulting waveform on the Fig. 3.14 as
obtained using the oscilloscope.

3.8 Activity Report

Section: 1-A Date Performed: 6/27/2022

Course Code: CPE0011L Date Submitted: 7/1/2022
Course Title: Fundamentals of Electronic Circuits (Lab)
Instructor: Ms. Danilyn Joy Aquino
Group No.: Activity No.: 3

Group Members: Signature:

1. Joel jr Catapang
2.
3.
4.
5.

3.8.1 Data and Results

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 11

 Figure 3.5

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 12

 Figure 3.6

Figure3.7

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 13

 Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 14

 Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 15

 Figure 3.14

3.8.2 Calculations

*Included beside every answers that requires solutions

3.8.3 Observations (if applicable)

How do the results of Parts 2(c) and 2(d) compare?

Part 2(c) and 2(d) have a difference of 0.093

How do the results of Parts 3(b) and 3(c) compare?

Are the waveforms of Figs. 3.12 and 3.13 relatively close in appearance and magnitude?

The waves have a striking resemblance. However, as can be seen on the oscilloscope display, The
DC wave was positioned slightly higher than the AC waves.

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 16

 Compare the results of Figs. 3.13 and 3.14. What are the major differences and why?

The result obtained in Fig. 3.13 is reverse biased compared to Fig. 3.14 since the direction of the
diode is reversed.

3.8.4 Conclusion/s

In Conclusion, the finding was that when the wave is installed in

reverse or opposite polarity, it operates differently, and also I able to
familiarize with half-wave rectification through this exercise. Diodes help
in converting the AC to pulsating DC. In full wave rectification is efficient
because we are using both the cycle of input and get a positive cycle
output for both positive and negative cycle

Half and full wave rectifiers are used to convert AC into DC voltage. It
is important to carry out this Experiment to increase the understanding on
rectifiers. We get the output when the diode is forward biased, we get zero
voltage at output when the diode is reversed biased it means we are
throwing away the negative or blocked cycle of the waves.

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 17

 3.8.5 Rating (include Rubric)

Pre-initiation Initiating Implementing Refining Sustaining

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5

1. Activity Member does not Member follows good Member follows good Member follows good Member follows good and
Conduct follow good and safe and safe laboratory and safe laboratory and safe laboratory safe laboratory practice at
laboratory practice in practice some of the practice most of the practice at all times in all times in the conduct of
the conduct of activity. time in the conduct of time in the conduct of the conduct of activity. activity and encourages
activity. activity. others to do the same.
2.Equipment Member is unable to Member is able to Member is able to Member is able to Member is able to operate
Operation and operate the equipment operate equipment and operate equipment and operate the equipment the equipment and
Material and instruments. instrument with much instrument with and instruments with instruments with ease and
Handling supervision. supervision. ease and with without supervision.
minimum supervision.
3. Data The group has The group has The group has The group has The group has
Collection presented mostly presented relevant but presentedrelevant presentedrelevant presentedrelevant complete
irrelevant data. incompleteandinaccura partial but accurate and andalmost complete and accurate data.
te data. relevant data. but accurate data.

4. Data There are many There are some Analysis is partially Analysis is correct. Analysis is correct. The
Analysis and inaccuracies in inaccuracies in correct. The group The group recognized group recognized some
Evaluation analysis. The group did analysis. The group recognized some errors some errors and errors and inaccuracies in
not attempt to make didattempt to make and inaccuracies in the inaccuracies in the the processed, manipulated
some links to prior some links to prior processed, manipulated processed, manipulated and presented data. The
knowledge. knowledge. and presented data. and presented data. group is able to relate
The group is able to The group is able to presented data to other
make some links to make some links to knowledge.
prior knowledge. prior knowledge.

5. Results The group has no The group has vague The group has clear The group has clear The group has clear and
Interpretation interpretation of data interpretation of data and logical and logical logical interpretation of
and has invalid and conclusion is interpretation of data interpretation of data data and is able to draw
conclusion. fundamentally flawed. and/ attempts to and is able to draw suitable accurate
identify trends from some conclusions from conclusions from the data
the data. the data.

