DATE: AUGUST 17,2021  Smooth Muscle Cell or

TUESDAY (5:00-8:30 PM) Myocytes – involuntary

muscles.
3. Tissue level – tissues consist of similar
PHYSIOLOGY
types of cells.
Y 4. Organ Level – organs are made up BLOOD VESSEL
Study of how the of different types of tissues.
human body works.  Epithelial Tissue
 Smooth Tissue
 Connective Tissue
THE HUMAN BODY – AN ORIENTATION 5. Organ System level – systems
consist of different organs that work
together closely.
ANATOMY – Study of the
6. Organismal Level - Human organisms
structure of the Body.
are made up of many organ systems.

PHYSIOLOGY – Study of how

the body and its parts work ORGAN SYSTEM
and functions.
1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2 LEVELS OF ANATOMY
 Forms the external body covering
 Protects deeper tissue from injury
 GROSS ANATOMY / MACRO
 Helps regulate body temperature
ANATOMY
 Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors.
1. Large Structures
2. Easily Observable
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM

 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
 Protects and supports body organs.
 Provides muscle attachment for
1. Structures cannot be seen with the
movement.
naked eye.
 Site of blood cell formation.
2. Structures can only be viewed with a
 Stores minerals.
microscope.
Hematopoiesis – Production of all the
STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF HUMAN cellular components of blood and blood
BODY plasma.

MOLECULES
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

ATOMS  Produces movement

 Maintains posture
1. Chemical Level - atoms combine to  Produces Heat
form molecules.
2. Cellular Level – cells are made up of  Tissues -Bones: Tendons (TTB)
molecules.  Muscle – Bones: Tendons (MTB)
 Bone – Bone: Ligament
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Fast-acting control system
 Responds to internal and external  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen.
change.
 Activates muscles and glands. 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Brain, Sensory Receptor, Spinal Cord,  Breaks down fluid.

Nerves  Allows for nutrient absorption.
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  Eliminates indigestible material as
feces.
 Secretes regulatory hormones.
(growth) 10. URINARY SYSTEM 2 kidneys, 2 ureters

- Pineal Gland
 Eliminates nitrogenous wastes.
- Pituitary Gland: Anterior (growth
 Maintains acid-base balance.
hormones)
 Regulates water and electrolytes.
- Thyroid Gland
- Thymus Gland (front): maturation of
11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
White Blood Cells (soldier of bodies)
-Adrenal Glands (back): emergency
 Produces offspring.
hormones (ADRENALINE/EPINEPHRINE
 Testes produce sperm and male
and
hormones.
NOREPINEPHRINE/NORADRENALINE)
 Ovaries produce eggs and female
- Pancreas
hormones.
- Testis
- Ovary

DATE: AUGUST 19,2021

THURSDAY (5:00-8:30 PM)
6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

 Transports materials in the body via NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

blood pumped by the heart. (Oxygen,
Carbon Dioxide, Nutrients and 1. MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES
Wastes) 2. MOVEMENT:
ARTERIES carry RED – Oxygen filled
- Locomotion
blood away from the heart to the body.
- Movement of the substances
VEINS carry BLUE – Oxygen empty blood 3. RESPONSIVENESS:
back to the heart and lungs. - Ability to sense changes and react
4. DIGESTION:
- Break down and Absorption of
nutrients.
7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Catabolism – Break down
5. METABOLISM: Anabolism - Build
- Break down complex molecules into
 Returns fluid to blood vessels. smaller ones.
 Cleanses the blood - Build larger molecules from smaller
 Involved in immunity. ones.
- Produces energy.
 - Regulated by nutrients. exchange. (101.325 kPa)
6. EXCRETION:
- Eliminates waste from metabolic 8. HOMEOSTASIS:
reactions. - maintenance of a stable internal
- Wastes may be removed in environment.
urine/feces. - dynamic state of equilibrium.
7. REPRODUCTION: - necessary for normal body
- Occurs on cellular level or functioning and to sustain life.
organismal level.
- Produces future generation. 9. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
8. GROWTH: - Stimulates produces change in
- Increases cell size and number of variable.
cell. - Receptor detects change in variable.
- Input: Information sent along
SURVIVAL NEEDS different pathway to control center.
- Output: Information sent along
different pathway to effector.
1. NUTRIENTS: - Response of effector feeds back to
- Chemicals for energy and cell reduce the effect of stimulus and
building. returns variable to homeostatic level.
- Includes carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, vitamins, minerals. MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS:
 The body communicates
2. OXYGEN: through neural and hormonal
- Required for chemical reactions. control systems.

