Senior High School

Practical Research I
Quarter 2 Module 3
Data Collection, Data Gathering Instrument
and Analysis Procedure
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 Senior High School

Practical Research I
Quarter 2 Module 3
Data Collection, Data Gathering Instrument
and Analysis Procedure
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Practical Research 1 Self-Learning Module on Data Collection,
Data Gathering Instrument and Analysis Procedure!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the Practical Research 1 Self-Learning Module on Data Collection,
Data Gathering Instrument and Analysis Procedure!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled
to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
CONTENT STANDARD The learner demonstrates understanding of the
data collection and analysis procedures such
as survey, interview and observation.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD The learner is able to describe qualitative

research designs, sample and data collection
and analysis procedures.

LEARNING COMPETENCY The learner plans data collection, data

gathering instrument, and analysis procedure.
(CS_RS11-IVa-c-3)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this module, the learners

should be able to:
1. Describe the methods for collecting
qualitative data.

2. Express understanding on the qualitative

research methods (primary and secondary)
and their usage.

3. Identify key concepts about qualitative data

analysis.

1
INTRODUCTION
With this COVID-19 global pandemic crisis, many are easily hooked into spreading
and believing false news without processing and verifying the source. Daily figures of the
COVID-19 cases are also gradually changing, creating confusion and fear. People are
anxious about what is happening and tensions are inevitable due to security and health
threats. Therefore, reliable sources of data and information are highly needed.
The fundamental questions to ask are: What is data? Why researchers collect
data? How is data collected? Who needs the collected data? All of these questions and
many more can be answered through data collection. Qualitative approaches mean that
data is primarily in the form of words, not numbers, will be generated. Some of the most
common data collection methods are different types of interviews (general or key
informants) and group discussion.

PRE-TEST

Directions: Read and understand each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.

1. It is a purposeful interaction in which one person obtains data from another.

A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Survey
D. Focused Group Discussions

2. Refers to a data collection process by which you directly track, watch, interact or
communicate with the subjects of your research.
A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Survey
D. Focused Group Discussions

3. It is a process of data collection in which, as a group, one or two researchers and

several participants meet to discuss a given research topic.
A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Survey
D. Focused Group Discussions

2
4. What data collection process is often used to assess characteristics, thoughts, opinions
and emotions of the participants?
A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Survey
D. Focused Group Discussions

5. What type of qualitative data analysis is used to examine and interpret verbal or
behavioral data?
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Grounded Theory
D. Narrative Analysis

6. It is a qualitative data analysis used to evaluate text that could come from different
sources including transcripts from interviews, diaries, field notes, surveys and other
written forms.
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Grounded Theory
D. Narrative Analysis

7. Refers to a qualitative data analysis for analyzing written or spoken language in relation
to its social context.
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Grounded Theory
D. Narrative Analysis

8. It refers to a set of systematic inductive approachess for conducting qualitative analysis

aimed toward theory development.
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Grounded Theory
D. Narrative Analysis

9. What type of qualitative data analysis is used to analyze the sequential organization
and details of conversation?
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Conversation Analysis
D. Narrative Analysis

3
10. Qualitative research involves looking at ______________ data.
A. experimental
B. numerical
C. variables
D. non-numerical

11. The following statements described Structured Interview EXCEPT:

A. Data analysis seems to be straightforward.
B. Consist of series of pre-determined questions.
C. Can compare and contrast different answer given to the same questions.
D. Additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and expand
certain issues.

12. Which of the following is NOT true about observation?

A. Observation is expensive.
B. Observation is time consuming.
C. Observation replaces interviewing.
D. Observation requires operational definitions.

13. Which of the following statements is TRUE about self-completion survey?

A. Allows more data to be gathered.
B. More expensive than other methodologies.
C. Interviewers can reduce non-response by answering respondents queries
concern.
D. Gives respondents time to consider their answer, refer to records or consult
with others.

14. My researcher assistants and I will go out and question people on their thoughts and
feelings about the rapid development of technology and the impact it has on them.
This would be an example of ________________.
A. an interview
B. an observation
C. a survey
D. a focus group discussion

15. If a researcher works at a factory and observes the workers without telling them, what
type of observation is the researcher conducting?
A. Complete observer
B. Complete participant
C. Observer as participant
D. Participant as observer

4
REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

Directions: Enumerate the types of sampling techniques in research. Write your answers
in the table provided.

Types of Sampling Technique

Non -Probability Sampling Probability Sampling

PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables
of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. It is the most important
stage in conducting a research. Data collection starts with determining what kind of data
is required followed by the selection of a sample from a certain population. After that, a
certain instrument must be used to collect the data from the selected sample.

