ASSIGNMENT

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN COMPLETE FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EVALUATION OF MIDTERM EXAMINATION
OF FIRST SEMESTER OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B. TECH)

SUBMITTED BY:
AYUSH SRIVASTAVA (2K21/A3/37)
BHUVANSH BEHAL (2K21/A3/43)

Under supervision of
Dr. SUSHMA PRIYADARSHANA

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES(S4)

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042
 INDEX
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. QUESTION 1: Advancement of engineering ethics and

ethical obligations for engineers
a) Explanation
b) Bibliography

3. QUESTION 2: Analysis the terms Respect for others

And honesty (need in today’s life)
a) Explanation
b) Bibliography
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In performing our major project, I had to take the help and guideline
of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The
completion of this assignment gives us much pleasure. We would like
to show our gratitude to Dr. Sushma Priyadarshana, mentor of our
major project, for giving us a good guideline for the report throughout
numerous consultations. We would also like to extend our deepest
gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us in
writing this assignment. Many people, especially our parents, our
classmates, and team members, have made valuable comment
suggestions on this proposal which inspired us to improve our
assignment. We thank all the people for their help directly and
indirectly to complete our project. In addition, we would like to thank
the Department of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES,
Delhi Technological University, for giving us the opportunity to work
on this topic
 QUESTION 1:
ADVANCEMENT OF ENGINEERING
ETHICS AND ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS
FOR ENGINEERS
Engineering is transforming science into useful products for human
comfort. Engineering is something that engineers do, and what they
do has profound effects on others. Ethics in engineering then is the
ability as well as responsibility of an engineer to judge his decisions
from the context of the general wellbeing of the society. It is the study
of moral issues that confront engineers and engineering organizations
when some crucial decisions are taken. Engineering research and
practice requires that the task being performed considers all the pros
and cons of a certain action and its implementation. Professional
engineering bodies like IEEE, ASME, IEI etc., have evolved
comprehensive ethics codes relevant to their respective professions,
based on the rich experience of their members

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Profession is a commitment to a designated and organized occupation
by virtue of being an authority over a body of knowledge with
requisite skills acquired through specialized training. An occupation
becomes a profession when a group of people sharing the same
occupation work together in a morally acceptable way with members
setting and following a certain ethics code. A professional is a
practitioner belonging to a specific profession. Professional ethics, as
opposed to personal values and morality, is a set of ethical standards
and values a practicing engineer is required to follow. It sets the
standards for professional practice, and is only learned in a
professional school or while practicing ones own profession. Today, it
is an essential part of professional education because it helps students
deal with issues they will face. The scope of engineering ethics
envelopes diverse activities like
1. Engineering as a social experimentation
2. Engineers responsibility for safety
3. Role of engineers, managers, consultants etc.
4. Rights of engineers
5. Moral reasoning and ethical theories
6. Responsibility to employers
7. Global issues and concerns
The best way to teach engineering ethics is by using case studies—
not just the disaster cases that make the news, but the kinds of cases
that an engineer is more likely to encounter. Many real time cases are
available or some hypothetical cases can be constructed and there are
methods for analysing them. Engineering ethics can be taught in a
free-standing course, but there are strong arguments for introducing
ethics in technical courses as well. If the subject of professional ethics
is how members of a profession should, or should not, affect others in
the course of practicing their profession, then engineering ethics is an
essential aspect of engineering itself and education in professional
responsibilities should be part of professional education in
engineering, just as it is in law and medicine

Important Skills for Ethical Reasoning

Let us now discuss the important skills for ethical reasoning −

 Moral Reasonableness − The ability and willingness to be
morally reasonable that one should have while dealing such
issues. Unless one is willing and improve such ability, justice
cannot be done.
 Respect for Persons − The persons involved in the issue,
should be treated with genuine concern by one. Such concern
 should also be there with oneself along with being there for
others.
 Tolerance of diversity − One should have a broader
perspective towards ethnic and religious differences that the
people have. Every person differs with another when compared
on grounds of moral reasoning. The acceptance of those
differences is really important.
 Moral hope − The moral conflicts can be resolved by using
better communication and having rational dialogue which is
evident-based and open-ended which is acceptable and
appreciable by both the parties.
 Integrity − The moral integrity has to be maintained. Being
honest and having strong moral principles helps one to resolve
an issue in an efficient manner. An individual also needs to
consider other’s professional life and personal convictions
while solving a problem.