3. NUTRIENTS:  RECEPTORS:
a. RCN(NH2)COOH – PROTEIN - responds to changes in the
b. CHO – Carbohydrates environment (stimuli)
c. LIPIDS – Saturated (solidifies - sends information to control center.
at room temp.) &  CONTROL CENTER:
Unsaturated (does not - determines set point.
solidifies at room temp.) - analyzes information.
d. VITAMINS – body regulators - determines appropriate response.
 EFFECTOR:
4. MINERALS - provides a means for response to
5. WATER: the stimulus.
- 60 to 80% of the body weight;
- most abundant chemical in the FEEDBACK MECHANISMS:
human body;
- provides for metabolic reaction.  Negative feedback
- includes most homeostatic control
6. STABLE BODY TEMPERATURE: mechanisms.
- 37C (98F) - shuts off original stimulus or reduces
its intensity.
7. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: - works like a household thermostat.
- must be appropriate for gas
 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY:

 Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding.
 Exact terms are used for:
- POSITION
- DIRECTION
- REGIONS
- STRUCTURES

1. REGIONAL TERMS:
a. ANTERIOR BODY LANGUAGE
b. POSTERIOR BODY LANGUAGE

2. DIRECTIONAL TERMS: SIVDMLIPDSD

a. SUPERIOR (cranial/cephalad):
toward the head end or upper DATE: AUGUST 23, 2021
b. INFERIOR: down
c. VENTRAL: front BODY PLANES & SECTIONS
d. DORSAL: back
e. MEDIAL: middle
f. LATERAL: side 1. SAGITTAL SECTION (NOT EQUAL)
g. INTERMEDIATE: between 2 - divides the body (organ) into left and
structures. right parts.
h. PROXIMAL: close to the origin of
the body. 2. MIDSAGITTAL (EQUAL)
i. DISTAL: Away or farthest away
from the trunk or the point of origin - divides the body (organ) into equal
of the body part. left and right sides.
j. SUPERFICIAL: toward or at the
surface of the body.
k. DEEP: away from the surface of
the body.
 4. EPIGASTRIC REGION:
- STOMACH
3. FRONTAL OR CORONAL 5. UMBILICAL REGION:
- SMALL INTESTINE
- divides the body into ANTERIOR and 6. HYPOGASTRIC REGION:
POSTERIOR part. - URINARY BLADDER

4. TRANSVERSE OR CROSS SECTION 7. LEFT HYPOCHONDIRAC REGION:

- DIAPHRAGM
- divides the body into SUPERIOIR and 8. LEFT LUMBAR REGION:
INFERIOR parts. - LARGE INTESTINES (DESCENDING
COLON)
BODY CAVITIES 9. LEFT ILIAC REGION:
- INITIAL PART SIGMOID OF COLON

1. DORSAL BODY CAVITY

- cranial cavity houses the brain.

- spinal cavity houses the spinal cord.

2. VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

- Thoracic Cavity houses HEART,

LUNGS
- ABDOMINOPELVIC Cavity houses the
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, URINARY,
BLADDER, REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.

(BASIC CHEMISTRY)

MATTER & ENERGY

 MATTER – anything that occupies

9 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS: space and has mass (height)
 ENERGY – the ability to do work.
1. RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION: 1. Chemical
- LIVER, GALL BLADDER 2. Electrical
2. RIGHT LUMBAR REGION: 3. Mechanical
- LARGE INTESTINE (ASCENDING 4. Radiant
COLON)
3. RIGHT ILIAC REGION:
- APPENDIX
 1. Heavy isotope
COMPOSITION OF MATTER 2. Tends to be unstable
3. Decomposes to more
stable isotope.
 ELEMENTS :
- fundamental units of matter. MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS:
- 96% of the body is made
from 4 elements: 1. MOLECULE:
1. Carbon - 2 or more atoms of the
2. Oxygen same elements combined chemically.
3. Hydrogen 2. COMPOUND:
4. Nitrogen - 2 or more atoms of different
elements combined chemically.
 ATOMS: building blocks of elements.
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
- atoms are united by
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES: chemical bonds.