This module explores methods of data collection in more detail, in particular how
you work in practice, the purpose of each data, when their use is appropriate and what it
can offer to your research. It provides basic step-by-step information and examples about
effective ways of organizing, managing and analyzing qualitative data. You will be
introduced to different learning activities which develops critical thinking and problem-
solving skills. You are required to go through a series of exercises and test in order to
complete each learning objective. Follow and perform the activities at your own pace.
Enjoy!

5
ACTIVITY
Directions: Complete the concept map by writing the words associated with the word in
the middle. Be guided by the clues implied in the sentence below the map. Good luck!

COLLECTION

“Qualitative research data collection is primarily in the form of words, not numbers.”

ANALYSIS
Directions: Using the five words you have from the previous activity, describe “Data
Collection” as part of qualitative research and expound your description with a brief
explanation. Write your answers in the space provided.

1. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

6
 4. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACTION
Qualitative data are mostly non-numerical and typically descriptive or nominal in
nature. This means the data collected are in the form of words and sentences, such data
capture feelings, emotions or subjective perceptions of something. Methods of gathering
qualitative research data are time consuming, therefore data are typically obtained from
a smaller sample than would be the case with quantitative approaches.

To use qualitative methods implies that you will be generating data that is primarily
in the form of words, not numbers. Data collection approaches for qualitative research
usually involves:
1. One to one basis direct interaction
2. Or group setting direct interaction

In research methodology, data collection methods are given great importance.

Data is classified as primary data and secondary data. Primary data are collected from
primary sources and secondary data are obtained from secondary sources. Various
methods of data collection are as follows:

DATA COLLECTION
METHODS

Primary Data Secondary Data

Data Collection Techniques Documents Analysis
◼ Publications
1. Interview ◼ Records
2. Observation ◼ Research reports
3. Focus Group Discussion
◼ Books
4. Survey
◼ Internet

Figure 1. Qualitative Data Collection Method

7
 The data collection method is presented in a paragraph format in your research
paper. Basically, the contents should be arranged as follows: (1) before you will gather
the data, (2) what to do during the actual gathering of data, and (3) the things to consider
after data has been gathered.

The following are the suggested steps in gathering qualitative data.

Before During After

•Prepare the research •Clear the instructions •Summarize the data

instruments provided to the gathered, in a tabular
•Identify the authorities respondents. form
that will be involved and •Administer the research •Analyze the summarize
need to ask permission instrument or implement data corresponding to
•Determine the samples the research the research questions.
size and corresponding intervention, if
respondents; per group applicable.
if applicable. •Collect or gather or take
•Ask consent form (if note of the responses.
respondents are 18
years old above) or
parent's consent (if
minor).
•Pilot test the research
instrument if needed.
Figure 2. procedure in qualitative data

Method for Collecting Qualitative Data

Primary Data
Primary data collection by definition is gathering of raw data collected at the
source where the data originate from and are regarded as the best kind of data in
research. The researcher collects such data on purpose, because no historical records
of the data exist to be accessed by public.

Data Collection Techniques

1. Interview
It is a technique of data collection that allows you to verbally ask the questions
from the subjects or respondents to respond to what your research study is trying to look
for. A purposeful interaction in which one person obtains data from another.

Interviews can be:

1.1 Structured Interview - A formal interview in which researchers has specified
a set of prepared questions that elicits the same questions from the
interviewees.

8
 1.2 Unstructured Interview - An informal interview that allows researchers to
obtain more complex or personal information. The respondents answer the
questions supported on what they personally think and feel about it. There are
no suggested answers.
1.3 Semi structured Interview - The characteristics of first two types are found in
semi-structured interview.

Guidelines for Length of Interviews

Number of Interviews Length of each interview
10 1 - 2 hours
20 30 minutes - 1 hour
30 20 - 40 minutes
Source:Nastasi, “Qualitative Research: Sampling & Sample Size Consideration ”

2. Observation
A technique of data collection process by which you directly track, watch, interact
or communicate with the subjects of your research. It can also serve as a tool to verify or
nullify information provided in face to face encounters. People or environment may be
observed. When environment is researched, it can provide useful context information that
will inform other aspects of the research.

Observation can be:

2.1 Participant and Non-Participant Observation
2.1.1 Participant Observation - The observer, who is the researcher, takes
part in the activities of the individual or group being observed. His actual
involvement enables him to get firsthand knowledge about the subjects’
behavior and the way they interact with one another.

Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation

Observation Role Description
Complete observer Observe the spontaneous natural behavior of the participants
with as few external factors affecting it as possible. The observer
is neither seen nor identified by the participants. The participants
are less prone to the Hawthorne effect.
Observer as Researcher does not prioritize recording spontaneous or natural
participant behavior with as few external factors affecting it as possible. The
observer is known and recognized by the participants as part of
their group or community but has limited interaction with them.
Participant as Researcher does not primarily aim to capture spontaneous or
observer natural behavior. The observer is considered a researcher and
not a member of the group or community which is being
investigated. However, the observer is fully engaged with the
participants.

9
 Complete Researcher is to observe the spontaneity or natural behavior of
participant the participant with as few external factors affecting it as possible.
Taking this position raises ethical issues concerning potential
deception. He acts like an “undercover” member of the
community. He is fully involved with the participants who are
unaware that they are being observed.

2.1.2 Non-participation Observation - This type of observation completely

detaches you from the target of your observation. You only watch
and listen to them to do their own thing, without you participating in
any of their activities.

3. Focused Group Discussions

A focused group discussion (FGD) is a good way to bring individuals of common
backgrounds or viewpoints together to discuss specific topic of interest. A moderator (or
community facilitator) leads the group of participants, who presents subjects for
discussion and encourages the group to participate in a lively and natural discussion.
A focused group is a form of qualitative data collection in which, as a group, one
or two researchers and several participants meet to discuss a given research topic.

4. Survey
Collecting information about a group of people by asking them questions and
analyzing the result. It is often used to assess characteristics, thoughts, opinions and
emotions. If possible the use of an already designed and validated survey instrument will
ensure that the data being collected is reliable. To ensure that the survey instrument
measures what it aims to measure and suitable for the target group, it is important to pilot
the survey test on a sample of the target group.
Data Collection Method in Survey:
4.1 Self-completion Survey - This is typically the least costly, especially for a
widespread sample via mail, email, the internet or SMS. They give respondents
time to analyze their responses, refer to records or communicate with others
(which, depending on the survey’s objectives may be helpful or unhelpful). They
also remove interviewer errors and reduce the incidence of not being able to reach
selected individuals (or units).
4.2. Interviewer-based Surveys - Face-to-face or telephone surveys
generally allow more data to be gathered than self-completion surveys and can
include the use of more complex questionnaires.

A survey is in the form of a set of questions or so called questionnaires.

Questionnaire consists of a series of questions about a research topic to gather from the
participants. This prepared set of questions obtains factual or opinionated answers from
the respondent through his or her acts of checking one preferred response from several
options or writing on a line provided for any opinionated answer.

10
Questionnaires can be:
1. Closed-ended – This type of questionnaire is used in quantitative
research to generate statistics. As these questionnaires follow a set format,
and as most can be scanned directly into a computer for ease of analysis,
it is possible to generate greater numbers.
2. Open-ended – Are used in qualitative research, although some
researchers will quantify the answers during the analysis stage. This kind
of questionnaire is used to generate statistics in quantitative research.
3. Combination of both. A combination of both open and closed questions
tends to be used by many researchers. In this way, you will find out how
many people use a service and what they think about that service in the
same way. Many questionnaires begin with a series of closed questions,
with boxes to tick or scales to rank, and then finish with a more detailed
response section of open questions.

Secondary Data
Secondary data collection is referred to as the collection of second-hand data
obtained by an individual who is not the original user. It is the process of data collection
that already exists, be it books, journals and/or online portals that have already been
published.
Sources of Secondary Data
Some ways of collecting secondary data are as follows:
⚫ Books
⚫ Records
⚫ Biographies
⚫ Newspapers
⚫ Published censuses or other statistical data
⚫ Data archives
⚫ Internet articles
⚫ Research articles by other researchers (journals)
⚫ Databases

Qualitative Data Analysis

Data analysis is a method of interpreting data or established facts or observation
that serves as the basis for any claims or conclusion you have about something you
collect
Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the set of processes and procedures by which
we move from the qualitative data to some sort of clarification, understanding or
interpretation of the individuals and circumstances you are investigating. In qualitative
research, you analyze or review information that expresses the views, feelings and
attitudes of the respondents. These are subjective data expressed in words and these
words serve as the unit of analysis in qualitative research. You analyze these subjective
data to understand how related or significant they are to your research problem.

11
Non-numeric details such as interview transcripts, notes, video and audio recordings,
photographs and text documents, are referred to as qualitative data.

Two Main approaches to Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Inductive Approach - Begins with concrete empirical details and work towards
abstract ideals or general principles (bottom-up approach that looks through the
perspective of the subject).
2. Deductive Approach - Begins with abstract ideas (hypothesis) and collect empirical
data to those ideas.