Work ethic
Work ethic is a set of values based on hard work and diligence. It is
also a belief in the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance
character. A work ethic may include being reliable, having initiative,
or pursuing new skills. Workers exhibiting a good work ethic in
theory should be selected for better positions, more responsibility and
ultimately promotion. Workers who fail to exhibit a good work ethic
may be regarded as failing to provide fair value for the wage the
employer is paying them and should not be promoted or placed in
positions of greater responsibility. Work ethic is not just hard work
but also a set of accompanying virtues, whose crucial role in the
development and sustaining of free markets. Benjamin Franklin
wrote: ‘Remember, that time is money. He that can earn ten shillings
a day by his labour, and goes abroad, or sits idle, one half of that day,
though he spends but sixpence during his diversion or idleness, ought
not to reckon that the only expense; he has really spent, or rather
thrown away, five shillings besides. ... Remember, that money is the
prolific, generating nature. Money can beget money, and its offspring
can beget more, and so on. Five shillings turned is six, turned again is
seven and three pence, and so on, till it becomes a hundred pounds.
The more there is of it, the more it produces every turning, so that the
profits rise quicker and quicker. He that kills a breeding sow, destroys
all her offspring to the thousandth generation. He that murders a
crown, destroys all that it might have produced, even scores of pound

Principles
Codes of engineering ethics identify a specific precedence with
respect to the engineer's consideration for the public, clients,
employers, and the profession.
Many engineering professional societies have prepared codes of
ethics. Some date to the early decades of the twentieth century. These
have been incorporated to a greater or lesser degree into the
regulatory laws of several jurisdictions. While these statements of
general principles served as a guide, engineers still require sound
judgment to interpret how the code would apply to specific
circumstances.
The general principles of the codes of ethics are largely similar across
the various engineering societies and chartering authorities of the
world, which further extend the code and publish specific guidance.
The following is an example from the American Society of Civil
Engineers:

1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and

welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the
principles of sustainable development in the performance
of their professional duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their
competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an
objective and truthful manner.
4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each
employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall
avoid conflicts of interest.
 5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the
merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with
others.
6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and
enhance the honour, integrity, and dignity of the
engineering profession and shall act with zero-tolerance
for bribery, fraud, and corruption.
7. Engineers shall continue their professional development
throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities
for the professional development of those engineers under
their supervision.
8. Engineers shall, in all matters related to their profession,
treat all persons fairly and encourage equitable
participation without regard to gender or gender identity,
race, national origin, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual
orientation, disability, political affiliation, or family,
marital, or economic status.

Responsibility of engineers
The engineers recognize that the greatest merit is the work and
exercise their profession committed to serving society, attending to
the welfare and progress of the majority. By transforming nature for
the benefit of mankind, engineers must increase their awareness of the
world as the abode of humanity, their interest in the universe as a
guarantee of overcoming their spirit, and knowledge of reality to
make the world fairer and happier. The engineer should reject any
paper that is intended to harm the general interest, thus avoiding a
situation that might be hazardous or threatening to the environment,
life, health, or other rights of human beings. It is an inescapable duty
of the engineer to uphold the prestige of the profession, to ensure its
proper discharge, and to maintain a professional demeanour rooted in
ability, honesty, fortitude, temperance, magnanimity, modesty,
honesty, and justice; with the consciousness of individual well-being
subordinate to the social good. The engineers and their employers
must ensure the continuous improvement of their knowledge,
particularly of their profession, disseminate their knowledge, share
their experience, provide opportunities for education and training of
workers, provide recognition, moral and material support to the
schools where they studied, thus returning the benefits and
opportunities they and their employers have received. It is the
responsibility of the engineers to carry out their work efficiently and
to support the law. In particular, they must ensure compliance with
the standards of worker protection as provided by the law. As
professionals, the engineers are expected to commit themselves to
high standards of conduct (NSPE).