Total Score
Mean Score = (Total Score / 5)

Percentage Score = (Total Score / 25) x 100%

ACTIVITY 3: HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION 18

 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

Basic Electronics for Mechanical Engineers

ACTIVITY 4: Light-Emitting and Zener Diodes

4.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

b. ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data

4.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

At the end of this activity, the student shall be able to:
a. identify the required voltage to turn on an LED and the zener diode characteristics
b. calculate the minimum supply voltage and the minimum load resistance necessary to
turn the zener diode on
c. evaluate the precision of the experiment conducted

4.3 Objectives of the Activity

The objective of this activity is to:
a. become familiar with the characteristics and use of a light-emitting diode (LED) and
Zener diode.

4.4 Principle of the Activity

The light-emitting diode (LED) is, as the name implies, a diode that will give off visible
light when sufficiently energized. In any forward-biased p-n junction there is, close to the
junction, a recombination of holes and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy
possessed by unbound free electrons be transferred to another state. In LED materials, such as
gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) or gallium phosphide (GaP), photons of light energy are
emitted in sufficient numbers to create a visible light source – a process referred to as
electroluminescence. For every LED, there is a distinct forward voltage and current that will
result in a bright, clear light, whether it be red, yellow or green. The diode may, therefore, be
forward-biased, but until the distinct level of voltage and current are reached, the light may not
be visible. In this experiment, the characteristics of an LED will be plotted and the “firing” levels
of voltage and current determined.
The Zener diode is a p-n junction device designed to take full advantage of the Zener
breakdown region. Once the reverse-bias potential reaches the Zener region, the ideal Zener
diode is assumed to have a fixed terminal voltage and zero internal resistance. All practical
diodes have some internal resistance even though, typically, it i limited to 5 to 20 Ω. The internal

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 1

resistance is the source of the variation in Zener voltage with current level. The experimental
procedure will demonstrate the variation in terminal voltage for different loads and resulting
current levels.
For most configurations, the state of the Zener diode can usually be determined simply by
replacing the Zener diode with an open circuit and calculating the voltages across the resulting
open circuit. If the open circuit voltage equals or exceeds the Zener potential, the Zener diode is
“on” and the Zener diode can be replaced by a supply equal to the Zener potential. The foregoing
procedure is used to determine the state of the Zener diode. Once the Zener voltage is
substituted, the remaining voltages and currents of the network can be determined.

4.5 Materials/Equipment

Instruments:
1 unit DMM

Components:
Resistors:
1 piece 100-Ω
1 piece 220-Ω
1 piece 330-Ω
1 piece 2.2k-Ω
1 piece 3.3k-Ω
2 pieces 1k-Ω

Diodes:
1 piece Silicon
1 piece LED
1 piece Zener diode (10-V)

Supplies:
1 unit DC power supply

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 2

4.6 Circuit Diagrams / Figures / Source Codes (if Applicable)

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 3

 Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

4.7 Procedure/s

Part 1. LED Characteristics

a. Construct the circuit of Fig. 5.1. Initially, set the supply to 0V and record the measured
value of the resistor R.

b. Increase the supply voltage E until the “first light” is noticed. Record the value of VD and
VR using the DMM. Calculate the corresponding level of ID using ID = VR/R and the
measured resistance value.

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 4

 VD(measured) =1.884V
VR(measured) =162.7mV
ID(calculated) = 1.63 mA
c. Continue to increase the supply voltage E until “good brightness” is first established.
Don’t overload too much current) the circuit and possibly damage the LED by continuing
to raise the voltage beyond this level. Record the values of VD and VR and calculate the
corresponding level of ID using ID = VR/R and the measured resistance value.

VD(measured) = 2.23 V
VR(measured) = 1.53 V
ID(calculated) = 15.3

d. Set the DC supply to the levels appearing in Table 5.1 ad measure both VD and VR.
Record values of VD and VR in Table 5.1 and calculate the corresponding level of ID
using ID = VR/R and the measured resistance value.

e. Using the data of Table 5.1, sketch the curve of ID vs. VD on the graph of Fig. 5.2.
Choose an appropriate scale for both ID and VD.

f. Draw a light dashed horizontal line across the graph of Fig. 5.2 at the current ID required
for “good brightness.” In addition, draw a light dashed vertical line the full height of Fig.
5.2 at the point of intersection between the curve and the light dashed horizontal line. The
intersection of the vertical line with the horizontal axis should result in a level of VD
close to that measured in Part 1(c). Shade in the region below the ID line to the left of the
VD line and label the region as the region to be avoided if “good brightness” is to be
contained. Label the remaining unshaded region of Fig. 5.2 as the region for “good
brightness.”

g. Construct the circuit of Fig. 5.3. Be sure that both diodes are connected properly and
record the measured resistance value.

h. Do you expect the LED to burn brightly? Why?