Types of Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Content Analysis
Used to examine and interpret verbal data or behavioral data. Content can be
analyzed descriptively or interpretatively. In order to measure the occurrence of such
words, phrases, subjects or ideas in a collection of historical or contemporary documents,
content analysis may be used. Content analysis can be done on two levels: Descriptive:
What is the data? Interpretative: What was meant by the data?

2. Narrative Analysis
Narratives are transcribed experiences. It is used to evaluate text that could come
from different sources including transcripts from interviews, diaries, field notes, surveys
and other written forms. Narrative analysis also includes reformulating stories told by
individuals based on their different experiences and different context.

3. Discourse Analysis
A research method for analyzing written or spoken language in relation to its social
context. It seeks to analyze how language is used in real life situations. It focuses on how
language is used in daily life and explores how individuals express themselves.

4. Grounded Theory
Grounded theory refers to a set of systematic inductive approaches for conducting
qualitative analysis aimed towards theory development.The
term grounded theory denotes dual referents: (a) a method consisting of adjustable
methodological strategies and (b) the products of this type of analysis. This is the
methodology where the intention is explicitly clear. To create a theory using data, through
a series of “tests” and “revisions.”

5. Conversation Analysis
Examines the use of language by people as type of action or skilled
accomplishment. It is a specific qualitative method for analyzing the sequential
organization and details of conversation. The central concept in this analysis is the theory
of individuals taking turns in conversation.

12
Steps in conducting Qualitative data analysis
This process of analysis involves making sense out of data recorded in text, image, audio
and/or video formats. It may helpful to think of the following steps (Creswell, 2009)
Concluding the Analysis Process - The report
should state the methodology used to conduct, the FINAL REPORT
positives, and negatives and limitations. The
suggestions/inferences of your findings and any
relevant area for future research.

Validate data - Use quotes from

participants. Intertwine quotes with your Interpret the larger meaning of
interpretations. Use literature and best data
practice

Present in accordance with the theme Represent the data within

derived research report

Set a Theme - Generate a description of

the setting or people and identify themes
from the coding. Search for theme Interrelating Themes/Description
connections.
Set a Code - Conduct analysis based on
the specific theoretical approach and
method (examples: narrative, content, Coding the data
grounded theory, discourse,
conversational). Organizing related
segments of data into categories.
Gain a general sense of the
information and reflect on the overall Read through all the data
meaning.

Arrange Data - Transcribing and Prepare and organize the data

systematically arranging the data for analysis

Transcripts, Field Notes, Questionnaire

RAW DATA
Figure 3. Analysis in Qualitative Research (Creswell, 2009 pg 185)

13
 Source: Olson, Coughlan and Ryan, Handbook of Qualitative Health Research For Evidence-Based Practice
(Picture taken from sandierpastures.com/japan/taiken-nyugaku-experiencing-locals-school-in-japan.html)

From the given picture above, how would you collect the qualitative data? First,
develop a coding framework, which consists of a list of codes that you anticipate will be
used. In qualitative data analysis, there is no fixed rule on how many codes a researcher
aim, but if you are more than 100-200 codes, it is recommended that you begin to merge
some of the codes and cluster into basic themes (common, important and relevant).

For example, the codes “lack of uniform” and “no school books” are seen in the
interview transcripts with working street children. They can be clustered together as “The
Working Street Children’s Insufficiency of School Materials”

Codes Basic Theme

Lack of Uniform

Children lack school

material
No School Textbooks

Now repeat the process thinking of basic themes. Examine these basic themes
and cluster all of them into hierarchical order and interpretative organizing themes. It is
very important to understand that developing organizing themes from codes will be an
important process in analyzing a qualitative data.

14
 Codes Basic Themes Organizing Themes Global Theme

Lack of Uniform
Children lack
No School school materials
Textbooks Working street
children cannot
Lack of money afford to go to
for school fees school
Children unable to
pay school fees
School charges

Struggles of
Worry Street Children
Children worry
Mind is about their family
elsewhere Working street
children are
Tired in school stressed
Children who are
exhausted
Headaches

Computer assisted qualitative data analysis

It improves the analytical process by making it simpler and faster to code, compile,
analyze data and select quotations for the final report. In computer-based coding, physical
files and cabinets are replaced with computer based directories and files. You need to
consider a wide range of factors when selecting software for qualitative data analysis,
such as the type and volume of data you need to analyze, the time required and cost
considerations, to master the program.

