'06.

Nutrition in humans

Q&A

1. State the five processes of human nutrition.

說出⼈獲取營養所包括的五個過程。
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.
攝⾷、消化、吸收、同化和排遺
2. State all the digestive glands.

說出所有的消化腺。
Digestive glands : salivary gland, gastric gland, liver, intestinal gland,
pancreatic gland. 消化腺 唾液腺、胃腺、肝、腸腺、胰腺
:

3. Explain the need of digestion.

解釋消化的需要。
The food we eat are usually starch, proteins and fat whose molecules
are too large to pass through the cell membranes.
我們常吃的⾷物是澱粉、蛋⽩質和脂肪，它們的份⼦過⼤，不能穿過細胞
膜。
4. What is digestion?

解釋消化作⽤。

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 The process of breaking down the solid food into smaller, simpler and
diffusible molecules such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and
glycerol by the digestive enzymes.
利⽤消化酵素將固體⾷物分解為細⼩、簡單和可擴散的份⼦，例如葡萄
糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸
5. Describe the shape and function of incisor.

簡述⾨⿒的形狀和功能。
Chisel shape. For cutting.
鑿形，⽤作切斷⾷物。
6. Describe the shape and function of canine.

簡述⽝⿒的形狀和功能。
Sharply pointed, for killing the prey.
尖銳，⽤作殺死獵物。
7. Explain the importance of chewing food.

解釋咀嚼⾷物的重要性。
The importance of chewing food is to break food into small pieces so
that the surface area can be greatly increase for enzyme action.
Furthermore small piece of food can be easily swallowed.
咬碎⾷物，使表⾯積增加從⽽加快酵素作⽤。它亦使⾷物容易吞嚥。
8. State the function of enamel, dentine, pulp cavity, cement, nerve and blood
vessel?

說出琺瑯質、⿒質、⿒髓腔、⽩堊質、神經和⾎管的功⽤？
The hardest material in the body, to prevent the wearing of the tooth.
⾝體上最硬的物質，防⽌⽛⿒磨損。
The bony material of the tooth, very hard.
構成⽛的主體，頗硬。
It contains blood vessels and nerves.
含有⾎管和神經。
To attach the tooth to the jaw bone.
將⽛⿒固定於顎⾻。
For the sensitivity of the tooth.
負責⽛⿒的感覺。
To supply oxygen and nutrients to the tooth.
提應氧氣和養份給⽛⿒。
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 9. What type of teeth is absent in milk teeth?

乳⿒缺少了何種⽛⿒？
Premolar前⾅⿒

10. Explain the causes of tooth decay.

解釋蛀⽛的成因。
1. By the action of acids produced by the bacteria.
由細菌所產⽣的酸所造成。
2. Bacteria turns the food into weak organic acids.
細菌將⾷物變成弱有機酸。
3. The acids corrode the enamel of the teeth.
這些酸腐蝕⽛⿒的琺瑯質。
11. State the cause of periodontal disease and its effect.

簡述⽛周病的成因及其影響?
If plaque gets between the gum and teeth, then a condition called
periodontal disease may result.
This affects the gum and bone structure, and may result in bad breath,
bleeding gums and loose teeth.
如果⽛⽯出現在⽛⾁和⽛縫間，便可能引致⽛周病。⽛周病會影響⽛⾁和
顎⾻的結構，迼成⼝氣、⽛⾁出⾎和⽛⿒鬆脫。
12. Suggest some ways to reduce tooth decay.

建議⼀些減少蛀⽛的⽅法。
1. Use tooth paste when brushing.
每次刷⽛⽤⽛膏。
2. Brush the teeth after eating so as to remove food debris and plaque
.
每次進⾷後都應刷⽛。
3. Add fluoride to the tap water
⾷⽔中加⼊氟化物。
13. Describe the functions of saliva.

簡述唾液的功能。

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 1. Saliva sticks food particles together and act as a lubricant when
swallowing.
唾液可將⾷物粒黏在⼀起和當吞嚥時作為潤滑劑。
2. It contains an enzyme amylase which digest starch into maltose.
它含有⼀種酵素唾液澱粉，可將澱粉消化成⿆芽糖。
14. What is meant by peristalsis?

蠕動是什麼意思？
Involuntary rhythmic waves of muscular contraction stimulated by
roughage.
由粗糙⾷物刺激所引起的不⾃主節奏性波浪式肌⾁收縮。
15. State the function of stomach?

胃有什麼功⽤？
1. Stores food
儲藏⾷物。
2. Absorption of simple molecules.
吸收簡單的份⼦。
3. Partial digestion of protein
部份消化蛋⽩質。
16. Name the components of gastric juice and state their functions.