NO.

i. Energize the network of Fig. 5.3 and verify your conclusion in step h.

j. Reverse the silicon diode of Figure 5.3 and repeat step h.

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 5

 k. Repeat step i. If the LED is “on” with “good brigthness” measure VD and VR and
calculate the level of ID. Find the intersection of ID and VD on the graph of Fig. 5.2. Is the
intersection on the curve part of the “good brightness” region?

VD(measured) = 1.987 V
VR(measured) = 0.991 V
ID(calculated) = 4.59 mA

Part 2. Zener Diode Characteristics

a. Construct the circuit of Figure 5.4. Initially set the DC supply to 0V and record the
measured value of R.

b. Set the DC supply (E) to the values appearing in Table 5.2 and measure both VZ and VR.
You may have to use the millivolt range of your DMM for low values of VZ and VR.

c. Calculate the Zener current IZ in mA at each level of E using Ohm’s law as indicated in
the last row of Table 5.2 and complete the table.

d. This step will develop the characteristics curve for the Zener diode. Since the Zener
region is in third quadrant of a complete diode characteristic curve place a minus sign in
front of each level of IZ and VZ for each data point. With this convention in mind plot the
data of Table 5.2 on the graph of Figure 5.5. Choose an appropriate scale for IZ and VZ as
determined by the range of values for each parameter.

e. For the range of measureable current IZ in the linear (straight line) region that drops from
VZ axis, what is the average value of VZ? In other words, for all practical purposes, what
is VZ for this Zener diode?
VZ(approximated) = 10.02 V

f. For the range of measurable current Iz in the linear region that drops from the VZ axis,
estimate the average resistance of the Zener diode using rav = ∆VZ/∆IZ, where ∆VZ is the
change in Zener voltage for the corresponding change in the Zener current. Choose an
interval of at least 20 V on the linear region of the curve. If necessary, use the data of
Table 5.2.

RZ(calculated) = 28 ohms

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 6

 g. Using the results of steps 2(e) and 2(f), establish the Zener diode equivalent circuit of
Fig. 5.6 for the “on” linear region. That is, insert the values of RZ and VZ.

h. For the region from VZ and IZ = 0 to the point where the characteristic curve drops
sharply from the VZ axis, calculate the resistance of the Zener diode using the equation r
= ∆VZ/∆IZ. Choose ∆VZ = VZ – 0 = VZ and substitute the resulting change in current
(∆IZ) for this interval.

RZ(calculated) = 219.82 ohms

Is the calculated level the level you expected for the region in which the Zener diode is
“off”? What would be an appropriate approximation for the Zener diode in this region?

Part 3. Zener Diode Regulation

a. Construct the network of Fig. 5.7. Record the measured value of the resistor R.

b. Determine whether the Zener diode of Fig. 5.7 is in “on” state, that is, operating in the
Zener breakdown region. Use the measured resistor values and the VZ determined in Part
2(e). Ignore the effects of RZ in your calculations. For the diode in the “on” state,
calculate the expected values of VL, VR, IR, IL and IZ. Show all calculations.

VL(calculated) = 7.4 V
VR(calculated) = 7.53 V
IR(calculated) = 7.63 mA
IL(calculated) = 7.55 mA
IZ(calculated) = 0.08 mA

c. Energize the network of Fig. 5.7 and measure VL and VR. Using these values, calculate
the levels of IR, IL and IZ.

VL(measured) = 7.37 V
VR(measured) = 7.43 V
ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 7
 IR(calculated) = 7.43 mA
IL(calculated) = 7.37 mA
IZ(calculated) = 0.06 mA

d. Change RL to 3.3 kΩ and repeat step b. That is, calculate the expected levels of VL, VR,
IR, IL and IZ using measured resistor values and the VZ determine din step 2(e).

VL(calculated) = 9.99V
VR(calculated) = 25 V
IR(calculated) = 25 mA
IL(calculated) = 3.03 mA
IZ(calculated) = 21.97 mA

e. Energize the network of Fig. 5.7 with RL = 3.3 kΩ and measure VL and VR. Using these
values calculate the levels of IR, IL and IZ.