Common Qualitative Data Analysis Softwares

- Atlas ti 6.0 (www.atlasti.com)
- HyperRESEARCH 2.8 (www.researchware.com)
- Max QDA (www.maxqda.com)
- The Ethnograph 5.08
- QSR N6 (www.qsrinternational.com)
- QSRNvivo (www.qsrinternational.com)
- Weft QDA (www.pressure.to/qda)
- Open code3.4(www8.umu.se)

15
CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Identify what is being asked in each item. Choose your answer from
the choices inside the box below and write your answer in the space
provided before the item number.

Conversation Grounded Theory

Content Narrative
Discourse Observation
Focus Group Discussion Questionnaire
Interview Survey

_________________1. Consists of a series of questions about a research topic to

gather from the participants.
_________________2. A purposeful interaction in which one person obtains data
from one another.
_________________3. It is a gathering data collection process by which you directly
track, watch, interact or communicate with the subjects of
your research.
_________________4. A qualitative data collection method in which one or two
researchers and several participants meet as a group to
discuss a given research topic.
_________________5. It is often used to assess characteristics, thoughts, opinions
and feelings.
_________________6. It is used to examine and interpret verbal data or behavioral
data.
_________________7. It is used to evaluate text that could come from different
sources including transcripts from interviews, diaries, field
notes, surveys and other written forms.
_________________8. This refers to a set of systematic inductive approaches aimed
toward theory development.
_________________9. It is used for analyzing written or spoken language in relation
to its social context.
________________10. This examines the use of language by people as type of
action or skilled accomplishment. It is a specific qualitative
method for analyzing the sequential organization and details
of conversation.

16
APPLICATION

Directions: Complete the table below. In the second column, decide whether the
research method is a “primary” or “secondary” data. In the third column, concisely
describe/explain the purpose of each method.

Research Methods Primary or secondary? Purpose / objective

Ex.
Survey Primary To understand general
characteristics of a
population

1. Interview

2. Books

3. Literature Review

4. Observation

5. Focus Group
Discussion

17
POST-TEST
Directions: Read and understand each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Qualitative research involves looking at ______________ data.

A. experimental
B. numerical
C. variables
D. non-numerical

2. It is a purposeful interaction in which one person obtains data from another.

A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Survey
D. Focused Group Discussions

3. Refers to a data collection process by which you directly track, watch, interact or
communicate with the subjects of your research.
A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Survey
D. Focused Group Discussions

4. It is a process of data collection in which, as a group, one or two researchers and

several participants meet to discuss a given research topic.
A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Survey
D. Focused Group Discussions

5. What data collection technique is often used to assess characteristics, thoughts,

opinions and emotions of the participants?
A. Interview
B. Observation
C. Survey
D. Focused Group Discussions

6. What type of qualitative data analysis is used to examine and interpret verbal or
behavioral data?
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Grounded Theory
D. Narrative Analysis

18
7. It is a qualitative data analysis used to evaluate text that could come from different
sources including transcripts from interviews, diaries, field notes, surveys and other
written forms.
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Grounded Theory
D. Narrative Analysis

8. Refers to a qualitative data analysis for analyzing written or spoken language in

relation to its social context.
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Grounded Theory
D. Narrative Analysis

9. It refers to a set of systematic inductive approaches for conducting qualitative

analysis aimed toward theory development.
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Grounded Theory
D. Narrative Analysis

10. What type of qualitative data analysis is used to analyze the sequential
organization and details of conversation?
A. Content Analysis
B. Discourse Analysis
C. Conversation Analysis
D. Narrative Analysis

11. Which of the following is NOT true about observation?

A. Observation is expensive.
B. Observation is time consuming.
C. Observation replaces interviewing.
D. Observation requires operational definitions.

12. Which of the following is TRUE about self-completion survey?

A. Allows more data to be gathered.
B. More expensive than other methodologies.
C. Interviewers can reduce non-response by answering respondents queries
concern.
D. Allow respondents time to consider their answer, refer to records or consult
with others.

13. The following statements described Structured Interview EXCEPT:

A. Data analysis seems to be straightforward.
B. Consist of series of pre-determined questions.
C. Can compare and contrast different answer given to the same questions.
D. Additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and expand
certain issues.

19
14. My researcher assistants and I will go out and question people on their thoughts
and feelings about the rapid development of technology and the impact it has on
them. This would be an example of a ________________.
A. an interview
B. an observation
C. a survey
D. a focus group discussion

15. If a researcher works at a factory and observes the workers without telling them,
what type of observation is the researcher conducting?
A. Complete observer
B. Complete participant
C. Observer as participant
D. Participant as observer

20
REFERENCES

Atom (2011) “Methods of Data Collection” Retrieved from

http://mcqsquestion.blogspot.com/2011/01/methods-of-data- collection.html

Bhandari, P. (2020). “An introduction to qualitative research” Retrieved from

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Photo Credits
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Pract

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