Evolution of Engineering Ethics as an

Academic Subject
Fortunately, the present-day engineering curriculum has evolved, as
academic accrediting bodies such as the Accrediting Board for
Engineering and Technology now require ethics to be taught formally
in colleges and universities. Ethics is also a significant component of
the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam. Professional licensing boards
now require continuing education in engineering ethics for practicing
engineers. 
One difficult aspect to teaching engineering ethics is that by nature,
the subject often deals with ambiguous situations that are
conceptually difficult for people to understand and assess.  In
addition, the decision to do the right thing may necessitate that an
engineer takes substantial personal and professional risk. Codes of
ethics provide a framework for making decisions, however, they tend
to be backward looking, and rapid advances in technology often result
in ethical dilemmas that have not been anticipated. In these instances,
well-educated individuals are often able to reach rationally sound
decisions about the right thing to do, however these decisions may be
constrained by variables that are in direct conflict with the individual
and/or other stakeholders. 
Another difficulty related to teaching engineering ethics is that many
engineering faculty may lack practical, real-world experience with the
complex ethical dilemmas encountered in professional practice. This
lack of experience is often coupled with a reluctance to deal with
abstract philosophical concepts and educational institutions may find
it difficult to find faculty both willing and competent to teach
engineering ethics. 

OBLIGATION TOWARDS THE

SOCIETY
The paramount value recognized by engineers is the safety and
welfare of the public. As demonstrated by the following selected
excerpts, this is the case for professional engineering organizations in
nearly every jurisdiction and engineering discipline:

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: "We, the

members of the IEEE, … do hereby commit ourselves to the
highest ethical and professional conduct and agree: 1. to
accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the
safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose
promptly factors that might endanger the public or the
environment;"
 Institution of Civil Engineers: "Members of the ICE should
always be aware of their overriding responsibility to the
public good. A member’s obligations to the client can never
override this, and members of the ICE should not enter
undertakings which compromise this responsibility. The
‘public good’ encompasses care and respect for the
environment, and for humanity's cultural, historical and
archaeological heritage, as well as the primary responsibility
members have to protect the health and well-being of present
and future generations."
 Professional Engineers Ontario: "A practitioner shall,
regard the practitioner's duty to public welfare as
paramount."
  National Society of Professional Engineers: "Engineers, in
the fulfilment of their professional duties, shall: Hold
paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public."
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers: "Engineers
shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public in the performance of their professional duties."
 Institute of Industrial Engineers: "Engineers uphold and
advance the integrity, honour and dignity of the engineering
profession by: 2. Being honest and impartial, and serving
with fidelity the public, their employers and clients."
 American Institute of Chemical Engineers: "To achieve
these goals, members shall hold paramount the safety, health
and welfare of the public and protect the environment in
performance of their professional duties."
 American Nuclear Society: "ANS members uphold and
advance the integrity and honour of their professions by
using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of
human welfare and the environment; being honest and
impartial; serving with fidelity the public, their employers,
and their clients; and striving to continuously improve the
competence and prestige of their various professions."
 Society of Fire Protection Engineers: "In the practice of
their profession, fire protection engineers must maintain and
constantly improve their competence and perform under a
standard of professional behaviour which requires adherence
to the highest principles of ethical conduct with balanced
regard for the interests of the public, clients, employers,
colleagues, and the profession."

 Engineering Ethics and Technological

Change
Modern society is dramatically impacted by advances in technology.
Current examples include, but are certainly not limited to, self-driving
automobiles, electric automobiles, autonomous robots, artificial
intelligence, broadband internet, social media, cyber warfare,
remotely piloted drones, smart phones, tablet computers, deep sea
drilling, ‘fracking’, etc. The list is endless and we see changes on a
seemingly daily basis. One aspect of many of the recent and
prominently technological changes is a vast array of unintended
consequences that the designers never anticipated. Unintended
consequences frequently overshadow the anticipated benefits
designers of a new technology had in mind. While many unintended
consequences may have tremendous positive impacts on society,
others may not. Ethical considerations must be included in every step
of the design, documentation and deployment process to help
anticipate and mitigate negative consequences. One approach to
accomplishing this is to conduct a Social Impact Analysis (SIA) as a
formal part of the engineering design documentation process. This is a
multi-dimensional team effort that is not restricted to engineers. The
team should include representatives from all relevant organizational
stakeholders in addition to a person whose education, focus and
expertise are specific to ethical process evaluation and decision
making. 