VL(measured) = 9.5 V
VR(measured) = 3.54 V
IR(calculated) = 3.54 mA
IL(calculated) = 2.87 mA
IZ(calculated) =0.7 mA

f. Using the measured resistor values and VZ determined from step 2(e), determine the
minimum value of RL required to ensure that the Zener diode is in “on” state.

RLmin(calculated) = 647.67 ohms

g. Based on the results of step 3(f), will a load of resistor 2.2 kΩ place the Zener diode of
Fig. 5.7 in the “on” state?

Insert RL = 2.2 kΩ into the Fig. 5.7 and measure VL.

VL(measured) = 9.56 V

Are the conclusions of steps 3(f) and 3(g) verified?

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 8

Part 4. LED-Zener Diode Combination

a. In this part of the experiment we will determine the minimum supply voltage necessary to
turn on (good brightness) the LED and the Zener diode of Fig. 5.8. The LED will reveal
when the Zener diode is “on” and the required supply voltage will be the minimum value
that can be applied if the Zener diode is to be used to regulate the voltage VL.

b. Refer to step 1(c) and record the level of VD and ID that resulted in a “good brightness”
level for the LED.
VD = 2.55 V
ID = 39.5ma

Refer to step 2(e) and record the level of Vz for your Zener diode.
VZ = 10.02 V

Using the above data determine the total voltage necessary to turn both the LED diode
“on” in the Fig. 5.8. That is, determine the required voltage from point a to b.

Vab(calculated) = 12.57 V

c. Using the result of step 4(b) calculate the voltage VL and resulting current IL. Use
measured resistor values.

VL(calculated) = 11.9 V
IL(calculated) = 5.76 mA

d. Calculate IR from IR = IL + IZ = IL + ID using the level of ID from part 4(b). Then calculate
the voltage VR using Ohm’s law.

IR(calculated) = 45.2 mA
VR(calculated) = 14.87 V

e. Using Kirchhoff’s voltage law calculate the required supply voltage E to turn on the
Zener diode and establish “good brightness” by the LED. Use measured resistor values.

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 9

 E(calculated) = 26.77 V

f. Turn on the supply of Fig. 5.8 and increase the voltage E until the LED has “good
brightness”. Record the required level of E below.

E(measured) = 25.5 V

g. Measure the voltage VD and compare with the level listed in step (b).

VD(measured) = 2.55 V

Measure the voltage VZ and compare with the level listed in step (b).

Vz(measured) = 10.12 V

5.8 Activity Report

Section: 1-A Date Performed: 6/27/2022

Course Code: CPE0011L Date Submitted: 7/1/2022
Course Title: Fundamentals of Electronic Circuits Lab
Instructor: Ms. Danilyn Joy Aquino
Group No.: Activity No.: 4

Group Members: Signature:

1. Joel jr. Catapang
2.
3.
4.
5.

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 10

 5.8.1 Data and Results

Table 5.1

E(V) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

VD(V) 0.0052 1.42 2.018 2.207 2.380 2.53 2.695

VR(V) 0 0 0.535 1.427 2.354 2.95 4.10

ID = VR/R 0 0 5.36 14.28 23.56 29.53 41

(mA)

Figure 5.2

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 11

E(V) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
VZ(V) 0.0054 0.959 2 2.957 4 5 6 6.88 8 8.88 9.49 9.63 9.81 9.99 10.06 10.18

VR(V) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.376 1.22 2 2.90 3.75 4.65

IZ = VR/Rmeas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.75 12.15 19.92 28.88 37.35 46.31

(mA)
Table 5.2

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 12

 5.8.2 Calculations

PART 1b.
𝑰D = 𝑉𝑅/ 𝑅 = 162.7/ 99.9 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝑨

PART 1c.
𝑰D = 𝑉𝑅/ 𝑅 = 1.53/ 99.9 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑 𝒎𝑨

PART 1k.
𝑰D = 𝑉𝑅/ 𝑅 = 0.991/ 216 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝑨

PART 2f.
Rave = 10.18 − 9.49/ 46.31 𝑚𝐴 − 0 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔

PART 2h.
Rave = 10.18 – 0/ 46.31 𝑚𝐴 − 0 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟖𝟐 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔

PART 3b.
𝑽L = 980(15)/ 987 + 980 = 𝟕. 𝟒 𝑽

𝑽R = 987(15)/ 987 + 980 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟑 𝑽