說出胃液的成分和它們的功能。
1. 鹽酸HCl (pH=2)
HCl kill bacteria (sterilizing) and activate enzymes.
鹽酸可殺菌 (消毒) 和活化酵素。
2. Protein digestive enzymes蛋⽩消化酵素
Only partial digestion of protein, no digestion of carbohydrates.
只能部份消化蛋⽩質，沒有碳⽔化合物的消化。
17. Why does baby can digest milk but most adult cannot?

為什麼嬰兒能消化鮮奶，但成⼈卻不能?
Baby has casein which can coagulate liquid protein, enhance the
digestion of protein by increasing the time of it to stay in the stomach
幼兒含有凝乳酵素，把可溶蛋⽩質凝固，加⻑蛋⽩質在胃中停留的時間，
讓蛋⽩消化酵素⼯

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 18. Why is the stomach not digested by its own enzymes?

為什麼胃不會被⾃⼰的消化酶所消化？
1. Protected by mucus.
由黏液保護。
2. Digestive enzymes are produced in inactive forms
剛製造的消化酵素是不活躍的。
19. Name the sources that small intestine receives digestive juice.

說出⼩腸所接收的消化液的來源。
Receives digestive juices from three sources : gall bladder (bile juice),
pancreas (pancreatic juice) and wall of small intestine (intestinal juice).
從三處接收消化酵素 : 膽囊(膽汁)、胰臟(胰液)和⼩腸壁(⼩腸液)。
20. Name the components of small intestine.

說出⼩腸的成員。
It is composed of duodenum and ileum.
由⼗⼆指腸和迴腸組成。
21. Which ducts are connected to duodenum?

有那些管接往⼗⼆指腸？
Bile duct and pancreatic duct are connected to duodenum.
膽管和胰管連接著⼗⼆指腸。
22. Name the finger like projections in ileum and state its importance.

說出迴腸內的⼿指狀突出物的名稱和它的重要性。
Villi, to increase surface area for absorption of digested food.
絨⽑，增加表⾯積以利吸收⾷物。
23. Where is the bile juice produced and stored?

膽汁是在何處產⽣和儲在何處？
produced by liver.
由肝臟製造。
stored at gall bladder.
儲存在膽囊。
24. What is bile pigment?

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 膽⾊素是什麼？
break down products of haemoglobin.
分解⾎紅素後的產品。
25. What is the function of sodium hydrogencarbonate?

重碳酸鹽有什麼作⽤？
alkaline, neutralize the acid chyme.
鹼性，可中和酸性的⾷糜。
26. What is the function of bile juice (salts)?

膽汁(鹽)有什麼功⽤？
Emulsify the fats (converts the oil into microscopic droplets), increase
surface area for the latter enzymes to act on, speed up the digestion of
fat.
乳化脂肪(將油變成微⼩的油點)，增加脂肪與脂肪提接觸的表⾯積，加速
脂肪的分解。
27. Will the bile salts be affected by heat, why?

膽鹽會否被熱⼒所影響，為什麼？
No, it is not an enzyme thus not affected by heat.
它不是酵素所以不受熱影響。
28. Will the secretion of bile stop after the removal of gall bladder, why?

切除膽囊後是否沒有膽汁分泌，為什麼，這對消化有什麼影響?
In the absence of the gall bladder, bile is still continuously secreted by
the liver although it cannot be stored in the gall bladder. This will affect
fat digestion because only a small amount of bile would be released into
the duodenum when food enters this region.
沒有膽囊，膽汁仍會由肝繼續分泌，雖然它不能儲在膽囊。這會影響脂肪
的消化，因為當⾷物進⼊腸道時只有少量膽汁分泌進⼗⼆指腸。
29. Can bile digest fat into fatty acids and glycerol?

膽汁能否將脂肪消化成脂肪酸和⽢油?
Bile does not digest fat. It emulsifies fat into fine droplets.
膽汁不會消化脂肪，它只能將脂肪乳化成⼩油點。
30. What is the function of pancreatic juice?

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 胰液有什麼功能?
(1) alkaline, neutralizes the acid from stomach and provides an alkaline
medium for enzyme action.
鹼性，可中和胃酸和提提⼀鹼性環境給酵素作⽤。
(2) contain enzymes which digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats
含有可消化碳⽔化合物、蛋⽩質和脂脂的酵素，可消化⾷物。
31. Name the different parts of large intestine.

說出⼤腸的不同部分。
Composed of caecum, colon and rectum.
由盲腸、結腸和直腸組成。
32. State the function of colon.