Engineering Ethics in an International

Environment
Many engineers working for U.S. companies practice engineering in a
foreign country. It goes without saying that ethical practices outside
the United States can be very different. The Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act (FCPA) is intended to prevent U.S. companies from bribing
foreign officials in order to gain favourable treatment in receiving
contracts. Even though huge fines have been levied against companies
for violating the FCPA, many companies doing business in a foreign
country view the fines as a cost of doing business when the fines are a
small percentage of the profits to be made.
There is huge pressure on engineers and engineering managers to do
what is necessary to acquire favourable business opportunities in
foreign countries. Engineering decisions that would be considered
unethical in the U.S. may be perfectly acceptable in a foreign country.
Concerns about protecting the health, welfare and safety of the public
are often secondary to making a profit in these circumstances. An
example, among many, might be as simple as legal leniency regarding
protecting the environment, or worse, substandard safety protocols.
The ethical consequences of decisions such as these have been
devastating in many foreign countries. Hundreds of lives have been
lost in plant disasters due to structural failures, chemical disasters and
fires in manufacturing facilities. These were the direct result of
designs that would be considered unacceptable in the U.S.
Doing the right thing should not change when engineers cross
international borders. 

CONCLUSION
While professional engineers often practice their profession largely
out of the public eye, the benefits of their efforts are visible all around
us. 
A recent Gallup poll asked what professions people considered most
trustworthy. When it comes to ethics and honesty, here’s how the top
five professions ranked. Engineers remain among the most trusted
professionals.
 Being an ethical and professional engineer can be very difficult at
times. Universities and professional organizations are getting better at
providing practicing engineers with the continuing education needed
to make sound ethical decisions.  The elephant in the room that no
one wants to recognize is the lack of protection for engineers who are
asked to put their careers and livelihoods on the line to do the right
thing. Protections must be put in place to ensure that engineers are
protected under these circumstances. Failing to provide these
protections puts everyone at risk.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics 

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_ethics

  http://squirefoundation.org/appe/ 

 https://www.srecwarangal.ac.in/cse-downloads/peve-unit-1.pdf

 https://ethicalengineer.ttu.edu/articles/engineering-ethics-and-its-impact-on-society

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/engineering_ethics/
engineering_ethics_introduction.htm

QUESTION 2
Analysis the terms Respect for others and
Honesty (Need in Today's Life)

RESPECT: -
Respect, also called esteem, is a positive feeling or action shown
towards someone or something considered important or held in high
esteem or regard. It conveys a sense of admiration for good or
valuable qualities.

RESPECT FOR OTHERS

To respect someone is to treat someone the way you would want to be

treated. If you don’t like it when someone insults you, then do not not
insult anyone. If you do not like it when someone points out your
imperfections, do not point out anyone’s imperfections. If you do not
like being taken advantage of, then do not take advantage of anyone.

Everybody in this world has some or the other kind of imperfection

but that does not mean that we have the right to make their fun or
mock at them rather we should try to help that person in times of
difficulties because this is what we call humanity. We should always
imagine ourself in the same situation and think what we would do if
somebody was up to make fun of my incapability and humiliate me.

Giving respect to others will not only improve you but will also
improve enhance public opinion about you and would also increase
the moral and self-confidence of the person whom you are giving
your respect and gratitude and also yours too.

It is not always necessary that you give respect to elderly people but it
is important to give respect to each and every person either old or
young, either famous or ordinary.

And remember that respect not only means touching the feet of the
other person or talking politely to other person. There are various
ways to respect a person, those are: -
 RESPECT THE PRIVACY: We should respect the privacy of
others by letting some important and personal things of someone
else to remain safe and not disclose it to others without his/her
conformation. In today’s world the privacy of an individual is at
a great threat because of many big company’s greed for money.
These companies like Facebook, Instagram, google, etc. keeps a
track record of a person’s personal life and tend to use it in their
favors. But this is clearly a complete disrespect to the privacy of
a person.