𝑰R = 7.53/ 987 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝑨

𝑰L = 7.4/ 980 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑨

𝑰Z = 𝑰R – 𝑰L = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝑨

PART 3c.
𝑰R = 𝑉𝑅/ 𝑅 = 7.43/ 1𝑘 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝑨

𝑰L = 𝑉𝐿/ 𝑅 = 7.37/ 1𝑘 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝑨

IZ=7.43-7.37= 0.06 mA

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 13

 PART 3d.
𝑽𝑳 = 3.3𝑘(15) 987 + 3.3𝑘 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 𝑽

𝑽𝑹 = 987(15) 987 + 3.3𝑘 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝑽

𝑰𝑹 = 3.5 987 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑨

𝑰𝑳 = 11.5 3.3𝑘 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎𝑨

𝑰𝒁 = 𝑰𝑹 − 𝑰𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝒎𝑨

PART 3e.
𝑰𝑹 = 3.54 1𝑘 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝑨

𝑰𝑳 = 9.5 3.3𝑘 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝑨

𝑰𝒁 = 𝑰𝑹 − 𝑰𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒎𝑨

PART 3f.
R𝑳𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 15 − 10 5.3 𝑚𝐴 + 2.42 𝑚𝐴 = 𝟔𝟒𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔

PART 4b.
Vab(calculated) = 2.55 V +10.02 V= 12.57 V

PART 4c. VL=12.57 V

I𝑳 = 12.57 2.182𝑘 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝑨

PART 4d.
I𝑹 = I𝑳 + I𝒁 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐 𝒎𝑨

V𝑹 = I𝑹(𝑹) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟕 𝑽

PART 4e.
E-V𝑹−V𝑳 = 𝟎 E = V𝑹+V𝑳 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟕V

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 14

 5.8.3 Conclusion/s

I therefore conclude that you need to have an equal or higher than the
breakdown voltage and while reaching the breakdown voltage, the current will
have an great increase to its value.

I also saw that you need to reach or went over to the breakdown voltage
and the current will increase sharply because the ideal Zener acts as a battery
of voltage. A Zener diode maintains a nearly constant voltage across its
terminals over a specified range of currents.

When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to

recombine with electron holes within the device releasing energy in the form
of photons.

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 15

 5.8.4 Rating (include Rubric)

Pre-initiation Initiating Implementing Refining Sustaining

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5

1. Activity Member does not Member follows good Member follows good Member follows good Member follows good and
Conduct follow good and safe and safe laboratory and safe laboratory and safe laboratory safe laboratory practice at
laboratory practice in practice some of the practice most of the practice at all times in all times in the conduct of
the conduct of activity. time in the conduct of time in the conduct of the conduct of activity. activity and encourages
activity. activity. others to do the same.
2.Equipment Member is unable to Member is able to Member is able to Member is able to Member is able to operate
Operation and operate the equipment operate equipment and operate equipment and operate the equipment the equipment and
Material and instruments. instrument with much instrument with and instruments with instruments with ease and
Handling supervision. supervision. ease and with without supervision.
minimum supervision.
3. Data The group has The group has The group has The group has The group has
Collection presented mostly presented relevant but presentedrelevant presentedrelevant presentedrelevant complete
irrelevant data. incompleteandinaccura partial but accurate and andalmost complete and accurate data.
te data. relevant data. but accurate data.

4. Data There are many There are some Analysis is partially Analysis is correct. Analysis is correct. The
Analysis and inaccuracies in inaccuracies in correct. The group The group recognized group recognized some
Evaluation analysis. The group did analysis. The group recognized some errors some errors and errors and inaccuracies in
not attempt to make didattempt to make and inaccuracies in the inaccuracies in the the processed, manipulated
some links to prior some links to prior processed, manipulated processed, manipulated and presented data. The
knowledge. knowledge. and presented data. and presented data. group is able to relate
The group is able to The group is able to presented data to other
make some links to make some links to knowledge.
prior knowledge. prior knowledge.

5. Results The group has no The group has vague The group has clear The group has clear The group has clear and
Interpretation interpretation of data interpretation of data and logical and logical logical interpretation of
and has invalid and conclusion is interpretation of data interpretation of data data and is able to draw
conclusion. fundamentally flawed. and/ attempts to and is able to draw suitable accurate
identify trends from some conclusions from conclusions from the data
the data. the data.

Total Score
Mean Score = (Total Score / 5)

Percentage Score = (Total Score / 25) x 100%

ACTIVITY 5: LIGHT-EMITTING AND ZENER DIODES 16