說出結腸的功⽤。
absorb water ,minerals and salts
吸收⽔、鹽和礦物質。
33. State the function of rectum.

說出直腸的功⽤。
Temporary storage of faeces
暫時儲藏糞便。
34. State the components of faeces.

說出糞便內含的物質。
Indigestible material (cellulose), intestinal cells, bacteria, bile pigment.
不能消化的⾷物 纖維 、腸細胞、細菌、膽⾊素。
( )

35. At which part of the gut is water absorption mainly take place?

腸的那⼀部分是吸⽔的主要地⽅？
Small intestine
⼩腸
36. Name the site of food absorption in small intestine.

說出⼩腸⽤作吸收⾷物的組織名稱。
villus
絨⽑
37. State and explain the features of absorptive surface.

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 說明和解釋吸收⾯的特徵。
1. 薄只有⼀層細胞，供消化了的⾷物快速擴散通過。

2. 有充⾜的⾎液供應以使吸收了的⾷物能快速地運⾛。

3. 有很⼤的表⾯積使到吸收⾯能⼤為增加。

4. Thin one layer of cells, for rapid diffusion of digested food.

5. Well supplied with blood so that absorbed food can be transported

away easily.

6. With large surface area so that the absorptive area can be greatly
increased

38. Which part of the villus absorbs glucose and amino acids?

絨⽑的那⼀部分會吸收葡萄糖和氨基酸？
Capillaries
微⾎管
39. Which part of the villus absorbs fats?

絨⽑的那⼀部分會吸收脂肪？
lacteals
乳糜管
40. Explain why does the lacteal become milky after a meal of fatty food.

解釋為什麼⼀個⼈吃了肥膩⾷物後，他體內的乳糜管變為乳⽩。
Fatty food contains a lot of fats. After digestion, fats become fatty acids
and glycerol. They are absorbed into the lacteal of the villi. In the lacteal
they recombine to form fat again. Therefore, the lymph of the lacteal
contains lot oil droplets. The agglutination of these oil droplets appears
milky.
因為肥膩⾷物含有⼤量脂肪，⽽脂肪會經消化和以脂肪微滴形式吸收到乳
糜管，乳糜管內的淋巴液會進⼊淋巴管，所以乳糜管內淋巴液有⼤量的⼩
油滴。⽽這些⼩油滴在集結時呈乳⽩⾊。
41. Explain the absorption of vitamins and minerals.

解釋如何吸收維⽣素和礦物質。
water soluble enter capillaries, fat soluble (ADEK) enter lacteals.
⽔溶性的進⼊微⾎管，脂溶性的 (ADEK) 進⼊乳糜管。

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 42. By what mechanism is the food absorbed into the villi?

⾷物的吸收是靠什麼機制的?
The absorption is due to diffusion because the concentration of amino
acids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol are higher in the lumen of the
intestine than in the blood and in the lymph. There are also active
transport of the substances into the blood and lymph.
⾷物的吸收是源於擴散作⽤，因為腸內的氨基酸、葡萄糖、脂肪酸和⽢油
的濃度⾼
於⾎和淋巴液內的。除此亦有主動運輸運載物質進⼊⾎液內和淋巴液內。
43. Describe the fate of the absorbed glucose and amino acids.

簡述被吸收了的葡萄糖和氨基酸將往何處。
Glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the blood capillaries. They
are carried along the hepatic portal vein to the liver. Then they are
transported to every part of the body by blood.
葡萄糖和氨基酸被微⾎管吸收，它們從肝⾨靜脈輸往肝臟，跟著由⾎運往
⾝體各部份。
44. Describe the fate of the absorbed fatty acids and glycerol.

簡述被吸收了的脂肪酸和⽢油將將往何處。
Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteal of the villi. In the
lacteal they recombine to form fat again. Fat carried by the lymphatic
system would be emptied into the blood stream at the base of the neck.
Therefore, blood will contain fat.
脂肪酸和⽢油被絨⽑內的乳糜管吸收，在乳糜管內它們再次結合為脂肪，
脂肪被淋巴系統運往頸底的⾎管，所以⾎液含有脂肪。
45. How do different nutrients assimilate in the body?

不同的營養素怎樣在細胞內被同化?
營養素 nutrients 同化作⽤ assimilation
葡萄糖 glucose 提提能量 provide energy
氨基酸 amino acids 製成蛋⽩質 make protein
脂肪 fats 形成細胞膜 form cell membrane
缺乏碳⽔化合物時，作為另⼀種能量的來源
as secondary energy source.
過多的脂肪會儲存在脂肪組織
excess fats store at adipose tissue

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