 RESPECT THE OPENION: Another way to show respect to a

person is to respect their opinion by listening to their opinions
and views. By neglecting to listen to a person’s opinion not only
reflects a sense of disrespect towards that person but also may
lead to the person having a feeling of inferiority complex due to
which that person may feel left out.
  RESPECT THE AGE: -This is also a very important way to
show respect to some one elderly. Even though the elderly
person is wrong on some points we should still respect them and
try to make them understand our point politely and humbly
rather than speaking to them roughly. We should respect their
age and the wisdom that they would have acquired in their life
time. In many countries like INDIA the elderly people are
shown respect by touching their feet.
 RESPECT THE RELIGION/CASTE etc.: - We should always
respect the religion, caste, color,etc. of the other person and we
should not discriminate or behave badly with other person on
these grounds. All religions are equally good and equally
important, no color is bad and no caste is left out. These all re
very sensitive topics and could easily create a feeling of
disrespect if treated unequally or discriminated upon.

 RESECT THE OCCUPATION: - We should also show respect

to one’s occupation or errand that one is practicing. No work is
smaller than the other work and all jobs are equally important in
the continuation of the human civilization.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO SHOW RESPECT TO

OTHERS
Showing respect is important for building healthy relationships.
This is because:

 Respect multiplies- to get respect, you have to give it

 Respect builds trust
 This is what civilized people do
 It makes others feel good when you respect them
 It promotes good behavior
 It accepts the rights of others to be themselves
 It also leads to a healthy conversation with others
 It enhances the dignity of the persons showing respect
WAYS TO SHOW RESPECT TO OTHERS IN

EVERDAY LIFE

1. Practice Active Listening

Active listening requires you to be present in the conversation. Also,
to actively listen, you have to demonstrate that you're paying
attention.
Listening and hearing are two different activities. When you listen,
you process what you're hearing. You have to think about it and
respond appropriately.
For example, you can:
 Use eye contact
 Ask questions
 Summarize what is being said
Active listening demonstrates to the other person that you value what
they have to say. Furthermore, you convey that you value their ideas.
This goes a long way towards showing respect.

2. Look for Common Ground

Humanity has commonalities along with diversity. If you look hard
enough, you can find something that you have in common with
another person. It may be a shared experience or a shared value.
Honestly, everyone shares the basic aspects of life. We were all born,
and we will all die. In between the two, everyone experiences growth
and change.
Even if you can't think of any other common ground, everyone shares
the reality of life.
Once you find common ground, use this as a starting point for a
relationship. From there, you can help the relationship grow by
focusing on the similarities, instead of the differences between each
other.

3. Seek to Understand Others

In the face of conflict, it's easy to defend your opinion. Instead,
invoke your curiosity. Use the situation as a learning opportunity.
Find out the basis of the other person's perspective.
Even if you don't agree, you'll learn something new about the other
person. You'll gain an understanding of why they feel and act the way
they do. You'll see how their experiences have shaped their
perspective.

5. Serve Others
Service doesn't have to be complicated. It's really about giving back to
others. By doing so, you make their life better.
Look for ways to lend a helping hand. It can be something as simple
as helping them pick up a dropped item. Help them to be of benefit to
them. Make it about them and not yourself.

6. Apologize When You're Wrong

If you make a mistake, admit it. Don't try to cover it up. Also, say
you're sorry.
Apologizing shows empathy, care, and recognition.
Finally, it's an act of honesty that requires humility. By apologizing,
you demonstrate the value of the wronged person.

7. Be Polite
The lack of politeness today is shocking. For example, road rage
incidents have increased recently. This proves that society has
forgotten how to be nice.
Furthermore, you can find people being unpolite wherever you look.
It doesn't take much effort to be polite. In fact, it's something that we
teach children. When you think about it, being polite simply means
interacting positively with others. Saying thank you with a smile is
the least you can do.

“GIVE REPECT AND TAKE RESPECT”

BIBLOGRAPHY: -

https://www.happierhuman.com/show-respect/

www.google.com

www.openeducationportal.com/importance-of-respect-for-others/

www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/honesty