 NUCLEUS: ELECTRONS AND BONDING

- Proton (+) & Neutrons (+)
 ORBITING THE NUCLEUS: \  Electrons occupy energy levels
- Electrons (-) called ELECTRON SHELLS.
 Electrons closest to the nucleus
 Number of protons equals no. of are most strongly attracted.
electrons in an atom.  Each shell has distinct properties
number.
 Bonding involves interactions
IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS: between electrons in the outer
shell (VALENCE SHELL)
 ATOMIC NUMBER:  Full valence shells do not form
- equal to the number of bonds.
protons that the atom contains.
 ATOMIS MASS NUMBER: INERT ELEMENTS:
- sum of protons and
neutrons.  Atoms are stable (inert) when the
 ISOTOPES: outermost shell is complete.
- atoms of the same element
1. SHELL 1 – 2 ELECTRONS
with the same number of protons
2. SHELL 2 – 8 ELECTRONS
and the same atomic no.
3. SHELL 3 – 18 ELECTRONS
- it varies in number of
neutrons.
 ATOMIC WEIGHT:  Atoms will gain, lose/share
- close to mass number of electrons to complete their
most abundant isotope. outermost orbitals and reach a
 RADIOACTIVITY: stable state.
- process of spontaneous
decay.
 RULES OF EIGHTS 1. NONPOLAR:
- electrons are shared equally
 Atoms are considered stable when between the atoms and molecules.
their outermost orbital has 8 - electrically neutral as a
electrons. molecule.
 The exception to this rule of eights is 2. POLAR:
SHELL 1, which can only hold 2 - electrons are not shared
electrons. equally between the atoms and the
molecule.
REACTIVE ELEMENTS:
HYDROGEN BONDS:
 Valence shells are not full and are
unstable.  Weak chemical bonds
 Tend to gain, lose or share electrons.  Hydrogen is attracted to the negative
 Allow for bond formation, which portion polar molecule.
produces stable valence.  Attraction between molecules.

CHEMICAL BONDS:
PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL
 IONIC BONDS REACTIONS
- atoms becomes stable
through the transfer of electrons. 1. SYNTHESIS REACTION:
- electrons are completely  A + B = AB
transferred from one atom to  Atoms or molecule combine.
another.  Energy is ABSORBED for bond
formation.
 IONS 2. DECOMPOSITION REACTION:
- loss or gain of electrons.  AB = (A + B)
 Molecule is broken down
 ANIONS: negative due to the  Chemical energy is released
gain of electron(s) 3. EXCHANGE REACTION:
 CATIONS: positive due to loss of  Involves both synthesis and
electron(s) decomposition reaction.

BIOCHEM: ESSENTIALS FOR LIFE

COVALENT BONDS:
1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
 Atoms become stable through shared  Contain carbon
electrons.  Most are covalently bonded
 Electrons are shared in pairs.  Includes CARBOHYDRATES,
 Single Covalent LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC
 Double covalent ACIDS.
2. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
 Lack carbon
 Methane gas bacteria
is called
METHANOGENS
  Tend to be simpler
compounds.
 Includes water, salt, and some
acids and bases.

 IMPORTANT INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS:

1. WATER:
- most abundant inorganic
compound in the body.

 Vital Properties:
 High heat capacity
 Polarity or solvent properties
 Chemical Reaction
 Cushioning

2. SALT:
 Easily dissociate into ions in the
presence of water.
 Vital to many body functions.
 includes electrolytes which
conduct electrical current.

3. ACIDS:
 Release hydrogen ions (H+)
 Are proton donors

4. BASES:
 Release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
 Are protons acceptors

5. NEUTRALIZATION REACTION:
 Acids and bases react to form
water and salt.

Power of Hydrogen (pH)

- measures relative
concentration of hydrogen ions.

 pH at 7 – NEUTRAL
 pH below 7 – ACIDIC
 pH above 7 – BASIC
OR ALKALINE